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Seamanship PDF
Seamanship PDF
GRAHAM DANTON
r,H:
F||srF|blisH 1952by Rord€d8c& rci.a Prul
loh .dition l9rl
I l!\ .dition FrUisH 196
b RodlcdSc
I I Nc* Rt r l^.oc,I-ddqr EOP 4EB
LIST OF FICURES
LIST OF PLATES
AUTHOR'SNOTE xiii
ACKNOWLEDCMENTS
TABLE OF CONVERSIONS
I. THE ANCHOR I
II. MOORINC 35
III. THE PRINCIPLESOF SHIPHANDLINC 5l
IV PRACTICALSHIP HANDLING 75
Y. ICE t0E
VI. LIFE,SAVINGAND DISTRESS 8
VII. DAMAGE CONTROL 141
VIII. STRANDINCAND EEACHING 159
IX. EMERCENCIES t82
x. TowINc 215
XI, FIRE 233
XII, DRYDOCKINGAND LOADLINES 25E
XITI. THE OFFICEROF THE WATCH 282
XIV THE SAFETYOF NAVIGATION 293
XV. LIFTING GEAR 373
XVI. ROPEAND CANVAS 407
XVII. DECKAPPLIANCES 446
XVIII. THE SHIP'SBOAT 169
XIX. THE DEPARTMENT (D.O.T) ORAL
OF TRANSPORT
EXAMINATION_FOREIGN-GOING 495
INDEX 499
FIGURES
I
I
PLATES
Betll'?eNges 460otld461
l. scbcrDulylinc-throwiog roclct. Dctailandfiringopcration
2. Schcroulybuoyanthcad.Lifcbuoylightsaodsmokcfloats
3. IDiatablcrubbcrlifcraft-scctional vi.*
,t. SiDglc-pointsusFDsionraft
5. Singlc*hcavccarSgblocla
6. Multiplc blocksand filtings
7. Conmodotl Log cquipmcnt
8. CommodotaLog Rotator
9. ChcmikccfrLo8-Impcllcr asscmbly
t0, Chcmikccfrlrg-Indic-ator
ll. Chcmikc.frL.g-Tubc asscmbly
12. Ddt-mouoid 'Synch.ostP' tclcgephs
13. Singlc-s@ quadtantaldavib
14. Ovcrhcad.typc quadtantdauts
15. wclin Srivity davils(Sarotrb)
16. Wclin Srevitydavitr (B.T.C.vcss.l)
l?. UBdcrdcck&vits-top piclut! showsbo.t stowrd,
lowcr pictur€showsboat s\r'ungout
It. Undcrdcctdwits hadling glass_frbrc lif€boats
19. Clarlc Chepmanclcclric windlass-forc .idc
m. Chrkc Chapmanstcamwi.dlass-aft sid!
21. CtarkcChapmansplashlubricetcdstcamwindlass-all sid.
22. ClarkcChapmanclcctricmooritS capatatr
23. C'lsrkcchapDansplashlubicatcd.lcctric cargowinch
24, Kclvinclccttically{riwn,oundiog machinc
AUTHOR'S NOTE
'Th. cxerci5iry of
ss^M^NsrDis a slil !! anciqlt a! nanlh4 &6n d as
tnowlcdgcne&,sssyto naviSlte,edltaid andoFlaL a vcss.l'. !o whichI add
'In a
dc word 's€fcly'. As a boy, it wa! c4laincd to nc by a s€afatr as
m'ritio€ situation,doing rbe rigbt lhin& al lh. rigbt tin€, wilb wha&vcr
mrtcriab ord €quipmcntarc .vailablc.' Tbc goodscamat!ehctbcr a! offrcer
or a lltirg, is onc who canbc irtlli€d by his scnicrsto talc imm.diatc atcPcto
try io bring.very potcDlialydangdoussiorlioD u&rcrntol.
Clcarl, wiih mcmb€rsof tbc profcssioolitdy to scrveon shipswhich mly
hav. bccnbuilt a! aDydf,e duringtj. lastfifty ycus, ! lcrboot on thc subjcct
must blcnd nmicrt aDdnodcm Lchnique,swith cquipocnt tlal Eay vtry
b.iw.cn thc rsvolutioBry and the obcolesc€orEqualn thc bool eusr cop€
witb constendy-cb.dging rc8slations.
My boot is aiecd prinarily al officsrs ad ced.ts Etudyingfof British
Cciifica&s of ConFtcrcy, bur I hoF it will b€ of vnluc!o all scafarasasa
THE ANCHOR
- , -,-6|lAlX.......-
I ot|lalr3totis FoF 2-t Yoaei
l.-,
r-----------
''o-_.------:+DD
.... -- - --.1--'-_':..
200
SECTtONS
THE ANCHOR
rcrdoblcs thc A.C.l4 anchor. Whcn thc prolotyF ancho. was lcatcd in
holding grcund composcdof largc gravcl, ssndand clay, il wasfou nd to
havcs holdrnSpowcr of 15 2 timcsrhc wtiSht cornparcdwith only 4 4
for a statrdard stocll.ss anchor of similsr wcigbt. This anchor has bc€n
g.'antcd^ 25y. rcduclion in Rule wciSht by Lloyd's Classification
socicty.Th€ ffukesare madeas thin as possibleto cnsuremaximum
pcnctration of lhc sca-bcd.Thc normal Daofonh ancho. whicb h&sa
straight stock passingthrough the lumbling fiukes giv€s a holding
powerof 14.2timcsthewcightin the sameground.Thiscnchor,despitc
its cfrcicncy, is srill largcly uscdonly in small crafl. Ils slowagc plop€t_
tics arr good.
CHAIN CAELE
Thi! Eay bc mtdc of $tought iron, forgpdmild stctl, caststccl,or
lpcciahuality forgpdste.l.Wroug[t iron is w.atrr thanthc othd thrcc
iatcrlats aoa h morEdifficult lo obtaid trowadays.Fotgcd sta.l is
somc40% .trongpr,aBdthcrcforca smallct,lightcr (by about l2l%)
crblc is pcmisiblc. For cxamplc,s vcs€l may bc rcquirrd lo carry
2:: h eilh€ra wroughl-;ron cableof 70nrmin si7.:, or e spctitrl'qu{lit}
rtecl
2r'din cablc of6l mm in size.Over 3lcngth of22 shackles of cable,this
tons afrordse savingin wcightof 17tonncs.
Thc sizr of chsincablcis maaiurti by th€ diamctcrof ihc bar from
whicbthc link is madc(Fig. 1.3).Studsarcf!t!d to prcvcdtkinking&nd
lotrgitudinrl strctchitrgof thc links. Thsy arc alro said to Providcatr
incrcasaio startrgthofup to 15%,compar€dwith opcn_litrkchaiDoflhc
aan|csizc.Thc studsarcsomctimdfttcd inro thc litrk undcrr vcrybigh
pressure (46vcm'),butonemanufaclurer. at l€ast.mouldshislinl :lnd
itud in oncpiccc.Itr wrouSht-itoncablcthcstudsart wcldcdh Plee.
Anchorandjoidng abrckLs,rDd oth.r cabla6itin!!, arEordcrd for
Oc aizcofihc cabt for whicbthcyarcintandcd.Tbc followingbrc.kidg
strd proof stlcs formulac aaaa rough 8!idc, but rrc by no maatrs
acc|rratrthrouShoutthc .angpof sizc.Thc symbol, rcprcscot!lhc
sizcof thccablein mm,andthercsultsarcin tonnes.
Pr@ftt4tt Dre*ttt t r.tt
. Drt35 A126
. Da24 Drlll
Thc minimumwcightof spccial_qualily st€elcablcin lilog.ammcs
p€rmetr.is roughlygivcdby lhe formula,t/50.
l5 fuhons Cabtcis madcio l.ngtbs of 27'5 m callcdtlac&Lr-thc Amcricans
call thcm dDu. Thcy rrc conn.cLd by luggador luSlcstjoinint
rhacu6 (Fig. 1.3lnd 1.4).Whcousingr luggcdjoininS $ackb' lbc
too big to posslfuorgl 6 cottunonliak '.!.d tr. thcrcforcco!-
lug! a&tc
THE ANCHOR
rcdad to en oFn link whichis udltuddd and krorw es thc ard rfi*.
Haviry no stud,it is wcatcathan thc commotrlidks, atrdis thdaforr
cdrrgcd. Thb will noi 6t a conrmonlink cithcr,and thr two arc thcrc-
forc conn6tld by an c crgedstuddcdlirk callcdan intum.dialc littk-
Fig, 1.3shorvsth6c libks, and thejoiniDgshacklc,togpth.rwith thcir
l.lo 1 , 2D
4gCEE-E
'Ibc siz.s rtr approrimetcbut ncrr
6iz. ralativcto ttc commoalitrk.
cnoud for practicalpurpo!6. Tbc lcngthof a lint is 6D rd it! br.rdth
3.6D.
LUGGED JOIIIING SHACXIES
Th6c .rE clos.dby Dcaosofa ,ort. Thisis lcqrrcditr placcby driving
i bras or rimcd-stlcl pio, havisSa taFr of orc in sixtccn,throughthc
bolt ard otrclu& Wtrtr ttc pin i5 frnly honc a lc{d Fllct fubammcrcd
ilto thc sdall &vrrscdovrrailcdchrmbc. abovcthc larSp!trd of thc
pir. Thc dcpthofthb chsmbcrb cqualto thc lsrSpdiamctcrofthc pin,
!!d tbc totsl atrloutrtof dowtding is aqutl to thc hdf{cpth.
Thapi! ii calld thc ryderirr, and i! sonc crs.s, particularlyitr tbc
frrt orc or twojoiling shacllc!,i! madcof ashor Eslc (solid)bamboo.
Thi! coabLatha bolt to ba rcrnorrd by haDEcriry its uDlipFd rnd,
th! .h!tri!g th. wood.o pia If nctsl thc spilc pi! b rloovrd by
THE ANCHOR
punchingit tEdLr ro4 thc L.d Fllct bdrf ttoct d out *itb tb. Pi!.
lcfore ftthg e DGvFlk4 rhctlori!! of thr old oocDutt bc rcanodout
oft!. dovct ililg. A!.hor rtrrtl6 h|r!. E t I rPib Pi!. Old6 oo..
Ery bafouDdhsvi!8 | fordoclc
Th..c rhrctlc. t! frtt d to t[c ctt c rith tb. bos cod f.ci4 out'
bo.rd. Thi! i! dodcro that thc lugt do trot foul Paojcc{ionrar tbaceblc
ru|r! out. Atrchor ahrc.ldr!att ittcd itr tha rcvlrtc dircoiion bccaula
rhcy.rr urlilcly to foul r! rhcrtrchori! Lr 80,rld thalu!! till not foul
I DroicctiooI thc alcbot i! hovchonc.
tli tott rhouldbc wcl rEcrrld with whit! Ltd .!d tdlow or aimilst
coEpoutrdwhcatrtcrnbliog, othrleiE it dly bcooDcrozat in !dn'
tio!:b .uchI c.!c t[c .h!c.Hr dould bc bcatld!o tht thc lut.fipsdr
notr ouicllv rh|! thrt pan of th. bolt wi6in ir Tbit c.! b. dotrGwith
a blo*ibrnph thc ab*acc of doclryed cquipa.ol A vlry old Dct[od
u|! to light r 6.r bdcrth ttc |brcklc u.i!8 trt sld oal.uD.
n
l l
N/
' l r t l
t
J
l
L tl
t J
STID
ll
IIAO
U
,rtt
tatttt
ttcutt r.a
n .'t of r E i.l .pih pi! rld Lrd P.!.t, rbc Pi! bdtS dtiwo dirgon'
.tly lhr@Shl!. two .iLt of tb. lilt |nd thc .tud. TbG.cPi!| b.F .
dov tiDcr of.bout ooa iD thitrteo. To prrt th..a ahrcuct' th! Pi!
.!d Fcli.l |t! ddvtn out, th. ftd fJtoc&.dcL.t, |!d tlo tro ddor of
8
THE ANCHOR
thc shacklcscpa.aledby mcansof a lop swageavailablcfrom the
narufactur€r, Thc usc of thir Puach avoids dam.8c to thc accutttcly
rnechincd surfaca. Thc mrnufactur.r also supplid s compound for
c.rting th6c surfacasprior to astaEbly. Should thr sbactlc bc aubjcclcd
to halsh trc3trn.trt with a hammcr, thc mechincdsurfacrsmay !o lotr8rr
6l togctbcr. Bciog similar to common links, rhougb of largcr mr.xihum
diamctcr (1.5D), rhct€ i3 no qucatioDofftting thcm to lhc cabl., fecing
thc wong way. Thcir miDimum disdctcr is ilc saDc rs tlut of thc chaitr
c.blc lo which thcy arc fittld.
whca witrg lhclc shacuc! with forgcd-ltcct ceblcs,no cdargpd lioks
atr trcc.ssary,af,d thcy at! thcrcforr id.al for joiniig a brokrn cabL.
Anchor or cdd ahrcklcsarc ltso msdc to thb dcaiS!, but atl ofr latgar
rizc for a givcn c.ablcthan joinilg sbacklcs.Tlcy rrc sligldy pca!-
rhrpcd, with tbc tapcrcd cod heving a 3izcrqual lo I 25D, thc largc cnd
bcing rouShly l 4D and thc rhid-scctioo!.{rly 2D. (D b thc aizcof thc
chain cablc.)
Luglessshacllcs mada of nickcl stccl arc not hcat ttatld, ottly tcstcd.
Doth typcs ofjoioiDs shacklc, whcthcr luggcd or lugL$, dre hrScr
thrtr lhc commoDlioks, and may thcrEforr jam in thc sprockct or en€r
ofa cablc holdcr. Tbcy should thcrcforc bc passcdovcr lhc lattd in thc
fat po.itioo. If uscd with a cablc cspltao, ttcy should agsin lic f,at
ar&i$t thc holdct, but this timc th.y will bc vcrticd. ln othcr word!,
thl spitc pin of a lugSld shackl. must bc Frpcodiculat to th. cablc-
holds ,urfacc, vhiL thc spilc pio ofa luglcasshscklc fu Parallcl to lhc
surfacc.
IESTS FOR TNCHOf,Ii
L,ndd thc Anchon and ChainCablesAct of I967,all anchorswhich
arc to be usrdaboardUnitcd Kingdoft rcgisleredshipsarc to be leslad
bcfor. bcing pul into scrvic!.Anchorsof75 kilogtamm.sor lessare 168lb
cxcmptcd.For ihc purpos€softhe Act, lh. wcightofan anchoraln/ays
includcsthc shacklc,if any, and in lhe casc of a stocled anchor il
cxchdcslhc stock.
In thc 6rst instanc., application must bc madc to e Ccttifying
Authoritr. which mav bc Oe Dcpartmctrt of Tra$Pon or rhc
Authority appoioM by tbcm. s|rch as thc Ctarsificltion Sociciies.
ancho;s a;; t6tcd to a oroof tensilcstresswhich laries from about
twcnty timcsthc wdgh( for a l-tonnc anchor,to just rnd.r fivc times
thc wcight for a SGtonne anchor. Aficr thc test is complctcd, thc
supcrvisormust examinetbc anchotfol flaws,w€akncss and malcrial
dcformstion.
Within onc mooth ofthc lcst-if satisf.ctory-a ccnilicatemusl b€
irsucd which containsa serial numbcr, lhc namc and mark of lhc
tcsting.stablishmcnt,the namc and matk of thc CcrtifyingAuthority
THE ANCHOR
rDd thc tran|r of th€ tcat SuFrvisor, In rddition, it notca thc tyPc of
rlcbor, wlilht itr liloSrrfi|nar, wrtht of stock, lcdgth of 6hank in
dili6rtr6 ad Ln8rh of .rro. lt must slso show thc dirmct r of rhc
[ttrd iD nd[irnctrd (!G. Figurc 1.1). Thc ptoof lord i! abo rcvcrlcd.
10
THE ANCHOR
ANCHOR
CAILE
F I G U R EI . 5
ANCHOR ANO CAILE MAA(S
CLASSACATION FQT'IPMENT
Aa an arlmplc, a car8o-p€.scn8crvcrscl of | 65 rn in l.ngth is rcquird
to crlry t*o bo*cr uchors of thc siocllcss tyF, .5ch wcighiDg 5'4
tonnc* r 3lrtc bowcr stocllcss strcbor wci8bing 4'5 toDoct aDd 22
shrcllB of spcciahurlity stccl cablc of 6l"mm link diamct.r. Thc
v6scl quotad also c&rirs a ootr+o&pulsory lcdgc anchor of thc
slockcd typc, eciShing 15 tonG. Shc wrs origlslly rcqui.rd to
cdfy vrought-iro! cablc of ru mm.
AITHOIING rEnll^l
ltrc followiqgercr fcw of tbc 6pi6aios. u!.d itr &cDori!& ald
ofiaarrwlo Dry bcin chrtSpof th! foftcaldccrblcP.ny eil dowcl
to arqulbt thcorclvlatith all of thao, fot a Ei,lundattoododcr froD
thc bridgeDly girr rilc to othcr ipotrt!trcor|!tlami
tb&.' A v!.rcl i! !o dcrcribcdwb.o ,tc it riding hc.d to wild.
?k.' A v....1 i. |o rLrcribd wt o tbc ir riditrs hcd to tide
Ic tt&.' A tid.l |t!..o rfiic.h i! Esilg to Lcw.rd or dou*iad. Thc
xrt r .urfrca hla a ailirud ofcto, od it, but tb. combincdforcaa
ofwid rd tid. .r! tclilg upor thc .hip.
Vatl0r ttde: A'j,drltuiAawhic,h i! lcttitrg to wiDdwrrdoi uprvild.
llc *rcr rurfrcc i! Ey choppy,but thc forca! of wind aad ridc
alc aalilt ia oppo6itio!od th! atlip.
'/r/rt.'/j,8.y',r: Thc c.bb i! lhortaad-itr whc! lo6c of il i! hovc
itrbo.rd,
Grodttf Thc *ry lt crbb it lradilt from tic baw!. piF, c.& !
r.blc ir lFowiDgdt whcnit L.& .lL
Slo.t rrdl.' A c.Uc it !t ahortataywhc it i! tiut and lcditrS dowD
b rbovrb( do|c to tha vtttic.L
Io,a t r.' A oatrbi! rt lotrgttry whaoit it ttut .trd lcadinSdotn to
tL *rtar cloaato lha horizotrtd,
Co.'. to, Dr.,{]hl tq,Got lE dh: ft*ata!!4!d whcna valal i!
ridilg to bcr alahoaald ctblc' rd tha formct it holditr&
Jl d 6rt..'To atoptbc cablcrurdog out by uling thc brrtc ou thc
rildlrtr.
liagr drrr.'To Ly o|tr thacattlcon abck,or . wh|tf, or i! i drydocl,
rb"
Fq d4 Wal* ba&: To pry out c.bL u!d.r 9owr, i.c. u!i!t ib.
rildh|. Eolor.
Wdbtg W iE @dor To loE tha uc.bot und.r PorEr'
$r8r car&.'To dlow c.tlc lo ru! out fFaly, lot urhg thc btrlc or
iha siodbla notor.
14
THE ANCHOR
,l'co.t r?r.'U,cd to drscdbcthc alchor wbctrit ha! ba.l lorrrcd
d.at of lh. b.wscpipc .!d is h-ning vlrticatly.
Fouladtt: U..dlo lj!'r'ibc a! roc.horwbi(t ir o.udt in a! udcr-
wrtaacablc,or whichhl! hought old hrwrct! to thc rurfapcwith
it, ot wbi:h it fouhd by ib ownc.bla
n
\\#
.,.a..-./-'
'----<./-\--=
l€lrHouSt
F-.!-eg!E-l-!
VFo*&!r't: Tb C|b'l b up.nddow! whcait i! L.dilg Etic'lty
lo thr rrtar.
Cr@ rdter?.'Whaobotl atrchor araout rtrd thc cab|.altt clcarof
onc anothcr.
Fa{rLrrr.'WhcD both rlchor! atr out rtd thc cabk rrE Gltwitrcd
or ciotlad.
Opar dr,e.' Whcoboth snchoEarr out rtrd th. cru!3 lc.d brord
out otrttcir oen bow!.A rlrlcl lyiry noord to r[c.hor! .hcadaDd
!!tcm i! d oFo harlc whcorhclicaacio|! fhalina ofhrr rnchort.
ClanA 6&ort: Anchorr itrd cibLr dt cL.rcd rwry ehcD thr
accoring8c$ on dackir rEnovcd-Thir nay indu<lccbria bridlcs
Frrcd ih.ouShcllrb .trd rhlcthd to ttc d..t, .!d tlcrtk claw
rbich lfa dclrl b.rr hootd throughttc c$b ald *r!F!d up
THE ANCHOR
tilht by Elr of . riggitr! r.r.r chdlcd ttd th.d&d lo tbr d.ct-
Bow ri.roocn hrvc rbch tuillolilc. rcllord froE tbc crbL whctr
ir ir oL.int" c.bld .rG cl..ttd wh.n th. .hiP ,tritrt .ourdillt (i.c.
lO f{thoms ihc cdtar! trtari *tct! &pths arc lc*s lhso 2m d), rvhatr thc
vbibility ir Door h dahotitrg daPth$ .Dd wbad D..tiD8 bfbout
Fir- f.6.hofl v.riou! aquipEadt uacdto t.qrtc c.t{aa.
Nbfo d.:'lfu 6& h oippcd whra ra otrtnrcrion' .Ucb at tha
iieo or hrwcpipc lip, orur.r it to ch^!8c dilldion sharply.
na&t dc: Tlrcal'ci nodrtld whco thc bt!&. ir rpplicd tbcuy,
!o ttat ar wilht com6 on lic crbL it i! $lc to ru! out dowly'
DUTIEI AT INCIIOT
Cros-b.aring! at! urualy trkcl l! rlc atchor i! kt go (to 8Gti
roud po6irionfor thcanchorit$lf) ard rg!i! *hcd tharrr.rd i! baoushf
up. Archor watchG rhotld bc lct atrd th* bc.rilgr frcqucody
chcckd. A rcughcirclcof lwing ca! badrrwDon thc cblt B.aD tru-
!it-bc.rin8r, ulc of thc cchoroundat,|!d .rdsr will dl hclp to &tct
drqgin!: Otrr wry rockybottoe thc loirc oft[c dnggitg rlc.hof cra
oftlo bc hcrd quitr cL.rly on dcct.
Thc vBsclwill trorDdly lic with thGandor.nd cdrlc f!! o! it! o*!
bow, rey r poidt to a poilt .od r half. Thi! aogh ir lnowD .| tht
vr*scl'rraira, rr".r, b.aaur !!G lic. sh..ftd diibdy icfoar tbc rttao
or wind.I! a ltrodg wiDdthc vr.Gl will taodto Fw rboot |! rhowtril
Fig. 1.7.At thc cxt&oity of hrr yrv rbo nrllaa atc.d |trd thlo dtoFr
brck oD i.t srchor, irtilg tbc c.tt " If duri!8 thc yrw thc *i!d
catc.h6hcr otrthc oppodE!i(h to thlt lolEaly dpoaadby barnrturd
!hc.r (i.c.c.tc.h.ah.t on iL! port aidawh.n r|d!g hcrrGtoatd .ncf,orL
m
THE ANCHOR
dc Day, Etthc axtraoityof hcr Fw, turEpnpidly &!ota hcr uohor to
ttc othcr .xttoity of yN,, i.c. frotrrpotition 6 to t i! thc n&t!, liP
pitrt blf c.blc rolld thcatcNn .d bl!ati!8 tbctrchor out ofib holdi!8
podtbd. Tbi, ir crld ,r.zb!g t/r.,t f th. |nclor f.ib to FtriP li.
oti6 rlclor Dutt baht to rt oloa
Wb.o itritidly brinSirg to, it jr . goodidra to |nr!8. fo8r joili!!
lbacllc to bc situat d oD dcck wh.o thc cabl6 erc &.|rc.L Thir r,iU
flcilitrtr ltip,pirg ltc c.blr, .,'d dcariry . foul h.!* .hould thit h.-
coDc nacaalary,
v^t at alactl Arcrci
ItfloAL
F-19!!!-11
WEIGHINC ANCIIOT
f, drring h..rirS; th. c.tk i tubjcc{.d lo . brd nip thc tindhtt
thould bc br.ld .!d rb b@t dlorld ro rri!8 to thrt tbcc.bb tro*t
22
THE ANCHOR,
clcar. Thc aablcahouldbc wlt wubad t'd dot rd" fha alcrhor,if
foubd with rc.-bcd netcrial ca! bc towld aw!!h for a ahortdittanc.
rt dov rpc.d.Tb bcll h rgdn rr[g io ildfoaf. fhc fiob6 oftbcjoiF
iry ahrcuo rppcrritr! froE thc *!tdr aurfrcg rld viFroody nng
phao thc |trchor i! rwcigh. It rhould hc rs?or@dfoul o! oLar aatha
carc mry bc. Thc rDcborb.ll or lightr, ca! troe b. lorEGd. Thc an-
don .hould Dot bc frdly 3c.!rod u il dc.ocd ro lotrlcr naaaraag
for in$diata u*. Er.ving lrp i! a lood opportuaityfor chcckitrg
rpilcpin pa-[rt! and cat{. ,cizinf-yttic elrtintr
A windhss having.D Glcclricmotor of tlt tilowattr c.D hcd/c io
alrck ceblcrt /amioutcaFr rh.ctlc snd tight clbtc !t 5l rtrirluraapa(
ibrcldc.
DT,OPFINGIIOWN
A r.st l i. raid to &op &rr rn d .b. &ito with ttc tidd !t!..e. A
$a!cl rt rlchor eilhitrg to rlo thi! wil b..rl b.i uf,rhorjurt d..r ofthr
,c.-bcd.Ecr rpc.d though thc rrtcc wil bc d, blrt hcr lpccdoY!. thc
Srourd wil bc a$r.l to thet of ttc ,tr.D. Ilcr ruddlr will hry€ rc
cficct,bcc.u* tlc(l i! troFrtcr fowitrgFlt iL Shccrdot bc contnolkd
cxcaptby lraur of tbc cogir.i or thc tlchorl.
DNDIrcING IX)WN
A vcradir !!id fo &.d9. wi.[ rbc morl' trldcr ttc hnu.oca ofth!
tidd .trc.m but eith brr elc.horhdd rt ihofi rtry .o itrt it dEfa alooS
thc bottoD. Hcr lpcado}!t ttc gor[d ia lhndo|! rtt tdad aodL lot
aogrr.t N! tic rrt of tbc ttrc.m. Str ti.(dorc b|t naarhrrythroush
itc ad.r. Hcr nd&r Dry bc urd fo da.r h.r. A lonStid.l d&ae ia
rc!|ry for hrr hdE to bc radtitivc.
If . v..!cl, rbcn d'!dd!& Ddr bct nddrr to Frt th. rllt l
xitr ft@rh Frdld rith th. .t!..e dic.tio! bot vitl f.rdor[y noE
di{ons[y.cro8 it towardrhcr port hstrd.Shcwil d$dgc ridihrly to
atarborrd.In aa.l ca& thaltrort aficiadtnorldadt ir rahicvrdby udtrg
tbc rnchor oa thc tllc oD,po6itto th.t in *hich .hc $d.r lo drdga
i.c"it ir prcfctauaio lltc ttc rtarboordr'chor ifdEdgila to Donlnd.r
Dort hdb. A rt.$l whit it dr{giD& tDcrdorr, cr', tt DrfdDS[.r
ta.la ovrr, rroid oth.t r!aaa.l!,proyidcdttc ltrcao ir lilt ctrowh to
n*c h.f, tbcci[S !.r!itivc. Abo, thc olatatiotr of dr!dti!8 oa! ba
Eodifd ,oEEwhrtitr ttG c... of. ship!t |!c.hor x,biA € |rothlr
dqgitr8 td|td! L... By lurgiry h.c c.trb npidly |!d !!iot bold hdo,
rh.Dry bc.t c to 6.cr ayry from tic lirc of drlg rDd hrilC-fo otrlic
ott6.nchor, Thc turt onc ir lirbtr to h. foql4 but ibir h of.orl
Dodaot in tia ciEuatalc... Io both t[e htar c.i. t!.rl Dult
ofcourE, bc r at!.D.
23
THE ANCHOR
ANOiOIING AT AIGII SID
Thc alatrof' ara tba larto**rtcr Dvilrtot'a ddd-by id d oas
of cdarFocy. Thll. i! a! old ,.a-r.yi[g, 'Ncrq go r[or! rill a!
.lceor i! l!. piF', .!d ltir .hould rply to Do.t c6riFd... A 6ip
Day f.il to trrD, t tG r rudd.o rb.cr, arrt, too olab rry, a! aotiro
Dry fril to !o rrt rD,r quall nry cetcbtbo 6b, tbo ofio lolcfrrpi
!!ry jrD, a colljdoDDay ba iDmi!.oFi! dl crE it |rAott rt!
rrititrS lo b. u!cd.,ori !!.hort .hodd bcLt !p ad dlolld fo tE ort
lhirc.bL!trtilnrficibliroutto.o.tbtt .dor.to ho!d.fh.y.ro
drd .outb.d .!d Fb.F dt o.!.ly r! tld od outt d .o ltd lhc
rhip grrdudlt,lo.c. h.r rry. Bothc.bLr 'Ji[ bcsrowiD8sirm thro!8b-
out thc q,.rrtiod, ild both wil bo rubjcctto b.d siF, Tbit mc.n|,
howEr, tb.t ri. hlw'c.piF liF rrr rdicving thc trildLt| (dthoq!
.troqly b.ddod)of nuc! of ttc strcr( F|rrlh.r, bolh c.trb .rt t tilg
|tr cqud rhra A rhip with quitcconli.larlrL h..dv.y E y b. t(outht
up quitc rapidly eith two .lcbors us.d i! this f.rbion. Afte sr&,
the anchor!, cablcs,haesepipes and windlsssshouldbc survayed.
Largc trrtcls tr|ay wcll part their cableswh€n anchori4 at *eeds
above1 knot.
lf r .bip u.r only olc .rchor |hGi! lildy lo Fd ft o.Ur Ey
quicHy .nd th.d forgpdr.d ioto d.!t r. Iln h.r hry!,.ood dl too
flqu.ody witt tic !Gc.!d .!c,hor idL io tb piF f ttart ir ilrrGci.ol
rcon itr rhb to pry out r food *!Fa d abovg thc cabLaD|l|t bc
Eubb.d rft.(, try, two |hrc,tl6 hrvt run out ald tba alchorr dr{aad
.lo!t fi. totton to Edu.. h.rd*ry. Tbi. it hit[y &!&roor, not
avar,i! hrtoutr wtaa thrtc .tr llbordta crtL.,
A v6rcl $riding 27$0 toDr.r whcn dopD d in 30 rD,troElilg
initidly st 4 ktrots,idcur' r 3t lss of 195tonlca itr r sirdc cabL. Th!
6grrc bccon s ,135tom.. if thc initisl .pccd is 6 lnot!. Tha at$!!sl
slr ha.lvcdif two .qurly t iotrcdc.bl6 rrr u!.d.
ANCIIOIING ON A $IOA[
If rhir bccoa accarrry lhc rqld rhodd h..d i o rb.ti!4.!fl
tb! !ho.L r'd tlkc roEdiDg. It i! thco drcidd in thi6 d.Drh 6.
24
THE ANCIIOR
.!.[or i. ro b. Ll fo. Thc rt tor i. t ltd b..t to thi. da?6.od tl.
rsl nov!! uErn a!l[ lbc ahdL A' ao@al tbaoatb gsrr.naad,
shoril! tbrt ttc tocf,or ht louch.d bottoD' c.lrIc i. 'r!.ard .!d hid
out r.106.ttc thoal .!d thc vracl wil rid! to br. |lchor i! dcc?f,rtar
bcyord thc .ho.L Tlir i. . vlrt good hddilg Fdt'lo!' b...Ile it i!
t!g!!!-L:!
.lEoat inDoaritL to rtttat tbc crt{a !t tlc aldor thactib itr tny *!y
oth6 thrn-p.nlcl witb lhc th.nt (&. Fi& I't).
BOINIING SIIIP
A rhip ritins to aililc .nAor Dry rcqlit! to clato a Lc od olr aida
An cfidcrt n tbod ir !o L.d r Yir., sv 24 eo, frob rb. dtcr bitt!' 3-tl in
rlorg th. rhip'r rid. cL.r ofcrE tbitr& rld rq|t! it to ibc c.tL cloE
I
I
25
TEB ANCEON,
to tb hrrr fiF fb rirG ir th td.trd .ft .!d t[. ..U. i. !r.dy
ElL A rbc ei.! bcco6 |&r.cq ib. .tip ir fofrd ofi tDoriod
(F Fi& 1.9.
I
I
?o t.att
F I G I ' F EI . I O
|ldorint .t th. LdS! .sti!oitl,. Thc |!.hor i! rdtd h.ct to r &plh
cqed to thrt jud to hDdr.rd of th. kdS. .!d tbc rhip erl.. . dow
|Ipro|.t A! rooo ar thc crbL gorr a& rho*ilf that thc [ahor bar
fooatc4 aablch tlcrrd to fb. rrsui.rd tcoF rDd 6. bdta aa(arld
dfh. fh. c.U. b dlowld to tilht ! lld roub thc .hip ,rady roud
|o th.t lbc brilSlto hcrdilg r.rrtrd" fhc .!do! *ill b. pulilS ro-
r|td. drio! troun4 rld proyidcdtbc crtrb ir lyitrgoa thc bottoa" tic
abipril baraorc i! dl bqt a rrrdtt olrhorc *ird or tn oGhorc witr4
I! tbc bnaaa'vaotlba vra-l rill drift o$ to aca.!d E!!t lligh ua[or.
I! th. tcoold c.& (Fi& l.l0 (r)) rt ril .rsrDc rtr itLd hryilt .
26
TEB ANCEOR
tlcfdc iirho8 wit! gpic.l d!tsn! .t .hom. fhc vt .d Dod clc.dy
.Dctor hr.dhS td.tdt thc ltid. fha dchor lhodd tt idor! bc
wdlcd b@kto-rourt y Z)-30 D rrd the v..sl rg.io h..d.d in dowly. 10-15 f.thom
A !h!rD loolour mu$ bc tcDt for hc.dr of iroldcd cora!,cla wbcn
thc crt c :rowc a!Er4 snd itfu riould occ{r ruy gtdurUy bacr!|lc
th! ihip .bould bar,!a minimumof hcrdwry, th€ coginGal! &vtr!.d
rld r bight ofcablc r.od.ird. If or y ooc slchor ir usd it i! r Eood
olan to lo*tr thc *coad onr to rhst it bita* rDd !crG* up thc bt"ak
itactly. If tle vcs.rcldrogr to s.awardthi. sccold lnchot will rtndct
frrrhcr crblc rrd givr wlrning of thc cvcot. Thc oD.|rrtioncu bc
c.rricd oul orlv in a! ofr3boEwind. lf thc witrd blowr o$horE tbc
rt $l wfl drift-to thc rcGfttrd mult w!ig! |nc;horrtrd procc.d bcfoE
thir @rt', A ainiht daift mry ooc{r il c.lDr, but ihir ney bc prc-
vrot d by los,a.iry a hc.lf Eight (aqchr. ttc atlG.D tochor) froD
rft to a d.'othr{dl in.sc.s ofthat.t thc Ldgp.rtr.oity. Ar tho lhiP
drito onrhorc,thir w:ight wiUfoul thc ldlp lod hold th. rhip'
TUINTNG ON AN A}TCIIOB
Wtao h..dinS with thc tttlat! altcm, thc vEr.l mry ba $dcJdy
tuld hc.d to atnan *ith tha arailtttrccof a! t!.tor. Th. uchor'
cilb.r oF til doj.hould b. Lt fp.Dd bdd.t |hort ttry. A!thc.nchor
d.{t il wil roub thc botr! rould atd |rp.t!ad. Th hcrdrdy ahiuld
ba -Dubtcoutly rlduoadby an .rtrrn oort6.ot Thi! i! . ridpL
D.re[9l! Fovittd thc rrclot it Lc?t rt thort !try. By dnggitrg il
dort tbabottod, haavy.trrBa. at! c@plctclyrvoidcd.
tf lb.hrrD nip.t ttc hrs. pipci! cdtidald lEd..ir.blc it y b.
F daly pEEottrl by c.tdtr8 tha ahiprlilhdy taroartbc drtaD hdorc
i:ttu ro tto upcram .trdot AftGr dinfiry lb ador Dsy ba
qdAly
- tdd.d.
Ia ciln rqrbct od ao qlrtdt th..hiP Dly b. dnihdl, tortr4 bot
riti r@a oodifEarkna Th. h..dwry ir nduoGdto ! DininuE ald rt
aratoa it La to o! tbc 16, .tlosi4 tuficldt,oo,P. for tDcatc,horto
bii., tf tlc c.bL it .oubbcdtoo quictly ihc ..dor wil b. dt|gFd .nd
tb. D.MvrG q,o.L Wt o lhc btrk b Elt rbc Gi.d it brouglt
@ rftl fha cat& !.owitr8 afr, atd th.o .taaDad routd tba uctror
a t* tl[t cebb |t do* ltrlll[tn'ot, ri6 hdn trrd olta tdrrdt tba
.!Aor, fba vt rd r!|l.l hc dly biolfht to har cal,L |od lta htt i
ataold.ly tut bdorGudlt rb. cogiF i! tbi! frthiotr, oti. irc tb
aLip|lt*aa t .dmy |!d .tr @daairrbL.uddco|'aa. it idpoaado!
rbc.U.
