POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

OPEN UNIVERSITY

Mem 646 - Comparative

Educational systmen,
E – Education
Approach

Submitted By:

ROXANNE TIFFANY P. DOTILLOS

MEM 1-C

Submitted To:

DR. JOCELYN PICK

Professor
 MODULE 1
Lesson 1
Reading Assignment:
− E-Journals • PUP website: infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/pup
• Password: powersearch

1. Differentiate the following countries according to:

1.1. Various range of specialization
1.2. Educational System
1.3. Curricular Program, Evaluation and Implementation

Developed Countries:
a. America
b. Japan
c. China
d. Korea
e. Australia
f. Canada
g. France
h. Italy

Developing countries:
a. Philippines
b. India
c. Brazil
d. Malaysia
e. Mexico
f. Thailand

2. How do culture and traditions affect the development of the Educational System of one country?
3. What is the importance of studying Comparative and International Education to future educational
planners/managers?
4. How does Comparative and International Education in terms of intensive studies influence the growth of
developing/transition countries?
 MODULE 2
Lesson 1
Reading Assignment:
− E-Journals • PUP website: infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/pup
• Password: powersearch

1. What are the possible effects of technology to the development of economy?

Qualitative and Quantitative Increase in Productivity: The most significant impact of technology is greater
productivity. The example of quantitative increase is more production at less cost.
As a result of increase in productivity, real wages of employees increase and prices of some products decline.
Thus the benefit of technology spreads throughout the whole social system. This results in the demand for
more technological advancement.Why market is considered one of the factors to the development economy?

2. Why is market considered one of the factors to the development economy?

Capital is important because it's that part of an asset which can be used to repay its depositors, customers,
and other claimants in case the bank doesn't have enough liquidity due to losses it suffered in its operations.
Capital is the creation of employment opportunities in the country. Capital creates employment in two stages.
First, when the capital is produced. Some workers have to be employed to make capital goods like machinery,
factories, dams and irrigation works.

3. How important is the capital in the development of economy?

How a country operates can have a dramatic impact on the development within a country. The government-
enforced policies and administrative norms known as political factors can influence economic development,
which is the process that increases standard of living by moving away from traditional farming cultures to
industrialized societies.
In general, political factors influence economic development by supporting or disrupting the process of
development.

4. Do you think political conditions affect the development of the economy? Why?
Economic development is not determined by economic factors alone. There are non -economic factors that
affect economic development, and they have greater influence than the economic ones. The economic factors
are capital, technology and market, while the non-economic factors are social structure, political conditions and
geography.

5. Which among the economic and non-economic factors greatly affect the development of
economy? Explain.
NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS
a. Social Structure – A society which has a more equitable distribution of wealth and income, and economic
freedom, provides a more fertile environment for economic development. Members of society are induced to
pursue their own individual interests, may it be it economic, social, cultural or political. This is good for
economic development. Being an open society, even the humblest citizen can aspire to be rich or be the
leader of his country. Opportunities for improvement are open to all members of society. Hence, a man in the
lower class can move upward.

b. Political Condition – has a considerable impact on economic development. Political stability and fair
economic policies stimulate economic development which attract local as well as foreign investments.

c. Geography – refers to climate, soil, natural resources, topography, and structure of the land. These have
considerable influence on economic development. Countries which are endowed with abundant natural
resources have greater potentials for economic development. Nevertheless, there are some countries with
barren land but they are rich in oil resources such as the Middle East countries. Such resources are good
sources of income for funding various programs for the government. For example, the massive construction
projects in that region are financed by petro dollars. These are the export earnings from oil.

6. How globalization affects the employer and the workers in terms of business?
When companies expand overseas to countries with a lower standard of living, they gain access to products
and services at a much lower cost. Because of this, an increasing number of companies outsource. Although
good for businesses, this can result in lower wages for workers.
For many developing nations, globalization has led to an improvement in standard of living through improved
roads and transportation, improved health care, and improved education due to the global expansion of
corporations. However, globalization has had a negative effect on individuals who live in developed nations.

7. Explain “How does new technology help in improving our economy?” 66

For developing countries, access to technology can have many benefits — one such improvement being the
boost of a nation's economy. Other ways that technology is helping economies in developing countries is by
reducing the costs of production, encouraging growth of new business and advancing communication.
Technology is being used to a solution to improve developing countries’ schools. Lack of access to schools is
an issue for developing countries. Cellphones, tablets and computers are used by teachers and students. For
example, the organization Bridge International is building schools and providing teachers with technology to
develop lesson plans. It communicates with a network of teachers in the U.K. about further learning
techniques.

