Case Study 3

Name: Kentpaul Dave A. Abiad

Block: BSIT - 203

Business Rules in an Organization

Business Rules are statements that define or constrain some aspect of the business; derived from
policies, procedures, events, functions; assert business structure; Control/influence business behavior;
Are expressed in terms familiar to end users; Are automated through DBMS software

Tasks:

1. Discuss Crow’s Feet Notation (provide symbols)

In crow’s foot notation:

A multiplicity of one and a mandatory relationship is represented by a straight line
perpendicular to the relationship line.
A multiplicity of many is represented by the three-pronged ‘crow-foot’ symbol.
An optional relationship is represented by an empty circle.
Finally, there are four possible edges to the relationship, illustrated here:

Source: https://www.vertabelo.com/blog/crow-s-foot-notation/
2. Explain and draw the symbols used in Chen’s Notation and Barker’s Notation in terms of the
entity – diagram notation

CHEN`S NOTATION
Entities
An entity is represented by a rectangle which contains the entity’s name.

In the Chen notation, we distinguish types of entities:

Entity

Entity in the Chen ERD notation

Weak entity – an entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its attributes alone. The
existence of a weak entity is dependent upon another entity called the owner entity.
The weak entity’s identifier is a combination of the identifier of the owner entity and the
partial key of the weak entity.

Weak entity in the Chen ERD notation

Associative entity – an entity used in a many-to-many relationship (represents an extra

table). All relationships for the associative entity should be many

Associative entity in the Chen ERD notation

Attributes
In the Chen notation, each attribute is represented by an oval containing attribute’s
name:

Attribute in the Chen ERD notation

BARKER`S NOTATION
Entities
When drawing elements in the Barker notation, some rules should be followed.

Entity – is represented by a rounded corner rectangle. The entity name should be in the
upper part of rectangle and in singular form.

Barker’s ERD notation – a sample entity

Attributes – describe the characteristics of a particular entity instance. An attribute can

be of three types:

Unique Identifier – uniquely identifies an entity instance

Mandatory – its value cannot be null
Optional – its value can be null
As presented in the diagram below.

Barker’s ERD notation – a sample entity with attributes

Relationships
A relationship links two or more entity instances together. A relationship is commonly
represented by a straight line.

Optionality of a relationship

A mandatory relationship is represented by a straight line, which specifies that each

instance of an entity must be related to another instance.

Barker’s ERD notation – mandatory relationship

An optional relationship is represented by a dashed line, which specifies that each

instance of an entity may be related to another instance.

Barker’s ERD notation – optional relationship

It’s important to note that only binary relationships are allowed in a Barker notation.

Degree of relationships:

One-to-one – each entity instance is related to just one entity instance.

Barker’s ERD notation – one-to-one relationship

One-to-many – each entity instance is related to multiple entity instances.

Barker’s ERD notation – one-to-many relationship

Many-to-many – multiple entity instances are related to multiple entity instances

Barker’s ERD notation – many-to-many relationship

A relationship is always made up of two perspectives using the following notation:

Barker’s ERD notation – a relationship made up of two perspectives

One or more employees may work in each department; each employeer must work in
one department.

UID bar

A bar “|” across one end of a relationship line indicates that the relationship is a
component of the primary identifier for the entity type at that end.

Barker’s ERD notation – one-to-many relationship with UID bar

Each individual UID Bar in the ORDER ITEM represents the fact that the foreign key
represented by the relationship is also a primary key of the ORDER entity.
Barker’s ERD notation – a relationship with UID bars

Non-Transferability of Relationships

In certain situations, once a relationship is set it can never change. For example, BOOK
and CHAPTER in the example below. Chapter can’t be moved to a different book. We
call this the non-transferability of a relationship and it is represented by a rhombus.

Barker’s ERD notation – non-transferability of a relationships

Subtypes
There are situations where different entities can be grouped together under one
common entity called a super type entity. The nested entities would be the subtype
entities.

Barker’s ERD notation – Super type entity with subtype entities

 Sources :
https://www.vertabelo.com/blog/chen-erd-notation/
https://www.vertabelo.com/blog/barkers-erd-notation/
3. Convert the ER Model to its business rules. See diagram below

SALESPERSON AND TERRITORY

Sales person must serve only one territory and territory must have many sales person.
TERRITORY AND CUSTOMER
A territory must do business to many customer and customer may do business in many
territories.
CUSTOMER AND ORDER
A customer may submit many order and an order must be submitted to one customer.
ORDER AND PRODUCT
An order must have many products and a product may have many order.
PRODUCT AND PRODUCT LINE
A product must have only one product line and a product line must have many products.
PRODUCT AND RAW MATERIAL
A product must use many raw materials and raw materials must create many products.
PRODUCT AND WORK CENTER
A product must be produced on many work centers and work center may have many
products.
WORK CENTER AND EMPLOYEE
A work center must have many employee and employee may work on many work center.
EMPLOYEE AND EMPLOYEE
An employee may have one employee ID and an employee ID may have many employee.
EMPLOYEE AND SKILL
An employee may have none to many skills and skill may be possessed by none to many
employee.
RAW MATERIAL AND VENDOR
Raw materials must have many supply on vendor and vendor may have many raw materials.