Sooaihaa a tld i t|'d oo ict rdor bcfolt lcrriry ro uchoc
13 tlit rbc.!.hd c.ltb i. hoE h rttil lb.ic h t!fi.ilot Loglh out to
orDl lb rAor to tol4.!d tb.hiD Eovrd.bd.r dor Etlution
n
TEB ANCSOI'
Entil tb. c.tL lroq .rE!. E foio it t rE, lb 6Si!. .r. .toD9.d
.od rb .hip dlonld to briryto t o{y @ lt6 c.ti4 Wh.a it it t !t
aauo, lta aofila. ara Dovld d..d .sd tto bclD put brd ot'tt tc
tr!d! lba |'.foi tld th. |hip rt!.o.d toEld ro tbc rlquirld ditdioo.
Irh-Glr rhiF lEdly tur! DonGr.fidly i! thb D.!!.t th|! if tb3y
rdSh anatoaald rort aolilaa in oDpodladttcd@!. Tb. tlctor b
lta!, .ftatiE for dl tuflias nracuvr.. wtatEtt t! it irt!fiaiadt tooo
for lldd.r€ntlolbd tumr udcr hcrdway.
SLIPPING A CAAIA
Ifcrutiotr ir to b. cxailild, thb vork c.mot bc hurri.d. Uauallyth!
!€ity fof ditpilg rri ar ebao ttc archor catNrotbc r.ilhad.
O)qrra ft.n |b l)cd
VG.rc.blc, or h..r,!, r|!tl a ahsctlcir .iturtcd !G.r to tta hrt. piF
2!3 in upF lip. A 20-2+rlrE wirc roDcwith ltry .y.. frrpp.d .hut ir D.trd
lhough lDccrtb fotrard of ttc .trr&lc ttrd bott.ndr Lor! rrft rrd
ordc f.rt, p[tf,rfrbly otrrc?..|t bitlr, i.c . D.rftct.IiD-f,n!.lh. c.bb
ir card fo thcrit! trs,E .!d lb.o h|Dt r.
Tb. Fol&o lov .ri!c. rt to how to dip th. xi.r. Fi..g t}. .otb
rhoull b. wortld .h..d .o thrt tic c.ltc i. !p ..!d dova rld b-tilS
thc DiliDuE of drc.r, orly it ortr rdtit i! fic{. Th. wiro ora ttro
30
49!-l!9!9!f:!!&E8-r E!98!
3l
THE ANCEOR
aith6 bc surgcdofi oe rct of bitta!trtil it rult Acc,or onac[d ca! ba
o! a r{arphg brn€l rd Binilrrly rurgd &oD tht, or lhc *ilr cin ba
crt .t tbc hrw!+piF lip ulitrg r irc .xc of th. fdlilg tyF Thoitrbolrd
cad!of tbr *it! wil lc.p rft x,trn if i! aut thtoutb, atrdto rvoid idury
cllitr doppcr! could bc pu.d froD folTlrd to Fsvldt t[it, odc to
cr.5 Frt of tbc *it!. A h.tt6 D€thodthll |ny of tb€c ir to incorpor-
ataa Ftc t dip clo6crp to rtc hr*E DiF. Tb. cod ofoaua ahoddbc
buoyodto cfrod htcr rccovrry.
e) g[it noDn L.f..
Ecrc tDc.otiF c$lo vill bc rutr out. It i! EGr.d ultil it L drdly up
ald dowl itr th. loc,kr. WorL ttc adgitur at .d |t bdor. ro thrt thc
cablcbcarsonly its owtr$r€i8ht.A 21-runwirctru|!.r i! plrrd tbrou$
thc c.tL forinrd of thc 5rp.t rtrd Ld to . wilch wrrpbg.b.trll th.
oth.r cod bairg bdayrd. Tha wirr ir hov! faut ald th! calrL i! calt
.drift iD th. .&!i! locl6.
Tho FDa!, ir tbao ttvolvld urdcr Dowtt rtf,y dowly, ald tha wirE
haw!.f ir rer4 Thccablcwil thctrcooc ofi fh! rypa]ratrdi! aoad out
rhtougbtb! hrwlc piF otr thc wirc hrwrcr. Srbcothc .od of..blc i!
wdl dow! tbr piF tbc wirr hw..t ir cul or .lipp.d .. Morr. If tb. cod
of..ttb i!.llowcd to dcrr th. pip. b.foc.lippi!8 th! vilr it wiu fdl
hc.vily ilto thc aaa,atrdthc r6ulti[f jc t Dlt pert th. yiro-r dc.ir-
at b cfrcct,but ir oly hlpp.l at r &tr8.rou! tiEc atrdpboa
CIIANGNG A!'CIIOTS
If! bofta atrchorir to bGulrhippcd frod itr cabb ltrd tlt apdra
boF iartalhd iato ttc hrwro piF tbc ffi .ncior i! lowErcdto ih.
vd.d. dgr rld lhc follc.|tb d.trL.t rstulg or4Gidc.Itr Fi& l.l2 I
+to[nc sschoris bciDgcbantFd.Itr vicw of thc bightofc.bL wbichthc too
d.rricl vil brvc to npponl, ric bttct thould bc et lc.!t of S.W.L 5
tonn6. It is riggrdwith r ttonnc S.W.L.lifti4 putEhrc. Thc purchaJa totri tod
is lcd to th€ |!cho. add sccuftdto it by mcra3of t hcavyttop.
Thc.Dcbor i ttctr lowrcd uDdcrnrd to t kc sdYltuga ofthc lola
b xnitht d|E to itr ditpLc.m.nL Thc crblc ir vrard tld tlc ddticl
f.tl hovritr utrtil thc .!c$or it ditlc{y b.low rhc drtricl( h..d' It n y
bc k pt udl6f,rr.6 durinSthb Dlncuvr!. It i! thcoliftc4 toSt(lrt with
thc birbt ofthr& c.blc, fron 0) lo (2) i! thc nglllc, rd d tbi. .rr8p
tha c.blc Dutt bc raadttd tt th. thip'a ri&. Thc dlttick it awu!8 i!-
boud, tlc alato. h.trdc4 tlc ahauc brck€o opca, ad th. c.t c
Eurld to thc tprrl uchor. If tbc rp.tr alchor i! lot tlitEtly bclot
tb dErict hc.d it {il hrE to bc c.t!frrlly lBta.d.t it b letd ofr tb
&c,t to .eoil . trrddln ttti!8. It ery th.a bEt*ung to lb. .hiP'r drb
by !r!yi!s th. d.rbt.
Tt punhr& ir hoE-otr util .. bGforqthc p.irbl h of lh. !bip'.
ddc 6tb L!hi!& rtic.h it th.d crn ofi, Thc rtrchor ir lorrod otil
luhfe& By h..yiDg @ th! c.bL |!d .lsctitr! on tb. dlrtict f.ll thc
ucbor ia $ippcd lrd ornd itrto tb. hr*|c piF.
h tb Cflrr tha putrtr& bloctr havcba drrm Duahhr8ra ibD
rb sb roEld p.rEit, for Oc trf. of drrity.
Sooctin r ttc tFt! bos,crtDchoritttottld forsard of th.fot6rda.
t .d bratwrta., or rubplrte Itr thi! aaaajt tuat hrvc r witl E{tad
to it rld lod to lta !ci!6t forwerd*arpiag bcrtl or bittt Thit vit!
t}f'fu'a fulrqc. Thc purEhalci! ld to rhc rFtt bowrr stc[or,
TIIE ANCIIOT,
tb. bntLoD.r.t tilbt, .!d tb. Prrcb$ f.[ horqio. Tbitjod nod. tb.
.!cto! cf..r of thc ttoc&.!d now,by plri.s h..Yy, g!.rd elob of
tiEbar frm thc.D.,horto tt! top cdgaoflba htc.ttrrar, tta purEh|s
c.tr b. frrtbaahm-on, daa&itt thc bu[to9a, tld thr anahoawil tlida
rlp fbc Dlrtlb d.|t of thc btt.t*rtar. Tbahrlropc c.n thlo bautadfo
guyttc a!.hor tltil it it bclowtL drrrick h..d.
- caatE 5lcutED
ox oact( H€iE
MOORING
.- t - ,
Y
I
T IONN€!
FtGUiC 2.1
dattlca, i.G.wit! aac,huc.hor rbout 5l poiob on d€ bo% tha attr e
ir ard c.blc bccoDaaT ton&& Thir vduc iFt !.i to 2U sld 3f 8
tb. .!Slc bcoo@ 150datrc6 |nd ld) dcgtrcrtr pcdiydy.
S!.d th. ulL cscc.d. tt r.ft liEir of I20 de]! . .h. i. o6-
dint ro tilc to r {tfu qcr Fi& 2l ilu.tr.r.. th. D.t.ldotnn of
forcaafot |! .tr91.of lZ) dct !aa,
J!
MOORINC
COMTNGTO OPDN M(X)I
Fi& 22 tho*! tb. iuciE rtqra of thi! nllauyrc. Thc ftncl ir
hc|d iDtotbauchorrgc with tbawild ot curr.d o! om bowitr ordct
to !!.i!t coualdrcliotr of hc drift. Tho r..th.r rtchof (or uFttlrD
.nrto.) ir LngootrtDclu! (t), |Dd h..dny conti cd for tougblyolo
ilird of ttc Gld lcngfh of oblc, Thc ,ccord inchor ir l.t !p rtrd thc
frd o* rll$bcd .t thc 5Dcy, Ar lh! w.acl bringr-rootr hct w..thct
I
I
ottt. Looi
!!g!!an
c.tlc, it frrdur[y grorr trut to wind*and,aoubbilgthc bow rould
(2).f th. clSitrca.rr th.o rvorlcd.h..4 u.i!8 warb.t hC|E,to.! to
tccp thc c.bk trut (tbc,acordcaUair c,h.ctad,oooafbr tbcrlEtor i!
kt fo) thc boer ril drltlop. rrpid rwbg Fro th! tir..n o. wi!d. By
tc.ping . [td! rh!.d of b.i .r.ton (3), .o l[ t both cstlc. gro*
dilhtly .fl' th. Dtrlcuvrr i! h..h.a wh. i..diog ilto tbc sind or
rtlaao, both cabLr ar! r! r.d (ttc rocod oe ooly, for . lhort ntil)
|!dtt r'6.dbrirsr-ro in poritio!(,1).Tbcr!.!@ forE rilgthr Fold
@. by ibc|f ehilc drop,Di!!b.ct iDitidly i! to DfttdL fhr.bip b.tq,!.o
harmcf,on. By bying ort ona-thirdof th. Icd8lhbctna thc alc.horrr
ard GDdlyli6 r poirt o! r!. bow.
I{OOI'tNO
Moorio! i. !.!.llt t &.a to qa @i!g th. |tip ritt tro .don,
@ d..d.!d @ lyilt!rtrtG-{ o.tL..rh uy, rt it wrr 0[6 c.[cd.
ThGfryri[d .n q!!ar.rE .r.tor b how! r| rh! d.bA oteot rd
.ruc, iL 06.r lrdu c.[.d rb M4 ot b oder |!d c$b (Fig].
2'3),
tqrLlNo Alc
I .LEEDII6 6
LtE Glttl
I
- -t-'
ttD0{o cArLE
H
!!9.9!!-31
Ttc rdv.trtaSaaof rrtooril8 .tl:
(l) Th! v! rl ocorpi.. litL tr{i!ti!8 tooE turd!8 dEot i! h.i
or! Logth .bout har |iad.
(2) Ttc rcopc.c.! bcptldjutt d for thcprct|f,ilt rrr.odh ofrhd
' lhc trDriy
or rttro. Tlc ropoof ...h.ruai.cttiorcditr
sr th.t for | .itr8L |!c.hor (Ch9cr t).
fr. di.rdtutagra .ta:
(1) ThGm4 or Lc, !!c.hor fs rtbf! ald ia of no v.luc lo tlc
.hip if r hc.dwild iEas o! if lh. r.t d bcgis to dr|& ln lh.
LtEr gl.d! ifpo..iu., it i bcfr.r to dr.! tbr .!dot downuaiil
ihc L..o.hor b l...t d (h..viry in tbc Lc c.bb trn c tlt ggi4)'
tha two cauaaca! tbaabc rE rd togdha(.If c.trb it lt rld ot
thc liding .!Aor ioitLly .rd th. w.$l oootitrudto dr.& by.tt
tidc thakc rlclor i. rl.clcd tbac Dry bc.o EUc[ cabbollt oa
rhcrilirc .rAor that thr orlrt c.blc c.! bc rtalld ooly r theclb
(2) th.lc i i ritt d lrfrirt . lod hsre. To .voil ttil th. wl
nuat alsrya bc |rung rithh tla aa[a at! .t €.aL c@tisa
fd.l .h.nr. Gi& 2j).
(3) Dlrcto tb flrt thrt o*c.tb l..lL.ft, rh. v..rl do.t b. dtlptd
dow! fo it whadkavin! tha ucSor{G, itith i! .nd th.o h..vc
37
MOOI'ING
hcn lf b6ck to th. .iding aoc,ho..Al 4-5 midutlt F rhrckh' thi!
vil lrtc . codsidcnblc tiDc. At oFtr moor, prcvibd rtG tlohort
alc cloc togath6, both cabhs ca! hc how ainuhtr outly.
(4) I! | boDr wind thc v6!cl will tum !!d lic et opco hrflla ecio.r
tbc lioc of hcr lIlcllol!, crciting r tiSit ,Ftr. Eoth crbLa tnurt ha
rt.(ld aMdy, lha vt$cl thco tiditg lo oFtr Door.
FOI'IINC IIAWS
Thi! occun whcd tbc cabl6 bccodr antwincd. In Flf! 2a it i! aP
Btrot ibat ftom Dolition (l) thc rhip rbould bc twuag withil thc .rc
iviar oa tlc liac oi ncr raclo.t trcar€t thc botrod of thc Pt8a. Thit wil
iulr io clcar hawrc. tf, hoew.r, lhc lwin!, to (2) within thc fouli!8
ltc rhc dcElops a cto6sitr h.r c.bk!. Alothcl twi!8 rIrti'clockwi& ro
1!g!!-3.!
3E
MOOttNc
(3)tC oIr i! |n dbor,.!d. tffi dEihrwio8 FodE. c!o...!d r!
dbor, (1).
To.voirl ltir, thc y.el st 0) fiodd trrE bc.tr drto a taoadahraa
b antboardjEt b.forc rl&t rrt.r aotDrt ttc Es attiaaDcat66 hac
rt|ttdrd quartr(, rwiagingblc witiir tL c.Laaarc. Hdfcllr, durios
cahr o( ri[dy cooditiola at dlA wlE ihia ahaarEty bc caladLd
ald a! adrtlE @c dadop. EDginartiil tb.o brY! to bo rrd !r ftc
E rEcaa cooDao€ to ruq itr ordaalo !€toE thc coNa{ atcar,
llDllc To
ot?lHoit altcflot
>..'
oa Lxcrxa
atGUiE2.C
t - - - - . +- - - - - - - - - - - ; - - - --+ --
4!3
oth.rwircrDcboe wil cto6st[c rtslae |nd hi8haosi!. rwolutioDrwill
bc !.o.a!ary to cortlct thi! ahrar.
At po.itio! (2) vhilc th. L. c.tlc is rril drck th. port rtrc.hori! h
go lrld.rfoot ard thc ltaal Eor€d uicm. Thit ridiDccrb& catraittar
hGyraild to iB Lnglh or ckc dt rDltcly lurlpd .nd toutbd. & tbG
rt...l mffi d,ow!eind or dtrad, fv! ahaclkallot ba naillcd on
tlc lcc c.bb (z) niautla) and fr}! rhrcuc. r,!.r!d otr tDcritirg a.bL.
Thc t !ar.l ir if.o bronlhl W oo hc. ridirg c.tb rt (t).
ThGngul! h ag.itr Lid olt in th!6 diotr! for ttc |.L of cJrdty.
Tbr r!a&l Fas thr lir.,tt oDIyoE i! ith Elna|tvta Urdaaaqiai!
c@ditiotrnlhi! Door Dry trfc bnfar to atracsta, !!ctori!! ft,@ th.
riD! lb. frrt .trchorir h gp.I! t!! dt!F,pi!8 nooa,9 rbac,ltrBuo !!o-
d.trd wftt rbc .t!.m. I! th! lmitrg ooor 9 ahctLa rr! rtddacd
4l
MOORING
qFfut th. ttrr o, Atri4 i! t! dtopdn! noor, odl},/arh.dL hrv!
to bc rlithcd, .g.iut 5 in tbe ruding 600(. N.tunUy, if th. Lottb
brd b€ t!r!i|C4 lhir Lttlr colai&t.tiod rould a&obclcnrdtorl
I! a crlaapild tbatlaath.' alahor ir thc fra b bc h !o aotbat thc
rt.d do.. lot d.ift r.!o.. h.r c.tt* If tb! b. .!.tor ir Ll 8o thr ..bb
ril Srow!trd.. ihc,bb, hr. bor! will bo roubb.d !p ilto th. ri!4
ald |t! riu grt sa tL atr..D. I! li. drcpfiDgDoor rL&ohs rba
ridiDgc.l& rl.oD ttrgc bct*!.o 0).!d (2) .nd to*itr! thc.d@..
cottlcttNc LlataY
j\',=.:
tF SHEE^|IClEiots
iutfNtNGlrooi tteEA*
cfllcx af|lac
olt toit c ttE
5t^||Drftc taooi
F+
!!9_C.!!--?!
aaaa!!|Dd.t rl.fbcr hdo wil iclp to colltr.d hcny, thr rwi!8 of
tb bowr rEoaath. *rcaD tciDg ch.ctcd l.o.a{ry m ttc crbb.
Ia tL mtrtriry Door bc*!y ii ct .&d ty Lyitr8 out th. rbcph!
crf,b uod.r cogiDcpowr trd ic.ritrg upwilrl Aly ahcaraa$dathr
atlaaei! tbaooonrccd rith ka hda ard aLo Frtidly cornci.d by tha
v{d'r r.odffy to !.y ofi thc eitrd u!d.r [c.dwry. Noth. tbt in ihc
droPdtr! Doot rbaarr.tlas ttc ttam dua to artltn aova|laof it
a!8rrvaLd by $i! trdd.ocy,Ilo*!v!f, th! catr&aprovi& a SpodaLa&-
irg lcti@. Too DDc! dcrlwry thodd not bc dld|ld (E Fi& 2.t).
b ..h w..th.r tbc Don .Dchori! thc bcttarotrcto &!p fttt in fbc
a
MOOItN(}
.tadiry Eoor, ritroc rtry artn DoErD.dta o! tha aodnc Gi8ht-
nlldcd iirdcdcrtr thip) to Educc .!y tlDriliry hdery vil o.!t
if,. .i6 rsry ftoo thr |[cfor uld.doot
For riuihr rcrroo, ia thc rulliDg lDoorrbr port |nAor i! tbc battar
oD droDpd .f (2). Furttlc, i! lb, cytdt of thc bo c.trb bMiog
jaD!.d d|si!8 thr nm froE (l) ro (2), .tr ltt.f! oot'lo.ot trirtt lha
vcrrd to rtrrborr,4 thc cabbg.orr d..t rld avoi& I bd EiP.
fb &xlc l,!oa
Thi. Dcttod of Dooritrgr .tip i. roploytd ehro . $r.d ir lo lic
dollai& r quay,thacotrtttnctio[ of whici it trot rufiaildy robutt to
FrEit rrtrfirg of th. rhip dudngb.d w.ethc(.Th!.. &y| tb. trDiry
;f thc noor ir i4lproprista, but thctc u! ao doubt au.h whst€ i!
MOORT G tti!
'Jg!.EE-3J
v&iou! othcr Fttt of tb. wotld. It i ! ua.ftl mcltod of batthiry r
t€ad itr |tr odtbot! taL of wiD4 Frtiq lrty wbadthc rlraal it cr'
pcctadto hart hdot! tho ea.tbrt abaca.It it a Dopulll Daesvrl ir
c6rri! redl d|tla of lrvd rl tcb.
Il tbc D|laauvr! ir to hc crccrtcd ia u erurgo.dad oallhatt |hiP,
r 2!30 nm wir! is Fltcd from thc .ftcr hadr otr thc poop,dotg thc !3|in
ofthdr tllc, oubidc .trd dr.r of cltrythi!& Thc of.hoia t!.ho( i.
r'coclblLd .trd ! D|! .aot ovrr.i& @ r c.haitto arc 6. iitr lo tta
dahor, Fftrruy at lhc .h&&L, ThGafta( .od of tDatitio ir aart to r
rarpirg barrGl&atty fd baavinSh {act ti.a
Wi.d tb. .r.o i. $n .tt thc po.itio od th. qu.y {ti... t}. bt4!
sitl crtoodly bc fbc uc&or it Lt tp, rlil tilh t .dr.y @ tlc vrrd.
43
MOORING
Ah hdf r .hip'! lcogth of ciu. i! !ur8.d rld th.d th. c.bb i.
|a6b.d. Tht vi.! it hovlitr .rL
fhc odrho& eiDd wil drift th. vatcl down on to haat rth, |Dd ttc
acoD.of thc cabb, rtrd thc wil!, it rdiult d ald 6toely ltcrEd urtil tha
.hip lrlda atooftidc. Fi& 2.9 rhowt thc Dtn(luvrc. It i! moat iEPottut
to lrt 89 ihc rlclor hrving tha bcrt PocsitL iudScdcnt of DoritioD' fq
iffha uc.hor bc ld 8p roo ftr ofr ttc quay thc witE will bc ofintuficirot
kog$ aad fha ttip vil fsil to rcrch hcr kh. Th€ .rlc,hor mult tltco bc
tz) f.thoms wcighcd aDd thc matrcuvrc rcFatcd. If the availablc wirc is 2'10 m
LENC'I'
r-!-9-V$-::!9
allvE|ltEl
tittaraflot3
tlGuil:.ll
olFllt{c tE rEsrEtGlA
FtGUh! 2.12
dippd tb c.litrg yirc ir diFFd (Fi& 210, tb. oel.t hov., .rd lho
Gndof cabL diF aroold tha atarboardc,hri!" It thadcotrthr|aao! up
to tbc h.x!. piF .!d o! to lh. forlc.db dcc&.
O! drcL ttc ..!irt wi.! i! rttir ..t up, tbc ftiglt i. t tro o! it Oc
EraaaoSEcax ofi ald tldippcd a! Uor! to ftdor! thc ttdrinilt
tdf-turn
WL.r thi. h!! b..o a.hictd lLc .iturtion ir .! rhd! i! Fi& 2,15,
Thc c.bla i! rEjoilc4 thc prcr.cr.r ir c.rt ofr,ald tbaibrc lahiagr .lt
burmd throwb" Tbia tr oftcn donc by lcddiEgr Dr! oviaridr otr .
chn I& lPil8r hior.trdotg ltc c.t lc, aoat rhcibrc ropci! pcnfi!,
rDd tchrar to thc drck, A buclct it thcol{lrl4 cootrililg buEitr8
porrffn ra8!, to ..t ttr ropc.li8bl M.ny bcthod. D.y bc d.rilcd for
thir binor job. Ttc c.bl6 eil th.d p.n eith rl.ry litdc vhlr, bccaurc
th. rbcpi!8 c.t{c i! rtil rlsclc
47
rtttatacEt ttD
tttrt
Iria |rl
laarrc ti!
to attt3
ttavatt!t
tattro tnl
trcur! a,tt
Dtt'|ts tr* c ttl
ftcoia a.!1
c|.tat H^taa
!.!9!!!-!:!!
ry
MOON'ING
Uiitrg thc traval mclhod, tbc ligbt eitr ir c|!cd from {ra dcct ro pcrt
th. crblca, onc cnd is dippc4 and thc wi.r bovci! Thia [g[t wirr will
D|3! through a commoa IioI.
Ttcrc ar! lavcrrl othcr mcrbod! u.cd to clcar a foul h!w!.: tbc shiP
n|y bc tumcd, usinf hcr cDgina!or lug!, uDtil thc ltlwsa L clcar; somc-
titn6 rhc brolcn add of thc 6Lapi!8 ceblc is lct go cotopL&ly ovcnidc,
rld tbctr a eirr froD cach bow is olcd to lift it ov€r thc riditrg crblc
utrtil ttc tum! at. rltrrov€d. Itr r lDrll lhip a eir€ wbicb i! Ltgp in rcl&
tioa to lhc cabL (so that it will Dot jem bctwc.tr lint6) cetr bc dippcd
.toutrd tha a.blc twic. at a timc ldd e full tur! rcnov.d by haavi!8
oD lhi! mt.laogcr oDcc.
Ooc mahod cmploycd is vonl trotitg; thi! c.n bc u.rd only l,h.n,
upotr haavirg thc tumr rbovc wrtct, r joiDi!! .hecllc it vbiblc in lhc
.lccpbf cablc. UiiDg a cr.n of 3ubstutial c.trstruction, thc d.cpilg
cablc n|y bc ps&d hdc (dt t h!trgil8 it w[ ofr rt thc .bip's !idc)'
ald rhc ctrd rusFndcd froE thc h!e,c pipc D.slad aroutd thr ridi!8
crbL urtil tbc tut!! ltr rcmowd. Th. ceblc i! tFjoilod aad thc haigcr
tqnovcd.
50
CHAPTER III
5l
THE PRINCIPLES OF SIIIP HANDLING
(2) PNOPEII,ENS
By coovcntio!, cngrncsatt dcsilDd to bavc clockwfur-tuming lhslb
ehcn going shc{d |nd whcDvicwcd froDr astcrD.For this rl$o!, riSbt
hrndcd proFllcrs art ncarly utrivcrad in siDglcscatwships.Twin-sctaw
ships iondably havc outwud-turDi[g scrrw!, i.c- lhc propcllcr on thc
right sidc of llrc ship is right-hatrd.d, and thet otr rhc lcft ridc is lctt_
bindcd. Whcn goitrg astcm, both proFllcB nstually tur! itwar&.
Triplc-sarcw shiF ar! ulutly ma[(ruvlld oD ttrc oulcr two !c1tw3,
lhc ccatral ooa baidg uScdto ioqrarc ahcador astcm powcr.
FIcHT.HANDaD!CAE{' GOINGANEAD
_-t@1ry ElgllS!-.!:l
i!g!!g-!.3
I! l.t!ot 9a!a.! a E .cl hrviot ioeatd-httDiDS rcrcra bay b.cooa
'nn.og-bL. A! f.r |t hutlliq it ir conene4 .dd!r Dovrmt
ara lrdr aa for rly oth{ ttiD*rlw rhip, but th! bab|viour nr}'
b. ED(tdi(Lbl.. Th. &h.|!t s. of ifi.rd-tomilt .ct tt till b.
disrr.d Lt r. bot it b trdly ofttdln d by t[G ilf.nior DrDclariqa
olahica"
_
To ooild.rc rhir dbaot kto, iEagiE a! outtnt+turin8 tcac?alip
h.rb! irt port Golio, !pi4 .b4 .!d irt .t tio.td .oab. !ei{
ad!r!" Thia !urh..tdAu[' turtt rfa 6iP ,oadly to d.tbo.td. Eotb
Dioa[a.. ar! !o* tll|ti!! Lft{rtdatt C@dd.r lhao a! oD bit ld'
iraa oroodltr. ltc mur!.* tbrrat .a!ta tta bdt to at|ttard'
.r.itif ti..rAg offu.hip. Thiof of6. i rtd-turli4 ste.t!'D
Ed.r dDihr odditiora Ar|in th. pu.h.!d-pu[ rctbtr n|'.. tb
54
TIIE PRTNCIPLBSOF EEIP SANDLING
!bi9 to .t rbo.n4 but both FopdLrt d! oov Eeolvi!8 ti!bt'h.!d!d
sld tl.ir tr![rvlrtc Orurt! ofDolc th. P!!b{!d'pul rftcl. Ofr.d tb.
frt&d ir omoa.d iu6ci:!{y to a.!t th, ihb i! a rqrlrF dirtclios
(Fi& 3r).
Whca turdlg r twirrcrtw thip whfth i! ttopP.d or ndilt vlfy
dowly thc lt'anwartcrhruaLof btr propcl.tt it glatrr ttrtr thGofirGb
cfi.ci r.adthc tvo coDt ilcd slt mot! af(rliw l[r! hd!'
Fo; frc.dod fm@vibntio! th. proDclc.oui ntm i! . toootl iot
of ertar. Thi! iov ir t.aticLd rtao thr aodlaa a!! rrlrlf.ad ald aLo
i! rhrlow qs&r, ro thst vibrrtio! ocom unda lhaaaoonditiolr
MrGtri!! Piop.Ud!
A dcvicc dcvcloFd in 1950 is known ss the Activc Ruddar. It
consists of a subocrsiblc clcctric motor, gatcr-fllcd rnd watd'lubri-
catcd, imtailcd in thc trailinS adScof thc ruddcr. It cao ba supplicd
with .arings varyitrg bctwccD 15 and t2m kw. Thc r.3r and of thc
motor shaft carrics a propcllcr *hich is crPobL of bcing twcrscd i!
thc dircatio! of rotadon. Powr. crn bc aupplid immcdiataly to tum
th€ ship in aDy dir.cliotr. It is of Daniculsr ulc whcn thc vcsscl i!
stopFd. A sidc ctrcct is lhsl, in thc cvctrt oar msi! ctrginc f.ilurc' lhc
aativc rudd6 givcs sufrcicnt pow€r to propcl thc v6scl lo pon,
Bow thrustar units atc inq€asiaSly in usa ODc of th€c, frttcd to a
coastal tad(cr, savcdthc initial cxFolc of thc utrit tn onc yaar. Thcac
uDits (about 36 kw for s 9m(lbntrc d.rdwriSht vdscl) rngblc a
vcssclio tum vithh hcr own lcnglh. Tbrultcr unit! mly abo bc ittcd
.t thc atcm. Hull r.sistaDcc ia not incrtsrad if propcrly faircd doors
arc fttcd rt rach ctrd of tha thrusEa tutrtcl, thc doot! atrd tbc Eotol
haviDg intcrlock switchinS. In bcfthi4 or utrhhin& rhc uda Tc
idvat;bb. By stcrDiDg ahcsd otr r for*etd sp.i4 strd tbrulri4
toverds thc qury et thc ramc tiDc, e vc$cl crn rtovc aidcwtys ofi tha
quay.
FOaa ilal
E!9I|EE-3:3
56
TTIE PRINCIILBS OI SEIP AANDLINO
.!d r*. orrrdt wouH b. lt y du.L .o.lkr. Ship. .hodd lf,..dm
hc courtuctcd wit! u fr I fotn |ft |r po..itIa wL! tL |hiDlolta
.tl..tr lbc c.vibti@ .td ?rtc G{rrtot .f,irt at tL .t.D .td til bavt y
rodl ln.!y c.!, it wil lot !ftc tb. Ft4|dLt o..bi!&
(o mt ruDrrEn
Tboturtrilg FoFrti.. of . .hip d.p.rd tr4dy tpo! th. rir.' .h.p.'
.!d po.itio! of tDcrudd6. B$i..Iy, tt ir uE tto tlF: th. old.G
f.!bb!d rddli, i|bi.b h'' dl ib uE rb.ft tL rudd.( F.t .!d tb
b.L!..d ruildcr, t vinf .boot. ttitd ofit .t!. fdt rd oftb. F.t
whca tbi. tyDcof.u.tdar ir l|!rn d vrt . io9ilt . n9@ lL fcil|Ia
araa.rd aaaiaLtbc rotatio!.
Ia . ri!8b.crrw $..d tb. rutd.r i. dit!.dy.b.n lf. pilDdlc ud
tt! diFtrarn atailc. dircdly upod ttt idd{ arfae. I! r twb.GEr
rbip th. rddrr i. dtrstrd Eilt y b.tct!.a tlc tro diFtl lnr .!d ril
h.v! cf..a otrlywbrd it i! dinct d i.ro dh.[ @, or wb.o tl. .bip b.!
rfici:lt ray up@ har to caulaa 6ov oftdat Ftt tha rod&r.
It ir for thfur..!o! tLt r dndc|ci!f, rhip i! thr Eol. Etitis of |l
two typ.. yhco ttc rudd6 ir Eotld dudng vlfy dor aDaadr or ttb
tb! rhip ir rtopp.d, Wc b.1! rb!.dy ttrtld thrt th. bdo ofr tti!-
t.tcw rhip, rtoppador oovitr8 r,!fy dorly, i! lot aaaftatiE aa tha
ofrct+f.ct ofltc two PtoPcll.rr.
It.honld bc lotcd tt t dlrFiE th. good,t .tiD8 qudid.. of. ri!|b
..i.? .hip, thr rudd.r i! .166t i!.ftc'tiv. wtco tb .bip h.r h.t b..&
*ry Fducadby |rtaiD Gdlincllrowincotr, dua to ila tttrllln8 tltto'
kdaa
h |om. tri!..cr.o v!.!.b twia mddar tc itEd, oo ditdly .baft
..cl FopG[.(, tb. .t criot qD.lit'rd th.6 do.V.Dpro.!Li{ lh.t of.
dDdc{crr!. ,hip. V.aldr woititrS npd tla CaladiasCr-t l.rt r hrn
tb.n .o!i!.r |ft .rd tbrir b.idF.idt forwd. Tb losed di.hlbF
tiotr of rrilht advardy rft(da rtrqfu& cvlo und.r foll bcadtay, ald
twin nddrn al! ittld to comFlrt for tti!"
UD&r .idry coEddrr.th *ry EUn ba8t6.(!d i! ord.. for th!
ruddd to hc cfic(tiv!, .!d cy.o rh.n .t crilg b lit ly to t !tdi.tb.
Thc tcd rt t c.n b. hoFd fo. ir . ftod itr tbc ri8ht dirccd@.
Vaaal! fttad with irwltd-turtrilg t*ia|.rt{t bar! | r'r(y oo.b
rioyrr tsrt'r dra[, rtrd h.ooa bate. at rio! quditi.t ttlr ata
fouod {it! oltt'||dtlmhg FoFGlkr& ThGydro b.!t . .lilhtt io-
pnoflld!p..d. Tiar. fta*oraat!, hmrtr, Stt tly outrliShd bt rbr
poor Drtr('wl.hditl. at alow4..dt Wc h.w drridt ttald hot tE
trrtrtvrrr thnrdr opFrr rhc ofilct cfiac1.trd lhir *ill Ftin !!dl iL
abiph.| roficint wry up@ h6 for hcr rudd6 cfraatto DrtdoDbala
TEB PRINCIPLBS OP SEIP EANDLING
(t stDE rP oR sID
Whco r vlllcl tumr uldan hd& h6 .odr rtil rbout ha( pivoti4
poirt Thc(Gir .bo r bodilyrid.lip dur to c.otrifi{el forca Wbm .
nlsralir light hcr rid6lip, rtrd !ti4 bccorlaEorr rppennt b.ciula h.t
&ducd urdl({lrtcr volulrc brs s lc$ glip o! tta watcr.At highapa.d!
th. 3tiddirg har & Dad.d cfrc.1iDrcdudrg tradwry.
f l-
I
I
I
I
B
Dr^r(rrr-- -- --- - -1
alCuA€ t.:l
5A
TI|E PT,TNCIPLESOP STIIP HANDLING
Lotth froo forv.rrd. For pt!.iic.l Porpot6.rif rlry bat t o tt hcilg
iud forrld of thc bridre. W[.o th. vcl Eovct u!d!r tElwry tb.
-oiwtior
poinr nos rfL rlttv clo.Elo tl'G ttsn. Fi8. 3.4 rhost tha
ir"ttooiu- n ttog "ircf for r rirglcrcrcr thip. Tb dott d tr.ct .up.F
inDoacdotr thc ftlt circlc i, $c turnilg dtElc of i rinil|t vratcl' btrt
heiiq twir.ssrq or going tllcm |nd oo. goin! .Dad' .t .qud
rsvolutioor.
TbccircL doc' not litt up idth thoorigiirl cour$' dur to .o@. .ido'
diD wh.d thc hclo it fnt u!.4 Eludlf tb. tur! thc rtcl,ufra(t ao@a
daiabr ion; aftar turnins ttough q, dcgtL. ata btr lod rbout onr
curtur ofhct oriSiDNl rpccdtld eltrr i futth.r 90drgt.a tlc blt loat
about onc-third of bcr oriSiltl a..d' Tb.ftafhr thr tp..d rEmritr!
roulbly cootraot.
Wit[ . risht h!!&d proDc[.t thccircL to port wil bcdishdy 3Ddlc.
in ridiu! tbln thc citdc to llarbosn4 duc to rhc aficct of tr|nn€|r
ttrurt.