8. Why education and training are important in today’s job market?

Changing patterns of education and work globally allow it to be significant that every school pupil has access to
guidance and career education that’s future personalized and focused. This has immediate and long-term
benefits for all individuals. Pupils need to learn plans which will equip them to plan and handle career pathways
and their learning.
Improved employee satisfaction and morale – the investment in training that a company makes shows
employees that they are valued. The training creates a supportive workplace. A training program allows you to
strengthen those skills that each employee needs to improve.

9. What is the effect of politics in the global economy?

The political situation of a country affects its economic setting. The economic environment affects the business
performance. ... This influences factors like taxes and government spending, which ultimately affect the
economy. A greater level of government spending often stimulates the economy.

10. How does political changes take place? Explain.

Traditionally politics has been undertaken within national political systems. National governments have been
ultimately responsible for maintaining the security and economic welfare of their citizens, as well as the
protection of human rights and the environment within their borders. With global ecological changes, an ever
more integrated global economy, and other global trends, political activity increasingly takes place at the global
level.
Under globalization, politics can take place above the state through political integration schemes such as the
European Union and through intergovernmental organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the
World Bank and the World Trade Organization. Political activity can also transcend national borders through
global movements and NGOs. Civil society organizations act globaly by forming alliances with organizations in
other countries, using global communications systems, and lobbying international organizations and other
actors directly, instead of working through their national governments.

11. What do you mean by social change or social development? Give examples.
Social Development encompasses a commitment to individual and societal well-being, and the opportunity for
citizens to determine their own and their society's needs and to influence decisions that affect these. Social
change incorporates public concerns in developing social policy and economic initiatives.
Examples of significant social changes having long‐term effects include the industrial revolution, the abolition
of slavery, and the feminist movement.

12. How does social change affect the present education?

Education brings social change both to the individual and the community at large. Teachers are the agents of
change, education the stimulus and the students are the recipients and preservers of change. At the individual
level, education eradicates ignorance. ... Kids learn their importance in society through education.
Education follows social change. It has its place before and after social change First come social changes and
then teaching process is changed according to those social changes. Education system changes according to
the needs of society. Education plays a very important role in molding the character of an individual.

13. What is the significance of Information Technology in the learning process?

Information technologies have affected every aspect of human activity and have a potential role to play in the
field of education and training, specially, in distance education to transform it into an innovative form of
experience. These can help the teachers and students having up-to-date.
Information technology is playing a major role for both, the students, to achieve a better understanding,
learning and education while teachers to keep themselves up to date and improve their teaching
skills.information and knowledge.

14. What are the features and characteristics of Information Technology?

Information technology has become a major driving force in many organizations. These organizations are
seeking to get IT applications which can help them sell their products or services effectively. For example, by
use of Internet, organizations or businesses are moving information faster and they also coordinate multiple
activities to achieve efficiency. They also use the internet to sell their services or products. Information
technology has changed businesses, education so many other sectors. In the business world it has helped in
creating a ”networked economy” where businesses are linked with their suppliers, customers, manufacturers
and business partners in real time. So in this case we look at Information Technology as an enabler and as an
industry for the economic development
 MODULE 3
Lesson 1
Reading Assignment:
− E-Journals • PUP website: infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/pup
• Password: powersearch

Exercises/written assignments
1. Discuss briefly the Japanese Education during the Pre-Colonial Period and its effect in our
educational system?
The history of education in Japan dates back at least to the 6th century, when Chinese learning was introduced
at the Yamato court. Foreign civilizations have often provided new ideas for the development of Japan's own
culture.
Chinese teachings and ideas flowed into Japan from the sixth to the 9th century. Along with the introduction of
Buddhism came the Chinese system of writing and its literary tradition, and Confucianism.
By the 9th century, Heian-kyo (today's Kyoto), the imperial capital, had five institutions of higher learning, and
during the remainder of the Heian period, other schools were established by the nobility and the imperial court.
During the medieval period (1185–1600), Zen Buddhist monasteries were especially important centers of
learning, and the AshikagaSchool, Ashikaga Gakko, flourished in the 15th century as a center of higher
learning.
The effect of our educational system nowadays it makes the educational system developed and
civilized.There’s a big improvement in our educational system.