Saamduruallyrdcr to t[c turdog circlcel bciagttc Pothtri4cd out
by tlc pivotinsFhg thc dldlition 8iv!o Prwiou.ly bcingthlt of !.vd
ri.:litcirr. fnc two circtcssill bc wry cloactoSatbar'ald colocntric.
fhc d'@r.. i! ttr dirtracc trrElhd hy tla 6rtl of lFrity dotr8
tbaoririlal coura
Ttc-t @t/.r i! tbc dittucc tlrtdLd by tbc cctrtE of gtrvily' q'
aur.d ftoe thc orisitrt tr&t to lh. Poilt wh.rc tbc tc.t.l baadtatd
Lct coutc ty 90 dcttt ..
Tfu l,f,tlc'll diarQtcrb lb trallfcr for lto dclts
ftu W qh h tb .& b.ts!.o thc .hip't fotF.nd{ft lilo |!d
thc taDlrot to thc tul!i!8 citda
Thc ivcrrrp edvaaccir rbout tbtla io fout ahiPLrgltq hot o{f ba
colsidcnbty morEat higl rpccdr.Thoavcragcte.licd dirEct.f, fd atr
crtity aumcd|hip i! tbout fout rhiFLo8$!.
Tie tinc tak-n to complclc e tumint circle cln rangpfrom 6 ro
ncady 30 minut6 in mcrchaotshiF.
O) ETDCIS OT I,oII'ING
wlco dacplyhdcd r w!$l wil catty h.r vJaylodsat' c.u!c ltltlca
&D||alDd.riDFctth if thc st'! Iight,bc dw lo |!.ftr barbd!,
in
ba alu83ilh 8!tki!8 w.y, bc rfrcccd by rhd to a nini|nuD, hrr!
r tumllg cirUcgcocreltyu!.fi.ctad by b !pGG4atrdwil brE r Lrlrd
trminr cir€lGfor a giEtr tpcadthln if tbc *ar! lifht
WLo [!!t !!c vtil b. livcly ro cngila norlocab, tadaitiva!o h.t
tda, cedy turncdon hcr alchor, bc .frrcld by wind to i oaxiDut!'
coily rtomc4 bc nol! carry bbught up by atrchottor nooriot li!..'
bc nibid aobrrFr uounrt of tH r|rd lilc.lip, brtc r rodlt tuni4
TEE PRINCIPLES OF SEIP EANDLING
circlcfor r girto 3pcodtlln ifab! rdr dlaply Ldctr,c.u!c Laadrrlaga
l|d.r ibFct ttrtr if rh. rlr. d.Aly Ldrq and wil hrrE r turnitg
cirdc, l}a '|diu! of whkh i!.ral.3 rr tha apaadiG!.!ar.
Horcv.t, if tbc vraaclir ro liflt t' lo only Frtidly ieearac h.t prc.
pdk, h.r &c.Lr io! tnd d.odcBtioo wil t rildl rati!! ha( dov
fo atoprDd .t rt rhowb lot aoalow.r ifrh. wcrEdocplylrd.o.
A ecirLlt rbip hadL. bc.t whcnrhci! r h.lfto two-thLdrlo&dc4
rDd t iEmcd . littlo by lba atrm.
Crcncrr.[yrD.ali!& thc ooat awlsard gF of€scl to hrtrdlci! oDc
*hioh i. lov lnrNrlr4 daalrlyhdc4 of targc!i.8, bsvitg r singb,crcw,
!!d toor rt criry quditica.
G) EFTDCTOT TnIM
A Kd frinead by ttc rt m hrr hct pivotitrgpoitrt frnhca afr tbao
if rhc wc(l otr .vcn laal, ha! a Lrgai tumhg circ-lc,wil dcvrlopnari-
EsE Irowr, will.L.r wdl ald vill tur! Dorr tridily downwitrd.
A rllrcl triEncd by rhataad br! har pivotingpoitrt f&rthcrforwerd
thrn if lhc wl(l otr cl&n taal hrr a tDallar tuming cirdc, do6 lot
dcvrlophcr ful powar,f,,ill bc dificult to turD,lDd onc. rwitrgilt rhc
wil bc dificuL to chcct, eill turD morEr.adily iDto thc wi!4 wil bc
tlov to ct lhc flitrd eilh blr atr(! u!d!f rtmway, strd with lhc
wild on th! quutcr mry 6"-66 '"-.."gcrbb.
(9)ETEDCT
Or r.Fr
A E .l lirtod rin tlttr Dor! rc.dily for.td! hlr high tidc, riu hrvc
o ahalhr nrmiDgcirclcotrtill aid!,rid i! thccar ofr twitr{crrs rhip
thalow.ddaadfiE wil bc Dor. cficctir,!tb.lr iha ottcr, Irr-ridc hclrtr
eil bc lroaaaaryto co('laf ttir.
GO CAXTY|NG WAY
A r!|sl wil c.Iry hcr w.y f.tttat wL.o .h. i! largc,d€ply lord!4
.noott-hullcd ltrd !@.fouL4 .!d of i!. forD. Whco dccplyladco
ahcDay c3rryhct waylrp to th&a tiDaaa! far ar if shci&rE lighl
A rhip ulrdly rr{tE h!( hc.drry quitc quicuy doitr to . rDG.d
whaaaLr *rrc-Drti!! ir 3t . DilinuD, ,ay 7 ldota, Tbrafta( tbc
ld of?ay oc(tr$ at I rrducld r a
7mft A trtrtcr,2 tn lon& tl.vdling st 16ttrot!, vr! stoDpcdwith firl
l.?5 Dib. rtarn pow.r itr 2 ttE (10 dinutc!). Witb tbr rud&r hard ovar, thc
| 6l!. ftutt bo[! l.6tD (9 Eitrut .), Thi| t !l.. b.d . d..drcilbt of
56m totrn r.
Thafollowitr! f8urcarrls& to r twiD-3crcerhip of23 5q) todft! drs-
|r0R plrc.orot, 260m kw' kogh 2m r& strd spccd23.5krots:
@
TIIB PRINCTPLBSOF SITIP IIANDLING
Uodcr tdi& firl !p.od sr' tt .hd {!.r 17, eirut.. codD.dd!!
fron rcrt, duri[g which tidc thc v6rcl covttld 9'3tD. tt rolLr
Uponrwt'dl! hcr cn!hc., rhc laEGto ft.t itr a Dilut.. d!a( catty-
irg hcr ery for 6l ihip lcngths.
whcn hedliag r rhip ia uaaow t|t.t! rha dould lsvar hr}t too
mlFh wry upod hrl. Thi! docslot EG{tr ttrl lttl lpccd tcconct .
ddSprour odrr; on tbc codtary, it i,t tha nolt cdci.nt whaoinltalt
!!!poa!c from hdm fu d.si&d, or for corEcting ot conaaoolt .
$in& It ody bccomc.dadSuou!rYhaotoo Duchvay ia dlowrd to bc
Fthcrld.
or) IIIE BTDCTOl $|lrroqis
Ar tbc hul Dorl throughrhdlo{ srt r, 6rl thft:[ it diapLacab
aot !o c..ily npbccd by otlr.i sri.r, tnd tbc propdbr atd alddaa|ta
vorting i! wbatnight agsi! bc loolcly tlfmd r F rid vr.|nn. thr
rcalal L'kc! lotrgcrto rrrrsct hcr trlD, tnd t6pottc to cogiDcmorc
mc ! bccoE r duggiih.
Itr th..c cirEumrtoc.i vibration pil bG ,at up, |nd it wil ba
Grftmcly dificult to corrrc-tr Fv or ah€ riti ary dcsrrcof qidity.
At rcrDd rpccdit i! fould tbat a!.ari4 b.coD.. crl.tb *had tia
d@t! of vrtar ir Gqudto, or l4t lh|tr, @ .Dd . htr lidaa tLadcFt
ddght, i.c. e v6scl drrwitrg t E Drximud dnught will dcwlop Aft
un3t.dy stccdrSin wrtrr of daptt 12 m or uadcr. wtaa r rhiP i. 36ft
n€adlg a[ arttldly lbsllow d.pth of r$ar, r!.t ar a aboal,ahaia
litdy ro r*c r tudd.tr !hc.l, frrt toerld! it .!d tb.o viohl$ rtry,
Tbir ir c.[.d.t' rrht rLaroor4 ud 6c notttorot of. dnfi.h |f,b
nry rdd.oly tccoDc .rtoDirhilgly livdy.
DrE to ttc frca th.t tt s.E di.pl&.d bt . hul Dortug thtouS
ibdlore arir lot cuily ndrco4 ih. bos wrr!.od at..! tavo of lb
vBrcl itrcrralc i! baifhr Furtbar, th! tr@th wiii rorD.[y .8irta
uodar rha quart r bccm.3 d..F |!d ttc db Frr of rba 6ip n
dnwtr dowtrwrd! towrrd! tbc botto6. By rcdoai!3 apc4 tb tr!
bcightr rld toufh de"tt wi[ b. dinini.bo4 |od tb v*l ril Dor
thcrtfoll clcc thc bottoE, d q'r&r.
Thc {,G.d of r vc*l bovirg i! rh.Ior xLr dorld .lx.tt b.
Eodrr.tc; if tb. .Fd i! ircrrrtcd rf. t d ril dc x b rh. goJ.d
.trd th..hip eil.h..i.bout lngldi't.tfy. lf 6. bor rd! |nd rEn
f,|l! .tr ot|.Ilrd to bc hifh.fr tt ! i. Fo.t.dt aFad abaruld
batldoaad
--.but not luddcoly.If thc AGd ir t t a otr'rp tly tt .Etr erlt rill
ollrt|lG thc v!..d .Dd c.o!c t ( io t.l. r rtaEa,tttid in a nattd
clrlrcl couldbc digrtout
Ftrr!.r cftctt of .hnon eil h. rliF!|!d hE
TIIE ?RINCIPLES OP SHTP IIANDLING
I
A
l. a4atlY 3raErtD atD ttotato.
l^tt ofa !anl!v. olaalcullto
lFr'|e !Act. liEl io cto3t
V
t. ^! aoi ! arrl oltllou|.l lo
A
atot ou! lo lrtt v olilclloL.
tI
I
/
A
\
I . taEtDacdaatalfl ll llllt L|.r,
rcauln|qi a o Aoot lo lltt Y.
ruLL ataao NaEDIDlo arrxll
utt||ac. ltla no ctolL ll|o.
l ' l
V 21.ratttuL
lfatct
lltr Y. |.ltlll
ot ataattto.
0
A t.cu^atri l!ol! Dollnlao.
aot |.ulta ut allD vaalt|.
licl to cioL tltao. laa
Ita|.r taqorcc.
V \
::luil|'!
63
THB PN.INCIPLBSOF SIIIP BANDLING
Wt d lhc i! rmd!' rt mw.y t.t pivotilS poilt aov.. rilht r& .ll
hai widagc irla i. fom|rd of thir pd4 .nd lhc rqidly ru!! hrt at6n
up into lDc vitrd'r c',c. Thi! i! r 8.o.trl rulc, Etrdprovidings rt'acl
t'r .pprccilblc rtcrlrry, rhc wiu do rhir cltd urdcr firll of,po.itrg
h.IE.
Utrdarhaadray,r vc*rcl'r lrorroadtt i! r wiod ltt vlry oua! rlF
paodlot ulroDthc adouDt of whdagc forrrd or sball hcr pivotilg
poiat, |ad rh. rchriv! dirErion of thc wind. Providitrg! rt|rct i!
triDDcd by ttc rtcm, hcr gatcst wir&gp wil bc fotwrr]4 rnd tlldrr
h..dfty r,ith o vind oD thc bo% lhc vi[ lr6d to pdy ofi to L.wlr4
ir, tun actodttha wird. Tha axccptior!lo thi! rl! rcrrclr trionod by
lhr haa4 a &cpv Ldao talt.r *ho!a fqlrd andauF !'ucturc rft ecr
a! a Dizran,aX,ad llrlab bavinf lon& highpooF
A dccplyhdai! frrtar, dthough havirg rtr cficctiv! Diz.o '!ril' rft,
will rtill fltr hcr .rtr up into thc wird urd.c .tcmery. A te[tcr i!
bsllrlt, havbg thc urusl largctriD by thc d.rn, plyr ofr thc wild ad
nmr r4idly acio.sit uodcf,hcrdeay,vigprourly&ckirA thc vild rrith
hcr ttcro uodcrrtcm\vay.
Fifi 3.5shov! r v6scl uDdcrhc.dwry with ttc aind in dl it! rchtilr
ditE{ior6. It rhouldborturlid crrdutly andthc r.ddctrcyto run rcroa!
thr eild !ot.d.
Itr gca.t&llr tird i! of gEat allin!trcc plovi&d it ir Dottoo at ong
fol lhc cotrditiotrof lordin& ard judgtDcot doaatrot lccd to bc ao
cxrct .| wh.tr Ean(lwritrg io a calm.
To rmrccht tha lrtd *ork oa Faatical rhip h|!dli!& l! nult
tt&c caFful lotc of thc rvaarlp vt.!d'r thrEct [dldcict in r vind:
(f) To lic r.no.r it wb.a.to9pcd.
(2) To m! !.(c it u[dcr hcadvay.
(3) To rt rrror. itrto it udda atarai,ry.
Wc cr! roe anthipdtor tEaacl'anorqnaota i! a t[i!d. T.lc, for
asiDplc, s rt3$l utrdrf h..dwry who6ccogia .rc .loptEd, rtrd lf o
t!\,rtrd tYblo lhc hrt lost wry. In Fig, 3.6rhc it rhor! ruoDiaBrith
tto wild on tha port quartar,A! rhc loacahaadvry ,hc n|lr acno6thc
trild to (2). Ar rhc lrthcE hcr atrEwsy, h.f, bow dcvcloF r Gllitc
rwilg to rtutdrd and ahcbo(rs h.t dlrtr irto thc wiDd'.cF !! itr (3).
Slc doa!lot ofcoutE, rlaah h.r o.iSinrtpGitioD0) dur to ttc lccvry
wbkd.h. ir clntinutlt .aparircin8;
A twitr-icrcwrhip wbic.hi! rtt oprirg to !ei!g into th. eind rnut do
.o u!d6 hc.dxtsya[d not Ely mcrdyoDthc ofirct rld purh-lrtl c0cc't
of h6 !q!sr. If ahcrttaop! to lic atitiolrq, and turn uprird udlg
hcr G Shla atrad and astat! bli borrt ilil Ddyofi tha ri!d. ShcEurt
thc..fo6ctur! into tha wind urda hradvot full hdn, and a llaEf.ad
ilaido aosi!..
64
TIIE PRINCI?LES OF SIII? I|ANDLINO
A iriosw rhip &rirour ofturdq doslrhd tdl .. i! tl! o... of
..ilfbsr rbip, rriDS DuchEotr npidly if d.tlnry i. FrL.0.4 .o
thrt rh6't.c!...L! ttc wild'r *.
vt33tt xaa
\
I \-,----.-+
n /\ r^p,o,.v
/ \ l \ . r . r i . o F r x c
-/ . t \l ,/ l l\_i'
" l
!r99!!-!!
YI
lfto. ro3r. I
ra r.&x t lt l
l--\ v
a{D. x}t'l{
,, ,,
\.._rf \,i1-.''
i ( ' )
t \ I
^v
ltcSl llrxc l|D! nt(t
ttcutl l.t
9ATER L€VE
rHr99rDE
cu3|{toN
l {
F^Sl
E
rT
ll
Ir E
\ /l g.EioN
eFtccj
FTGURE3. I.
V= -- -t fi
ll-t
9+
V ,-/
-
_t 0
$ ,---
ttcutt !.,
NOTE COiiaCtNG
iELtl. liHlP I la€P3
TO !END, SfllPalo
IY
rl
',
?o {T.
F t 6 U r E! . l o
t........!
>_
D-----> cqiEcttlc HlLl.
Y--+
at&t l^lEi
Frcrnal.tl
..rtfirl *.rc[ Dult bG&.t' f6 ih. ird .t! of . c. Eoll oor!!ct4
h ud . .uo!.hd o! lh. .oti!.. r|T bc E'y to oouir.&t
thir. Si@ tb .pcio.d D.y t D.&.t riaht.ltL. to tb ra.!.D, dE
.llon& Dtd b. o.&f6 rlor!.tt!.e &itL fd....tor|E t ritSld
rr rb. up.rE D toi ud tt dowr|lED qErE (Fi& 3.1lI
tlcuRa I 12
I! thc fgur! the ahipha! bccdtorrd brordlidc ofi ttc qury frce
(l) ro (2).Withoul wemirg to tt€ lu& ahcthcnDoll3 ahaador 8latti
ir rtc 6gurc!h. h8 |nowd astcrnto (3).Hcr rtotioo tatcarlc tugtDalia
uoririr., md bcforchc can!*ing i o littc with rhc towroF thGLtLa
ka& !bc.D ttrd bi! cr|lt k girdcd.Anplc *emiag duat b. irto to
tufr if tha6hipi Equircdto suddaDly novE.hc.d or acain. Tbb is lot
I irnDorlrat if tic lowlitrc it borylcdto thc st!|! of tt! tu8 i,itt a
sen*.
THE PR.INCIPLES OF SIIIP IIANDLTNG
3TEiI{ AC9ELIED
llf€F*
\
forDrdr boi ald atar! O! rhccotrtrrry, thc moorld va*l il ttgEtdcd
s! a lodtinS objlct shitr ir .ubjl'lt.d to thc.a thccrilg fotc6. Strictly
rp..fi!& ihip 'A thould hrw hrl lilaa taodcddutinc thc F!.r8a of
'B!, !!d thr littlr rhouldprDc.od.. dowly .r p4ritrh ir odcr to tccP
hrt wrvm!.Liog to r dilinuE. Ship'B' mutt s&o bc @ *[ char
'A'.
of lhc other batrkso that shedo€sDottake a collidingsheerinto
Thc forces acting here arc ktrowD6 ittur@,iaa and can bc vcry
d&garous in closcauartcrs situationswh€n shiF rre ovcrtaking,
passing,steamingabrcaslor picking up a tut at spccd.
1tl
CHAPTER TV
76
PRACTICAL SIIIP EANDLINO
F19.1.3. WE
OnatrllM
to T*o Dbtt wt h
Thc v!*ral rppro&bc. utrdcrllos
hc.d{l.y ovla lhc g.ouod with ttc
hcdbuoy 6rGon thc pon bow (l).
Y D/\
. l
I
In thi. irBtancctbc buoy Could
rray wll h.vc bccopickcd up o!
thc starboardbow.
n
PRACTICAL SHIP ITANDLING
$.
iEatbcr hGlE wil bc lcadcd to tccP
tbc lhip i! rttitudc. Thc |hip i! thcn
dloc€d to switrg tbtougi lg)
d.!rc.r to (2) rod (3). Thc cogiDcts
workrd rstrttr in poritioo (2), to
ha*cn thc iwitrg of tha stcm hto
thc ei!4 aDd a&o to rtlicvC thc \ /
lcrolin' of rrcsr,
7E
PN.ACIICAL SIIIP II NDLING
79
PRACUCAL SEIP IIANDLING
80
PI,ACTICAL IAIP EANDLINO
$..
ns. 4I I. Ctebg lrot t T*t tutt
A}
frltt VM or Su@'r /lttdn
Th. rr.sl h c.!l!d |t itr (2) by
aadot lha rIlmlilc. At ttc aaoc
ilrtart, bdot! |lc it.|cl ovtf,rult (/
thc ha.dhroy, thc .d!in ia rorfad
darD" Ar ray i! trtar.4 ttc li!a.
arGLt !o |nd rtrll.r hclE uad to
.tnitht o tL rhip itrto tb. li* of
rild oadrlaD.
A b
U JI A
8l
PRACTICAL SSIP EANDLING
/ - t
t
FE.1.tt. Clewrota btt dtt
vMAtul
Thc tn..lis .t! h to |!d thr
Ylarclir rruog haadto rind or tt
L.dli!.. lf ttc cogiF it sort d I
.hd itr (2) tbc dtr!. odth.bc.d
buoy L ..a.d
a
PRACTTCAL SEIP HANDLING
83
PRACTICAL SHtP HANDLING
Fig.1.16.
- Lyhg br CabL to a Singl.
Rwy i a-Fisha'ine wi^d Y
As at figlc anchor, thc v.sscl is I
lilcly to pitch aod yaw. This wil i
caulc crcGsivc strassoo thc buoy
moo.itrls. Thc cabl€ should thcrc-
forc bc sldclcd wcll doran so as to
givc a bight (catln&ry) of cablc
which will act as a spriDg ald par-
tially rbsorb shocks. lt is most im-
portant that thc crbh should Icad
horizontally from llr buoy, othcr-
wisc pitchiog will t€nd to lift thc
buoy, $ithits moo ngs.
84
PNACTTCALSHIP IIANDLING
Bcforr closingihc *ork otr buoys,w .hdl dilc1|rrtbc clhodr by
whicha shiprnays..urc to th.rn. whct hc.di[g ilto th. sind or r..!r,
*ort ir conccatratcd o! lccuriu ttc b.adbuot th. rcrt{io.. hdry rlr!
io a morcLisuralymannar.Initialy a wirEir Fsrad thtouShlta tiot of
thc h.adbuoyatrdsccurcdbackon bocd; tbir biglt i! thm u!.d |' r
sliprope.A bighr of fbrc is similatly run aothc buoy and thc vcsrcl
caoridc to lhis alonc,with thc alipropcsllcr&Gd
dowD.
WlrcnusingbiShGof linc it is thc cad whichhaabGGo r,4rpd berr
throughthc ng of thc buoywhichb cwntuslly Lt 80 fron thc ahip.
lf thc othcr cnd is caslofi ir mayfoul thc buoyor itt owtrprtt .t it i!
Fig.1.16.Moorirv lia.s
Thc followingtu thc t minolo6/
usd in ilc tlmaindcr of rhis ch.p
tcr: 'A' Hcadlinc: 'B' Forc bilast-
litr.; 'C' Fol! b6ckrp.ing:'D' For!
hc.dspring; 'E Aftlr bactsp.iog;
'F Aftcr hcadspring;'G' Alt r
brcastlinc:'H' Stcmlinc. Earm
windsproduccnvc timcs s.smuch
strcssas for. and eft winds.A 5G
lnot wind on r 25O,qX) ionncr cen
causcstrcsscsof 320tonncsabcrm
rnd 50torn6 forcsndrft.
PTACTICAL SBIP EANDLING
lU.1.l9,Wba&tat
Tht E tiod rpDli.. rhi(icvrt
nb-to tb.li9 i b.dti4. Tb. c|r..
trot&outd dnyt bc |m.4.!d
tbarait lhan D d|!lF of otttaac
liDg th. h.rlh. Tb. .hip it rouldc&
ro u!d.r alog h..dray tlith Ffc.l
Y
oonlrol la. tt to till b. tcdiot
tho rbip do'l durbs tb. rpFro.ch
.d forthir rc.ro. lt .hipd rdl
b. h..d!d for tb bot F.itiotr
rt o t rtbql A b.o.d ttgb of
.rFa.L n pcroi.du.' b|!t tb
q!.y Aould foi! . t trlFdt b ti.
tuoing d*. A h([.Lt .!d. d
rypraA rb.r h (l) wiU lot tuEl
tbi. cdditiod, .od tb .hb trfll
fod tb qu.y.
E dq.il!| Odld b. !.[!d..
.06.r pdlL fb. odd.c til h.
.fuiv! a,E rrdaa coadtinr of
no baadrry.
n
PRACTICAL IEII f,ANDLINO
88
PRACTICAL SIIIP HANDLTNO
91
PRACTICAL SITIP IIANDL ING
92
PI'ACTICAL SEIP IIANDLINO
I
)
94
PIACTICAL SIIIP HANDLINO
yl
PRACTICAL SHIP HANDLING
I?9.1.13. Cotii,A to E crn+r@r,,gt
vtth Wid Otshoe
Thctlr$cl bult cith.f bc rt emd
rourd hlt alcbon in thc u!u!l *ay R. ,?
-{ lolg rDd laboriour proccdurr
.tdntt ttc eind----or,if thrfc is
room, ov6-rua tha bcrth sdl ofr-
thorr ud tlvrtra ttc dgim. Shc
will grth.r rtcmwry md rutr hcr
.tcm up into ttc wind'. Glr rt (l).
Thir D.trouvlr !aad! vary crrdul
judgcm.otto phc. hcr i! liDc with
hcr bcrlh. Ewo ttcd, ttc ru! artdtr
ir oot aa!y. Sharlurt not lrc run
.!Gm ltl|til tbr wind i! f[c on thc
Port qurtta. A. rha gi|[cr| !r.m-
*ry, hcr stlrD s6lr tha sitrd, (2),
ald trmsr€$c thrust agtrav.t!'
thit strrbosrd swiDgof thc boea
+
It ir chcfld, howcvca, by thcclbha
growitrt to port If tlr arcrl run )
ir .ttnnptld dcad into thc s,ind'i
ayr ahcwill rutr to lccw|'d of hcr
bcrth eith thc eind brord on thc r-------t--------
ttarbotd ourtcl.
I
PT,ACTICAL SSIP UANDLINO
1m
PRACTICAL SIIIP IIANDLINO
IU, 1.16, L@rw a Porrlwd
ta,t h Cah,t
HcrE,botb lho trlnivcrs tbtrrtt
a,hco t!v!r,i!g thc cnginc in @)
.!d fh. culhioning 3liFtr..a b.-
trrad tlc fotrHy t|rd qusy.ausa
thc rtan to reing rrpidly bact i0to
tb. qury. Thc bclra till b. of no
avjl. bc.!u!c lhir wil occurbdorc
rtEnFay i! grthcrcd.Ho*Evcr,thc
uDdcrinblcrwin8of thc bow otr to
ttc qu.y i! Fi& 4.a5do6 not .xi!t
hcr!, !!d providiogtlc Drn6uv.! it
corGctlt dotrc, thc clc.rhg b, itr
d'!y ril t morr simPlc.Tlrc Jtcm
lurt bc crntad out to I vcrYlrtg.
|!glc .r iD (2) bcforcthc ctrginci3
Evtr$d, By tlc iidc thc ltcm has
!w!!r bock Darsllcl to tbc qu!y,
tb. liD wil * uadcrltmwri ed wiu bc at (3). st rbo.rd bdE m|y
tbo c;ncct th. rsinl of thc tt m i horc,but cvcoto, a bulat rb..d
on thc cogiacwith pon hdm will toon rcbicvr thit.
10r
Eg,1.1E.Ldt A aS@MW
brtb@tMot.vM
Thc !taa! olllt bc cartadof tbr
quly to a mu.h Lrt.' rtrglcth! i!
cald!.Iti quilc arry to do tbi! cird
i! r fr! h brlacauaingful brlE atrd
bold cofitu rsvolutiotrr,W[ctr tlc
.ogirc i! rlwlt.d itr (2) tbc lbip
r.pidly ru'' h.r rtdn upwind md
th! bow' wing rh!4Iy to tt r-
boord"Thc atcm wil dlDlgc thc
qEly if th. c.llilt .!tlG h!! lot
tc.o ioitidly mfictrddy hrg.. with
I btgc ugb, tbc rt D wil r.pidly
dr.v arqr from ttc qu!y. Ful
pod halm b ulcd whcothc cl8itrc
is rscrld. A 8erll rhip rith E
rhrbhr rh rnd r f.ddct on h.r
illhora bowwil bc abL fo catrth.r-
.clf of.t ritht .nghr to lb. qury.
104
PRACIICAL IEIP IIANDLINO
Flg.151. Tbn,/B Sl,prt Rogltdh, 6
ktar n a.ttr@rr
b (l) t[. bow i! rwung into th!
.LA.' rri.r rt tha rt[bortd b.Dt
.!d th. rdgie ir r!rcrrcd. Tbc
iald ir ovar to atrfbo|td for thc
aalt ir$oF aDd i. rbout to bc
tL..d rEidlhip..
Tho rlltlrd aolinc prodtrc.r r
f.vo||t|bL trrlwrr! lhflrt rnd
alo Fatn a as6ir! Lc dritl In
(2) tb W*rtrn rnchor ir h to
|!d hdd .t rhori rLy. Thir npidly
.oDb. thc bory tourd to O), by t
itktr tin rh..odn
roltiq
rhould b.
rtaad lrdcr tb.board
t
U! to codpLic thc r*ing to (,1).
Tta |'Aor ir b.ld .t .hon rt y ,o
rtat |! arc!||ill atraa oo ttc cabL
c.ns it to d$dfF !di.r thr! bc rtdnd. ln (,4)lb c.lrb $trn to
D.y! ba furti.r Eci.4 but thir n o6ly fo. rb. t.&. of cbtltf-
..adly thr lt r.l twitrg rlry &.rly h hci o(,! Lnslh .l OI
,44
\J 'rA /
/ ' /
Flg.1.5t. Tuning h a hv mrd
TbG3hipit rilutt ofi thr wind to
(2), sd thc teins tu .occoturbd
with r |lvarrad cogioc ind full \i ,l
rathcr b.lm to (3).|f ttc stro*.y
ir cortilucd auficirtrttt wta6 uic
cdti!. ir sortcd .tc.d t|nd.t fuU
port hc|D th! rhip wil h.v. Dd.
groutd to wildwrd .t (4),
A(')
t'lv
V
M(X)RING LINES AND TAIIS
Mentionbasahe.dy becnmadcon page85 (Figure4.1E)aboutlhe
strcss€sproduc€don a dip by winds, the ratio bctwcenforc-a[d-
aft stressesand b€amstress€sbeitr8 about onc to 6ve fot a giwtr
wind. For the shipquoted,a loaded250,m0bnncr with atrundcrk€el
clceranceof2 mctrcs,a I knot clrrr€ntfiom aheadcatrpaoducafolcrs
otr thc ship of 5 tonncscomperedwirh 230 tontrcswhcn thc same
currcnt is abcam.Mooring lincs mustthcrclore be uscdlo marimum
alfcicnct and this is achievedwhcn the lhc lcadsfroE thc ship at a
lo* englcto the horizontal.Nev€r rnir tnca of dificrinS matedrls-
soda will strctchmore thatr othe$ atrditrfoduce uaevctrlosdint.
Mooritr8 tails incf,casethe clasticig of a wirc litrc by up to 60%.
They should be at least 11 metres loDt, parccUcdwith lerther,
caDvas,or pl8tic at the eyesand prcferablyjoincd to rhc witr usint
Mandcl or Tonsbcrgshackles.Thasearc atraight-sidcdard both thc
hcadand the pin (ehich b rcmovedusinga kcy) ara roUcrs,tccping
chalcto a nininnrq. Itr Dorma!use,tsils shouldbc rcplaccdevcry lE
mo hs, bc at least25% strooter thatr thc rvire and obviouslybc of
thc samelay, othcrvisc ut aybt occutsurdar stcas.
r07
CIIAPTEN V
ICE
FIS mrrh .!d louth pohr icc crp rt! oontiNdly fowitrg out
I vudr udcr thc praraurEofrccumuLtad toorr!, Th6 Dovlinc[t
! of ico ir a!o!t tbc aslklt routar, wldch srr vlllcy! ild iat,
dopinS l|!d rurfacar. Th€c Dovitg D||.ar of icc trt tlowrr ar
tacirrr ard cmhrdly prolrudaioto thc &a, ehcr! that ioquirc buoy-
alcy and loot Thc coEbirod Gfracbof buoyrtcy, win4 and currrtrtr
c.uG lh. tmtula of icc to brr.t rway fror thaland,andcyrry ti6c a
pi.cc ofhc rlo.. lhir r! ic.t rSi! ..aar.d.I! th. North Atbrtic rh. bdt
ofth. ic.b..fr $c oriSilrt d rt.bout twloq oftbc hundrd! oftLcicn
aitlai.d @ tha '!at coatt of GrEoh!d. ltcaa b6g! rr. i.rcgu&r
n s ofioq .Dd . Lrlc nunb.r ofth.6 drift into ttc North A0rltio
O€! uDd.. tho GfiGcta of wild atrdc1ttttnt Evqy apringlnd tuDDIt
lba, pltaadta Dcorcc to rhippiogaafar r!, NDdocc.liordly routt oi,
thc42trdp6relbl. It ir c.tiD A thst rbout 7500bcigi brcskrery from
Oral.nd 8hdcr. cvlq lE r, of wbb rbout,l(x) drift rou6 of Ncw-
foundLnd,tonc forty fnditr! thci. ery soutl of tbc42ndp.r.[cl. Tbis
lA)dil. jouro.y from Grc.dLnd lo NcrfoundLtr4 roughly 2tE0 bh, i.
.@oDplirhld by tL. b6gr i! D.riod! vuyilt fror r fcw E@thr to
thrGcyarr.
Oncof tbc worll F.rt i! th. No.th Aulltic fto@rhb poht ofvicv
wr! lt2, wh.tr rt rtrany.! l5E7 b.r83 found thctuwry rolth of th.
a&t Frrll€!. Arott r bad y!ar, doraly ipprqctitrg th€a atatiitic!,
eE! l9t2 stcn, oa April t,ftb, rho Ult rdc foutddrd iD 4f' il6' r,
50' 14' w wiih thc lor. of l5l? liv6.
Dilirt.Elrtioo of 6c bcrlr coEDaoccri66adnrcb, ihay u! calv!4
.!d i! r productofttc aftat' of rflr4 h.avy ,aa!,*ind, aohr rrdiatio!,
wltE rca-rrer, m4 to aoDccxtloi, rrh. Hcavyaroaiodit caurd d
thc r nlirc, |Dd |! r r6ult of l[i! aDdgffid dct rioEfioq thr b('g
cainr aodlct piaa.a*tirh frl into thcert.t *it! . lood ro.riry loirc.
At thc b.r3 Ddu, crrctilg of thc icc @tr', rrd thi! i! d..tt, rdiblc
ond.r idc.l colditior! ry to a Etra arry. h trrda roBtarfbc b.t!t &ry
zD ft lt{l) fi hrvc hci8htsabovcthc watcr of up to m tn and bDgthsof 5m m.
In tha Artdctir tDparrtutaa ara gadardlylora. Hcrc,ir dditio
to thaforDrtiotr of gbciarhc rod irrcguLr b6!:, thc icacrp iow into
1$
tcE
tba aGa.trdforDr r v|tt barfilr of footitrg fualroutrd iha oontinadl
nuly hundEdsof n trls thick. A Soodcrrndc of this i! thc Ro.t
B!r.icr. In thc iFing .nd iummcr thc incquditi.! of sir .od r.r
tclrpcratun' ptduca lnavcn rrL! of cxprnsioD,rnd vestpico.r of thc
b[ricr brcrk rdrift .nd ntovanoathward.Thclc barSrar! tnown 6s
tu6rdrriccbcrgs,and rcsan$bfoating islen& with vcrticd tidcs rnd r
lcvclaurfalc.Tklc icc ishnds arc usuallyabout 50m hi8h,maaaurcd l8o ft
flod tta stlailioc, ud nry bc up to llotD in laogt!. SoEGare 70miL.
rrportcd es bcirg up to gD m in haight,Thasab.r8s from thc South l7lllft
Polarcrp drift up to thc 55thprmllcl, but somchavcbccnrcportcdas
far north es 33's in tha LonSitudcof 50" w. Oihcrs havc bccn sccn
slongrhc 3Jth Frallcl in thc vicinity of lhc Grcat Aust.alianBight
end thc Capcof Good Hopc.
All iccbcrgrhrvc t[c bulk of thcir voluDcrubmcrgrd,Urusly rbout
onc-ni.th ody i! viliblq but thi! de?and,.liirdy upod thc !fiount of
roclq ardt" or air ebici it ir8ppcdwithin tlc ica, etrddro upotr thc
rmollnt of loolc ,nowliDg upon$a b.ig. Gcncrrly, tbr volumc{hich
ir GnarSad liaabcter.o oic-t nth rtrd oncthird. A! iocb.rgrouth ofthc
ctud B.nb of N.'wfouldl&d b.y !u irE !! . ddurtr to trlvig.tiotr
for uD to a fortlight, but rftar Jurc thir dacrald to tbout lln d!y!,
Thc b.r8r *bich iG grourdd uponthr Binls ,cco to turvivr for long
pcriod!,po.siblyup to o[! nonth.
Ofi l'f.pfoundL!4 rbc frEqr&ocyof !c.-fo& rbc dcolity of frhitrg
v!.!dr, ltrd th. coatiNour [o* of trrfio sdd othar da4lfa lo thc
.rinbf Frtu oficc" I! ltgt thc North Athotio Tr.cl A!F.o.ot w.!
dcvirad,whichhid downroutcsto bc followrd by r.st- end wcst-bound
taafrc,rech routc hsvitrgr lcpuarc saason,Thcrascalons\rE c varid
from yclr to Jrc.r dcpcndingupoo thc conditions.Msny shipowncrs
took prn io this rgr..Ecnt, aDdnaturrlly it lcft Mastc.saod Ofr-
can nor! fira to concantrrt! upon thc hazrdr of ica Collitiont bc-
c.mc lcarfrcqu.at but icc trrgadicrcotrtiouo4culEistids i! lho l6t
of thctlt@rtc,Tbr folowirs yaar( l9l3), a! IrtalnrtioDrl lcc Prtrol sr.
at up to tac? a vigiLnt r.rtch on fhc Doatdqrro|rt ioc rrat" Todly
thc Ftrol it n iitrilcd by !urf.!. .!d .ir c ft, |!d i. Er!|rFd by
ahcUnitcd Strt . Co.rt$rrd, whilc tbc cort L tb.rd bctnc.o rhc
nriooa orritino Govaiuanta.
Duritrg ttc ica railoA thc Itrtrol brold65ts in bulLti!! rt dm
.ad l2m G.M.T. Gt€rydey, commcDcidg lomc tiDGin Mdch. AIbr
rlcaivhg thc fr.t bu[6in, Mstcn |'c skGd to tt|trlmit ful Etbcf
rr?ort cllry rix hourswhih thcy all situatcdbatwca!th. /Oth .dd
5othp6r.[cb.!d thc 42rd aod60thbciidi.n. of w.!t loqirudc. This
t.trla r dld Ftrpoaq for it arairtathr lca Patrolard cdabLrthc htilr
to t @ . do.. trrck o! .hip! i! rh. vbinig. Th. lco Pdrol mry ftDorl
vclsclswbichlrc obacrvldool to bard ica wrmingr.
109
ICE
Bdor! ,ailitrg, M|!tai!.r! ldvir.d to obtriD rll polaibb bforEatioD
&t8rrti!8 ica locitad ia tb! vicitrity of thair bt Ddcd couna Oo thc
eoyalc rhay rbould d.nnac thc uE6t vigibnca iD d.rhrat or poot
vi.ibility, .d nrlc rutE thrt cEry ir bull.ri! ir rlociYd.nd brooght
!o tb.ir trodrcoiriE€dLtdy. Tbc followiry arlaaoDGof rbc nrny tcrnr
l|lad ir coDlacio! with ica lavilitioa:
NAVIGATIOi{ IN I@
(.) Itt,.t| r.tid d 6. V..td
Whctrthc vclacli! crF{.d to p|!. thlouth Fcf ica,ttfuh i! lhc
North Prcific may bc vcrt prolifr, thc cr,a* ahouldcquiPltaodv.a
?ith clothitrgluitrblc for !u.h r voy,4!. Thc dcd( nxLiffiy, ud if
pocritJbtha rifgbg loo, rhodd b. colltld *ith c.trv8. Tha ha.ti!8
3yrtad3throudout thr rcaaalmust bc cbac@ PuDpilt &at orti'
huhd, .!d r[ drrinrgc c.h.clcd.Qurntiti.. ofdtling ooEpould Dry
ba put aborrd .d tbc dccb lad lup.rrtstlctur€ Goatadxitf, it ju.t
bcfor! crcountcdrf frEzidt tloFrtutla ald h..It sthaa. Th.
coopound may bc rppliad by ptitrt-b.uth or,prty 8un Pktara. |trd
irc rtatt ctr lhoutd bc providld. A mattod rt .otb r pkbrc, brt
h8 oDlyonc atkc, thc .nd of whichif ll.ttcrcd out ilto r l0-12'ao
bhdr. itc insuunadt i. lrcd riDiLtly fo a crrFDtadt dE, eith tbc
hgr rcl !Frt, rd cmployilg a stort choplitE noti(m.
It ir advisebtcto natc surctb.t th. thip ir nd oquiP.d ritl d.D.l!
cotrtrolSEarrld lc.l€toPinS aquilD.ot, itAdiag @aat, t.!4 aiaal
d.tr* lhorirg, coltuiotrrut& .nd Ftcdt ti!.rt{ol|F[ A $rolity of
lll
!cB
aoftsood ts.dg6 dry provc lo b. of valua l.tr fi€jnt tcnpaartttrts
dlct .tc.m ctrgi[csrhould bGdrrircd ad thc vc.tHcck fro Elio
iloler.d rld dEitrad. wirtct-gr.dc oib thould bc ulad ebarc rr.om-
6aodd. Pctrolcngina, ifwrtcr-coolcd,tbould bc driilad oac$lippcd
rith aiti-frcarc, sld brttcrica carcdfor rccoding to tbE&alc/a i!_
ruuc'tion!.SomcthoughtshouHbc 8ivctrto . ruitrblcjury ruddrafoa
thc pi.ticuh vcr..l, .!d tb. traclaaaryfr|r obtdlad.
Thi! Bummlryof prrcrutiorF ir by !o mc.!, oospLti ltul i3 itr-
tcrdcd to cov6 ralirnt point!
(b) TL hd.dh- of lc.
Oncof tha most rcliablcirdicrtiod of thc plErctracof icld icaaDdof
ro crttlmely lirgE bcr& sucbs. s tabular tyPq i! ,cr ,l,h&' Tbia jr 3
wbitbh glfi! iD lha sky,oo thc ho.izo! in lha diractiot of tha ba, lDd
may cxtcndto l5 d.grcd dtituda lt jr duc to thc intcalc Glaatioo of
UghtfrorDthc icc su.facc,atrd accordinglo tnrtry dpctiaoccd Atctic
lldgatori i. molt marlcd i! r clcar,fDc tnorphclcwblo thc lky i!
rnifonnly covct€dwith cloud, Tha ,.. .ppca$ bhok baaid.tDc icc,
|trd llfcciiolr faol! thc 3.. Droducca wrat !t/. Thi! cfiacti! Dort
tn.*cd l'ithin |lr icc blirl, prni:uLdy wh.d thr thiP ir b.*t rld rP
p..rs a3black3lc.t or prtchcs\tithi! thc blint' It b r|ldul itr thst it
itrdirrs op.o *tt.r ltrd L.dr. If thc ic. t i i! Floflilh it Dry in-
di6tc ao ic+cowrcdlsnd m!ss.If tbc icc i! lot ldovovlatd tb a.Dc
Fllov hazr r|ay tc .ocouotcFd dlapitolhc ibaatcc ofLld. TtG icr
btiot i! do6t brilirnr dt r a frts[ frtl ofraow upoa thc icc idd.
Icc btint is oft.r ,..r, fofiun t ly, .t ligbt rt s4rl t! by dry, p.t'
ticr{.rly if thdr iJ eooditit. Thc horizoot l bgt\ .nd to .oDc .!-
tcnt thc Mght, of tbc blint givcr goodindic.rioDof thc idd |tt - By
day,u{dcr doudtqa conditio , thcrEEay ba !o icc blint, bot tdrlc-
tio! ory produccr mit.Sp ofrbc ica
othcr d!tt! irdud! |o .brupt rDoothitrgof ttc i.a tnd awdl 'tich
mly irldicatr kc to windwr.d. Birdi |!d t ab aitltad fer fto@ Lld
nr|y b. in rhc vtuitri9 of . ptc*. A ruddld f,dt of fog D.y b. .f,'
Fic|trcod on tha adgaof an ioa ic]d ald rlto latSaaNFltGaol aca
!moh, vhcn tl|c laa rppc.n to bc rtlaDinfi Tbc loundt of dl.ill.f,n'
tintr.Dd cdving of trowhfr b|! llt dy ba di*ot .d, thit.bo b.tog
r wrrdn&
Rrdrr shoulddctccts lrr8p bcrgin 5uffcictrttimc but icc-cchocfatl
orc-lirticth a! cffcrcnt13thip cctocs.Sn|ll ic. .ad bcr8' maybc lost in
tlla s.a clull.t. Thc usc of thc whistL to rcturn an .cho from icc
fuuarclhblc,bacaurathc cootouttofthc iocDry pr!$ldt |rrcha! ccbo;
furit r, . fog b.nt h litdy to r!t!.! . f.Lc .cho'
Ary ruddaochlltaa iD a or dr taoF|tutt ahord lot bc rdiod
upoa|t t! irdicatioo tbrt icc ir dt
tl2
ICE
If Srowlc6 er. siShtcd,s€vcralin a gronP, it mat indicata that. bcr8
i! to windward. from which thcy havc bccn calvcd' Sincca gtowld !|ay
bo sumci.ndy bi8 to c.usc scriousdemagc,a bcrg sightcd at nighl or in
Door visibility should bc passcdro Ditdvat4
All lhcscwaming signsarc ooly supplcmcnlaryto a Soodloolout,
ald ihis should bc mainlsincd i! suspcctcdwatcG fron both forwsrd
and eloft, thc mcn bcing providcd with binoculars' ln clcar wcathcr r
b€r8 mry bc 3igh&d 20 milcs away, dcFading uPon thc obscrvct's
bci8lt rbovc acalcvcl, whilc in liSht rnist ot dtizlc lhc dislancc is
r€duad to l-3 milcs. ln r loc, hazc thc tops of lalgp trcrgs may bc dc-
taclcd at distrnccs up to l0 milcs. In fog thc bcrg will {ppcar a! a whilc,
lueitrous dtar,. Oo a clcar night *ithour nooDlighl it b unlik.ly that a
sharplookoul wilt dctc.t a bcrgat distanccsb.yond aboul 5m mcttcs.
url6s th. b€aringis kDo*n, and thc scamay thcn bc ot6lrvcd brclkit8
rlsinrt it, vicwcd through binoculats, at a rangp of up to a milc.
(c) e|!S lL P.cf
ThG ic. rvill havc a dcccptiwly qlrict appcataft., but is lo bc highly
rBgcctcd at rll rimcs. If thc far boundlrid of thc ficld 8rc viiblc h i3
bcticr to dctour lhc prck ud avoid ir altogcthcr. If thc far boundari6
|tc not visiblc thc bar.rds withitr ihc pack arc unknown and thc ship
mry ba bcact rnd dppcd lo both cr!6, thco, wc arrivc at thc wisclt
c.trclusio! ofrll, which it to avoid pack icc at ill colts.
If cotry it inGvitablci! lhould bc madc at right anglcs ta tha lee alg.,
whcra thc ic. ia brokct and loo5c.Thc vcssclis cntcrcd vcry slowly, rld
rFcd i! g'rduelly idctcelcd to a $fc lcvcl, mdcavouring ncvct to lorc
wry, for thctr thc to.3 wiu closc in on thc propcllcr etrd ruddcr. lrok-
oul! rhould bc postcd high up to wrtch for lcrds, thc laltcr po$ibly
clo3ing vcry soon aft.r bcing sightcd.Thc conning 3hould bc donc from
tho b.ktlp so rhrt a bcttcr apprcciation of lhc icc sizc is possiblc.
At all tirDca,thc stcrn must bc carcd for, bcaring in mind that a ruddcr
Dowdcnt to avoid a ic will swing lhc stcm towardr it. Mcn should bc
po.tcd aG cquipFd with torchcs, $/hfutlcs,or a tclcpbolc, !o thll lhc
bjidgc catr bc itformcd ithmcdislcly rhc proFllcr is codrtr8arcd, p|r-
ticuLrly in thc casc of twio_scrcws.
tt i5 unwisc to Gbtcr hummocky or raftcd icr whcrc prtssutc cxistt
rdd thc v6s.l is lik ly to bc nippcd. Th. hummocks glncrally lic iD r
dirrction at riSht .tr8lcs to thc liic of motio! of thc ioct, .trd Palsll.l to
cnckr ald lcadr.
Thc ravigrtion of pact icc lEquitas PAdcncr,colstatrt vigihncc, prc-
fcnbly rxpcricrc., aDd cxttcdtcly good judgcmcot Thc ship wrll pmb_
ably hradlc alu88fuhlyar tba low lpccds, and e tum may rcquilc t buRt
abaadotr tbc cn8ifts, usiogfuU hclm. Thc shorlar end bcamiq tha shiP,
thc battcr .hc will lum. Etr8inc movcmcnts from rhcad to as&rt, tnd
113
tcE
vioc vlrsr, rhould bc nlldc crrEfullyto ivoid .trcasingthc thsfii!8 io
low tadp.f'brr., which|rl dcEimcntrlto atcclrnd iron.
Whcnthc cunrot is itr lhc lrsc di.lcliod r! lhc wind thc icc tcn& to
oF!, but in thcrcr€rscconditiotr!. cl6a ptck is formcd.ID suchr pact
thc fo6 *ill hav! to bc forccdrpsrt by slcwi!& and s thick fcndcr
lhould bc rigSpdotcr thc 3t d. whcn clc.vi!8 thc ic. lhc ruddcrwill
bavclittb cficct andth. sbipwill follow tbc ctact.
SharprltlraiioDs ofcounc rhould bc rvoidcd, el'd thc ap.td tbould
bc kcpt to itlcrr8p rvEyir clo3cprct, whilc up to 8 Lno$ canbc ulad
in sc.ttcrd p6ct ica.lr i! frcqucr y lEc6saryto work thcGDginc 35tcd
in p&k icc and8lthcr stc.dsry. whcDthisis doncthc ruddcr3houldbc
tcpt rroidrhiF to afford sooc protcctiod to r siDgh rcr€w. Trvi&
scrlwsrrc varyvuLocrrblcrytcn boving sstcmid ica,aodthc actionof
sta.nflayihould bc tccomprdd by bur3tr rhcrd on thc proFlc(!)
ehcoclrr icc approrctG thc ,6ce(3). Thc tqulti!8 *r!h wil tcod to
cLdr r chan&l ir whichto cortitrucbackitrg,
At trightit i! prdcrrbL ro hcavc-to,sitrocthc ldtaa cunot bc !acn.
Tla vassclrhouldbc rtoppcdalongsidcthc lccd8a of thaicc,whcl! lhc
will drilt sith thc Fck. If rhc i! .toppcd slotr8thc v..thrr cdgcthc
phtiog i! lit ly ro bc !.riourly dsn.Scd by griDdiDgbcttr.a thc hull
!!d rhc ica.whar hoE-to at Di8btr watchmustbc kcpt for Lrfc [oc3
aad bcrgr rNct mry wort througbtbc icld loerrdt thc abip.Such3
wrtcb shouldbc ailcd by ttc ulc ofpowcrful li8bb. Duti4 rhc dght
..a-wai.r-lubricetld t il+nd shsnt |tE itr d.!8pr offrca"itrg up, andi!
tha crlc of rindFscrrw '&$.ls thc rfur pc.t t nt ahouldbc flkd wilh
vrtar, l(.pt warE by mca!, of r strrm-hoaailjcctio4 Ia sdditio! to
thi!, tbc cart rtcrtr tubcb.comaacxc.t iwly bridc at lorl tlnFratutla.
h twia.cclcwship6th. rrn tub.3 3houldbc aiEilrrly k Dt watd.
Modcn prrcticc i! ioclincdto oil-lubric.tld tid-.nd rhd! |nd Fo-
vidcd rhc cortlcl gndc of oil i! urc4 thc d88!r of ft!.zing up i!
rodl.
A twin-ccrcwship6houldpttfcrttty n vigte icld icc itr tbc trka of
|tr kc-b&atct. Whcncmploitrg sucha va$l it fu d6ir.ttL th fhc
followingahipsbouldlot hlE. bc.m glitaa thsn thc brl tar, bactula
tlc lcrd! .r..t d wiu ba qdtc trlrow. Followingan icbrcatct tDay
Gst il ihlrp tum. on lbc cdgEof iocs, ud fcfdcfr .houldbc libarally
u!a4
Whctraavisatingin 3ludgcthc condo:cr inlcrr may bcconccholcd
with icc prniclcq aod! c.!. i! o! rccotdwhqt a ship*8 rbk to coD-
bdt thi! by cooDacting tbc frc m.in to lhc ndtr tca inicctiotr Thc frt
Drio w.! tcpr aupplicdwitt *arrn YJ|t.t by couPlingil b rhccondcDlaf
di!.,h!r8p,lhc srtrf coolilt aufici.ddy fo! lhc cond.n!.r to fulction.
Hot wrtar ahouldbc rEadro iuah srt r clo.cL in ordd to pra,!trt ,oil
pipc3froe frEitrg up. Any wiocl6 or dcck nlchhcry likaly ro bG
114
ICE
rcquircdfor useshoutdb. kcp! slowlyruDningif iupplid by stlin,
ooccLrtrpcraturqs appro.chfllaziog poinl
SomctiDca. a v6scl rnty nevigat bctwccnthc pccl focud tbc cor.t'
Itr thisc.r. a! ofrsholrwitrdb ddirrblc, .!d . 8r.vr dt!&r .xi!t! if thc
wiDdchalgFsto sn orlhorc blo\r, fot thashipwil bcb6ct aodstnndcd.
(d) UA.r B..ct
Thc v6scl will bc ou! of cotrtrol,.rld vcsscbwith rtrriS[t sidc! rrr
crp.ci.lly vulncrablaA ship bcsctin .arly rvintc. fu in Srrvr d!n86
from I build-upof prEssuEwithin thc pack,and from tcrSaworkitrS
throuSbtha 6cld. Fftqucnt damagpto thr iuddcr and proFla(s) it
litdy ehcn bclcl. Initiallt actiod should bc ttkcn rr for t dpFd
v!*!d.
(.) lvt . Nf
Th.rEi! litcly to bc coDsidcrabb ddltregcto thchull, ruddcr,!trd pr(F
FIHO, Thc actiod uluaUy tatcn, wb.l nippcdforwan4 i! to otdai
futl spcadaad u56full, lwiDgidgruddcr. Thc actioDDry b. .ccom-
psiicd by bu.t! of full ..hcadad fufl ast rn in th. c.!. of i .hip
strGngthcdcd'for icc nsvigetion.If lhi! f.ik, rttcDrpbrhouldbc dadc to
t.im rd/or liit thc rlsscl, !o rhlt ihc frt.3 bcrsaf. A ship bclat and
3ufcriry incrcrsi,lgprtsturc from thc p6ck may tar! hcr altil! hult
bonom nippcdofr, lcavinghcr lying oD tftc icc. whco thc i{:cpora i!
thr 3prio&or b.forc ifpin& !!d currrntt ttr ruitrblq thc abipfou!-
dcB. lf at anylimc r oan dcscrtr&ro thcicc ard wdtr ovc.it hc ahould
crrry a boathookhcld horizortally acio$ hir ch.rt ro thrt if hc fdb
bctwcctr006 or throwh a crackin a foc, hc ha !om. mcarl!of tup
port
(f) N.rtdbg N..r B.'tr
Thc.c s.r p6st d lcrvinSitcm to hav.rd to avoidporritilc gio*Lrt
Dur to cro6ioorrd Ecltiog rt 3cr-lcrtcl,il mry rppc.r tbrt thcy rt!
smdl, and cloaclrvi8rtion ir poraitlc To|rtura or lcdlr. of icc rtl
likdy to Fojqrt outw!.rd6flodr tbao bclow rrtlr for dirt|lccr ,t
.xc.ss of ta metres,attdthcy mustthdrforc t givcna widc bcnh. 35ft
C) Podtldrg 6. $tD
An arrifcial horizoo may bc us.d for 3ightswhctrsurroundcdby
p.ct ic.. A buckct of oil i! roitrblc. If . b.ct-$!h ir po.riuc, tbir
rhodd bc ur.4 i.c. thc p|n ofttc horizodoDa rrciprocalbaariu fr6
thc body ir utilircd if clcsr of icc. Tbc irtroduc-tionof ratcllitG atrd
Irren ad Dcccr trrn!|ftsions hrr Brratly simplif€d thc Foblctrr of
pcirion fndiDg in prcl icc.
115
ICE
tl1
CHAPTER VI
LIFE-SAVINGAND DISTRESS
DUTTESOF MTSTEN
A Maald, or pcrconi! c.har8.ofs t!aa4 mult.!.i!t cvcryFl8o! lt
ras h dsnfFr of bcitrgloat,cv.o if thrt Frctr i! froE aDclctiy Stltr.
Hc ItrUltdb thir aotrou a5thct€b no la.iout ihtr8cr to bit own .hiP,
DarrcoEm or crlw, A.r aoo! er hc rcccitd thc dilttt$ call, hc m}tt
irocccd a: quic.ny |! poa.ibh to t[c ditt!..t utr rld itrdio.t hit
iotcatoor d ttc iirt irca lE.!o! or Fr.o!!. I{c nay bc ciccrptcd
f.orn &ing if:
(l) h. i! unablcto do ro; or
(D hc cotrtidanit utrruonrua; or
(3) hGoodidcn it u!trcc.3r{rY;or
(4) h. i! td..!.d froD tDcrbow rtstutory obli! iolt
Th. M.!&r of a \,6!cl itr diltlj.ss ttr.y t qtdtt irt ! tLip wbi:h h!!
.!rwtl!d hi! c.ll. Thrt ,hip mu.t th.s procccdto hie *ith dl tpc.d.
Mr.tcfir lrt rdc.*d fro|! ttcir ouif.tio!! to t!nd6 uaiat lcc aa,ooa
a! tbayhc.r of oth.r lbiF bcingrcqui iliotad (Providcdlhc hltrr t!!
coEplirt), or whctrthry erc ofrciauy iDforDcdlbt r|siat|acc ir no
Iolgpr Dccaaaary.
If tho Mot ( frik to .bidc by th.!. ltrtutory rcquiltoc.tt h. i.
ruiltv ofs Disdlocstror|r.If hc docalot rctrdcr|taittllcg thc Madrr
;f airiibh .hip rcgi.rcrcdi! thc Utritld Ki!8doE bu.t clt r bi. t!.'
sonsin thc Ofrcisl Logbook.Evcrydistrcssmca3a&rcccivcdmustba
cDGrcdin lhii Logbook.
VENfiXI' IN DS'TNESS
Sigad! to b. uaad|rt:
(l) A rpn o! othlf, .f,plo6ivr ti8!d f$d .t int n'd! of $out .
Ditrula.
(2)
- A contruou! aoutrdingwith !try fof tiFrUing spPrrdur. CftG
DOT sueceststhal this is unrvis€,and rccommendthal SOS
rhoutdd;nr& cotrtiluou.lv on tbc ryFrrtu!.)
(, Roctct or thdb ibtwilt rld rtrn' 0rrd o!. .t e tirnc rt
rhori i lrvdr
(,1)SOSirdc h thc Mona co& o! th. Wff lpFrrtut, ot by .rly
othcr ridtlint mcthod'
lm
LIFE-SAVINC AND DISTR'ESS
(5) Thc tDokd word 'M.yd.y' trrltmittld by Rff'
(6i Thc t;ldoaliot t CodGflf tislal 'NC .
iii
' ' isi-d "orrp,itioc " aqurrcf,egheviogrbovc it or bclowi! r
bU.-or alvtlilag nscrnblingt bdl. (Thi' i! c'llcd thc ditt"t
den,,l.l
ttt frarneson ttre vesselsuchas a buming tar barrel (The DOT
r€commend that rockcis or red flares arc mucb morc
efficient.)
f9) e iocia iroducing a rcd iat on a perachutc,or ' rcd h'nd
nrrc.
in Wrr or Rrt.
(10)Thcluto-thrmsignal
(l l) An orrD8!3mok._ri8!rl.
ilzi e vcnicrl rnotionof r Fnon's axt Ddad!rm!'
ii3') sicnatstransrnitteaby an EmergcncyPositionIndicating
Rtdio Beacon.(SeePage370)
U* of lrbf.3 Strb
No dbtrcsssignrl b to bc u3cdfor any olhcr Puregs'-'TE ll* oI
3i.!ab whicharclik.lv to bcconfirscdwith distrcss3ignds13 proruorlco'
D'irtrtir sislals.rc to bc uscd only uponthc Mastcr'sortcR' ald lh'||
onlyif (d) bit thiP i3 io add
scnous immiocnt or
dro,Sct' (oJanoItrcr-tnD
or aircraft is iD similardangcrand cannotitscll us' a slgnal or (', rI
a!ri3tr!c. it rcquiradrddilionel to thl alr.:dy avrilablc' . - - ..
Thc tiFd tr|u3tbc Fvotcd ifrlsistlnc:. is no lol8et rlqulnoo r'rlurc
o oo rttiiro.v c|ut" unncc.tss!|ry waic of timc lnd atlri'ly to othcr
F !O!t.
AIRCNAFT
Radiois not canicd by all civil ai.crafi. An aitcrrft dislrcstcall *ill
normrlly bc transmittcdby radio on thc ftcqucncyin uscal rhcllmc
b.twccn thc &ircraftand th. tppropriatc Air Traffc CoDtrolCcnlrc.
lf unablcto makcconbct, thc aircraft may uscany othct ftcqucncy
ro dert anyD/F station.In addition,if possiblc, thc callrvillbc madc
on 5(DkHz.
Diit !3 SilDLs
(l) By WfI on 500 &Hz 'SOS' s€nt (hrcerimcs,followcd by 'DE,
thcn thc call siSnscnt thrcc (itrcs, lhc position. natuc of distrcss
and lyp€ of assislanccraquir.d.
(2) By RfI, rhc word 'MAYDAY' spokcnlhr€.lirncs, follo*td by
thc call siSn scnt th.cr lirncs snd thcn thc information rs in (l)
IB
LIFB-SAVINO AND DISTR,BSS
(3) Viiudly, r td pyrotachnicliSht or li8hts,r rd Frrchuic nsrq
or thc group'SOS'on siStdliry appar.tu!.
Mcrch| sbiF will rcrnrrlly bc irfo.Dcd of aircrdl caludtid 3t
s.a by Cor.t Radio Statiotra,brordest on 500 lllz o.2182 lHz.
SbiF6nry idc.d bcconrcrwltc of thc c$llrlty by
(a) Pickin! up or i$tcrccptingcallsm.dc by thc airctaft on gI) or
2182kHz or on VHF Channcl16.or
(r) by bcaringrad findin8tha dircclionof thc 500kHztftnlmission
nrsdcfrom a survivalcloft oa
(.) by pickingup mcs.lag.sf.om Saarcbend Rcscuc(SAR)8ircrtft.
An aitcrrft wbich hes locrrcd r calualty, or sbip oa aircidl in
distr6s, ney notify ihiF in thc srlr by prrsiDga rtrrsrrgpi! Phin
Llg|egr on . signalliaghnp Ptdxcd by thc groupXXX. It mry rl5o
to rttnct a shiy's&ttention,
(o) Firc & succassionof whircpyrotcchnicli8hts,snd/or
(t) rcFr&dly switchthc htrding lightson .nd ofr, rnd/or
(.) &p.!t.dly rnd irrcgut dy flashit! trriviSstionligbt!.
If lhc rircraft wishcsto guid. thc ship to thc c.luatty or dbtr.ss
rrce- it mry 0y low aroundlhc ship, or closs shcadof h€r rt low
dtitudc, oFning md closingtbc throttlc or chrnginSthc propclld
pitc.h.(fo canc.l eny i$trudionE thc sircrsft mry cttry out this
procadurrattcm of thc.hip.) Thcrir.raft wil thn f,y otr itr thcdirlc1ion
in wbict th. ,hip is to bc lcd. Britirh pilott wil rocl tb.i. wingrrvhcn
ffyirt ofr roMr& thc casu!.lty.Th. sltip shouldtclnowkdS. .I tb.s.
rrcsraS.3by scodinga scricsof "fs i4 thc Morsccod.. Thc ship *ill
cith6 folov lhc rirr.It or bdicatc bt visualmcrlt or rrdio lhd shc
cannotcomply.
s.arsh and R6cuc drrrrft, whcn sc.trhing for survivoF, will 6r!
grrco pyrot cbti.s. Thc sil obvioutlybc urc/lrrd by distt6s llxls
(or othcr visu.l siglsls) frol'i thc survivrl c.3fi.
S.l.at Slgr.lr
Airsaft msy trurmit mcasaSas thc srfcty of nsvigtion
conccrniDg
aJ follo*s:
(a) By wff, thc c.[ k Fdrcd by thc group'TTf .cnt tht! nmcs
i! tba Morsccod., folhrlld by'DE at oE ald oatt thc call
sigtrtrrDlmittd tbrcctinEs.
(r) Bt R/f, thc c.tl bcing pt!6|rd by thc word 'SAYCURITAY'
eot o tbrccti6, follor.d bt tb. c.I dt!.
(c) By si8 lling lrmp.
lu
LIFB.SAVINO AND DISTREEt
CcdlrfdDd.roA|lt'.fr
Nrvirltioo na*.n, or low f,yb& do lol in thaotclvaairdfuai! dit.
trcsr rirorl* Aitcnll tulvivor! itr rubbcr <li4bi6 will idicrtc tbcit
Drcdi..;cdt by ulint rcd.ltu Pyrotchoia b.liogrph!' !..hi!s SOs
on a lrmp or iorth,-uring brig[t_gEn su aa. dyc, or f,yin8a ycllow
litc supponinglhc rtdio acn3l.
Airc;ft oftctr sirt npidly r fcs minuta d!.r dit Li4 .t r..' |!d
rr3cucshiparhould nata r[ tpc.d !o tha !tta. ShiF Ma|t.r| ahould
ditco$ thc bcstp.ocadut!rr to rcrc.rro wtib on ther lly io rha |tta.
lfth. shiD&ccivl. rbcdittGr sigltl dir.ct fron tt ritcrrlt.bc.hoold
trtc . rrdio bceriogof it rld $d lhi+ h.r Po.itio!, |nd hlt ilbd.d
ac-tionbr ndio to thc lcrrr't CoaatRldio Statio[
A[ r;curd survivon shouldba qu6tioDadaafolost, ao that full
idorEltiotr sr to oth6 po.sibL auwivoBbay ba obt i&d:
(l) 'Did you bdc out or ditch?Wb..t Y.r tlc d.t!.!d tim.?
(2) At wbst dtitudc did you b.lc outf
(3) 'How rtrlly orhcrsbdLd out?
(4) 'tlo$ mrry Dcrtotrtwq! i! thc dlt.n wh.d drc ditd.d?
(t 'How mrtry pcoplcwcrt F!..o! rticr dilditrs?
(6)'How mlDy did you !.c i! thc w rr?
(7) 'whst buoyucy grrt b.d th.tf
(t) 'How n ry Frtolt ftr. odgilrly in ti. tl!t.lt?
(9) 'Whrt ctu!.d thc c.!udty?
If tn .irqrlt it forcGdto ditct tbc c|ptdn of thc rLcnft rill bc
8rc.tty !rsi!t!d i! lo..titrg . sbiDif sh!:
O) Agirr' eith hohing b..tiD8* ot tr|4Eib a ooitblo!| rilral ao
thri thc .irctatt nly uta ib ndio ditElioo ftd.r, or
(2) mstcr bbck tmotc bYdrY, or
(3) dircct! r !..rchtifh Erric.[y uF.rdt ty Dlllt
(4) Providesa lee; this may be dooe by stcsmingin d circl. .nd
.prtadinSvcSettr|coil
fibcrircrrft wiutt udlydit F-.d.DfFott uddi6adloD.r-
thc strtbdrd d& of a ,hip, riG tba CaPt i! utlaly
tiotr----otr
.it! or thc port iilc oflbr pt|'c.d hr| a batE vi(:t td tb.r
sidc,tL wi[ ditrh hcrd ro witrd,but if...r .r. hi8hh. sin Fob
lbly l.ad id thc r!outh.)
(t lluDi!.tls tb. ... wiltout dazd6.
a5)Strlrm3 six lhB or brltcrylilhls, in linc .stcrn, I t0 m aFn. 6m n
fl) InforD, tl! Dilot of tudraa tlark !trd Drasut!.
isil rtu r botr ;dy ror hulchid& bo.tditri Fb ti8.4 |!d toD
haavhf tir6 rtady.
IE
LIFE.SAVING AND DISTRESS
sIrD t xlMl
A su[t d subdarinawill try to irdicata bcr pliS[t snd pGitioo by:
(l) Rdcalilg .! iodic.to! buoy.
(2) By fi.ing ycllow,whilcor lld snokacarldlcsor pyrotcchniG.
(3) By pumpingoil to thc lurfacc.
(,{) By Uowingout air.
Thcscare cquipFd with R/T for the purposc oftlanslnittihS distr$s --'
calls conccrning th.ir crcws or othct pc$on3 iD distlcss ncar by. Thcy
also makc thc follouring visual dist.csssiSprls
(l) rockct(s) throwing rcd start lccompsDiad by a dcto!.ting 3i8!d'
e soutrd rockct, or thc iring ofa gun; or
(2) lhe tntcmationelCodcSxoup'NC' by mcansof fiags:or
(3) rhc distant signal, i.c. a squarcflag having .ithci rbovc or b.low
it a bsll, or atrything rcscmblinga ball; oa
(4) a dctonating siSnal, which by night, upon b.ing futd rll&ab t
srn.ll, yclto{whitc ftsh accompanicdby . rcpoat Oa rcrchilg
ils rhi;atc hcight cf about l0O m, a latgct similer nashoccurt 3m fl
togpth€r with I loud, €racking rcport. By dry, thc cfrGctt arc
similar cxccpt lhat pufrs of vhitc amotc trl visiblc both otr bcia!
fiftd rnd at thc zanith of trajcctory, thc httct volwnc of smoLa
bcing much lrrScr end lingprirg for !oi!c corEidcdblc timc.
Thc ihorr Authoritid yril rrply to thcscsiStd!,
'Thudctlidt!' fttd
By dsy, with str orsngc smotc sigad or tfurc
rt minut intcwels ot, By night, \ritb thrcc whiL 3trt!, 6nrd rt
mi[uta inaarvala.
Thcsc tso siSnalswill also bc usd by liShthou!. tnd liShr_vBscl
cra*! lo indicatc to prrron! in distr63 Dc.r by lhat thcir PliSht hr! bGCtr
ob6crv!d.
D.T.r Si.Eb
Ught-w.scb, rnd romc liShthou!6, m.y dkDhy, oi fl*c, rtry oftha
followin! 3iFals:
'NF thc sitlglcCodGirg 'U" or
Thc lnlcmalionalCodc flaggroup ,
tha f,sshi4 ofthc lcttcr'U'in Mon codc o! thc tignrling htrP, oa tbc
iourditr! of thc Lttc('U' in Mo.sc codc on thc fo8-hom' All thc.c |rr
ulcd !o iodic.G to a Eascl'You rl! dt tding ioto dtnr./. Att otiot
m.y bc drrwtr to tha frg dgrrlt bt r! .a ofa &odrti!8 dtlat or fb.
frilg ofr gu!"
ln
LIPB-SAVINO AND DI'ITBsS
Thc Intrrnrtiond Codcfag group'PSl', vhich m.5ns'Yoo should
not passtoo clos€lo mc',
t29
LIFE.SAVINGAND DISTRESS
hi!| ashoreand then rctum tbe buoy for tha oan pcrlon. Normally
all womco, children, passengcrsand hclplas6pcrso$ should be
laldcd beforc the crcw but if communicationssre difficult between
ship ard shore, it may bc s€nsibleif thc 6lst pcrson landed is a
rcsponsiblememberof the crev. Most rcsc,uecompanieswill have
traiDedsigDalmcnand bc equippedsith VHF radio. The breeches
buoyis shownin Fig. 6.1.
Ltil€
\-)--,/
I
i .-.:
+,'
I
r-1-\
*aor{c
f].g!.E!__!r-3
o
o
O o
Itlddotrd-
(l) Th. trL.r tr r i. ttoolrd ft6 ft! .totrgF .dlet to lt davit
Fd..nl tt FIb! 6. hlFrd rtich of.nt tb [ool.
(2) Sith 6. libr.n .t th. d..t .dgc, tb. hoot it do..d 6 th. iD
gcadoarDrotlo Fcudilt fto6 tt top of rb di.a Tb...iioo oa
do.&l! rb. foof .rn@.dc.try tp.itrSt ov.r tb locbf bc .!d ro.
drl| lha rdaaa aab.
137
LIFE.SAVING AND DISTX,BSS
(3) Thc drvit f.ll ir ni..4 iairt'rotr of lbc liflr.ft folorvr, rld thc
lif}rrft b boetdcdriib arFndrd oE tic ridc" TDc |hct of th€
iDfrti!, l|ft arrot caulcthcrdcalc to oDao,tcifh.f, crtr a waE trtitr8
O. full wiisht ofthc rrfL
(4) Whlo boadilg i oondctc tbc bowiirg li!6 aI! l!L.|ad lnd thc
ralt ir rcadyfor loGitr& aDdtdra$ s! .oon aait ir c/aErbomc'Thc
rsfcg lockioglcv€r Euit ttcrtfor! bc bov.d ro thr tut@rtio lrlcolc
position,and this is eddevcdby I puUotr the laryard just b€forcthe
raft r€achestbe water-lcval.In future devclopnrcotdr€ book eill be
'coat d' to thi! pGitior by tlrl ettac.hmcat .t ttc ttsvit h.ad.
(t At th. DoDcDtttc lifcn l i! wlt ttomc tla hook oDad!und.r
ttc action of r prir of spdngr.Thcsaro* i! trd.m, tcfliDg e dual
fu!.tion of holdingtt locLinghvq ia it two politio!. of'srfc' .!d
'auto-rdcalc' rld opcoingtbr hoolc If ooc rpdlg faib thc oth.f i,iu
csrry out s[ tlc fulcliotrt, but tht llLalo load will bc helvtd. Tbii
rrlcrs g..r ir r loxFloid rckara; thlt i! to r|y, whcothc lold i! rc-
a0 tb duc.d to rouShlylE lg thc hoot will opcD.This rlight loadii ncc.G.ry
lo owrloac wind cfracton rhc fdl or drift, of thc r.ft. If tha tdcatc
frib to opcrrt it catrbc o!.a.d blnudly by DG.!! ofthc hoy.rd. A
,m lb herd pull otr this can oFn thc bool cvc! with I lord of l&) kg on it.