2. How does Globalization affect the political and cultural growth of a country?
The globalization affects political and cultural growth of the country because when we globalized we need to
modify and change or improved what was there and what are the things that we need in order to improved our
country. Since that we are globalizing our country the possible result of this is we need to adopt other culture
for us to be able to attain our goal for the better and to develop towards the progress of each and individual
that belongs to our state.
Moreover, we need also to improve specifically our political state because they are responsible in keeping and
improving our economic growth and development.

3. Who are the “new men” of Franco? How did they help in the development of Cambodia?
The French colonized Cambodia then they are the protectorate of Cambodia, but they neglected the Cambodia
Educational System, They established Franco- Cambodian Schools.The French language was used in
instruction for Cambodian schools.

Franco- Cambodian school has the big role in improving and develop Cambodian Educational System. They
are trained in civil service and arithmetic and at the same time they are learning French language.
4. What are the different programs instituted by DepEd to alleviate the economic status of the Filipino
people?
Feeding programs

In consequence, government has developed feeding programs to reduce hunger, to aid in the development of
children, to improve nutritional status and to promoting good health, as well as to reduce inequities by
encouraging families to send their children to school given the incentive of being provided school feeding.

One of the chief implementers of feeding programs in the country is the Department of Education (DepED). Its
school feeding programs have existed since 1997 (then called the Breakfast Feeding Program). The focus of
the current DepED School-based Feeding Program (SBFP) is on dealing with undernutrition or malnutrition
that is not uncommon among Filipino school-age children. In 2012, for instance, the Nutrition Status Report of
DepED identified more than half a million severely wasted children enrolled in the country’s public elementary
schools.

The DepED SBFP, lasting for 100 to 120 days for beneficiary schools, aims to restore at least 70% of
beneficiaries (from severely wasted) to normal nutritional status, and to improve class attendance by 85-100%.
The DepED also works with LGUs, NGOs and partners in the private sector, for other feeding programs
outside of the SBFP. Proceeds of incomes from operations of school canteens are also allowed for school
feeding.

Last year, the Department of Budget and Management provided funds to the Philippine Institute for
Development Studies (PIDS) to conduct impact evaluation studies. Such studies aim to examine whether
policies, programs and projects really work, and if they do not, what needs to be changed and how. Impact
evaluation essentially looks at outcomes with and without an intervention.

With my interest in examining poverty and related issues, I, together with Ana Maria L. Tabunda and Imelda
Angeles-Agdeppa, am examining DepED’s SBFP. Last August 2014, we conducted a process evaluation of
the SBFP aimed at examining how effectively the 2013-2014 SBPF was implemented in eight selected schools
throughout the country. The evaluation seeks to identify gaps between planned and realized outcomes, and to
suggest finetuning or redirecting of the SBFP, if necessary. A second phase of the study to assess actual
outcomes starts next month.
 Module 4
Lesson 1
Reading Assignment:
− E-Journals • PUP website: infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/pup
• Password: powersearch

Exercises/written assignments
1. How does the system of a person affect his decision in making his/her life to become
successful?
Making good decisions requires us to balance the seemingly antithetical forces of
emotion and rationality. We must be able to predict the future, accurately perceive the present
situation, have insight into the minds of others and deal with uncertainty. Our lives are full of
decisions, from the small and mundane, such as what to wear or eat, to the life-changing, such
as whether to get married and to whom, what job to take and how to bring up our children. We
jealously guard our right to choose. It is central to our individuality: the very definition of free will.
Yet sometimes we make bad decisions that leave us unhappy or full of regret. All emotions
affect our thinking and motivation, so it may be best to avoid making important decisions under
their influence. To avoid letting sunk cost influence your decision-making, always remind
yourself that the past is the past and what’s spent is spent.

2. What is the relevance of Moral Development in Education?

Focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality from infancy through
adulthood. Morality develops across a lifetime and is influenced by an individual's experiences
and their behavior when faced with moral issues through different periods' physical and
cognitive development. In short, morality concerns an individual's growing sense of what is right
and wrong; it is for this reason that young children have different moral judgement and character
than that of a grown adult. Morality in itself is often a synonym for "rightness" or "goodness". It
refers to a certain code of conduct that is derived from one's culture, religion or personal
philosophy that guides one's actions, behaviors and thoughts. This term is related to
psychology. There are other types of development such as social development, physical
development and cognitive development.
It seeks to enhance moral development by offering students the chance to participate in
community discussions to arrive at consensual resolutions of the actual moral problems and
issues students face as members of the school community.
 Module 5
Lesson 1
Reading Assignment:
− E-Journals • PUP website: infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/pup
• Password: powersearch