Shoutdi rrvG Nt tharaft durirf d6c.ot !d tatc i|! w!i8ht, lhc hook
wil oF! andrhc nft win d6c.rd with tbc sit!. Thar!l.!c it cono-
sion-rBirrut.trd bai ! srfcty flrtor offiva
IIE|I'IG HANOLE
.#'lIo
art-.- . --, ,.-
" ii'iti!-.ii
i?,.--- -\
rott |lc \
outtE cH------j .\
rruHrffi!-ulllArI
Flcuil a.a
LIFB.SAVING AND DISTR,BSS
Mallal tloorrltt i! ilto dlowcd for, tiougb rt I dorlr !!.cd. Thc
liDct br! r dEifir8rl brlkc .!d dlo . dcrd-m!tr mdr br.kc. supcr-
viri@ ir pGiblc by only onc O6ccr !t cacJrcobarlrtio! point ttu!
rvoititrg cotrldidory i!!tn crionr.
M.i.a d Ot rd-
I fi (l) Tum out thc drvit to givc 03 m clc.nrca bctelc! rhc curtd!
Fhtc .d rhc lifcnft. Whilc thi! i! bcitr8don tb nft! aro uap|ckd
.td p6itio'rd doogridc thc cmb$krtio! FoitrL
(2) Cotrnc.rtbr fal to tbc lifcrsft rhrcuc ead irfrtc thc r!i- A!
irirti@ occur, thc oFrrtor td... sp th.,hct i! tbc fdl by D..r! of
r .Fi.sitd!.s h!!d .rut o! 0!c dnch. wh.! tb. nft ir ilt t d tbc
.i[ ofthc. r.!cc drp wiUb.lcvd vith thc d.ot.!d th. r.ft i. bowrd
itr to bolerdt.
(3)OccuF!tr cmbart, bowritrglhc. etr rdca!.d, rd tbc rilcl
b!*r lilbd. Th. nft i! loc,t[d to t[c w.tcr undc.tbcc.otdfi4rl ba.Lc
co!tso|"Thc hoot rrlaraa autondically, rlturla to thc dcolqi! trbd
i!, ald aacurldto thc aacondr.fL
140
CHAPTER VII
DAMAGE CONTROL
o) coI,[,EroN D MAGE
(.) AJ Ar.io. a lto..4t
Whcnr rcscl fuafthorcd or r.curd to buor! tharcit vcry littlc tbet
c.tr bc doncitr thc drtrt of ao iDEinant colbsioacxocptto vccr lery
otr ttc cablc,or Doo.itrgwirla, r! npidly r! pcitlc rod ulc thcruddcr
(ifthcr. is s currldt) to lhcarthcv.s!d swry frornth. dan86or to m*c
th. blos r glrncil8 oe. Thc qudtion of dippirg EooriDStor cabtrc
brdly adlai rincathc t !k rcquiB r,tlurbL tinc, rdd furthrr, coginci
rnurt b. lveitsblcfor illi.trt urc. Shouldit bc pcritlq how!t!t, to dip
thc mooritrgwi!r. froE tbc bitt! rlly rrpidt or to tdaaratbc *i!dL$
br|l(c quictty, thb mayp.ovcb.n dcid i! thr it sil slow rbcvt .d ro
mov! vith thc impsctrrthcr rnot! thl if shcscrt stll !ac'ut!.Wttar-
tight doorr lhould bc clo6d imncdiltcly thc dtngpr i.r rc.lilcd aad
EmcrSrncyStatiod ahouldbc ligtrtllcd, Tbc rapid ura of fcodc(ri! of
plllmoutrt inporLncc.
O) Al S..
Lokout! rhouHbaord.Gd to h|il thcO6ccr ofthc sata.ha$ty ha|f-
hour or & oonnulic.tc with him by tclcphola.Tbayahouldrcport
to hiE Floadly wh.n rElicvld,h v!.tlt eb.fc balL |r. tDldcduriry
thc oight rhc loolout i. oftld i|'rttuc't d ro rcpc.t tbcm citbd on iba
tcLphoocor od thc cfow'a-lcatbcll Thc lookout Oould &port crlry
nevigrtionn rt, Eht, ud uridcntifld objcctcithrt by !.I€phonaor by
ildicrting oo r bdl onca,t*icc, ard thrcctiE6 for objaattaiSltado!
tlc rt rboerdbo% pon bo*, rad dcedrhcadnrpccrndy. I! los vitiH-
lity cxt r lootoutr lhould bc poGtod forw.rd |Dd doft--tartkirhtty tha
httcr iftD. fo8 i' low-lyin&
Ia a*.horiog acflDcboth t!.hort .tould ba h gp tti.d colritio it
'It y Dry botb ba loal but t coliriotr D.y rl[ bc dldrd.
innio.ot
It ir bcccrto lola bo6 andarordr oollkiotrlhrtr to lo.c onctld rct a
collirion. Oa tt othcr hrod. ttc 06..r of tha vrtch ahouldbaaai!
DiDd lhc fact tlrt thr ur of or rac.holoey ncll cautaa baoadtial
ahEarwry froD ttq d|'t!f,, rlaultilS i! r draitrg Uo*, l! rartow
141
DAMAGE CONTROL
wrtcrsit mrt rlso bc prcfcl{blc to run thavcascla8roundaod60avoid
demaS!to both ships.This shouldba dotrcby drivitrgashoc b.ad.on
to avoiddatrEgcto thc bilgcarnd anarp{rt of tha ship,whcrcdamsgc
is dificult to rcpair.lmpactshouldbc rlducadby ascm movcmcntof
thc cngircaatrdthc us. of both rnchors.
If collisionis unavoidablcthc blow shouldtE madca gldociogonr;
bow lo bow, quartrr to quadcr,or bow to quartcr.If di.rct inpacl ir
inavitabLthc othcr vasrclahouldif poiriblc bc struckforwardof bcr
collisionbulkhcad.Thc lattcr cia thcnbc shorcdup, thc vcsscltdmmcd
by thc stcm,endslowhcad*?yrcsum.d.IfE vcasclis struckamidships
in thc rcgionof hcr laiSastcompaflmcnts, scriousaoddisashousf,ood-
rn8may occur.
Il. I..t
Undcrlhc Mc|rhtat ShippingAct thc Mes!?ror pcrsonin ch.rgc of
r vassalirvolvcd in a collfuion6hrll,providd rharais no dangd to h,
ship, crrw ind passcDg.rsrardcr to thc othcr vcssclrll po&riblc
rssistatrccto savcthc ship rad hcr coDplcmcntfiom dangcrarising
from tha €lllision. Hc shallstatrd-byuntil auchassislaacc is Dolotrgcr
ncccssary. Thc MastcE,or Frsom in chergc,shallalso:
(i) Exchangrnamcsof vcsscls.
(ii) Notify cachothcrofports of rc8istry,dcparrurc,anddacti[tiotr.
(iii) EnIc. a wit[csscdstatcmcntin lhc Ofrcial Logbook.
(iv)Notify thc D.portncnt of TRnsport @.o.T.) within 24 hous
of arrival at thc rcrt porl.
f,fur IDF.f
(1) Oo6a all watcrtight doorsaDdiDiorm thc engin€-roomof thc
situetion. EmargcocyStatiotrswill cDablc 6re, boat .Dd daEage
coDtrolpaniasto bc bdefcd.
(2) lt is to bc hopcdthar id thc cvlnt of r collision,both shiF will
bc going ful artcm bcioacinpdd. II a ship strit€s aaotbcr bow-on
sbc lhould th.a stop .qima aad, it thc sea is iliA, rcmrin
aobcddcdin thc grsh to allow the otlcr lhip timc to ,rsaa! daoaga,
pirpalc for Eore f,oodiDgor to abcDdo!thc vcracl. It o!€ lbip ir a
l oadcdtanlcr, wittdrawel (vhich otr occasiorsh oot poaciblcatysay
vithout thc hclp of tugs or othcr sbiF) cen bc crtrancly brzardou!
duc ro ftfutiod rnd sparkfut. DrcDchitrtwith fo6D Ery bc rdvbablc
foloc/cd by a total cvaertion of pcrsoM€l froD thc impa.t erc.. Itr
atrythingothcr fhr6 r dight sca,the EovdDcnt of thc two shiF may
widctrtha g.3b atrdproducctrussivesparking.Bcar h miDdtbat tbc
Mtsrcr of r sbip which holcsr taDkcrcatrrot be expoclcdto rcmsin
cmbcddad.Hc hasa clcar duty to bis own ship,crcw and passcngcrr
142
DAMA(;E CONTI.OL
whictr may bc lccn as aI| immediatefitbdirwal rrgardlaacof thc
othcr ship'ssafcty.
(3) Swingout lifcborts, enswe that tlo pramaturcebaodonn€t[
t kc,rplac., .nd prcp.rc lifcrafts.
(4) Ctcck for c8sualtiesand missittgFtrons. Mustcr palscntcls.
(5) Hoirt appropriateshap6 ard showcorrccl lights. (Rulc 27)
(6) Asccrtoinwbcthcr anchorsand cablcawill still tundion.
(7) Tr.nsndt MAYDAY or PAN-PAN siFab. Evcn it rot in
distcsr, thc usa of a PAN-PAN docs alcrt shippint to a pcsible
fufirrc disrrecacall.
(8) Rcpon aoy oil polution to thc ncarestcosstradio station.
(9) Asscrso*r ship'sdamagc,includingthe possibilityof sprung
hatchcs,and lound round. Commcnccdama8econtrol, counict-
flooding or pumping. Litdc damagecontol is possibleon nod€m
shiF and somcof what follows in this chaptcr is now of histo.ical
itrtcrcst only. Even so, a I sq. m holc situatcd4 m bclos scalcvcl,
will admit 21,600tonn6 of watcr pc. hout. The flov h proportiood
to tbc ar€aand thc aquarcroot of thc dcpth of thc holc. Thusif thr
hole can b€ raiscd, thc iow is rcdoccd. It catr bc helvcd by hstf-
pluging thc holc. Unfortunatclythc mcchalicsof flooding rrr such
that thc dcpth of the holc is likely to indcasc asth. silu.tioo chaogcs
advcrscly.
It shouldbc dccidcdquickly:
(a) whcthcrthc pump6caocopcwith thc initid inrolb ;
(6) if thcy cannot,whclhcrplugSingtu rapidlypossiblc.
If in thc lattcr cascthc dccisionis rcgativc,thcn th. v6scl mustbc
ibandoncdif it is coGidcr€dthet bulkhcad arcliablc to collaplcutrdc.
thc pressurcofwatcr in lhc fioodingcomprturcnts.No dogmaticatatc
mcntcanb. madcwith .cgardto tbc abatrdoaingof shiF-rh. Elttcr
is cnti.lly in O€ handsof thc Mastcror Frson itr chargc.Thc podtibility
of bulkhcadsholding and thc ship rcmainingscrworthy should bc
considcradhorrcvcr.
CoftCoo iLr. (ghaL.l InLtr.ra)
Thescmay be madcof thick ropc: thcy vary bclwccn3 and 4 m E.nd 12ft
squarc,andhavca cridglcsplicrdi o cact corncrto whichbottomaod
top lio6 arc sacur€d.Somcarc rradr ofsc{c6l laycrsofcrnvas, phrn
on thc outbo.rd sidcandhavingt n rdr otr thc inborrd sidc.Thrumbc
arEpicc6 ofyarn pulcd rhroughthccarvs ro that thcir bigbtsprotrudc
to givca sotl c't8hioningcfrcct.Thcrca'l petcntcolisiod matsavailabb
ofcanyasconstructionwith thruEbs,but haviDgscvtrelgelvrnii.d-iron
bat! sccur.dac.ocithcit lcdgth,prr.lal to oo. alothcr. Thascbrr3 trot
oDlyassistin lhc riggingrnd storingofthc meli but alsobceragltrrt
thcdamagsd plating,thusstiffcning thcmat.
113
DAMAOE CONTROL
A collirioDmrt couldbc madcfrom lcvcrd thiclac|r.3 of c.trv.t-
nrch .r trprulinr---cdgcd vith ropq tad hwiDg wir! ropc aaiz.d
$ound rhc Gdgclo givcrtitrcni!& Thc mslirS of rucbr Drt o! bolrd
r d.mlgod lhip vould bc autlc$rcrt to at L.!t p.nid plu88irt of thr
holc.Thc Eats srl prima.ily idt odcdfor bclow-wstrrS.tbGr,fbc id.a
h.i!8 to rig rhc Dat at npidly a! po*!it{c ro rt to bri!! tha infov of
wrt r utr&r ttc cotrtol of thc puDp.. It ir not tug86trd thst thait urc
will atoprh. i!.Eow---{hcrcwil bc cdso-Ic.L!rld alto !..page to co!-
iadd rvitb Gvaoalt r rhc Dat h& bccarilgld ar cficicotly sr p6!it{a.
Thcy at! ulcd o! tha aisuDptio! lhat |ha d'mgad pLtirt blt bc.o
tumcd i!*uds, thc d|at bcitrgurrolld o\ar thc outr pLti!8: lrot
tf2-io lcnglhsof l2-l6tirm wirc ropc (rortor! ,it r) at€ passcdortr thc bow,
uidar thc forcfoot,rDd drsg8oddt to thcga3h-lct u. r!.uEc thcLtcr
to bGon thc pori sida Tbc ltrrbortd ca& oflhc IiDA ar! Dd&d o!
dock&d thcpon ctrd!sccurcdto thccri!816 o! thabottoo of lba rrlal.
Tvo sidilar tqpri'r.r r! aac1|rldto rhc cri!8Lr on th. top of tha o|l
md lcd wcll foreltd rDd .& !trd bd.y!d.
Ttc Drt, wbbh ha! ha.n tcpt rolhd up, ir sos loxE|td o}ta lh.
dd! lo tlc top of thc F![ (..!iDt o! tbt toDlic),.trd ir offolLd ovri
thr rrlh by h.rving on tL. bottoE lis fro6 thc .t rbo.td rido. Al
lioca .tl thc! .ct up vcry tight It ir .h.olutdy c..otid to l(cp tb.
botroD litr6 b|r tight throughoutthc oF.tioF-. littb iE ii!.tion
wil |'sht tbc r€adcrto vi6udit !tr uDdcaralaa nrt $,ilb rarac poudng
throughua&r grrat prtsaut+-fhc rlightattc.riry of th. lilca sil catr.c
thcD.t to barwaptilto thcS$h aodripFd Po$ibly ltc coDD.rtDcot
hr! ccaladro !ood, ao&rr pttaauaawithin |!d withouttrl Gqud,Tba
riggiq of t[. drt i. t!c! riopliicd" Horts, rr rooa I thc pubDr
bcgir to Fducr thc lcvcl *ithin tbc coEFrrncnt, I prc3srt! otr lbc
outlidc of rhr mrt wil bcgi! to foflr, itrcftr.irg a. tbc lclll ir louE ad
i! rtc comprnmcdt.Thc r|'t mult bc .blc to rithrtand ttia nuirt|u'!
pEraurr.
T.o!..tt f.t irr
whao 6timrtinS thc cxtcot of drer!! it shouldba bofnc in Eild
that it ir litaly ro occNfit pLccaquitr rlmotc from thc rtr. of ioFct;
plalar Eay bc ra, ,rp,rivctr mry bc ahcarc4piF m|y bafr&iut!4 ald
tha puDpios .yat @ d|trls8cd. Bilgr. |trd hnf! thould ba aoudrd
throufhout rtc rrs|cl rftlr coli.io! and &pcarcdoodtilr&udy u il
d.aod no !ong6 lcca*rary.
A Sarhdot/G thc wrr.di[c wil t^vc to bc cload Gitbd ritL a oolli
.ion mat or with rratdr. SrlvasrFtotrtrd ulc thta pilclra oo uldaa-
*491 a-ne!., but thir ir lot positrlc i! ti. c.!. of. vr.d d.D{td .t
.ca aid eith ao dirt't avrilrt la It |.F D|d for th. clry of oe ahip,
hortcr, *ho rctudlynrd& r divin8-.uit frod c..!vrt, rfid.dtly i[-
14
DAMACB CONTROL
itting to coot is aL for t*o or thrlc Di[utr3 diviq at . tiDc, trot to .
vcry grrrt d.pth ofcours..
A i,rlt had! pstch ir witbin thc rcopc of mo6t thipajt trL. tiDc to
codrtnrct, but thi! will trot Eattcr, sincc thc gaah i! rboy€ lha wrt r-
lcwl. So&c of thaacpotch.a hrE bc.o |o cfr.clivcly mrda rld inad
PUoD|l|lia
!oLt
!Ig!!E-l-!
- llool xl.t3
4.9!.$-Z-3,
thcDF!ct|l!d, or nada to fit c.ch of lhraa hoL!. Thc patctri! now
nadt, fot tttitrg.
Iti!phc.d ole thc outridcof thc la!b' with thc DuddinlrtEtiDSon
iound phint (... Fi& 7.1),Thc lalt pic6 ofindc i! row drilld to ict
$ . troqddct lnd lhroug!-bolt d with thc loDgbolg,.!.hom. Th.
potd shouldb. lhorld up Aoo withitr.
If thc hoL ir oli.r tb.tr loog l'd Drtrov, or if tb. pLting ir thit,
thc u6a of a atronghck ir oot pBibla Id thcr. ctq|olt.naar tDc
Frcb, orrad I it i! lomctimctcrld, i! nad! itr af|ctly tL,aEc vay
but ir hool-boltd to thr tuficd-i! phtiry I thoetr in Fi& 72----rgri!
bcinglhocd froD eithi! thc coDpsrlo.dt
Th. nttiDgof ttG3cFtdcr bdofl tha e|tlrli[c it ! Drtt t aithd fo.
diEn or &ta.$rnt to ba.atri!!. lhd. ittcd bclot tha t .rLvd wil
bc rubjlarad lo acwrc cf,t.tnd pr.'oft. *tad rhc cotEFttDaot ia
plrTr.d out, rld for rtL rrato! tb tieb.t u!.d mltt ba c'lritEdy
146
DAMAGE CONTROL
stmog ind thc petch wcll shorrd up from withir. From thc point of viclv
of Iha scafar€r.who will only bc deliDg with rbolcwatctlinc patchcs,
the us. of sborei i! still advisablc.Should hc, howcvcr, fnd himsclf in
Oc poiition of rcpajriog his b.ichcd vcascl,vcry catcful rcgard should
bc p6id to thc str.!8th ofthc nat!.ials u!.d.
\ t{
=
t i ' l i l
:+-tsH.
r '///
l
= -
=
= 7,3J
-i t'
,"?t
r
t-
f'
:=l"l=4t
-4.F:L
F J l-r
F-
( -l 1"t..-ll
l.---1.
'|'
tr, ) I i.i/ i :
ttxaER3
t l c u R E7 - !
F.d.alnitt
A compa.tm.trt *hich is 901fllcd with cargo b said to bc l0%
pcncabh.T1j6 a ot @utlc' sssuminSth.t thc cargo itsclf i! not pcr-
Daeblc by vaia..
A 3m mt compenmcnt which is l0% Frmcrblc will thrEfotc l0(m ftt
admil a mrximum of 30 mr cubic fcct of \^'atcr'i.c. spp.oxrmardy r m f t ,
30 tonn€swcighl. Fu hcr, lh. Prcs.DccofcrrSo will netcrialy assistio
prcvcatbg lhc rctti!8-up of drcb rtrd ta[k toF duc to watct Prcssunc
[.iow. ll b udifcly-thst a gcncral cargo, bowcvcr ucll 3towtd' or for
rh|t oatLr |av othcr cttao whicb lormally ftquirs vcrti:al dutrDaga
oa thc bulkhcadr' will prcvcDtthc collFc ofa buthcad. Oo tbc othct
h|!4 if tbc caB; wu-tightly stoucd rtBiost thc bulltlid sod u!.blc
to Eorc rvithitr itsclf, thco r bulllcad m.y hol4 Thi! asan impottant
to
DAMAGE CONTf,OL
f.ctor wh!! dlcidi[t upotrcocf,f!! y plug8ilf ofSrlhcr prior to DuDp
tD&
CdF .d Ah
A foodrd comFrtmcnt ehi:h for uy rc.loa culot bc pumpadout
Dry hrv! soDcof ib buoyalcyrqtorcd by rdrtittitrg conp&slcd lir
.bov. thc aurfacaof thc wrtci io lhc campertmc , thu3axpclir! thc
v.t.I lhroughtta F!h. ObvioudythcrccomprfiDant!oult bc c.rprblc
of bcirg nadc sittight, lnd is dry crrSov!.s.b th.tdor! tbir praaicc
i! normrlly rtstric-td to tart!. Ta.ta'r lcnd thcrftalvta!!or! frtaly lo
thi! Dcthod of rcgrining buoyucy, duc to thc largcnuttrbcrof con-
prillctrt! ir thc .hip whici |r! ciprblc of bcingmadcrinight. Thc air
dry bc admittld throud tuk,ol|lditr! or rir pip6, .trd cvcnlhrough
lhc stcem-irj.ctionvslvca,Ir somccrsasprrssuft3ofas Iow as 0't of
an rtmosphcr€havcaufrccd(that is, a totsl of 1.8atmosph.rcs).Th€
building-up of cxc€ssivcp..ssurr6 should bc evoidcd in casc thc
companmcntis ruptorEd,e.g.thc dcclhcadoi t&nktop maybc a.t up.
Thcscshouldbc shorcdin anycasc,from abov..
Croadt
Gcocfdly, t[c ula ofccmcntby raanranfor &pair *ork ir linitrd to
lc-*-rtoppidg. A lcak shouldbc stopFd .! rfici.ldt r! porliblc rntil
thc inforv fu rmsll A dlri! systcdi! ttcn lcl up fron thc lG*, to ttc
tilgcs o. othar aalily-pumFd lpaca. Cordmscr tub6 rtr oflcD ulad
for this putDosa.A c.rrrl ,or--{ timbcr frtmcrvork-i! thcn built
aroutrdtha arla of thc hak to aupportthc cotrcrrtcwhil€3cttin&
Crmctrtus.d by iticlf ir vcat, andfor thiarcrlor it i! elw.y! mixcd
with ad 4ggr€at (sa.ndo. grivd) to forn r concrctc.Portllad canctrt
is slowcrsattingthrn 'C'DcMrFoNDU'.Sed fuknowtras6rc rgg!gr&,
!in and l2-mm gavcl is chsscd!s coorsctggtlgrtc. Thc Fopottions uscd
u!: I Frt ofccmcDt,plus2 prtl. of6oc aggtlSatc,to 4 Frt! ofcottc
$gcgrtc, tll pstu by volur,rc,A quict r-sctriu DirtorE k I pttt of
@.ot to ll parta.sci of [s.trd co.Ila Thc.boE Dixtltrra rt! ody
a gqidc,E try pcopl! brving tbcir ow! nrn ifua! on thi! DltEr, but tba
FoponioB rubEitbd harcara vlry cfilctivc. Eolh warn fiiah iatct
ald wuhidg rodr rr! aaidto arpcdia lbc rcffi4 of lhc Dixtur!, What!
th r|tcr ir ddcd to bring thc Dirtu$ to r wottitrg ooriataocy tha
yoluDawill rcdoccby rbour os-ttitd.
Aa rooB |! tbc dnin i! furclioiing artidacrorily, tb. .oocillG ir
pour.d ioto thc bor. Onoaral rhccodoflhc drdD tubccrDbapluffd,
or cbc witMnwn rltoFrhci, lnd tbc holc itr tbc coDciirtcplutlC wilh
. ruititL phcaofaoft-wood.
Thc uraof cadanti! lot trooDmctrdd fof balt io lutfacc! whici atc
lirtL to dor,! id a r.avay, lor for oily, piirtad, oa Sttaty ruf|!aa.
148
DAMAOB CONTROL
P.iltrort thould bc tou8h.oo4 or cLcttorouShlyclc.ncd t[ rtroq
lods &lutiotr!. A rulty turfaacis idlal
I..t
For amalllcrk! $hich do lot wlrrsnt thc ula ofr patd a! dlsaribcd
pnvioudn thc folloviog cquipEcDti3 ulcful:
O) CrEctrt box6
(2) Softwoodplugr, l|F!4 .nd &ivEA into torll holcs.Ir v!f,y
cfrcclivc riDccthcy quickly 3w€llwhcowct.
(3) Picc6 of stlcl Dlrtirg msy bc pLccd ovtr roall j!88.d fnctut!.
on thc outar plarin& cu.hioncdwith oatu$, ald rightancd-ry
inbord ulirg an |trglc .troogbrct boftadrhrougl thc phrc. A
rtout piccaof timbcr wouldru6ca i! daca of thc atccl Fovidcd
it ir of au6ciint rhicknds to idth6tald cxlamd srtc. prlrsultt.
(4)A canv.r mst ery bc erda, pliin otr thc iobodrd.idc rtrd
th$mbcd oDthc outcr si&. It i! rhc|trplacadovaatha holc,fron
hbosr]4 strd aborld up, uring a picccof rtccl platirg or tiobcr
bctrr.o ttc mrt and rhc ctrd of s lhorc to act ar r rupport oa
,ar'pndr.lhir rllo dbrribulr. tLGihtust of thc .hott
$.Itd ntnn
A rivct hole may b€ cssily pluggedu3inga trFr€d softetoodplug
whichyill sooosw€llandbe giipFd by the turroundint mctal. Othar
methodshavc beanus€d:
(1) Yearsa8g,ralvageworlcrs and lcamcn ulad an cnraorditrry
mcthod cmployitrgwhat they cr[.d . Jitt-Dotr, shorn it Fi8.
7.4. A litrc wasposscdout throuth lha holeettaclrcdto a picca
of rod ctrabliogthc line to hary down. A boat'scrcw woold
thctrfuh for lhc rod, hoistit to thc turfaca,ettachthc fsh_boll
and tbc latter soold rhcn bc pullrd i o lhc ahiPat|df.stcnrd.
Wharc thcrc {crc no bilgc kccls to foul thc cxcrcisc,r pcg ol
*ood wasuscdin placaof thc rod, obviatinglhc nccassityto
tuh!
(2) Ycsts agotoo, I passcda &vicc aroutrda goup of rtudaDt!but
it di.rpFared in hansii. Po.siblythc qrlFit hopcdto brandtuh
it at an Exrminer statingthat hc ncver travclladreithoutotr€.
Thc dcvicc k similar to a modcm wall-fastaningrld is rhowD
i! Fig. 7.5.
'A h a Ectal fub. brviq four ctta i! ita adboard .od 'B',
Fn of tbc tuhc hcitrgthtr.dld .!d c.nyiry r Dut'C. Thro!8l
fic tutc ror r r!d, Orlada4 rld crryiDg i n|tt at itt ilboaad
lad 'D', hrviDSita outboardard codrl |nd of ilatatlad atoar-
ac.tion"lb croaHaatio!'E' b gtt 1.r tb|n tL! iloca ato.}etio
|rra ofthr outaan$a,
DAMAGE CONTROL
Thc bolt ir p.i!d tbroughthc phri!8'F, rtrd thc nndl trut rt
'D' tightcocd.Thc inn€r rod movcaitrborrd, it3 conir.l cnd cr-
pstrditrglhc oulcr tubc dSainstthc plstitrg udlil thc ft fu wat r-
tight. Nut 'C' is th.n scrcwrdtiSbl
!E!!!_.L.!
S..ng
Sub.qu.ot to collbiotrdana8p,o6..rs rhould tlaon to ahoritt |!
aootrr! posiblc, ifcoDsidcrcdnac6..ry. Sho|ls str urcdfor rupponiD!
,l-n-g.d or wlskcod itnrcturl , watartiSbtdoora,trt h!!, phtirg,
bultL.dt rnd tanttoF uadcr pr!*rurq parc.hdrnd prdr covcrinS
ft.rturl., otha(Lat-atoppiDtdcvic.s,snd for rliDfo[citr8drcl!.
Racl.ogulrr Enic.l allar utrdctprlrsurc, auaha! door' .trd bul}.
t .dr, Oould bc 3horldup at e lcrcl of rou8luyo!.-third oftlc dcpth
of ttc wrtfi ciuailg lh. pn .urr, Dc.tutld fnon th. hr of tbc alruc-
6 f t 2 f t turc, i.c. a dooaundcr3 m of *Etcr pr.3sulcshouldbc shoaEd up I m
fto6 ttc b..c. oo thc othar !id., Tbit i! tDccadtrt of P(l..uta tbc
ahors doutd ltlt o! Fdpi.s, fst piaaa of wood which diatribulc
th. ttrutt of ahastorcr avrolyqvcrthait a!.4-
ShoFsrhouldlot lo.Ddly bc long.r tbr! thirq tin.' th.it di.o.tc..
Wcdg.3rhould not bc ulcd ftl ly to tilht@ ahoEa-tbc utc ofttoltt
whici |rG t o.rd(ic. lol8.r th.tr str cxaatit) i! conlilctld a batt t
pr&{hq Wbaorr.ortcd to, rEdgpr arc ulod itr !.iu lDd h|[m.tcd
towrds aachothccaimultrtrcoudy. Bcforr riggidS3horcr,oily tudrcct
'ItGy ur ltaDpadatrinlt ! tiSid ilrue
aLouldbc tprintld with asrd.
trrc |trd lot o! urrulport d plsti!8; a dra&rhould b. ahoFd uP by
rtopilg thc bcsdrrad hccbofthc |hort rgd!5t thr barm!'
I! tb. .hGcc of rilid parb plctrty of Dodpi.c.. .houU b. u!.d'
sho.ilt $ould bchrpcc{.d firqurody for .i88 oflodcoitrS.fpo.tiblc
r ora rlould bc ia coutaot itt!ld|!c. Shori!8iailustntad in FiS.7.6.
150
DAMAOE CONTROL
E!g!!r-zJ
(A BEAVYWEATHEADAMAGE
WoodanlLach6
Ifbltchc' st! !ioE-i! duridg hasvyweth.r trrpaulits will6c rip?d
ard woodra btcb6 lDr.ho(L Thc bcfirg b.n, if tud, tdlt prob.bly
rldah irtr.t |Dd TiSSEAItr oda( to prcrlot furthci iltllh of wlt r
inb rhc coEFrto.ot, coDtiruld lo.3 of buo]4ircy, strd dtDlgc to
c.rf,o, rbc }lsld ahodd bc asurt of couts ao tbel rbc lia in s. ooD-
fortlbk . pocitioo I poariblc airh tro rrE conitr8 rbord it tha
dan|gld dra. (For artDdc, if No. I hatdar brd bcad ttotf+i! tDc
151
DAMAGE CONTNOL
$aa.l world prob.tty havcbc.o rtru4 nam lo ritrd rld ,ar whilc
cpair eork ua! crnicd out.) Siaccrttotrg roodcn batchd hal! b..n
rd$had itr, it wouldbc foolhlrdy to lttcopt to clc.r thc dcbri! bcfoE
l[c rtrrcl k 3nun8;
Thc dsmagrd.quipbcnt .hould bc clc.Gd .v., !.lving r'y yhol.
hrtch6, Bib6 rhould bc toutrdcdrnd pueFd out if n.c..!.ry; th.
c.r8o bclo%lhoughFobrtly w.U iorkd alr!.dy, 3bouldb. cowrrd
eith tarpoulilr i! oslcthc trcwcovcritrgod thr hatchwryrtr not vatd-
tiChL
A[ sp|tEh!tcha!, includilg .ly rblt catrbc lpNrd froD oth.r 'twtao
d.ck throudout thc rhip, rhouldb. brouSlrrb tiG &org.d ule rad
c1ltto it thc opctrhrtch*ay. Oncathc brrchsry ia coErrd, th. hetchct
rhouldbc ahorcdup froh balowuainSplcotyofpcdp 5.s. Thr6 trr-
pculin wil thcobaftta4 atratchcd, |trd iccurclybcttcncddow!. Noxr
lhrt th. cov.G sr! ahorr4 thc warcl mry bc cotrtioud oo coursaOn
thc ot[Gr brnd, it Inayba fdt dvilablc to rcorid hov+to rnd ria] !o
futhcr daErge.Tharrrprulirr, prGviously rtrcotiodcdfor covrri4 rha
o|rgo, shouldbarcdovd a! sootra! pocsitt itr ordcrto dlow thccatSp
to dry out---aomcrhltchcando€d id ilc rrl.that will a$id lhia.
hdgDr!|g.
If crc6.ivc pourdiag h8 tc.n dloit!4 Fttiq .tlf, i! b.lh1 trin,
No. I bilg6 .houldbc rouDdldfrc$rn0y. Thccalaooclrr.d of r lt'tcl
i! ruch . coDdition,*ith hat forr Fak trlt fu[, rDd tufictitr8 hlaYy
po|mditr&ANr Esult oftir, h6 colliriotr bu[6.d bc.r& fnct!rcd
i! lcvlrsl placn, c.u5irt thc t ot to lcrt b.dly. No. I t ilg.. wrr fuU,
thc linbcfNbrd bccoforccdup, rd thc tarttop i! lho loslf hold w|t
a*t!h. Thc ta|tl ad ttc b slt rq! iro&adiatalypunpGddry .Dd tbc
d&r8c Eprftd rt tbc pon of dlatiratioc
ID liglt cotrditiotr!firqucot inrpcatiolr a[otdd bc Ddc tfl whatc
.r.6!ivc dbr.tiotr m.y ioducclcal..
nds
If platinSi! L.liry 11lapi)iitt tb. crcviccEry bc r.@tdy c.ultcd
with orkum or similarmrtcrial Thauraofwood.o plug i! ioadviaatta,
ainccit Day aggrvrtc thc.inration In aom..€ thc lspjoint baabc.o
drillcd tbrolgh-just uf.far astb fafiry tufac.s, i'.- tbr d.!. tufrc.
which .ft togcthc, .nd r .tiff tunhrE of putty inj.c{.d thtoufh ric
dri[iag to sl thacr|i:a.
V.dh6dr
If thcsc arc shcaEd ofi or datnrgcd in hcrvy s'alihcr, rrmcdirl
aciioo Dust be ss,ift, cmployint voodctr v.nt'plutt aodor csnvlr. If
uonoticcd,a bslk carSpcould bccornct rtrtt atrdshift.
r52
DAMAOB CONTROL
(3)rl)ss oF tt DDEI'
M.!y at&mptr h.v! bao Erdo rt s to rig !p daLc$ift rtrcdry
dqviccswith v|ttilt dcttlq of ru@. Ecfor! dirqnrilt thaaa,a ptq
liEilrry wordon ruddcrrccid.oti it U[roprirta. Shouldthcrudd.( fril
to rlapord to ehcal molt|Darti, it rlay bc du! to frulty ltarain&8aaa,
or to e fracturld ruddar atock.I! both caa6 lha ruddcr lhddd bc
broutht uadctcotrtrolbcforcrcpairt 5tr attanpt d. Itr rbc crlc of rod
rd chri! 3t .ritr&g..r, if fdlur occur in, ray, rbc porl .t .ritrg litrL-
.gc, thcdthc wb..l shouldbc pla.rd h.rd oEr to drrborrd, cauringI
dEihr aalioDon thc ruddcr,aft.r rvhi:h thc qurdntrt catrbc rccurd.
b tha c.!c of a fracnmd .udd6 ttocL, thc rudd6 clnnot ba con-
trolld ftoo itrbosrd,atrdvrdousDcthodsar! uscdto catdl thcruddcr,
includingthc lowrridg ovaridc of kdottld chrfu. Th6c ir! uscdto
catcbthc ruddq tr.ilitrg<dgc atrdhcavait to o[c sidc,anlr ebich it i!
sccurcdwhilc rcpairsprocccd.If e kcdgr a&hor is evailablcit has
prcvrd morc ,atirfrctory to lovrr lhia ovcathc ,idc ir a horirorid
position,i.a atoct vrrricat or wir6, dos! to tha hvd of thc ruddcr.
By cdrful bandlidgof thc wir6, thc fulc may bc caughtlgaialt tbc
rudd6 srl , thc ruddcrhovcbaRloEr, strd thcorac1rlld.
ID sll c.3c6thc vt3sclis stoppcdiEDcdiatcly.Itr rdditioD,i! hcsvy
wtathcr, thc vrsrcl Dust bc madauvlld ioto s coEfortttlc pocitiod
vhiL eork prlcaad!,Withoutr ruddcr,thcralal viu lllunc I poaitio!
bc.D-or to win4 which msy Lad to diaar'tto!! tfiaJvo ott tow.
Crrgo nay sbi& md cspsiringm.y occut Thc ,iip ahouHrh.r.forc
bc broughthcadto wind ss quiclly .! poltiblc. A D|t..hift Dirzcn
,.il mry bc rigScd,r a.a anchorm.y b. atr! ma4 but i! roo. caraait
hsr bc.nluccc*duly ecconplishcdby simplylowril8 otrcrtrc.horor|s
loDgscopcofcsbla
Occalioosly,cogiacrn havr bccdstb to clrt iato thc ruddcr tuDt
ad r.p.ir rha fractur. by ing.oiou! uacof c.L[F !!d dqtar ltaal
b.!d!" Thir ncthod is g.ocraflyli4itld to fr&turE. rbich .f,trad ovrr
a goodLogth of ctoclclf thc frrrturE oc.ort hclowthc rtrfilg box fhc
ncttod c..onotbc uscdudc.. thc vBr.l catrbc triomcd ruficicotly by
tDr h!ad.
JE traa6
W[!d rt aringwit[ arEha dcvica,rE .dr .houldbc dow, |Dd r. ao@
et tbc E or wcathcrcorditiodt d.lrrionta, ltc vlad ahor|ldbc hov+
to. Thb ef,l svoa aicaaaiv!ab.r!'' odtlc taana rndhhe,
Thc b.!b idar ofr ruddci ir tblt it rbdl Fovil. Ilai.trG to tbc
r'rt6 otr o[c lidc of lhc lhip itr ordd to i|ll tbc bow,ora& tbrf ddr.
For tbir rlarod, ary cootrinc rhidr ftElr tl& f!nc{i6 D.y bc nacd
aaa jury rlddct, It ir m6t inDorr.lt to noia,brlrta, ttat wbrt eita
t53
DAMAGE CONTROL
olc waaatvaryw€lliDdc.4 tr|&yprovcquit vsluclc$on anothcr.Matry
of thc n€ll-Liown and succ.ssfuljury ruddcn havc bccncopicd oo
othcr rlslcb |ad havcprovrd usclass.RiSt d6caibcdfor shiF wilh
court r atrfls oey bc totrlly uDluitcdfor ciursar-siamcdships.Aitr,
iomc ruddcrs cao bc quitc lrlidaclorily madcfor smallshi!6, but wh.o
copid on lrrfrr vssalr hey provcto bc of ioadcquatcstEngthdaapita
thc LrSrr eprr .vrihbla
b twio-scrrwshipcthc ltsscl may ba sbarcdby runnin! om ctrgilla
at coDltatrtrcvolulionsead varyitrgthosc os tha othar ctSlnc. Od
ailglo-.crEwihiF lhc lcrmaa mult try cvcryocthod rt his dirpocal.
So[E rtry loog voyagrab|vc bctd mldc utrdcrjury ruddat,bul thc
Scatmustbc coDstindy!u$cd, lnd thc tcmpLtioDto i*rrala a@
itr f.ir wE thct stroogly Eiiltcd. Givcn thc u!u.I matlfia& carrid
sborrd a ship,rnd a lumbcr ofcorcrprisiDgDcn, a ruddad6. $ip pill
toon ba broughturdcr coolrol, providd thc manarc tirclds .trd p.>
prEd to nalc two, or cvcnthtlc ditrcrrnt aiS!id ordcr to fDd ..utir-
factoryonc.
Thc followitrgmahods arc outlincd bticfiy; lhay hllc rll Prov.d
iucc.ssfulin lhcir tiDa on . Fnic|rlrr !hip, or Fhtpa oa r rolll
trumbcrofship.. Th. mcthodofriggitrgEust baLft to thcFtron doitr8
thc *ork--+tr!t'gth of g!.r avrihblq Lyout of thc vc.scl,fttinSr, aod
n€wid.as arcti! p.lroSrtivc, For thisrcason,only thc v.ty basicidcrs
a.! includcdhalc Whce.ctually usdcrtakiagthc trsk thc qucsliotrof
ri!8ing vil bc repidlysolvcd.
(l) Itr lhc htc l9Zh a jury ruddcrrs! mdufactut d fmm . &rdck
rDd tvo rtlcl dooB, in lhc form of at oa. hlving . box bLda Tba
154
DAMAGE CONTT,OL
doot! *lrc boltld to tbc ddrick ,omc dirhmc fro|D thc drrict haad,
!!d ftc tpa.. b.tE! tlc doon nr! pact d with tinbcr, througt'
boltcdto thc door&Tbc'ost' ra! hunt ovtttidc wilh thadooBvcrri6l.
Tha gooaotrGct tlas it!.d to tho top gudgco!utdrt tho cou cr st rtr,
atrd lhc spidcrbad rt thc dcnick h.ad wa! uscdfor attachingport
rnd .t rbortd &crirg tiir6, ad thc toppiDglift- (A loPpir8 lift it
dacqBrrynot ody to cootroltia d@thtt whichtha rtsistarocc to wlt r
occu3 brt rko to hcavcthcjury ruddcrclcatof hravyraai rvhcnbovc-
to.) Thc mcthodir illustntad in Fi& 7.7.Io th. ca6cofr ctuiscrrt ln
.omc thoughtDight bc dcvobd to usitrg8 aimiht ri& but with thc
;lcutc t.l
roliP#6
ttoct
[lglll-z.l!
(3) A 1..!, l|.F ooil of h..vt @oti!8 rcr., !€|'dy rou!&Lr[aq
b baaorsfuly torFd o! itr o*tr Ftt It b@n6 alotly t a&
loffcd rnd nrtidlv rinf+ tot.l .i rge b.io! Prrvrot d tv th. tFd
of ib. dnp (diloug! .!oe) .!d r roFpiDSlitl stsils liocr |tt {|i!
!!d lo ha.v! it to polt or atarboar{ Tbaaanaacilt virc. .t! onanbd
156
coutaa
to
19
DAMA(;E CONTROL
to two conffitcd warpitrSdrubr dtd woutrdin oppo6itcdir.clioo3!o
ttrt by mc|trsof otrccontrol,onc wirc ir slacld at tha rrmc sFd .!
thc olhct i! hovc-ia.
This ruddcris lhowa h Fi& 7.9.
(4) It is possiblcto lashtogath€rscvcrdllargcoil drums.Thc drums
|'c aubmcrgpd by prrtiely ilittg ttcm *ith watcr. Thc bascof rhc
cotrtdvaDcc Day bc rltighlcd ir rddition---{eywith atr ancholstock-
.o that thc rig i suitrbly subdcrgpd.St .titrg wirrs rnd. toppinglift
et€ nccGsary(Fig. 7.10).
Wilh thc abow mcthods.duccart shouldbc trkcn to makcturc lhat
thc glar do6 trot foul thc propcllcrwhcnth€rc$rali! atoPpcd.
(, Bt dru8t Grg,7.l2). tn b a mclhodwhjchis vcry wcll kDown
itrdccdaod is suitrblc for all shiF. It b cxtrrrnalycfrcctivc.Two f,at
dragrart madcfrom timbaror sEcl plst6. Thcyarc ricightcdoDthtir
lowrr adg6 |trd suspctrdcd bclowwrtcr frorDdcrricksswungovcnidc.
In thc rbrmcc of dcniclq boomr or spdtacauld bc rigSadprojcctidg
horizotrLly ovcr thc sidc,ro carry thc hoilting tacklcs.Forc_end-ell
motiodi! ptqctrtcd by rop6 tuuing ftoD thc dragbridlcsto th. for._
cerdc-hcadLa&, Whcn it is dcsitadto f,hcl coutlc to port thc port
drar fuimmcrs.dand thc.tarboatd oncliftcd-aDd Yiccvcrsa.lf spacd
rcddetioa i3 ofDo itrrporl&rccotrccouldbc lcpt immc$.d at r 6rad
lcral rd thc othcrroiscdor lowrFd a! dcsircd.
By rnaling thc bddlcs of uncquallcn8h, e3 showD,tha dragswill
vccr aw&yfrom thc ship'ssidcs.Onc man shouldbc abl. to opcrat.
thc dra8t, cvcn \rithout rcmotc-controlon thc winchcs.It must bc
apprcciatcdthat nojury 8Ea.canbc cxpcctcdto stccra sbipothc. thitl
on r vlly alow ig-rlg cou.sc,Ofi-cou.la yrws of up to two point!
(22* dcgFcs)shouldthcrcforcbc considcradquitc pcrmisiiblcbcforc
rhcdracsercrFadiustcd.
(6) I; the late 1y,0s, r small ship rigSeda tury steeritrSdevie
co;istinr of a boomfitted $ith all inflatcd air begar eachend(of the
typc usedto chock off cargoes).It wastowed astem' lying alhwatl
and aft linc, atld wilh a steenogwire ettlch€d neat
tii shio's fore'ffie
eachai; bag. devic€ptov€d most successfulfor that partiqtlar
shiD.
158
CHAPTER VIII
Sntqcd rdd
whar sllouH be dass€dI irrvrvdie Nd subs.qucnlaclitn is very
mucba mattet of pcrsonalopiniol and cltoicc.For that r€asonthes€
t*" .""ti*s O* tt'cta"a arcbffeIcd for consideration and guidance'
(101The OelerCcharteren dEold be informed.Theymay wish!o
@nt!41l@l SalvageArsociatiorFior adviccand perhaF lo
anancc for the dip to bc seh/edon the bes(possiblebasis'
Ttc; may a fulfll;€nt of r chatter or a mail conEactto be
coGiderrd.
' ') In the United Kingdom,a R€ceiverof Wrec*will ptGrd to a
Of
srraodedveaset anArak chargeof r€scuc@crationsBut hecan
intcrfcrc bctweena Mastcrand his cf,ewonly if thc former so
r€quests. The MastermayrcpelanypersonattcmPtitgto board
his stripwithout audnrity
' Thc slip sbouldnow bc iramin d for danage.ncverforgetting
(12)
thtt thifortc of impocrmayhavecaurcdhatch€sto spnngaway
tDm tlEir scatin8sard alory watcrto ent€rlater.All bilgesand
renk3shouldbesoundcdandl€vebcarcfi y checl€dagittst the
hst r€cordcdficutls Remembcrihat damagcmay occur ln
alrss quite re;ota fiom lhc point of irnpad A ship hat
enonnoosrnomentumard whenthis is d€$royed.FrhaF ln a
Le src@ds,damagci5 alrnct boundto be inf,idcd uponthe
shio.No.mallv,tbc-ChicfOffccr *i[ berclponsiblefor damsgp
mixsrncnt an'danyattcrnpsar demage control.m doubtin co_
'nrcy mustdccide*hcther
oDarationwith tl€ ChicfEnginccr.
dic damaqato tlle vasselprcdud6 sl|y imrnadialeattcmPtsat
rc0oalhr (in whidl cascslrcmus ba *rll'6cq|r!d to thc ahorE
to E!r.c accidenta!rcooeting).or wbcthcrsh€will be ablcto
g"it aoau"at r.*oooly wc[' or rcthcrdanrgc contol is
fcasibbwith tlrc crew&d 8et. rYailable.
al3)
' Soulditrr! C}d d bc cetri.d our ovcrskl and a Scncralsuvey
of lhc ai.r (westtErpcmining) wiI coabletbc Mastcrto srscss
tbc bcs dir€dbn in whicl to tty hauliDs'ofrSonrcarc{s are
$bicar io unDcdicratlc r@uttts of thc scrH' tbc @ntours of
'Ite
*ttiilt canatitlrc a-oe dailv, panklrl.dy in bqdwcrth€l
nalur of tlrc aeibadshouHbe notad!o tlut MinB powcl of
adlors canbc judged.
161
STRANDINGAND BEACHTNC
o4)It b m6t usefulto readthe draughtsof th€ slranded$ip and
compatethe m€rtr with the flotatiod draughts.The ditference,
multiplid by the tonncsFi d! inmelsion, Eve,sa r€ry rough
ila of lhe arnountof h6t buoyancy.For inslat|ce,if a vessel
f,oatingat 11 rn drawht gmundsand her drauShtmarls now
strow l0 m of water, then cleady she has lo6t l0 cm of
buoyrncy. With a Trc of say 20, we now lnow that
approximatelyZm tonn€sof ship ard c€rgois restingon thc
scabcd.It is mod u| ikely that aDyvessel,or ev€ncombination
of shiF, canhavc Zm tonrlesalonSa s€abed.On firm sand,a
Frll of 6m tonn€swill be neededatd over coral or rock the
cocffcientof ftictim may be as high as 1.5, givinSa r€quired
puUof3m tonnes.Thefirsrtaskis to reducethelo6tbuoyarcy.
o5)Thc localtidcashodd nowbe examfuedveryclcely for range,
tim6 of low and highwaters,strcngthof cuents andrvhether
rhesituationis sprinSingor neaping.A risingtida,€spccialyone
whici is spriryingoverth€ rrcxtfcw dals, aouldreslorea grcat
&rl of the l6t buoyancy,unless tbc drip is badly ard
erteBively holed. ln an at€awheretlrcre is little tidal range,
lighteningof the shipis the only altemativc.
(16)Ijghrcningwil benefitany strand€dshipof ooursebut is easier
saidlhan donc.Thesimpl€stwayis to dischrrgeeI balastwater
aDdalty Aeshwat€r for which therEis no immediaterequirc-
Eadt. Makc slr€ that distillatbn plalts are furdioning before
l6ing ft€3trwaicr. In somelatte passenger ddF, buoyancywas
gai&d by laurdtng m6t of the lifcbortsladenwith pesrcnSprs
(wcethcror r€3c1|cservicesFrmitdnd. lf the ship'sground
t!.&lc is to be laid out, that rcductbn h weight *iI be to
advantSe.As far 6 cargois concerDcd, dilcharSingwil be a
sloiw prD6. It rvil oormdly be donc with li8hters---an
€4cnsive oparation.It wil be neccssarythen to arfttrge for
stoiageof the cargo,or FrhaF a trarshiFEnt. In thc caseot
Frishable carBo€s,cob storagc,rra$bipncnt or l@l selling
arc the usoalpriorities,itr tbat order. In the cvcnt of a ta[ker
havingto bc ligbtdcd, thb rnaybepocsiblcusitrgoil barges,or
srn I shalot imught cossaltatrke$,and0criblc h6€s. These
craftmusthavesufrcicntdepthof *ater to dcar thc arcawhen
badcd. It drould bc pNible to off-loadtud oil usingthcse
nclho&.
(14 Sfrouldbod *c.lher, or a sadl d€l,el@ whilc lhc ship b
agmotrd,shemay stan to novc a$oad and sfiitc the gound
hcavily, nith the tbr€at of sedoosdanrgc !o lhe hull. She
fuM V quiMrcd downby Aoodingsone tanls sith balast.
162
STRANDINCAND BEACHING
Thb calt ba dMur8pd af any latq tilr|e with no advdseefrecl
on thc rcf,ostingDrocess.
tank to
' ' CoGsidcrnF dg'Aui& withi" ole shiPftom tank to
(l8l
clunce tlE trim.-In lcneral, oo a seabed whi:h produces snion
on tf,e hul. suchas-softsand,mudatrdevet smallsbingle.it ls
bctterto lichtenthe sarsad endso asto t€ducclhe suclim on
tbc fat D6; of ole hu[. If sheis liftcd on to thc sttetrdedcnd,
siaion is progressively broken.Movin8wat r or oil carlacbicre
a similar ifiec. lf she is sittinSoD a led89,it msy be bettq to
lghten thc stand€d end or evendift wcight to lhe scawarg
oen.
F I G U R E' ' I
LIGN'
rrdura a.l
Thc boals c-en now hcrd out to the 6$t anchor site. Fi8. t.2.
ahowr thc twg borl! vith thc ancbor slutt in positio[ Thc bod! rlt
thowtr wktar !p.n tbaD in prlctic!' for thc lclc ofclrrity.
Ttc buoy irpi:kcd up end tha buoy-wiE hovc i[borrd. Evanrurly
thc cnd ofihc 25-mm bickinS-up wirr will bc broughl to lhc surfacc. 3'in
Tha r..d6 abould low idagitrc himlcf to bc in thc boat! .nd try to
ti.|ldita thc tr fit rtap.
hss thr end of th; 2tmm wirc (heving ctst ofr thc buoy'wir.) undcr 3-in
lba aDrrt mrtc a routd turn o! tha inchol ahstrk clolc lo llc hcr4
ard aircfb tbc wirE b.ck on to itt ow! pstt. Th. wirc ia trow bdck'd-uP
lo thc boi/ta |trclror ltd wil alidcdown clo.c to thc haid wbcd ltr.ttad
Soc1t'Ettc buoy-wiF to thc boslr anchol and psy out dt th. wirc'
165
STRANDINC AND BEACHING
rcfoating thc buoy.Msting tut! thc hcsvy*iI! i3 c.tcrtof cr,!.ythin&
payout sufrciartto at lcestrlach thc bottom,andpassthccbiF,hcck
atopFr ,oor.l',. Wc may ind it dimcuftto c6tid.r& how muchbcaw
i'irr re arr paing out, atrd if wc ur&r-6tiEatc it, .dd hrvr r tight
chain-chcck s!opF., tbafalling afthor mayarcisti! rcmovingpsn olr
boet.Crit off thc L06hingoDtbc sltra aparrtrd elcd thc bodb, cftfla.
Makc r ftral chcckto sccthat all ir clcar,rd cut th. ccntralhd nf
tbrough.Thc anchoreill dcsccndro thc bottom with tba brckitrg-up
wirEsacurcd,ard thc buoywi noatabovcthc anchorsgqDrldng rc-
F r c r r i El . l
L!!!-98:!!-!A!!E!
FTGUiE i.4
AsuEing tl|. u!. of two tus!, if tumclitrg bcocrth thc fod, both
crrll vill bc acqrlld on otrclidc of tbc shiprd rt .bout 70 dcgrr.r lo
thc!hip'3ridc,ThisLr8p inglc prcvaotadcfactio! ofrhc !rr..m ofwstcr
by thc bilgc.r!a. Thc crafi arr !.curd .brc$t of thc or'b, sitrc.cavi-
tic3plduccd hct! rril lot unduly*trkcn rh. hu[. OtrcclhGcrviticr rtr
bloptr through,thcy ltt grdully rvitlco.d.-iur rrot d!.pcocduaduly
--by movidgthc tulr If, o! rtG oth.r hra4 thc hilg...rc lo bc dcaEd
of.ilt, thcothc tug' wil b. !.cutd rt i rDilct Entb io tb! rhip's lidc
--rbout 30 d.8rcs----ud wil bc continutuy worlcd fton enllrhipc
to*.rds both ctrd! of thc hull Blttrturly tbc rhip nay bc lcft rtrriag
on i ridgaof a..-tcd wirt dccpcrrstcr oo both ridc!. By hcrvinSon
bor or quarLr |trd by ulirg ihip'r cngiaarand ful dtrcltlug rudd.t,
tha thip rtrry bc alowlyrocfrdotud bacon wlt!|rbofla. Cortnry to
irrt thoufit, thc ctrgidrtar! uladat c4 oihcrwilcthc thip wiu bccoDt
ftb&tcd.
If.couritrS . chrmd to !.d9rr4 tla tu8 ia sltrtd to th. thip u.itr8
r hlws nrd. fllt do.Gup to thc tug', pivotirt poht TbG$g i. .&o
.Dc,ho|!dto a singLlnchor L.diry rhad. Ar har aogi6 d! rorkcd
rh.!d thc i! aloely how foytldr th6 randada[ip riib vrcriit bar
owtr aabh, dcwin8hcr st m froD aib to ,ida to f,idao rtG chllttrcl,
and buoyingetrdloEditrg tt channclab. t! n.king
Scouringia rtst icicd to cartai! tlF of F-h.d--.rtrA thind., ind
Dud. Stitrchy i! udluititrL. A rooty bottommry xdl b. corald with
e ihin hycr of loolc .ilt, givilt r f.kc iEpnr.ioo tbd rc.uriq ir
po.tibla
Ar r mrtirr ofbtlllat, thc ptiri& ofrcouriry wrr ftrt uad h tt9l
io Port Sri4 whatrr ahip'aanlin6r &scd$bd a boiery of pip.1
lorrrcd ftcn ovrcridcuadl rb.t 9t|rc iDbcrtd i! lta batfiog.rouod
It hE4 |'d puDp.d rd6 .t bift pr!.an! thtoufh tbro, th. piF
bcitrgFfodt d. Th. dtins e|| loqctrcd ud tb. rbip h.d.d h.rdf
dcar.
TJSEOF BOATSWEEI{ STMNDEI'
Atthowh mrk has bc€tr includcd in tbis ctraptcro! thc ulc of
ship'sboat! for caryiDg out anchorsit is Daidy of hirtorical iftarcat
rod FrhaF for th€ occrsionrl craminatioDqucstion. I am of the
opinion lhat lilcboats c{tr *cll bc urcd for suracyworl arcund tltc
stiendcdshipor for fcrrying Frrotrncl in thc dra but that dtould be
thc limit ol their u!c. FulthcrmorE, I hava alwaysrdvocatcdthet
ship's lifcboatc (cxcept when there is a dir€ dncrgcI(y ruch as
ftandodtrt ship) shouldnot bc rcnt awayin thc opanrca rrban the
vind ir abovea ccrtsin lcvcl on thc B€aufortScalc.I cvco dcviscda
170
STRANDINGAND BEACHING
sliditrt scile to imprcssthc point upon studcDts.Winds of betwe€n
ForcesI and 5 are for prudent saasco, Forces6-8 ale for budding
h€roe6snd 9-12 ere for th€ foolherdyonly. ThiBis Pllrelyfor $hips'
boab and crewsand doesnot apply to sbor€rercre servic€rwho are
bcttcr equipFd and fa. more erFricnccd h that kind of worl.
Sometimca a boatwill leavca shipin a Forcc4 atrdhaveto retum in a
fteshenhgForce6 aod it canbe a very haardous opcrationhooking-
on in sucha s€a.The useof nyloo pendantson the boatfal blocks(a
requircmentfor passengership emcrgencyboats) has rrduced the
hazardslightly. The frct thrt ca8ervoluntaersrle availabl€should
not dctcr a Master froh hi6 reluctadceto dispatcha boat in poor
wcather.Obviouslyin casesof distress,scamcntlke more risk, but
io a stratrdinSth€rc is the addeddangprof the shallowwatcl effccton
waves,dakiog them shortcr, stccpcrand morc readyto brcak.
A numbcrof very good reasonscan bc put forward to sho* why
tha pracliceof carryingout anchorsin lifeboaB b obsolcrcent:
(l) Undcr somcClassificationSocictyRulcs,no heavywirc (tow-
wirc) is rrquired to becarriedon vescelsof morc thsn 90m in
lcrgth.
(2) The lifeboats available may bc made of glass-rcinforced
Dlasticor similar malerialandmo6ts€amenarc of the ooiDion
ihat thesc boats are unsuitablefor slinging anchors;ithet
acro6sor beneath. Stecl, aluminium or wooden boats are
bettcr for Ois rork.
(3) Th. lifcboars may b€ totally-€nclo6€din which thc boat's
compLmantenter throuth I door[Etch n'hicbis thenscal€d.
The boat is p.obablyfittcd with an extcmal water spray,for
nayi8ationthroughbumint oil or gasalld a limitcd air supply
is avaihbl€ to the clcw during this time. Thcc€ toab have
oDlya smsll lcdgaaroundthe gun*rle adiacantto thc domed
covcr and they arc quite unsuitcd to the carrying out of
anqtoIs.
(4) Evcn if tbc boatsare suitcd to thc work, the snclrcr may be
too hcavy.Not only mustthc Trc of the boat bc cooridcrcd,
but the sbceriob of handlitrt the archor may bc too much.
Tbis chaptq hascotrfioedits€lf to the carryingout of anchors
which wcigh about 5 ton|lcs---or 414 totrtr.3 whcD slung
b.Iclth a bort. EveDthe6carl too heavyfor somcmodcm
situatiom.
(5) ff trone of lhe forcgoing .pplicr to a particulrr instence,
mattcrs c5ll itill comc to a halt if tro propc. lifting gcar is
availablefor handlingthc enchor.
(6) Therc may bc no largc purahasas aveilabhior scttio8 up thc
171
STRANDING AND BEACHING
ground tackla in shich caseoutsidc help is needed.Thcee
salvors*ill plec! the ancho.s,usin8thcir own craft.
(7) Even if the lif.boats .rc suitrblc, thcrc may bc only two, of
which onr ir a motor boat. Tbere is atr enormousdregon a
boat *bich rttcmpts to c$ry an ancbortbroughthe watcr, It
is as though clustersof buclcts hevc bccn rttrchcd to thc
k€cl. For this rcaron, thc motor boat is csscntial.But if i!
Figurc8.2 only onc wasa motor boat, both ruddcrswill have
to bc well ovcr to coultcract a stecringbirs due to thr onc
cngoe. Eithcr both boarsshouldbe nechanicaly-propcllcd
or, if posrible, onc motor boat can tory a pair of non-
dechanicalboats.
(8) Thcrc is considcrablcri^rkto life and limb when undcrSoing
tlis work. D€rricls or crrncs arc bcing ritged to ha[dlc and
swing hc.vy anchorsovcrsid€, borh ate bcing ha[dled in
clGc proximity to the ship's side, rhcy rra bcing loadedin
unu$ualways,the work itself is totally alier, instructioo!may
not bc clcarly utdcrstood and folloeed, atrd Lom what thc
rcader hasaheadyseen,furthct harardserist rt the anchor
sitca. Atrcho.s have bectr carricd out itr shiF lifcboats on
occesiotrsduring thc last t*o dccadesaad onc of thc worst
calcs ocqrn€d in thc llXG whcn a Ftrol-cngined boat was
b€iry ur€d for thc task. An cngbccr, who rva! $noking
aboaidthe d'aft. causadan €rDk6bo and thc boat@Enurncd.
Thc anchorwe! loct. latcr, inothar bort waslo6t r€Fatint
thc crcrcirc. Fortuortcly tha lo6t afthor wasa lilht lcdgc,
stil carricd .bo&d an rgcing ship.
(9) Therc b risl to th. lifc-ssviogappli.lcrs, It could bc aqucd
that indir€dlydlc boetsarc bcin8urcdto aavalifa hrt it b a v€ry
ttin ar$EEnt. Thc boatsarc beitrgurcd aBlorl-.reft ad that
is not tbe lrason why thcy rrE plac.d aboard.On thc otbcr
haDd,if it is obvi s that if andwhcnthc Essel is rdoatcd $e
wil inmcdiatcly movc into a nearty porr fo. cxtcddvcwork,
thcn FrhaF the boatsara cxpcndeblc.A Mastcrmult ar all
times cxcrcisc thc grcatcat carc in thc ulc of lifc-seving
appliencd.
(f0) Thc fnal poilt wlrich com6 to mind is thc rtethcr. Having
alre.dy mc ionad lhc drag oa thc boats csuscd by thc
subrncryedanchor,it is not difncdt to visualiratba problcrni
involvcd if, aftcr dfucountiotcvcrythingebovc,thc mchor is
saafor tansit to thc sitc atrdr Forc. 4 brcczcsFitr8sup. With
sltort seas, a 13 knot wind, a hcavy anchor bclow, and
FrhaF hervy ruddcr io u!., tbc boa$ coulde.[ bc rtoppcd
deaditr thc natcr. Onc Officcr told me that he and his crcw
rn
STRANDINGAND BEACHING
spent ncarly a ehole *eek clrrying out onc bowe. anchor
bctwe€ntwo rteel lif€boats,fightingcufients,win& aodseas.
Whenrhcy fitrdly beganto set the geartight, the anchor-to
their horror-was simply haulcd straight back to the ship.
This demonstrstedboth paintully and admirablythe valueof
onc anchorbackedup by anothcr. It is most important that
thh is clea y understood.
\
30 MEYiES
l l
\
STRANDTNGAND EBACIIING
tons purchascwould tr the guy of a 6Gtonnchcavydcrrick.
Thc iaarri! chrtrglr his pucbascout oft6p.cl for tlrc rlfc wotkioS
lold of hi! Dain biwlcr. If hc choolc! to crcccdthc lrfc worlirg lord
of lir 8..r it !|ay Frt .nd k$ad N, a[anc.. of brsvilg thav!.aclc&ar.
Horcvcr, faidy Lrfc arfcg f.aion qi!! thc cdc| rtrd brliting !t!.4.
ofr wir! topc bcitrglix tiDA ils ,afo wortiry losd'
Tbr aboE cxrrsph, tbao,illuttlt6 b€sicrllybor' tha,aam!trlhould
arrufp hi! g!.r. lLtouSiout it! l68lh thc w!a!6t Frt mult hd! r!
adrqult! r.fc worti!8 lod.
b rhc udortunala amt of Do powErbclu avrihblc otr bodd tha
r,.aad,rhcurc otda!-ttow.r shouldnot bGi8Eorcdor dilEis.cd lithtly.
ron! Suppos. w. wishto rhaintain ourpullof13tooncs onthchawscrwithno
mcc.broicel po*cr avaihbb, i.a wincbaq*i!dh$, or c.pstrn Ifs! act
up rDot[ci tbftofold putcillc uld to ldvutrgr otr tbc hattlingFrt
of thc othcr. then this secondpurchascmust produccthc sttcssof 3
ton tontrcsoriginslly providcd by thc warping drunl of tbc winch. To
providc this srrcss,thc hruling parl of thc sccondpurchascmust bc
ll.ioe rutrtcd to 0 7 tolnca. Tctr mcn of svaralac€ighr?0 kg could tupply
tons thiaStrcss;iffivc mcnarc uscd,thcnthe h&*scris sfcsscdto 6l tonncs
rons instcadof 13 tonnca.Thc usc of four-fold block throughoutwould
r€duccthc numbcrof mcn rcquitcd,Man-powcihesbcanus4din the
pastitr this wayand provcdsucccssful-ifa liltla axhaustinS
Ir hlr b..! .3tiditcd tbet r shipwNch i, atntrdcdDrad3a pdl of
30% of hcr lort buoy.ncyto hcavcLar ofi r trnd r.a'bd , 9% i^ lb
cercof henl gnrcl, 6G{)% itr thc ca!. ofcorsl tdd t0-150% itr thc
caraof rcck.
Of intlrt6i ara two csr6 of unurud Edortitr& A lhip we! rgtould
rDi&[iF oDtand.Shcioodcd hcrtormrd tsD]& PullFd out hcrrftd
trnl* rug ful 6pc.d,ard movad.Doothly ofr. Arlothcr v6!cl_-_a!
Aocricu-littrally iEFld hcnclf otr str irohrld pimaclc of rook.
Th. tidd ru8. w.! t gligiblc. Co$id.r th. dificulti.!! Nothirg
dlurt 4 tha rock e|r ccE otcd i4to thc ihip, blastcdtbroughbalos
ria Lcl and thc thip Eovcd ofr--Lavicr, but wit[out s hrk.
rxiE or oTHn sHlPs
Whatrothcr r€'rcta btE r thatrtuSq erEulcd to haavcI shiPofi a
b.!t, bcach,or lcdgg& rurvry lhould bc cuticd out !! bdorc, io otdc(
to Sivclbc a$iltiog thip | ,efc liDcof approrch.nd d.io tbc bcstdircc-
lioa io whi:i to rrdoct thctFradadahip.Thcrca-bcdtlrt rid lhould ba
alcartainrd;if !o& tta ula of thc r6cuc vrcrcl'i aotitrB may bcnt !p
thr .trud.d hull rld pordbly hrt owD., rtdl
A rsfc Dcttod it for lhc tcaolevtaaalto trtttr atomon to tbc atrudcd
ahip,h go both h6 uc,horr, rnd Eor,! oely lltrfq \/!ati!8 a good
bF of c.blc on both rnchort, ebich .hould lic 6Dao! arch bow.
116
STRANDINC AND BEACHING
Wfut. rtraythanbc Fsscd acro$ to thc b.achcdship,citbcr by Dating
oortrcl btwrctr thc two !rs!.I! eith bo6tsor by fuirg I rockd lioc.
Thc wfurt sG horrcteut, D&dcftl saa1ttl,rnd thc r*uc vassalthcn
ba!i8 bcaviogioto rhort 3try, Thc bcachcdvassalmay havcto ha.E
otr hcr oetr lround-tacklcaswcll. Shouldshcnot havartry rigSpdrnd
tblrc i! lhc poslibility of hcr rcfioetingwith a rush---aomcthing which
i! tbc cxc.ptiotrrathcr than lhc ruL-thcd thc towing lvirc! mutt bo
crpqblcof bcioginslandyslippcd.Whcnmakingtbc towingwirc! fatt
.roord bitt! a tum shouldbc talcn aroutrdthc bolLrd nc.r6t thc frir-
ksd bcforr balayingth. wirr. ThfuavoidsaDu[duc strc$ on thc frnhct
bollrrd whichrniShtcaulr thc bitr. to lift from th. dcck.
A vcssclof D.W. lom tonncsfitlcd with TGmmspccialstc€lcable toff 2|.in
and an clcctric wiodl&ssof 48 kW powcr can,whcn hcaving,c&rt a
maximumstressof29 tonnesoncachcablc,andthcrcforcit is prcfcriblc
10passihc to*ing hawscrsaroundhatchcoaminStor dcckhouscs(wcll
p.aldcdwitt tinbcr) rarhcr than bitli. ID thc c5!c of a 3hip stratdcd
brordridc-oo,thc towiDgwirc waspasscdup ooc trrn'scpiF, dowothc
otb.f, mund r9in, ad finally shacklcdto itl owtrprfi. Thi! provcds
,acorarrr|nsadrot. Afgin, tha wiaacould bc shackld to r ltaDdad
rhip'. c.trlc if.hc wrrt dDilsdy b..chcd-
Iftbc r.3inhs shipdridcr to u.a hcrcddnc pow.t.lotc hcr Mr!!.r
Dult dccidcwhcttrr to tow froD forward or from afl. If tlc bcsctr
shoa&rapidlyatrdit rocky it will ba utrvilc to movci! !t m f$t for
fcar of d{mrginSprofEUcrsaod ruddcr.Thc shiDshouldtbcrcfoE rP
Drorchthc ,trandcdship bow-oo,parathc towiDgwiE ot eirc3, end
thca w hcr astcrnpowcr.Thrrc aI! two mri! rdvantaga!ia thrt thc
ship, if sh€ strikes. wi b€ damaSedforward rathct than aft, and
ttc rhb i! Eorl aalily tcpt in poritior whib 'l otrlhotr wiDdi! ttlo*futg.
Th! dk!dv.trt!8. is that stcd powt u!.d ovcr. toft bottomwill Fob.
ably lc.d to ba ing up and chokiDgof mschincfy.Thc rdvadagc of
toeing froE aft, on thc othcrhatr4 futhlr lhc ahiPwil gcd.rallybrvl I
gtcatcrahcsdtbrust faomhcr propcllcrthan whcnrcvcrlcd,
EEACIIING
Thi. docstrot forE a! adtiraly!c* r61ion of thi! c.bapt6,,inca
.vaythitrt whicnhs3a&radyb.ctr discurscdwill bc eppliebb wh.a it
oon6 to rrfiootingthc ship.
If r ship b ia ioainc dogar of foundcringlDy tyF of bcaahi!
r€koma. Asiumingrhaidcal,i.c. a ccrtainamountofprpantory tirnc
ud r choiccof bcach,thc b.3t tyF is oDCwtich bat a frm su.facc,ir
frcc from rock, hr3 a gpDdcdoF, i5 fil! from 8trotr8currcntt |nd
!couri!& is not subicclto hcaw 8u4 atrdi! not too cxpocd to brd
vlatira. Fonuat irdc.d fu tha ac.Da! sho cadfud aucha baachal
tba rifht tirnc. Tidrl trng! i! adolh.r fsctor; thr& thould idcally bc
rona !o thet ovcBidcor bottod,damagpcad ba rcprircd at lorv-yrtc.
r77
STRANDING AND BEACHING
tin . vithout rb. .id of disr,
Whcnbcachiogit i agaiDid..l to do sort hi8hwatcror oDa fallinS
tidc !o thal the shipsct{csslowly,rath.r ihatl to drivchc. hardashoE
rd atrainthc bottom platiDg,Furt[.r, it is postiblcto somccrtcrt lo
controllha dcgr!. to whichshcis bcrchcd,by discrcctuscoflhc.ogincs
baforctcr kc.l closaswith thc s.a-H. Thcrr is, ofcoursc,thc datr8rr
of bdnkidgup aod alsodrawiDgsandinto thc machincry,so muchwill
dcpcndupoothc Daturcofthc botlom.
A d.n.gd ship lositrgbuoyarcyrapidly, if bcachcd,may w€Ub.
ebL to rdoat at a laGr high wrtcr aftlr rcpairshavcb..n dotrq com.
psrttr|cntspubDcddry, aDdhcrbuoyErcyrtstoEd.
lf baachiDsbow-oDwith a trim by thc stcm, a bcachwith r slopc
ltacpc. thatrthst of h.r lccl will cnablchcr stcm to bc kcpt buoyatrt
vaSllL t xlrEo !t STEA|{
!!gC!!-!:Z
whilchar fot! cnd is goundcd. Fi& 8.7 (a) Bhowsrhisconditioa.If hcr
kccl hr! thc st cpcr slopc thcn bcr st m will touch6rst, a,rahowain
Fi& 8.7(r). Trimmcdby thc hcad,shcwill, whatcvcrthc .loF of thc
beach,takethe groundforward. Oneof the dangersin beachingend-
on is that cross-windsor clrrents may swingthe ship rapidly inlo a
broadsi& positionon the shore,makingrefoating very ditficult. Fig.
8.7(b) might preventthis ocqtrring.
A vBscl msy bc b.aclFd bow-onor stcm-oo.Wfuchcvcrmcthodis
cho6co,grouDd-tact&shouldb. riggadlo kccphcr !.sward cnd3t ady,
snd to stop hcr from drivitrg f.rrhcr a3horc.E4ually,shc shouldbc
!.coftd to thc rhotl to prwcDthcr comidgofr uocxpccrcdly. If b.achcd
stcro-onshchasthc rdvrdaS! of prcsortingbcr atrongcr,fncr cnd to
thc forcd of oDlhort $a ald w€thcr. Futthat, hcr anchors8JErcady
for casylaing and latcr harvinS;tlrcy cad b. cerricdout dittct from
178
STRANDTNG AND BEACHINO
thc hrwscpipcs.!d .tc!s.d by tbc windlst In f.ct h.8 |nc.ho..!!d
cabkacouldncl bc laid out *hilc mrliDg hcr appto6a[to thc baroh.