Exercises/written assignments

a. Define the following terms:

1. Enabling environment- is a rich and varied space where risks are minimized and well managed, and children
are protected from harm and abuse. To help ensure your environment is enabling, follow this checklist: Create
an environment that is warm, welcoming and nurturing and facilitates a sense of belonging.
2. Education- is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and
habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research.
3. Development- is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic,
environmental, social and demographic components. ... Through the years, professionals and various
researchers developed a number of definitions and emphases for the term “development.”
4. Transformation of Society- is the process by which an individual alters the socially ascribed social status of
their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves. However, another definition refers to large scale
social change as in cultural reforms or transformations.

b. How would you promote an enabling environment?

This can contribute greatly to children’s learning and development in the early years.
The environment should be child-centered. It is important that practitioners value and
encourage independence and that they understand how individual children learn best.
It is also important to ensure you are offering children a wide variety of resources within
the same area of learning for example if you are just offering children bricks, Lego and other
resources that just push together, this is limiting the range of skills to refine. Think about adding
different types of construction resources eg train tracks (Brio)
To create an effective enabling environment children need well defined and attractive
play spaces to avoid distraction once engaged in their play, look around your setting and see if
these are identifiable.

c. Cite some government policies on:

1. Policy on education - "Education Act of 1982"
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
MAINTENANCE OF AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
2. Policy on employment –
The 1987 Philippine Constitution recognizes and guarantees the following rights of workers:
• Self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities,
including the right to strike in accordance with the law
• Security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage
• Participation in policy- and decision-making processes affecting the workers’ rights and
benefits as provided by the law
• A just share in the fruits of production vis-à-vis the right of the employer to reasonable returns
 on investments

3. Policy on alleviation of poverty - Republic Act 8425, also known as the Social Reform and
Poverty Alleviation Act of 1997, the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC)

4. Policy on Manpower Development

d. Discuss the role of education in promoting human development.

Education gives the ability to think with reason, pursue dreams and aspirations in life and live a
respectable life in the society. Education gives us a definite path to follow, to lead our lives by principles and
gives us the freedom of expression. It frees our minds from the prejudices and motivates it to think with logic
and reason. It is essential for the overall development of the human mind and brain. The literacy rate of a
country determines its prosperity and economic health.

The benefits of education are numerous, but a few points are highlighted below, which shows how education
helps in human development from different aspects – personal, social, economic and spiritual.

Overcome social prejudices:

This is probably the most important benefit of education. Social evils and belief can really hold back the growth
and development of a society, and a country. So, to overcome this and understand and explain things with
logic and reasoning, educated minds and very essential. One enlightened mind can lit up a thousand more.
Education, used in the proper way also helps to reduce crime and restore law and order.

Nurture talent and pursue dreams:

Every human has dreams and aspirations. So, education is a medium to pursue and fulfill them. It increases
the knowledge of a person in different fields of studies. It helps to determine a path to follow and express your
talent to the world.

Enhance creativity and imagination:

Education opens up new ways and ideas to ponder. It cultivates a young mind to think out-of-the-box and
explore different things in life. Education also helps to know about things and stay healthy, fit and follow a
productive lifestyle.

Contribute to a bigger growth:

Education is a way of academic excellence and paves the path for economic growth of the country. Research
and development in sectors like technology, medicine, and others, breakthrough innovation and progressive
mindset – all of this are fruits of education, which takes a nation and its people forward. Educated people
contribute towards advancement in every sector.

Knowledge, wisdom and exposure:

Education opens up every channel of knowledge and wisdom. It exposes us to a whole new world of
information, invent new things and know how we can make our surroundings a better place to live and out our
lives to a greater, and better use.

As Nelson Mandela said, “Education is the most powerful weapon, which you can use to change the world.”
When the world is busy getting equipped with deadly weapons and machinery, it is very important to
understand that education is the real asset that can develop an individual as well as a nation. People and
leaders across the world should join hands to make education, not only a fundamental right for all, but also the
guiding light, which can take mankind ahead through any phase of darkness.
 Lesson 2
Reading Assignment:
− E-Journals • PUP website: infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/pup
• Password: powersearch
Exercises/written assignments

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the elements that composed the organization’s internal environment? Discuss each.
People
First and foremost, the people are the ones who make the organization tick. Therefore, they are
considered as one of the most compelling factors that dictate how a certain organization’s internal environment
would look like, dynamics-wise.