Providcdthcbcachb 6rn andfrrc fromrock!, thcpropdLrsatd ruddd
will ba unhrrncd, but hcr i6prat, of courlc, must bc as gcntlc as
possiblc,Stem suctionsmay be cholcd itr this position,howcver.
f bcschcdbow.onhcr vuh.ribb, morr buolEtrt,aodis cxporadto
s.{ rad *cathcr. To trap tha !tct[ quic! Srourd-trclL aurt bc hid
but thc vaslal
our from afl This is laborio$ whc6dola aftarbcsc.hitr&
couldwcll bc dnchorcdfrom aft asshemakcsh.r tpprorch (sc. ChsP
tcr I).
r ront{: I
FtGUiE !.4
lEl
CHAPTER IX
EMERGENCIES
AEAI{IX}I{ING SIIP
fr rll cfrort! to !av! a daDlf.d Bscl provr to ba unsucccssful tha
I eill bc .baDdoncd Thi! mutt bc cirricd out in r! ord6ly ! maDict
l|t posriUc Daintrhhg complctrditciplilc, titrcncqstdcl adhaflncc
to ordc.s,ard inmcdirtcly cootsollidgary cvidcnccof psDicor in_
subordilatioo,uing/or.. if tr€c4rary.AI Dcmbc(t of th. crcw rDd
pa$.d8pft wil bc rcquitd to cxancircaalf-cottrol cou6!a, !trd utr-
!o16!htr.$.Frilurc ro oh.crrl dl thcrcfac'to$mry r6ult i! utnccarary
lo.s of lifc. Publicaddr6. .yttcEr ihould bc fully utili..d,
Io rll probrttlig, tbc Lat Frlolt to sb.odoothc vaaaal wiu bc ttorc
c6grg.ditr lrt-Ditruta daEaSaooltrol. Wh.n ttry Lav. rhairPGtr al
mlctincry lhouh bc doppad.!d wrtlrtifbt doo6 and hltchcatighdy
closcd.Otr pass.oScr shiF, officarsshouldbc idcttifisblc.
B06|5rhouldbalocr.Gdwith r' rtr|ly FpL abolrd r! Po6sibh,and
rhouldthcdqui,ldy clc.t rhc!hip'. rllc 6!d lic ofrrady to .dbork $c
rodoitrS codDlatladt from ih. wrtat Tbi! rill lvoid r d.'8!tous
rvlitirg Fiod .lod8'id! th. !hip, during*bic! th. boet ir li.blc to bG
drnagrd .!d foul h.r fa&.
Erccptir mug[ slathcr, rhc boct3rhouldsaqt$ rbcmlclvc.togcth.r
itr group* cachSroupbcitrgtowrd w![ daar of thc wt!c* atla by r
poi,lr{rirtn bo6l Ar .ooD s! thia ir echicvrd,onc or r!or! of thc.c
postf cnft .hould cruilc thr alta to pick up ts,indng Nrvivon. If
usblc to c&ry sny Dorc Flotr! thc cr.ft caDprovila thc twidden
sith iorrhg wllclaga ro lblt th.y c.n cupDottlhamlclB until tuch
tim. e3th. othcrboat!cancmblrt thcn. SwiDDct!shouldSmupthah-
tclrE togcthc.rtrd ruFDortaacholtcr. Tbc groupi! lhctr Eorc Galily
dctcctd rbn hdividlr.l&
Wtcd Lavirg o rhip dirEcdyinto thc i'tl.c il i! prdcrrbL tojuop itr
fcrt-itt i h.r thln to diva Whrn eEsriDgr lifc-j.ctct, t[c MSht
from ehic.hrhc lc.p i! nadc thodd bc tcpt to a erximum of sbout
6 m, olhcnviscthc impsctof thcjaakct on tbc watcr is likcly to cau$
rtuDnirg or r brotctr !act. If a lc.p it uavoidrblc from a 8rcrrcr
hcightthc arE! ttould bc caocscd ovrr thachc'r wfth thcbsid! chopcd
tightly dowtron tb. shouldcrtto t cp thcjrckct itr phc.. At.ll ti46
82
EMERGENCIES
thc bcstncthod of ao&rin8thc watcrfu to lowtr otrasalfon a lilc or
hddrr,
b e rtrory viod it i! prdcrablcto Lop froE tic wlathcr rida !'atbar
thenthcLc.idc rirc. h thclsttd casct[. rat ofd.ift mly wcll prcv.lt
thc swimmctfroD Scttirg clcaratrdhc msy bc ovcrcoEcby thc thip,
On lhc wcallar 3idclhcic ar. two DossibLhrrardr: lhc mi! mly bc
hldcd brct a8tiort thcshipby tbc acr,or hc mly find fitcl oil .rtlading
ftll upwirrl tr ruch! crrc hc hat two rltarrativc mclhod!fot ncgotirt-
itrg tbc oil: IIc c.a swimundcrxalar,tudrciDgtrow strd thctrfot sir,
but eh.l hc do6 so,hc mult sprbgfrod thc watcrwith hb ryc, tiShdy
lhtt ud uscr rrpid bFart*trokc motioato tbrut thc oil anEyfrom
hb frcc, Tha accondlocthodctrtsik rflioming quicldyttrough rhc oil
otr rhc curflcc itth a r.pid brrart{trokc motion,tha hcadbcinghcld
tigh with ttc moothclo6cd.h thccsscof bumirg oil thcformcrEcthod
ir thaotrlyprtclical o|rc.Whro aboutto @mtncacc ruchatrutrdclvatcr
rvim hc.vy clothinglhorld bc di!.ardc4 sitrccit will rrorin buoy{trt
for at lc.!t a qurftd of!n hour. A lifcjrctct 6houldba liEilatly dir-
cardcd,
A swiEnar must movoaweyfrom lhc 6hipas quictly a! pG8iblq
sitrc. wh.n it fourdr8 thcrc is violcnt local suctioD,togpthd t!'ilh tia
iutfrciog, idth grrat forcg of air ed wrlctsg..
Whcda rhip is listcd it i! prcfdrblc to lcap ftoD lhc and!. ff it i!
Dddcfrom rhc bigh sidcthc Esn i! litcly to strikc utrdcrwrtc.projcc-
tiotr! o. thr hull pLtitrg; shilc o! thc low sidcthc Daa Eay bc rtsuck
by E sts,fuleb, vcntileto$, or samsotrpo6t!,ctc,, if lic ilslal ciP
siz6 bcforchc ir cl..r.
kocdlr rlthb tb Boalrt h.a.drtLo of crcr .d P.sad$tr
Thc iEportsncaof prcviou! trsiring camot bc too stronSlyaDpha-
si!.4 6incathiai! r dirl.'t frctor ia rcduciDgf.ar ad lhock. Evtn in tha
c.!c of FssqrSrrs,thair rrgular rnlndrncc st prwiow boatdrilb will
barc giwo thcn a c.rtain dnourt of corfdcacc snd frbilildty gbioh
eil ma&rially s.sist in r.ducingpaDic.Thc paslrdSprrshouldtrot tta
muJ&rld io ruchs sey rr to rcgrrd boatd.ill.3 rtr amu!i!8 s€auy ot
forttrighdyrhow. Thcir activcFniciFtioD will bc of vrloc to both
thamsalvt3 rnd thc crcw.
o@siondly itr port, thc crlw lhould loc&r bost! sDdpull clcar of
thc ahip,Thc lameoFretion pcrformcdrt atramho.agcdnddgr slight
awdl or modcf,atcaaawill do muchto tdprcs! uponell concartrcdthc
dimcdiics ofclcrrbg a vcsscliD [adry re.slhcr-At bost &ils a bricf
word oDftrt aid, uaaatrdmaintaanccof lifcbott stoEs,rnd cotrduct
i! a! o@ boal i! eolt odvbablc,but r.grcttsbly rarcly pnctii€d.
Idcally,r nr! shouldabqndotrlhip d$.s.d in warE clottirg covcrcd
with oibki8 sndpEedtrgbootsor sho.s,Thaclothingeill not only kc.p
183
BMERGBNCIES
hiE rsrD lad dry but rlso provi& prorcctiont8silst thc rutr'. rryr.
His hncr pockclsshouldcotrtainr chstrg!of undcrclothinS rtrd t@a
tp|rr pcin of socks.OothitrShs! thcrdditioml rdv.ttrgc ofproviditrg
rt lc.it s qulrt.t of|tr hour'sbuoyuc, i! Oc ryitcr. whco rFlo ald
tin i! rv.ilrbL plcoty of lParl bl&lctt rhould bc.torrd eithi! tbc
boar 'uoatmulr baayrrpath.ticalyrtix, opt!
Thc oficcr in chsrgcof tbc
oilrig chc.rful.nd coDfdcnt.Hc shouldbc providd, if po66itc, with
i ,axtatrt,d wdch lct to G.M.T., r trauticalal|Danac,dctaib of th.
m!ck'! posilion,proxirdty of lhippiry lam. andlaod,aDdehrthrr or
Dota distrBscrll wastrm$nittld rnd actnorvlcdSpd. Eachbort thould
p&fcnbly bavcr lccotrdomc.r to alsist,!!d Last tworblc !.aoco.
lfe aall*rs !c out bcforEthc vccrdwa! rbadond it it qritc pot-
litlc thrt il w!! rcccivcd.trd Dot rcttro*lcdgcd bcforc thc w'lcl't
opcarrorcloscddowtr bfu cquiprtrcot For thi! rllsotr, tb. turvivotr
dould.t dl timcshopcfor tlacua"It rh. call w!! s.ktrowlcdlrdit wiU
ba unvis. for th€ boct! to Dovr far fiom lhc !ft." bur if no actnor-
lcdglmcntwr3rcccircdthcncarprorimity ofa corlt rnry Datc t voyltt
i! rhc boati a morcrttraclivc propo,itiotrth!tr tt@tininSltitioolry i!
thc wrlck 3ta,
Tha onccr in chsrgcsbouldtlrrngc I daily muti[c eithid thc bodt,
rerrding cachFrloD r spoci[cduty, ho*Effi tms|l h']i'g tut. Oat
thc work fu carriadout Hc sill trkc cbrrgcof dirtlat ligDabto Da&.
lutr that thcy rr! not ulad indiscrioimEly, all tha rrtiolr, rld all
ruDon! potcotid or othcrefu.,includingbot srcaatd aFra arutahca.
Thc daily ratioDof food and udrcr mult bc i$ucd putrctualt,to rvoid
8runblhg aadirritrbilit, aDd.rch portiotr,houldbc prltcat d oFdy
h ful vicw of s[ brudr !o r! lo rvoid bict.fitr& Id.aly, a.ch Frto!
rhould hsvcldr osn drinlilg rr.!al, howcvlt crudc,Tht artw thould
hc dividld ifio tbftc Sroup!,ooc rt c.ch Gddwith an ofrcai, atrdtbr
otbcr|'ddrhips toglth.r with thc i[ |nd tou!d.4 Ar roo |t p6tittg
thabort" liorls rtrd cquipdaotrhouldbc ahcctGdrld r logboot cod-
naocad.
If awiodarr 'tr fouodthcy lhould ba hauld aboltd (or,!i ttc bo*r
or qurrG6) only if it wil trot codDglr thc.rfcty of th. boet ud |t.
FrsoB! or bo.rd. Bodicsshouldbc sllipFd of dothiDg;puttits F-
loral afcc$ !s'rdc"rDd d& garncDb dirtributcd rsotrg lhc bod'!
a@plcrnctrt,particdrly rh. ill ard wo|md.d.All uldul fobam ahould
barlco{rr.d froft thc .rl!, Fnicdsrly piccaaofcanvu !!d trtFulita,
providcdthfli i! room ryailabk.
TtG bort lhould b. kcpt dry .nd brtdl Ufc-jrclc.t! mry b. rcdotld
if tbcr! i! Do drlgrr of caFiziog ald u!.d !r cu!hio$, or pillowr fot
thc hclplc$, to prwcDtlorcsard c.brfaItr hot wrthc. it i! moataalao-
tia! to l..p cool. This is bcstachicvEdby rigginSthc prot..-tivccovct
184
EMBTOENCIBS
aciorsthaglrwdaa with o currctrtof air bclowit rnd kcapin!clothint
&nD dl d!y. Blthi[g shouldnot bc rllowrd, b.crulc it con.u6
bodiiy cncrgy.ltr thc l c rlt moonclothingsbouldbc drid out rc.dy
fo. thc cool niSbt
Duri.r .hould b. tcpt to s miliDub, .!d i! tii! rry' ot!.iving dl
tictc poitrt+FBpirint wil bc kcpt low. Ttr h..4 .tl1 Dout\ to..'
rld traa&Durt bc t.pt rbrdcdfron thctutr'3rays--{hbrpplid Fnicu'
hdy to tloac wto |rc utrsblcto shdtrr badaaththc lcrEd by vinu! of
thcit lootout or a!.criry dutiaa.
In coldweathera prolectivecovershouldbesitrilarly riggedto keeP
olt rri!, eind, rnd i.a. All Frtotrs shouldhuttdlctotatb6 for w.tEih
rrd Noid tldovitr8 wlt clotbitr&s! thit.ctioo will indE froalbit ud
.*po.urt. Thc rlm* Lf'' fcct, ad h|trdt .hould bc .r.trj..d ttgfitly
to kraDthc cftdrtion ttroD& Thc hedt .bould bo tcpt withi! thc
qst h, or tbrult uldcr thc .rDa. To lvoid frdtbit to fcct, tbc Pc.aoD
rhouldbc errrolpd in nrh a wly thrt aachola c.! Placchi! facto! thc
tar. rbdoEcnofr lcilbbour withiDtbahltc/. c.lottin&
Tha sdult body normallycontainsabout 45 litrca of watcl. A ntn l0 trl
will losc5 litrcs cvary24 hourswhcnrcatingin r tcmFrturc of 35"C. r.ld
Ttc maximumpcrmilsiblc loss bcforc scvcrcdchydrrlion occursis
rbout ll litrcs. 2.5C
S.e*etcr mustnot bc d.unk. DuringWorld Wrt Two,tha morrality
Irtc in lifrboetswhcrcsdt wstcrl,as drunk nngcd bctwcanru% and
8m% highcrlhan in boatswhcrr only frcshwatcre.r u!cd.
Rritr burt bc caugbtwhcocvc.poaaiblcitr dl avaihbb contlia.t|'
suchascans,trottlesand footwear.They shouldbe washedoverside
fint to removecncrustedsalt, Clothing can be spreadout and later
wrungmto a @nlalner,
Il is a goodplan to organis€singrsongs. stoty-telling,and reminis'
cenccs in orderto keepup morale.Smokingmayaggravate thirstand
canb€ danlerousin coldweather.assisting fTostbile.
Ttc food-witbh e boat, bilcuit!, Dil*, rld butcy 3ug& or boilcd
rsratt i! artrrmcly trutritio8 atrdcrsily diSpa&d. It ha5r hilh coltadt
offr! rtrrch, .!d ,u8lr, protciobciry avoidd, einccitt ditcttio! ctrtdlr
coBuEption of bodywrtcr. For tbrarcasoD, thc stotli rbouldlcttr bc
rugDcatadudth mc.t, fuh, cgg3,buttcr, or chccsqlor lhould irh or
birdr bc aatrost ..!, u.lcat thc& i! smplcwrtar aldhbla
Wrt ( i. firltr prioriayoftost spscc,bccaulcr Den cancxitt without
food for r Eonth rtrd lonSrr, providcdhc is givco tuffci?dt wlt r'
Foo4 ho*!wa, do6 p.ovidecncr8y,wsrmth,rtrd hclF to mlhtriD
$odcirq .tionof lhcblood.Gcn.tdly,itir bcttrrfoav.rdafulltLily
l|tiod h?r rh|s to r.duccit ,o thrt rhc suppliaaLrt lorSrt A E!tr
should idcrlly havc sbout E50millilitrcs of watlr par day, with a l.J pint!
midioum of rbout 425 millilitrB. About I 12gramtrr! of ..ch food O75 piat 3.J oi
185
EMERGENCIES
1.75oz aft dcsi.ablccachday, with a minimumof 50 grammcsof clch pcr
dry, Thc rDidmuo qulstiticr quotcd!t! rhodclcc.as.ry to rultai! lifa
Wri.r thouldlot bc isrucdon ttc 6fit dry cxccptto thc i[ or idultd.
Scarichc$ wrrtca body c,rt r, .rd stould bc rvoidd if Doasibla
Whcrl r ncdicalrrDcdyi! swihblg all Fsorr mustrakciL It b c.3cn-
tful to coDbct,casicln63eithir rhc frst rso or th&c daF.
A Gco.d rhould ba tcPt of daily ratiodsrtrd cxistitrgiuppli.r. All
food rhould bc cafao6loi,ly ild wa&r kcpt itr thc mouthfor a! lol8
r. poriiblc, 6!rly grrglirg with it prior ro rwslowirg,
A! tood 3! pGsiblc.ftlr t*ing to thc boat , thc lifcboatrldio ttrl!-
nind rhould bc us.d, if svrihttc. This shouldquic.UyFrid. rricr.
.biF rld.ir.rft !o thc!c.o. ofth. wrcck If &oririrg withitrthcul.
thc a.auchor abouldbaatrtidad in ordcrto lcap lha boqthaadto !c.
.trd 16!.tl hcr lcc drill. lf thc .C3setl too hc.vy foi this to bapotriblc
lhe boer should be run very slowly before the wind, streaminSthe
seaanchor.If oil is availableit shouldbe used.In ihe absenceof an
oil bagthe oil canbe pouredinto pun€luredtim slungover the bows
or quarters.
The four basicconc€ptsof survivalare cotrtrol of fear, the will to
survive, poss€ssion of someequipDeDtand knowledge.Survivalis
morelikely if rhecraft staytogether,sharitrgtheir equipm€Dtandthe
erFriis€ of personnel.Theyshouldbe contrectedby paintersandthe
occupantsever y distributed amongrt them which will assist in
attaininga uniform rate of drift. The exccptionto this may b€ itr very
cold wellher when crowding together producesthe advantsgeof
buddy x,amiq. If the boat is to proccedto land shc should be
heededon as comfortablea cours€as possiblc,which lright itrvolvc
somezig-zaSgingif the mo6t direcl couse might r€sult io shippirB
warer.Oin shouldbc u!€d onlt to cleara ship itr the €veotof ctrgine
failure, to mad(ruvrehto the path of a rai[ showcratrd.FrhaF for
lsndingon bcaches.While in very cold westhertheir us€may help to
ercrcise limbs, it must be balarccd agahst the loss of hcat ftom
Mies. Everyoneshouldtry to Flt his fe€t up for aboutfv€ mhutes
eachhour. A regularwatchshouldbc rct, cachhavinStwo lookouts
or hclmsmento supponeachoths dudngw€adnesr.Any suspocrcd
sightingsof othcr shiF or aircraft shouldbe rcportcd to thc Ol6ccr-
in-charge{,bo sbouldthenusepyrotechDics oDlywhcnlavcrel pcoplc
havc agrced and confirmed th€ sightitrga.Sherkr and l'Igc fBh
can damageinflatable craft. They should not bc annoyed and
nor should food be dumpcd neer them. Elderly ocqrpantsof the
craft may not be as aware of thi$t as olhers and crr dehydratc
very_quiclly.Their consumptionof rationsshouldbe carcfirllysuper-
A lbod indicrtion of thc proxirrity of hnd is !trordcd by low-lirg,
186
BMER,CENCIBS
lradodry cloud ia r clcrr aky, this beinS cotrrlatioirl or oaoStrphic
cloud. Thc f,jghtiircctioo of birdr io thc .arly .raoiog is .bo I good
itrdic.tiotr of thr bcarinS of thc l!nd.
Tba n corat ofS0rrlvct
Tha ftr61lc ship rhould britS thc survivoB ebosd by rtry ol gavdll
of tha followitrg d€tho&:
O) By hoi!ti!8 thc aurvivors' boat! aboad to8cthd wilt lhair
cr!lr/!, uling dcrtich. Thir fu o.ly poaliblc if thc bodr arc trot
too harvy atrd $itablc liftitrg grar i! svrilsblc.
(2) AltcmativEly to (l), by lowrriDg iha v6scl't owtr borb, tratr!'
fcrdnS thc aurvivot! into thasc,ald hoiltiDg thcD ilboard.
(3) Scranbliig (cargo) lcrr and laddlis mry bc ri88d ov.rsidc, lod
thc $rwivort c.tr climb thasa'
(4) In (3) thc Ercolnty trot havc toficicat cd.rgf, snd thct mu$ thc!
bc hoistld rborrd in caovarding, boiu!'s c,haiE,carSpbalkctt'
or by mcans of whips rove through blocls on davit hcads. It
should bc notcd that in s€a watcr of attout 5"C a man can
su.vive for about f2 hours depending upon his fitness and
build. To Drcscwcheat. he should not swim or takc ofi clothcs,
cxccpt to fill thcm with air. In frccziog watcr, thc fin8.ri b.comc
frozan in about 4 minutes, consciousncssis lost aftcr about
7 minutcsand deathgcncrallyoccun within 20 minutcs.Thcs€
tim€ intcrvalsarc all takcnf.om thc initial iostantof immcrsion.
(t A foatiDg stfttc.hctcspabL ofbcitrg hoistld it ulcful for bringi!8
iniurcd Dcn dboard.
(6) ic.rfp lct can bc alurg oveFidc bctwt o davit!, with itr lo{!t
G|rdpady submcrgcd.Thc drrvitsarr swuDgout aad whipq F!}
iDg throuSl block! attachcdlo thc davit h.ad!, lrG t qrttd to t[a
lowar cribgld ofthc oct. Swimmiogsuavivon cra thad matr(lwrt
lhcrnsclvcsacror6thc aubmsgad nct tnd thc whiF art thca urcd
to hcavclhc nat, togcthcr with thc mcn, up tha ahip't sidc' Thi!
bqllcd prbtrckM-
(7) Survivon b thc witcr ca[sot Dcccararilybc Iltqrd togpthcr,
and to make the waiting period more comfonable. a side
boom or a derrick should be swung ovcr$dc in lhe horizontal
Dosition having a net attached to il. The net must b€ Partly
i,ubmergcd. Tde survivoB can thcn cling !o this net and awail
their tum.
(8) An isolated swimmer might be recovercd by csreful us€ of
line-throwing rockeis, fired well overhead.
(D fndeteblc rubbcr liferatls mcy bc dtopprd by eircraft or by
rbipr which, for any rcason, stc unablc lo tfiord immcdiata
187
EMERGENCTES
(10)To pick up suwivorritr thc wal+rwho arc g.oupcdtogcihci,!
2-!io lm farhons vcry loog lengthof. say.25-mmroF-up to 200m-may be
streamed by lhc rescue vcsscl.Thelastfcw mctrcsshouldhavc
scvcrallife-jackcts attachedro il, and thc end shouldidcally
trcsccurcd ro a rubberlife-rafi.howcve.small.
Itr lhc abccnccof sucha reft, two'or thr.c lifc-buoyrwiU bc
sufrciqnt,in additionto tbc lifc-jackcts.Thc sbipis thcdhc.dcd
eclossthc wlnd, i.c. with rhc wind on rba bow, makiage iidc
tum wbilc str.aminglhc linc. As tha tum downwindis com-
plctcd,thc hcadwayis chactd andavcotuallythc ship*ill cona
abrcastof thc arrvivo$, mskiDgaboutI knot otrly,andldth thc
lina fully str.amcdabcam,acrossthc witrdandwitt thc buoyant
atrdclo6.to thc mcnitr thc wetcr.Thc shipwill now bc hcading
do*nwind. Onccthc mcn art safclyclingingto ttc jackcb, thc
linc maybc hovc-i., tati.ogcatt trot to uscthcpropclb
Ilc racovcryof survivoErnustbc cffricd out wcll clcarof plopallars
add ovcBidcdischrr!6. At ligit ..archlight!, siglaliog larnps,ind
carto clustels, if availablc, may be ur€d lo augmctrttbc availablc
lightiog.
A.ssooDaslhc Frlo|rs arc safclyaboardthcymurt bc givro frst aid,
a chaogpofclodriD& rtrd wrrmtb. Fucl oil is not poniculirty brrnful
ro thr stio, atrdis g.oerallyttc lcastof a survivor'sworrica.It ced bc
cL.nd ofrwith r d.tcrg.nr,but thir tGatmctrtshouldaot bc uscdovcr
buma,lorc$ or othff wouDds.A 8ooddtitrk wil bc thc initial.cquirc
mcnt ofe aurvivor,and shouldbc tro&alcoholic,Both food and drink
shouldbc takenas slowlyas possiblc,rhc food bcinglight end rtadily
dig6tcd. Erpodurcvic'timi ihould bc plscadin vaan rcomr, with tha
emphasbotr walmiry thc torso bclorc thc limbc. Rald hcatingmay
caurcpein aad injury. Fr$tbitc shouldbc thewri out in cold wrtcr,
avoidiry any typc of m8saSr. Futuc warEitrg of thc affcctcdpan
mustbc vcry gadusl, aid rc-coolint may bc trcccasary for a whilc to
rcducaDaid.
Thc ofrccr or pcrsonin chargcof thc rurvivoF must,a6roon !|5p6-
siblc, itrform thc o*Dcrs of thc vr€ctad vassalso that arrarucrDcots
oay bc madcfor rcpatdatingth. crcwrnd forwqrdi.gpaslrog.rsto thc
oridnel destinatioD.On a British ship, tbc DcpertmcntofTmr$port
musibe givena rcponof thc accident. ln all casesof w.cckit is of
grcatimportancc ro salvag€lhe Ofrcialand Deck LoSboolsbeforc
fnal abandonmcnr.
n..cd!g iL CI! |[d h.s.[t.tr. of r DbaDld Stb at S..
Tlds opcrationdcFlds upor lcvcralfacto$, Damdythc coDditiotrof
vind ad sca,thc rbilty of thc s.3manto hsDdlcamall borb, thc
uf.ncy ofFquircd rssislstrcc,aDdwhcthcrany hclp is rvrilablc from
188
EMERGENCIES
tta oarsofi on board thc distt6rcd rcslcl. Frotn thc commaoccmcatof
thc r6cuc it is impoatant for thc Mastcr of thc wrcct to aUowhiDaclf to
b. dircctcd by thc rrscuing Maltcr, rincc this will dvoid ulnc€elrry hc.i-
tatio! aDd confusion. Communication should bc etablirhcd by rrdio,
codc fiags, or by lignalliEg lamp, rtd bolb Mas!.rs fully acqudot d
with thc conditions ard syslcn of rcscuc.
If boet! src to bc uscd thc rascuc vcsscl should caukc thc 3t!r to
.sc.rlain whcthc! thcrc is h.s\ry wcckag. add ffotsu about which will
hsmFr end cndangcr boatwotk. Thc r6cu. vcsscl should, idcaly,
m.ocuvrc into thc wakc ofthc driftilg c,rcck rnd stoPhcr cogioar' It it
thcn an casy mattd to dctcrmioc lhc rclativc drift of lhc two va$al .
If thc rcscu. v6scl srrivcs during thc hours of drrknca! thr Mattrr
of thc w.cck should cndcavour to hold od until daylifht. lf, hoervar,
thc wcathcr is stcadily d.tcriorating, such sn ac.tionmay bc crthar irn.
possiblc or unwisc. Both vcssclsshould sprcad low-viaclaity oil frccly'
If thc wrcck is urablc to do this thc rcscucv.ssal ihould s&am around
lhc arca and sp.cad copiou! oil in thc fotm ofd circular rric* into l'bid
thc wreck will drift.
Thc lifcboar sclcc{cd for thc rclcuc opctetioD rhould h!'/r aU grtr
rcmovcd vhich is indcvant to thc rcacuc procldu|q snd hava it Dd-
tialy rcplrccd with life-jacl.6 ard lifcbuoys, bllntca, a lhc
thrdwer,'digocablc balait. vHF rrdio, and FrhaF crtra first aid
gear and a loud hailer.
Bcforc lowcriog thc boat (fully manDcdwith thc c'rc* rvclrilg lifd
jackcts), thc wsscl ahouldcacat a3Soode lcc for it asp63iblc, b.itrgitr8
thc wind on thc opposilc bo*. This action will rbo srrc to rcducaroll-
ing, r.hich is aDadv?rs. frctor in thc lauochinSofa boat. Oil ,hould bc
sprcad frccly from both sidcs.Thc tcscuc vcasclshould at this aL8. bc
lying to wind*ard of thc wEck. Mattrt$ci should bc slunS ov.nidc
bclw.ctr ihc davits and 3ccurcdaL eod ebovc thc wa&r&vcl ia ordcr to
prcvctrt thc boat bing stovc-in during atr advcrscloll. A c.tgo Dcl, .lro
slung bctucrn thc davit! ard trailitrg itr thc wstct, $'iU bc ofgrcat t!,i$.
encc to thc c.rw if tha boat should caFiz. rlongiidc. Thc Pdinlar i!
riggcd and kcpt tight throuShout ro as to lcap thc bort i! po.itioo bc
low th. f.llr. It is . vcry good idce to conncct lighl lilci to thc two
bottoE frl bloclB and m.l thcm otr dock. As soon rs thc blocts rrc
rclc$cd th€y c.r bc haulcd clcar of thc boatb clre.
Just bcfor! thc boet rschcs thc wrw crasls, th. crgitc rhould ba
strrt d rnd th€ plug chcck.d. Thc fall-blocks .r€ mloocd, aDd th.t io
onc rapid lcqucncc thc boat i! Iaunchcd, fllls alE rdc*cd, th. c[gioc
put into fonvard grar at full throttlc, lnd thc pointar lct go, uii[g tha
tillcr hard ovcr towards thc ship's 3idc. Both lowtr fall-bloctt mu3l ba
rclcascdsimultancously,tha mcn on board kcrpitrg lhc frllt rtsolutal!,
rl.ck. If onc block jams or cannot b. rclascd baforr thc boet d6clndr
189
EMER,GENCIES
into a lrough thc c[gioc mustitrstsotlytrc r.vcrsadro briDgttc bost
uodcl tta drvit hcad!rgsin. I8tced of thc fa3tblockhcaviogth{t cad
of tha bost Mily out of thc vatcr, rhcw€ightof thc bort will ovrrbaul
ttc frll baaausc it ir a[ sLck o! toard. Thc dcxr mustkccp$€ll do*tr
in odct to avoidthc suspctrdcd block! a6tha boetclcarsthc sidc.Thc
opcratiodis crtrsEcly lricky, aod shouldprcfcrablybc canicd out in
ahsolutcsilcncc,wirh tlrc o6ccr irr c}erfp givbg hfuotdcB clca y rnd
coocilcly.If thc vcssclhr! vcryrlidt hcadwayoD8t thc tiDc of launch-
iDgthc tightpeitrtcrwil cDsblcthc bootlo talc I vcryrspid sh6r awry
from thc !idc.
By trorr, a colsidc.ablcrlick will probctty cxist towrrdt lhc altck,
addttc boatEsy Focc.d dowtrwin4sFlading rdditio&l oil artcm to
prrvcat shippidgs.a3h tic damlhca&.Thc trim of thc boatshouldbc
rdjustad!o 6uitthc cauEcrclrtivc to thc s.a. ID a shortsc{ thc itccting
mu6tbc vcrycompctatri,aiDccthc bostwill t od to brodch-touadc.thc
slightcatprovocation.If s big s.. furpproaabingthc t Dpt4tionto Lkc
il os thc boo shouldbc rEistrd ad thc boat haodc4at gaody3r pos.
6jbtq dircctly at iL
GcDcr.[y,codtactby bost with a vttct is to bc rvoidcd, but ifit is
ircvitrblc rhc boat shouldoD Do rccoud rpproachfrom thc vlath.t
lidc ofthc attcl, whct. wavc-bsttrirg idll occuf.Ncithct.hould ihc
approachthe lce side, wberc hcavy n'ftrlagc may be accumulating
andpqhap6falling. Furtber, the drift of the wlcck, whicbmaybe uP
to s€vcrallnots, will usurlly prove to b€ a trap for tha boat, atrdit
will bc cxtemely diffrclrlt to gct clcd. In additionto th€saproblcrns,
shce the vreck, if ccotlecrstle tyF, will be ling witb thc wind
.beae or slightly abaft it, shc will bc roli!8, pdhapBheavily.
Fi& 9.1.bow! r wrct lyitr8io four dificrldt politiont Glrtir€ lo thc
wiod, with hci litcly dir€clio! of ddlt i! .ach ca!c.Thc bost lhould
approschat lrcr La crd !B showtrfor cachpo.ition, for thcnt sppi!8 of
thc bo8ti3 urlikdy,
Thc boatDay r..1ltr to thc *t!ck, .od-otr,by Ec.Dt ofa lidc, rcddy
to 80 astcmat a EoEcot" noticcshouldrigt! of brorchitrg-torppcar.
A men ahouldstsndby thc linc with itr ara, redy lo cut it a&ift in
ruch dn cncrgrocy. Oacc fast, thc suwivon Diy lostf, thcdlalvlt
doun rhc lim to thc boatss repidlyar polaiblc.
To rvoid actuslcoDtacteith thc wrlck, rhc bost Eay lic ofrIl.ed to
wiod atrd!aa, btft{rritrg oil, rd wil th.n pick up thc lurvivon from
thc astcr. Thc r!.c1rcdcrrw add p8lrdgar3 mustutrhBitstinglycrtlf
tbc wat r wcarhg lifcjackats.Und6 th6c conditiotrqs lifo-buoyhrv-
itr8two, stloD&buoFtrt lrrving lilca .ttrcb.d c.n bc ulcfrrlfor hcavitrg
FrsoDsf.oo v&ck to boer,onclitrc bcingabosrdcr(i cralt, thc buoy
bciDgp.ascdbdckvadr and fortrl&.
Occ.sioualy,it rnry bc prEfcrablcto drcp r boat downwiDdto thc
1q)
EMERGENCIES
wrcckon a 25-3Gmmnbr€ hawscrhavingonly two or lhrrc mcn in 3-or +ir
thc boat.Pt dty of spar! liic ltould bc l.ft in lh. boet 3o0rrr ft! crcw
cadcontrol thc bost to 6omccxGotahouldit suddcnlybccomcnccca-
.ary to drop furth.r downwind,A goodmcthodof signili!8 mult b.
nainlaimd bctwc.nth. bort .d it! parcdt3hip,Thc bo.t i! kcl h.ad
to eind aad s.a by thc hewrcrsnd staatldwith r st cring oar. If tbc
r.scucshipfumrtiDg a SEatcrdrift thanthc wrack3hceill havcio ula
cogiod in o(dcr to mainteinhcr dbtancc,This callr for vcry cffcicat
shiphandliogif thc bo.t is not to bc hamFtld.
Onccthc boathr! bccnscatrway to lccwerd,unlcBsit b rttachcdto
)
t
Dttfl oa l ltcca.
to^l LltEl colllact
at to3titotlC
al6utE t. I
ibpdrcntlhipthclsttlrwillst .mtolccwsrdofthavrccttladytopick
up thc boatrgain.Thi5avoids!try ncccasityfor thc boathavinglo dlkc
prolotrgcdhcadvayinto thc witrdatd t ."
Whctrcodmudcalionc.trlot bc dtabli.had by bo|t a raft mry bc
tox,Eda6ossthc linc of drift of thc wEck utrtil th. tovlioc foulr that
cnd of thc vrcck whichwouldDormallybc approschcdby a boat Tb3
su.vivorsmtrstthctrcfllcevourto 8ptholdofthc towlitr.' tld boardttc
r.tL Fo. thfu purposc,.tr ioittlblc rubbar lifc-rrft i! bctt r t[!tr o
drctd, roaLsbift !ypc' whicheill brvc i wr! sndl r|trgc ofttrbility,
!trd from aboardwhichruwivor! rrc csily mahd ofr' A r! t Dry ba
simit.rly disparchcd.ftcr 6tablfuhitr8cotlmuticatior by roclct'litc.
191
EMER.GENCTES
ADotbarDcthodi! for thcrlla|c t!3!d to &m broddrid!or lo tbaeftck
(ttcir forF.nd{ft litr6 bcinSFf.lld), but h ruc,h!tr lttiludc t!.r th.y
eill pdlr daar ald ctrd-otr.In thi! ery, rh. ahiF mry sfdy rpproech
vcry clodelyfor the purpoceof estabfshitrgcontact by liDe. In all
ca5€8,thc rcs. e ship cat| try stesmingaroundthe other vcssclin a
circularpeth, streaminSoil on €achvindward pa!s.
Mmy bthci octhodr-rrc Focaitlc, crcn dclcodi4 upoa tbc prcvail-
ing oonditioB.Thc aboE tart .ppli5 cqudly rdl to vE{cb whi:h tta
rtrandd. Tbcrl b thc sdvrnt!8prhrt orc vcrsalit atarioury, ald th6+
foll oDlythc ral! ofdrilt ofthc r!sq& v65cl tra.dbc conaidccd.Eort-
wolk i!, howsvcr,hampdtd by thc lack of i,atlt ldjrcctrt to thc wttok
ad thc proxinity of rocksaod rcefr. with ra outorc *i{d thc bort
rhouldaDchorlo winde|Id td rr.t do*n toeerd! thcrrcclq maitrtrjo'
ing s contiouou!loundbg of ttc boltoD *ith a boot lcsd-litrc.Aflio,
ttc lcc sidcshodd bc svoidcda! an epForch.