Without the strength in numbers, no organization can succeed. When put together, working toward a
common goal, the people have the power to make or break an organization.

Organizational culture

This is what sets out great organizations from good ones. Organizational culture can be likened to the
beat of the drum a rowing team uses to row forward in unison. As mentioned before, it is imperative for an
organization to make it a point to stay on the same page at every turn.

Organizational culture helps make this happen as it serves as not only the identity of an organization, but also
the driving force that helps the people commit to every task at hand with excellence in mind.

Leadership

Every ship needs a captain. While the people are considered as the lifeblood of every organization and
organizational culture makes it stand out among the rest, leaders are the ones who make the toughest calls for
the common good.

Without leadership, everything else will fall apart and all of the resources, no matter how big the
numbers may be, will go down the drain.

Leaders steer the organization toward success with the help of their people rallying behind them.

2. Give some factors to reduce poverty in the country. Explain each

Government aid

The government has since been doing its part to ensure a significant chunk of the national budget is allocated
for the betterment of the youth.

However, it needs to give more emphasis to projects that will positively impact the lives of the learners in the
long run. As far as we know, the budget will always be there but without the political will of whoever runs the
country, everything will be laid to waste.
Education

As mentioned, the largest part of the national budget every year goes to the Department of Education (DepEd).
The government, for its part, needs to take a hard look at each funnel where the budget flows through.

This needs to be done to make sure every single centavo really serves its purpose.

Information dissemination

Information is one of the greatest weapons one could have, only if he knows how to make the most of it.

It would be a great boost to this country if it had focused more of its attention to information dissemination
drives that can help parents in guiding their children toward success.

How to do this? Coordinate with DepEd, Department of Social Welfare and Development or maybe tap the
state-run media outlets to reach more audience.

3. Site some factors that affect the domestic resource mobilization, aid and debt relief of people in
a certain organization.
Domestic resource mobilization (DRM) will be crucial Chapter 6 addresses implementation of SDGs not
only to meet the sheer scale of investment needed to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but also because it holds its own broader
promise for transformative change. If undertaken successfully, DRM can generate substantial benefits for
state-citizen relations, economic stability and growth, and redistribution. Coalitions for progressive reforms,
through which the rich pay relatively more than the poor, are a precondition for creating transformative eco-
social and fiscal contracts. This is easier in contexts with greater state capacity, where resource bargains are
more transparent and inclusive, and where national bargains are supported by global bargains, the latter
providing resources and regulation.

4. What are the opportunities/aspects of human resource development in the field of education?
Human Resource Development includes such opportunities as employee training, employee career
development, performance management and development, coaching, mentoring, succession planning, key
employee identification, tuition assistance, and organization development.

The focus of all aspects of Human Resource Development is on developing the most superior workforce so
that the organization and individual employees can accomplish their work goals in service to customers.

Organizations have many opportunities for human resources or employee development, both within and
outside of the workplace.

Human Resource Development can be formal such as in classroom training, a college course, or an
organizational planned change effort.

These are the options that you have for developing your employees. Formal training can add value in your
workplace.
Or, Human Resource Development can be informal as in employee coaching by a manager or internal training
and development classes taught by internal staff or a consultant. Mentoring by more experienced employees is
also recommended for employee development.

It is especially useful as employees become more senior within your organization. Traditionally, executive
leaders and senior managers are resistant to training classes and conference educational sessions.

Healthy organizations believe in Human Resource Development and cover all of these bases. One option that
is recommended, in preference to many other ways in which organizations develop employees, is to provide
internal training either with internal staff or a paid facilitator or consultant. There are advantages to internal
employee development.

4. State the objectives of external environment? Explain each

According to the Comparative Educational System module, an organization exists in an internal and
external environment. The external environment pertains to all the outside factors to be considered in putting
up resources for learning such as school buildings. Putting things into perspective, the objectives of the
external environment can dictate whether or not a certain organization endeavor would succeed.

Location. The school should be located and constructed in the quietest place free from noise.

Health. Students’ health should be the primary consideration by the school administrator in the construction of
school building.
Safety. The safety of the student is of great importance in building a school.

Lighting. Proper lighting in the classroom is fundamental in the operation of the school. Windows should be
one-fifth of the floor and should not be less than three-and-a-half- feet from the floor.