MAN OVERBOARDPROCEDURE
Assumingihc ac.idc[t to bc obscrvcd,it is moti importantfor thc
ob.crvcrto cry, 'Man ov€rboardto port (or starboard).'Thc omccrof
thc watcbshouldthcncarry out thrrc simultencous lctioff: hc should
riry stan&by,put thc wheelhardovcr towsds thc sidenom wtidr thc
rtranfcll, rnd rclc{scs lifc-buoyto whichis ettachcda sclf-iSDitingfarc
or a wat.r-aciivatcdclcctriclight. By day,thc uscof oacrl5o cquippcd
with an omngc-smoke ffoat,burningfor 15minutcs,will bc.to Fcat
advsnbg.. Lookouts should bc postcdas high as possiblc,prcfcr-
ably supptcdwith binoculars,cmcrspDc? stadoossoundcdaod . bort
prcparcdfor lowcrin& lnd a g.ncral urg.ncy si8lal trarsmittcd to
atl shipsin thc vicinity. I! busywatcrsIntcmrlionsl codc f.g'o' it
hoistrd.Th. Mastcrshouldbc noti6.d a3quickly !s po.siblc,ttouSh
doub(lc$sthc abovcproccdurcwill alr.ady havcalc.tcdhim.
Tbc rllcasingofa s€condlifc-buoyfu ofqu6tiobablc veluc,sinccthc
manmay ooly sightthc morc dislant onc and bccomchclplcssbcforc
rcachiogit. Funh.r, wh.n thc shiprctumsto thc erct n wiUbc dificult
to datcctwhichbuoywesiDitiauyl!Iaa!!d unl6s th.y r'l providcdvith
dificrcnttypcsof light.
Th. maD,who initially sinks,los6 thc bcncfcialectionof thc bow-
way€washerd comcsuDdcrthc imElcdirtccfrcctof proFllcr suction.
If hc h rblc to dctcrmincthc diEction of ftc ship'ssidcupodbccoming
submcrgcdhc will instinctiwlystrita out tovards it, whichwil rggra-
wtc his denglr. Whcoqrcrpossiblc,hc should,wim rrpidly awayfrom
theship.A vessel oflcnglh l2l nr tra\ellingrl I2 knotswill lravelats il00fi
t95
BMBT.OENCIES
ownlcnglhin m scconds, sndif thcmadfallsowr fo$trd ofamidships
it will takc bctwrcnl0 and 20 3cconds for him to rc&h thc proFllcts,
DuringthisFriod, atralcrt anginccrmaybclblc to stopthceppropriatc
proFllcr from rcvolvin&but this will bc our of th. quastiotrin e ahip
cquipFd *ith turbinc{rivcn shafting,whch will tekc up to 5 dinut.s
to tun down,or in e Diclct cquippcdvcsral.
A8rin, th. rtoppilt ofctrgilc! and lba ulc ofimm.dietc hclm i! of
quaatioDablc valur i! protlctirg ttc roat i! tbc Frt a,for ro litdc timc
b Nrilablc. Howlvra,if hori!.. to tbc rurflca bcfor! &acbinglha Fc
pclla, [c will ilveriably loat cL.r, cm thoug[ hc may Fsr dirtctly
ovlr it If thc thip it roling or pitchinS;cauli4 tbc proFllcr to brcak
ruxfacsor lpprogchit v!ry clodcly,thrtr ha i! ir SraE dd8pr.
It thc etrgiics arc maintained,asfar aspossible,8t full rcvolutions
aod thc ehccl i! kcpt hard-over,drc vcss€lwill then folos a ruming
circle,taling asmll6 as30minutcsto r€tumto the arra shcre thc man
i! ritustld. If thc lhip i..high-Fwcrrd ald quick-tumirylhc will prob
rbly aniv. withh . rhip" lcoglt of thc m!tr, ltc circuht psth wi[
'tturdly bc govcmd by rhacxiltidg wathat cooditio$, partio arly in
a baavya.r, whcDit wil bclacc$rty to Educcspaadasthcr6!al h6d!
up ilto lba w!8.
If Fcovaryh to bc Dadcu.itrga boatthi! mry nfaly bc dotrcitr hort
rc. corditio!3 whilc thc sbip har bcadwryoo hcr of up to about 3
trot!. A kc ttould bc madr for th! boat, ard if rhc lcss rtl b&Qkitr8
oil shouHbodiltributld it letll qu&titi6.
Ifibc vqscl ir stoppcdurdct thaactiotrof rcYErrcd cDSiDca at rooD|r
thc man ir clcar, it modcrat! slathca a boet Bsy idDcdhtrly ba
bo€r€d ad matr@vrEd towatd hinr, guidcdby radio or morle stnals
from r lootout aloft. If thc E!! it lost froo dght rhc boatshouldFo.
c.cd bacLdolg thc rbip'r track on a comFlt coutla Io rrvailio8 b.t
.dgin . lh! rhip wil h.v! d.dc lido lrtcnl vdy ovtr th. 8rous4 but
.ly hc d.ift Dult bGrloerd for eh.n uliag aucha oonFra coulF
Ttrrc d!, iEoog othcG,thEc ulcful ncthod! i! wbichttc ahipnay
bc hradlcdro tbat rbarcturu lo thc Er! id thasstca.M.thodr (r) rnd
(c) brvr rutoDstic+turn f.afit!, ud s[ ett iUustrd.d it Fi8. 9.2.
(, ft. wI[.Dd lt!
Thi! rr! d.vircd anddnnoutrrLd by Codmandart. A. williamlo!
of ttc Uoitcd Stil6 Naval Rdcn'c io 1942.A n!tr in thc w!tc. fac..
th&c trzadr: drowlitr& D!trglitrSby thc proFlrfl, rld rbindofircnt
du! to no o.rtior" Tbi! hnn vat orighatrd b ord.' to rcduccth6c
dllgclt to s miDiDud, In d!d(nc!., poo. viribility, or bsd wc.th.r,
ald whaotbctisc of tbcracjdadtit DntnowD,thaaxaartio!of tlis tun
nry bc rclicdupotrto brinSrhc v6scl a! clo&ly ar po6iiblcbrct to hai
origird track.
196
arrlL8Eu stEtDY ON RICtPIOCAI
couR3a
lfi-t'iir^M-soN-Ju-ffil
AFTEFT MIIE D€LAV
E!E!!.9SIE!A!!-9-!!8U
198
EMERGENCIES
Unit, fittedwith the buoyanrheadto thc rock.t, msy trc us€fulin sucht
c3se.
Laddcn and ncb should bc riggcd on thc lcc siale,altatrdcd by volun-
teers *crring lifc-jackets and safaty lincs s€cur€dto tbc ship, who arc
prcparad to enter the water in ofdcr to hclp thc na! asccndor to slcurc
a whip or safcty bclt to hill. Ast m movcmcntscloscto tha matr ahould
bc avoided, sincc thc propcllcr washwill t.dd lo throw bio away from
thc ship's sidc. When Iowering a boat, or approechioga victim, thc ship
will invariably have lost headway whcn lhe ProPellcr wash from thc
rcverucdp.opellers abrcaststhe amidshiF po6ition.
ln log Oe lvilliamson tu.n is lhe most prcfcrable man(ruwc. If this
is not uscdthc vessclshouldbe stoppcdquicklyand a boat lowercd.It
shouldstccr back along thc ship'strack usinga compasscoursc,and
shoutdbe equippedwith a megaphone. a foghorn.a radio and a radar
rcfleclor.The parentship shouldmakeher fog signalfrcquently,and
follow tle boafs movementby radar.Thc negaphone,hcld lo lhe ear
inslcad of the mouth. provid€sa uscful meansof asc€rtaininSthc
direcrionof sounds.pamicularlya man'scries.
Fo. lhc viclim, the b.st advicc is to float rathct tharl swim, in oldcr to
cooscrvccn.rgy; rcalise that the ship will rapidly disappcar from vie\r
d e to his negligibleheightof cyci neverlosc hope of rescue:r€nrain
as c:llm as humanly possible.and when reschinga lifF_buoy'slrike
it otr onc sidc only wirh both haods clenchcd. l! will thcn tip ov.r his
hcad and hc cao support himsclfon it by his elbows. ProfcssioDallifc_
savc$ sdvisc swimme$ to strikc a pcnistcnl shark on *hat may bc
considc&d to tre its nose,the r€sullant rapjd actrcatbcing his rcward for
such cool couragc.
'O'
Ifthc ship frcqucndy sounds in Morsc codc on thc sircn it will do
much to raisathc victim's moralc, cvcn though thc vcssclis out ofsiSht.
Its us. in foggy, uamc watcrs should prclcrably bc avoidcd unlcssus.d
in conjunction with a lrdio urgcncymcssagc.Whcn usinga bost in poor
visibility, thc ug.Dcy 3ignf,l should bc folto*cd by a w&rniag of thr
boat', movcmcdlsand approrimaic Position.
Mhrirg Pcrc
Whcn a pcrsonis .eponcd missingat sca,lhc Mastcrmay dccidcto
s€.rchthc ship bcforeturningback.lfih€ Frson i! found to b€ aboard
thcn ofcours. no lime hasb.cn lost on ihc voyagc.On thc otherhand,
if lhc Frson is not found. thcn ih€ ship'till havcto b€ lurncd back
Bccaus.of this d.lay. the p€rsonwill bc in lhc water for a period of
timc cqualto iwict thc duratioflofthc searchcomparcdwith a similar
cascwhcrcthc ship is turncd atound al on€.. clcarly lhc lattcr ection
is to bc Drcfcr.€d,
tv)
EMERCENCIES
Thc shipshouldbc searchcd by asmanypcoplcaspossiblc,lookingin
thc most unlikcly placcs.lonccfound e missingmanin a cattlcpcn on
thc poop. anothcr biding in thc chaiDlock.r, aod a third crouchcd
undcrgatings in thc shafttunnclovcr *hich thc scarchparty waswalk-
in8! Thcrecanbc no hardand fastrulcson ihe subjeci.On e pssscng.r
shipthc omcrr on watchuscdthc publicaddrcsssystcmat full powcra!
3 a.m.and locateda missingboy aslccpin a toilct. Thc shccivolumcof
soundawakcncdthc boy.
Whcn thc pc.sonis missingin hcary w€ather,thick fog, darkncssot
frcazingconditionsor whcrc many sharksarc sbout, oi *harc it is
known that thc pcrsoncannotswim,thc Mastcris fac€dwith a scrious
dilcmma.Howev€..Foplc havcsurvivcdfor graatlcn8hs oftimc in thc
watcr rclardlessof thcir agc, lt is an occasionwhcrc thc pcrsonality
of thc p€rsonvirtually govcrnshis survival.Thcrc is t rcport of an
Australiannaval s€amansurvivingfor 17 days in thc PacificOccrn,
havingfallcnoyerboardwcaringa lifcjackct.lt must.|ot bc assumcdof
coursa,that bccausaa pcrson was last sccn say 4 hours ago, that hc or
shc fcll overboard 4 hours ago.
ITEAVY WEATHEN
A wavcwhichis b&akingis morc dengGrous thsn onc whichfu !ot,
olthoughthc lrlt€r can bccomccquslly haz.rdour if it fu uDnrtllraty
brokra upon irDpecteilh rhc ahip. A brraking wrvc is high6 dtd
stepcr lbatrotrcwhrchrcmain!utrbrokcn,andwhiL tbc motio! \rithjt
lhc bttcr i! gcdcrallyiD ttc varticalplancody, tha formarvrvc pro-
jccB a largcvolomcof watcr dowtrwardrand ahcadot iac4 c-ruliDg
suddcdhorizodlalmotiotrofs buoyantobitt, ,uch6! a troal In dmost
all r.a conditio$ ttdr t o& to bc a cyclcof srvr dcvclopdc rtrd
dctrriorrtiol wbid i! uluilly ru6cie0dyrcgularto cnattas r.lDsa to
pcdict r shortpaiiod ofmodaatirg r...
In opan,daapwat6r ehcr! tia witrd h|t a lotrS/.rcr, i.c. r !tr8p,
$looth arca ovcr vhich il may blow without mactiaSob.tructioDr,
wav.sarc highcrand thcir 3uoc.ssivc crcst! ar! farth.r epert,thc dis-
tanccbetwEnlwo suchrdjaccdtcatstsb.irg knownit thaeawlaqth.
WhcDtbc wavclcdglhitrcrcsr.s,so docathc limc irtct93l bd\r,Ecnrhc
p€lsagpof two suoc.slrwcFst! pasl r ir.d point, i.c. tb tw perbd
of lhc sav6. If ttc p.riod rcmain! co,3rrn! thcn thc vclocityof th.
wav6 muEa mcreiSc.
Ilrgc v.sscbbchrvcbcstio s rhort sca,whilc aoallcrclafr at! morE
coDfortablcin a lonSrc5, i.a onc hsvinga hrg. wavdcoglh.A lotrg
v6scl, supportcdorly st hcr cD& or rDidshiF by wavccrlstt, ia ruts
jcctcd to scvcr€bcDdir8strcsscs, rtrd a shortcrwavclcDslh b lbcrcforc
pcfcrablc.Thc acamstr cancsiimatclhc wavcchaBclcristica oncchchar
m
EMEROENCIES
found tbc truc Friod bccausc:Thc vclocityiD knotsir roudly cqurl
lo thrcatimcsthcFriod mcasurcd in scconds.Thc wavclcntthin mc(rcs f.ct
is roughly.qualto thc squarcofthc pcriod(in s.conds) multiplicdby
1.5,c.8.a tsccondwavcsystem hasa velocityof 15knotsanda wavc- t
lcngthof37m.Thcscveryclos€ly approach thaobscfted l2Jft
charactaristics.
Thc pcriodof roll of a ship tu thc liEc Lkcn lo roll from, ray, port
ovcr to starboatdatrdbackto port. It maysimilarlybadcs€ribad a! lhc
tiDc iatcrvalbctwc.dthrcc suoccasivc traDsit3of thc 'rrst tholgh ttra
vrrtic.l planc. This pcriod b largdy govemcdby thc nclrcaotric
bcight,a ahortroll andad uncomfortablc motionb.ing associated *ith
t ccrtr of lreviry positiotrcdlow down in th. vcsscl.Sucha vcssclir
dclc.ibd a! bcirg rtifi bcr countcrpartwith a long pcriodof roll sDd
hilb st& of gravily bcing known as t.nder ot crar*. Thc lattar'r
rnotioois morccasy,but both cxtremcsarc undcsirablc.Thc pcriodof
roll is incrca.cdby distributingwcighlsfarthcrawayf(om thc fot?rtrd-
afl lirc of thc ship,thc procc$ bcingknownas lt,irgirg-olt w.ights,
ID s limilar way thc Friod of pitch of a ship is thc timc takan to
alcctrdfrom rhc lowlst positionand rcturn to il oi tha timc bctwccn
lhrccsucccssivc traDsrtsofa fircd pointon thcstcmthrougha horizonld
Dlra(-Thc apparatlpedodof thawavcsis thc timc intcrvalbctwccnth.
posslg! of two succassivc crcststclativc to a shipbomcobscrvcr.It is
3omclimca cafledthr p.rrbdof .ncofiteL Wh. a ahipis runningbcforc
r scalhc apparcnlpariodcxccads thc truc pcriod,and viccvcrsawhcn
thashiphcsdsth. !ce.ThcpcriodofmcouDtcris thc intcrvalwith which
tha 8almanis mo3tconccmcd.
Snchrol&m
Whcnthc roll pcriodis equalto th. apparcntwav. pcriodcachroll it
boostcdby thc wavcsand a conditionof syochtonous lollillg is sct up.
Within a minutcor ,o thc v.ssclrolk lo lar& ingl.s, whichprog&s-
3ivclyincrtesc.Shiftingof thc cargomay occur,but in cascswhcrcthc
rlsgc of strbility h smallthc v6scl maycapsizc.Thc conditionmustbc
rrcognfucdimmcdiatclyand couNcaltcrcdrapidly in ordcr to chsnlr
$c rppdrcntwavcFriod. Thc vcssclis mostvulnc.ablcwhcnthc a.ais
lbaam, and in thb situatiotrthc truc and appercnlwavcpcriodsarc
cqurl. A! iDcrr3scin mctac.trtrich.ight (or lowcringof thc cmt . of
grevity)c,ill idcr.a3cthc Nmplitudcof6yochronous rolliog.
Synchronous pitchingoccirs *hcn thc pcriodof pitchis cqualto thc
pcaiodof cncountcrand causc!cxcrssivcmcing of thc cngincsa! thc
proFucr cmcagcs faomthc watcroaapproachcs thc surf{cc,longitudi
tralstraininSof thr hull, and hcavydamagFduc to thc shrppingof 3c$.
A.ltciationof sp.adwill dcstroythc condition.Thc wa!.r rcabtrnccto
pilchirg is gEatcr than to rolling, and thc pilchinganglcdocsnot bc-
comcabDormallylargr-
ml
EMERCENCIES
A v6scl brokcn down and lying helplessin thc wavc trough is cx-
tEmcly vulncrablc to synchronousrolling, and m.ans should bc adoPtcd
to bring thc vcssclh.ad to wind and sca as soon as thc cnginc frilurc
S.. An norg
In aDchorinsdcpthslhc casicstandquickcstwayof bdnginSa vcalcl
hcadto wiod is to trail a lcngthof chaincablcalotrgthc sca-bcd.Thc
anchoris dctachcdfrom tbc cabl. io minimisathc risk of it fouli!& If
onc cableprovcainsuffcientthc othcr shouldalso bc u!ad, but ii i3
prcfcablc to kccponc anchorrcadyfor uscitr lhc haw& pjpc id c.!c
ofan cmcrgcacy. Thc cablcahouldbc rcrdy for rlippi!8 add buoyiog
shouldit foul sn undcrwetc.ohBtruction,a{d this b b6t achicrcdby
locatiog. joinjng shacklcjust abalt thc upFr ctrdof th. ha*!c piDa
SincElhc waithcrcnlailingthisproccduEwill bcvcrybd, !o attahpt
shouldbc madcto hengotr thc atrchor,sioccthis idvolv6 r.ndirg r
matrovcrsidcin a bosun'scltair. Thc aochoris thcrcfoE h,!hd itr itr
stowrdpositionwithin thcpipcaddthccablcfucsscd.Thc lprrljoining
shacklcjust rbrft tha aDchorshacklcis brokcn,and thc 6blc is EaF
handlcdout tbrougha forwardfairlcad,thc PaoamsC&al ryF baing
idcal.In lhc absatccof sucho lcad,a rDooriDgchockwill hevcro bc
us€d,but rtry damagcto it will bc of smallmoncDtif thc shipi! !av.d
from majordamagcor stranding.Thrcc,or cvcnmorc,shacklcsshould
bc raDgldalongthc sca-bcd.Thc uscof thc slstbcr cablc,if only otrc
is to bc us.d, will prcvctrta coDtitrurlbad lip at thc cmpo.t. This
mcthodof scaaDchoringis ulcd frcqucndyby somcMastcl! of lhort-
scatradcrswhcDcncountcringbad *.athrr in thc North Sca"
In wat.rs of all dcptbsothcr mcrho&.rc fcrsiblc,providcdtillc rl'd
suitrblc gcaris availablc.tD prst daysa Ery cfretiv. aaa.lchor wsr
madcby lacingr trysailto r boom,wciSbtingit at itt low.r rpar--thc
tack of thc sail-a[d srrcamitgit ih6d on a roF bridlc. Nowr&y!,
suchao &ppliaDcc would havcto bc mrdc froD apdaircaDva!,or ter-
puliq atrda woodcnspar.Thc httcr b not al*ays avsihblc.Thccasva!
will tat. colsidcrablctimc to prcpa.c,snd ft. atrangfhof thc fnirhcd
eppliaaccwill bc doubtful.Thc followirg src ricd mattods,but thcy
2m
BMBROBNCIES
mayprovcu$uitrblc fot Lala $ar.ls:
(l) Thc attramitr&onr wirchawscr,ofucraralcargotu*9s or cDpty
oil drumstiggcdin i clustcr,or ciln an cmptycontarncr,
(2) Th. ltrcamhg of a wood.o ratt, wtiSbtld 8t i$ lorv.r cd& sitb
!pd! chai .
(3) Tlr strcsoi!8 of a tritngulrr_Fiin hatch t dt hlving it! apcx
tlmovld and its brsc lttrtchd op.d with two cro6cd awdnS
rpsrs. Thc atrcngtbof tbc 6p6.swill gowrD thc lifc of thc taa
rnchof.
(4) Thc rtlaming lhcad ofr c,ltcrloSSrdboat;thc fdlr ei ptobabl,'
havato bc cut adrift aod thc bo.t mly ba non_rccovctlblc. Thc
us. oflifc-ssvhg appli!trca!itr thk wry mayrdl bc rcgatcd rt
a htcr stagc.
(t' Thcrtrra;i!8 ofr voodaocergodab hrtch,i.a.6v. or rix *oodto
hrtch.a dt .ay ftappcd logpthcrwitt !tr.l shtr hto r &cralglc
8 i rqurc about2 5 m squarr.lt mustbaw€iShtcda! its low€rcd8! so that
it lila rt|'lic.ly itr thc wetlr'
(O Ttc tittilt ofi brt .bift miz.d !.il to itrcrrrscth. wild !u a.r
rtl
Atlrhc..d.tiodttrtccoltidcnt ctiE .td tsoublclori8'.!dtbcii
jattiroding irvolE &nSEr to thc qtd ia hravy st ttcr. Tbana!rG'
iro'lvlr, cas rEporad*hcrc r vBlal ha! ba.o$ccqsfuuy tumcdh.ad
to tild by loltrilt @c or both a!c.ho|tto a consid.td c drPth,lh.
rt..al m.taa haFry whilc har alahorr Lnd to itnlin vcrticilly abor'!
a frad poirt Thc bowt ltc thaddowly rwurg bto lbc witrd.Tbr lowll
tbc d@thto rvnichthc.lcborr rll v..t!d, tho bdtlr $'ill bc thc rt tlt'
duato tbailat .!.d *at.r t'r€rlrra It ir ptrfcr.blc thcrcfot! to rficEpt
thfunathodprior to cobaaocitrgE nuftcturcofrr rPplialcaofdoutl--
ful strcnSth;life, andemciency Until thc a[chor rcachcsthc levelof
tbc kccl ihcrc is coDsiderablc dangcrof it damagingthc hull platingas
tha versel rolls. It would bc $wise to veer more than ebout four
slFcllca of chainon eachanchor.In cxcessol this, the windlassmight
havedilfcl ty h liftiog the anchorand chain.
tdt n to a L. Sta.
A r.. rf,or?i! otrctowrtd! vhich r rEotr8wind ir blowin&Oocationr
rrila eh.o s }l3scl i! attonfly rct to*!td! auc.h ! shoE andi! uarblc to
tum hcsdto wild in otdcr to E*c frvour.blc wry out to lcrwald.
Thi! riturti@ ia moctlitcly to oact|ritr r Low-Porrrcdv.*!Gl,Prtticu'
hdy whco in lbht coddition ID rdditiotr to hc. lcc*ry, thc v.8i.l
comcrundd tbc iniu.occ of a tutfaa! drift currot cratld by thcidnd'
FoviLd tbat tbc whd ha! bloen ulrrctilgly fot trotc thrtr 24 hou6.
m8
EMERGENCIES
h hith btitlrdc. thi! rlrift ourtlot ir lLly to b.vr.! rvcisgcr.t cqud
to 2% of tb. wild rp..d, rrtd 4 %i! thc celcof lov Iltitudci. lt ir th.F
forc po6s:tlc ro Fldicr, in low Ltitudc.! r drift i! Dil6 Fi d.y roug y
aqud to lhc wind rpacditr knott, ag. r 3Gltrot wind mry pll'ducaan
rpploriD.t drifi of30 niLr i! olc dry i! lorv Ltitud.3.!d 15bilcr
pcr dry id highlatitudat.Erccpriorr to th6c frqucody ocqlr, p6rtbu-
Ldy rithi! rhc hdirn Ocaarat ttc tiEc of tha !outh-q,r.t EoDtoo!,
wb.ir &ily driltr of 160mil6 c'! occ{r. Tbc a/6tcm coartaof tha
U[it d KirfdoE |t! rltrowrrd lcc lhorls efLr s Friod of louth-
rlttcrty gatcr,ald aautiorsry notla sr! prhtld oo thc rpFopri.tc
Addtnlty ctrrt b rhi! cfi€ct D6pic thi!, a v*r.l lrouod.d in
rccantF.rt Jtcr bcing aftpt to Lavard, $dU thc lo.a of dl hard!
roSdb.r sith thc c{!r of th.loc.l Royd N.lioo.l Lifcboatl$titution
craft. Total lec drilt in excessof 4 knots is not unusual.
Tharcar! four balic vayr jn wh.id r r,€slalm.y stiro|Pt to cLsr r L.
rhorc:
(l) By.rpid uscofa acr anchorto swilg tbc v6!cl hctd to wind.
(2) By lcttirg go both rrchors, whcn itr suitlblc dcptb, loubbiat
tbc bow3hcad to wind, ud stcamingout to laswrld, *!i8hin8 hat
archor! |! rhc doc3ro,Ifthc ec'tofwciglinS elrc.hora ir liLly to r*ing
thc borv' ofr thc witrd,thcn prcfcr.bly oncr'chor ody shouldbautad
on a lolg lcoF rtrd slipFd from tbc d.ck whilc procditrg out
(3) By turing drough 2m' doeowind uod.r full rp.d .ad h.lm
until lhc rt.rcl hadr tic wind.I! .siling !hip6thfuia l(novn r! r ir.r-
ing turtr. Thc mcthodir hz.rdou., bccrula if it flila tbc vBtcl lir.
muahclo..r lo thc codsdircand,fuithcr, thc momcotumof hcr twitr8
mun bc Ddnt itrcd in ordcr for it to ba ruccGrful,!trd thit itvolv.s
bti!ti!8 ala bow! vcry rapidlyinto e hcevyaae.Thiafu liLaly to c.u!a
arfaotiE dam!8a,
(,1)AFn froe (2), thc ncthod do6t litcly to ruocccditr dGGp e .r
ia a! follor!:
Tbc adti!. i! llrtnd ald tbc vclrcl, stich i! auorrd to gttcr oDly
tbc EinirBurtrof it mway, rur! hc. stcm into tbc viod'. cyc. Thir
pocitio! ir rhc[ hcldwhilc doodingoftha aftai cornpartmdb ir c.nicd
ouL Tbc fooding of tbc rttcr hold alooc will, thouShi&d.rsiog thc
nddr( |!d propcUcrfurrhcr, c!a.t a! relerld trin ptoducilg |!
iDcrrilad sind surfrccforward.!d ary bcocotm.y bc lost.Ifonly oac
hold can be flooded, the one abaft the v€ssel'stipping centrc *ill
livr ric bcarrr.ul$, h i! dcdr.blq howcvcr,to iood a! rD.nyall com-
Frt[cot a! posiblc. Thc holdr rhould bc foodcd to jun balowthc
Lvcl of enyBheft-tutrneltop. Thc tuMcl thanrct$ asa vashplate,and
frerrfacc rfccB rtr Educcdto e ouertcrvrluc,
EMERGENCTES
Thi! aa'tion,than,aink tbc v*rcl bodily,rtrd thc grlrtlr thruatofthc
srfl tolpthrr rvifh ttc incrl|lcd ruddcr!.alitivig ofrlctr ary rdvc.lc
ctrct of uiE. Thc ioodilg i! carrii out by mcrn! of hos6, ramovidg
lorFrdum vrlv6 aad pumping tb.ou8[ tbc bilgc linc with linbd
bodd! (bilgpcovcrr)rsnov€d,md/or fooditrg up throughthc doubla
bottob tarb *itt ooldc doora utrshippcd-Any othcr sveilabl.
Dc!tr! lhould ba us.d itr rddition. If lh. dolblc-botton trils contain
fircl oil only thc irrt two mctbodsarcu!d. IfDossiblc,r[ loosctinbca
.!d gc.l thould bc takcd itrto thc 'twrcd dock,but in sl adarsrDcy
trothilg rbould bc sllowrd to iotrrfcrr with thc rrpid foodiDg.A carc
on rccordshowsthc two aftcr hol& of a vcssdof 5@0tonncsD.w., in
lilht conditiotr,to hrvc bc.n suficicntlyioodcd io fony mioutls.
ODo.thk i5 achicvcd,r tum i o thc wiod i3 sgrin attamptld,prcfaF
.bly to pon io r 3hglcrcrcwshipto makcuscof taanrvrnclhrust
It i! mort uodcsirablcto gthcr too muchalamvayinro Urc.q fo[:
(a) thccngitrdwiu raccducto pitchiq; ard (r) thc ruddcraDdproFllcr
whcaundcrhaadwayatc paotcctcdto somccxtcntfrom wavcimpoct
bul undct stcmwaylhcy atr cxttEmclyyul&rablc aad ar. litcly to bc
fr&turcd. A caschis occurrcd,howrvcr, of a vasscllying s&rFto 4
hcovy6.r whilc mainrsiringhcr pditioD ofra I.. shorc,atd with hct
scalwturting ovcr at vcry slow tEvtrscdrrvolutiotrsfor 36 houB. Oil
wra usadio p4vant brcakitr8s.a. strititrg lha bladc!,end DodrmaSa
wrt sufricd.
Ifthc vcasclhaslow altcm-poptr, shcmry hevclittlc ch!trcaofevoid_
ing strandingdespiteher following the abovemancuvre. A vessel
of 7000tonnesdeadweightwas headingin a northerly direction ofl
the Califomiancoastat light drauSht.At noon her po6itio[ wasfited
a.trdcolditiors wrc calm.By 2000hourathc wind wls Cc forcc aDd
frBhcnin& wilh ! hcavylwcll on thc pon bcrrD.HcI 6ta.ringbccaDc
dimcuh atrd at 2100hoursioodiog of No. 5 hold er5 comrDcoccd,
usiig four ho66.By 22m houB thc wiod spccdwesatlout 55knotselrd
firll hctD h.d trocfccl. A wcarhgtum ee3rttcrnptcdtowdrdslhc laBd,
to no rvril. At 23(X)hoursthaan8'ncwa! rEvcB.dat ful rpccdandtha
vlaralraa hcr ttcm up into ttc widd.In thi! situsiiotr,duclo low altrm'
poecr, lhc wasuoablcto bold hcr p6itiotr aDdvinudly sailcdbcfoE
thcwird. Visibilitywrs rpFoachingnil- At Oy) hoursa rccfwassttuct,
r.arinSscvcralbottomplet.sr*ry adjaccntto thaforwardcDgitrr-toom
bulthcad.At 0120houn thc lrowsstruckrnd thc vcssclb..amc fasl on
l5o yds a rock 150m otrshorc.Both anchoN*€re let go.
DANCERSTO NAVIGATION
A drrcr!, fua vcascl*hich hasb.€dcorbplctclyabaodon€d but which
rsneins .foat. Sinccthcir lighE will usuallybc wilhout powcrsupply,
c.llilioD is possible*ith thcm at night aod {ri[ iNeriably bc cnd.ol
rt full sp.!d. Extcnsivcdsmagrfu likcly. A darclictcanbc trtc! i! toe
andr claimmadcfor r salveSp sward.
On sightingr daoScrou3 dcrctic! thc Mastaris boundlo cornmudi-
cltc thc informetionto all sbiF in thc vicinity rnd alro to thc Dtatltl
coastalAuthority. It muslbc rlportcd to thc local R.cciycrofwrcct.
Thc traoslhilsionwill cotrsistof. safcty sigdrl atrd mey bc in plain
luguagc (p.€frnbly English)or in Int€matioDtlCodc.Thc m.ssrgpis
frc. of cbargc1olhc ahipconccmcd.
Tbc sr.!a obligationsapplyto &nSarou!ic., etryothc. dit!61drn8pr
to Davigation,r tropidl storm, s.wl! ioc acct€tionlsrocistrd witb
gal6 aodsub-fr€czirglcmpcratuEs,atrda wind offorcc l0 or abovcon
tha B.eufort !c.Ic for whichtro wsmidgha! bccntEccir€d.
Thc informetiontraBmitt d shouldincltrdc.io thc cascof ica,d.rt-
licts aad similar&Dgar3i
(l) Thc kind of dar8probscrv€d.
(2) ThcLrt ob6arvcd pGition ofthc daDgdandlhc Gt€cnwichMcan
Timc .nd &tc,
I! thc c.sc of. tropicrl stormthc trrnlmi liod shoulditrcludc:
2tl
EMERGENCIES
(l) A 6t tcmcnt that thc itorm ha! baancncountcrcd,or that thr
Martcr bclicvcsoncto crist ot badcvclopingin thc rrcs.
(2) Th. datcrnd tinc (c.M.T,).
(3) Thc ship'r po3ition.
(4) Thc bdonctric prlsrutEand whcthcrit h&! bcancorEctcd.
(5) Thc b6romatcrtrDdcncy,i.c. thc changain thc last 3 bourr.
(6) Thc wiad dircc{ionand B.aufort forcc.
(7) Thc statcof sc5&ndswcll.
(t) Thc truc counc .nd 60..d of thc ship.
Thc Maatcr shouldthcn transmitfurthar rcports prcfcrablycvaty
hour,a[d in aDycalc rt intcrvelsof lcasthrn 3 hoursfor ss long rs ha
rrrnaioi utrdarthc infiucnccof thc atorm.
In lhc ca3cof windsof forcc l0 and abovcfor which.lo wamingha!
bccd rcccivcdthc m.ssagcshould includcall thc abovcpoints with
thc cxccptionof (7). Mcssagrsconc.mcdwith icc eccrctionshould
includc:
(l) Thc.position.
(2)Thc G.M.T.
(3) Thc ai. tcmFrature and thc acatcmFraturc (if FacticabD.
(4) Thc wind forccand dircctioo.
Thc followingarc sp6imcnmcssagcs:
TTT lce,Extcnsivcbcrgsightcd46m N 5lm W 1200GMT April 30.
TTT Derelict.Der.lict sightld low in watlr h.clcd about30 degrccs.
Narncuokoowrr.3J00S I l0l4 E 0300GMT Dcc20.
TTT Naviption. MiDGsighlcdS3 N I02l W 0930GMT Junc15.
TTT Storm.Hunicancbclicvcdnarby dur south.1500GMT July
22.2002N 4O0lW. Corrected baromctcr 74cn. Tendency down
5 mm.wind E force8 squally,Heavysoulherly swellveryrough
sca.Course252spccd15ktrots.
TTT Storm.Witrdforcc I0 no warningrc.civcd.1,100 GMT Fcb 12.
5006N 1005W. Corfectedbarometer 74 cm. Tcndency down5
mm.WindSWforcel0 veefing. Coursc24Ospced9 knots.
TTT Sevcrcicing occurling, llm GMT Fcb 22. 70 N 12 W Air
lcmp - l0 S€irtemp l. WindNNEforce9.
S.lv.g!
If a ship, livcs, or cargo on board arc savcd from a daDgcr,vo&.'t.
rdrill and succcasfully,thc pcrson so doin8 carrics out a salvagpscrvicc
and is cnlitlcd to a rcward.
In sDiteofthe fact that a Mastcrmust,by law, assistaly vcss.ltlut
coUid; wilh him or whichis indistress,hc is still rc8ardedasa voluntccr
for thc purposa of salvagc.A passcng.rcqnnot claim salvaScunlcs! hc
chooscsto rcmai! aboard and assist,iu sPitc of the offcr of rcscuc.A
mambcrof thc crcw is hund by his ag.!€ment to ptcscrvc his ship, and
crtr clsim s.lvagc only if hc b ordcrcd to abandotr hfu ship (thc ordcr
bcing givcn with no intcntion ofrctuming), but latd r.tums to it.
Thc Royal Neiy may claim salvaS!; Coastgurrds may do so if thcy
providc a SEatcr scrvicc than that to which th.y ar€ bouod; mcmban
ofa R.N.L.I. lifcboet may claim salvegr if lhcy find tlut thcir lifc{rving
,arviccs srl no! &quircd 8nd they choosc to grvc propc(y'
Evtf,y salvor who contlibutrs to thc ultimatc auccaasm|y claim a
ihrrc in thc rl\vard, but initially lhc M$tcr ofthc aalvcdlhip may 3cl6't
his.slvo.! if sdcral arrivc upon thc sc€na O!h6! mey $3ist latcr if bc
dccidcs th.t thci. srrvic.. rrc ncccasary,but o ly with his Pcthiasion.
In thc cisc ofdcralict, thc first salvor to srrivc hrs conrplctccontol rnd
3olc righti; othcF mry itrtcrfc& otly if hc Prow, to bc thoroughly
ircompctctrL
Thc ulc oflloyd's St ndard Form ofselvagc Aglamaoi bctwc€nthc
213
EMERGENCIES
Mast r .nd hG salvorssavcstima, ber9inin& end rcfcrsrll dilputr3
dirEc{yto erbitratioD.No filaDcidlsumtr.cdbc mcntioncdi! thcrgrtc
nco! it bcinSdccidcdlatrr by thc Adr ralty Court!. I! lhc crlc ofr
relvlgc claie bclowfano thc Rcccivcrof Wrcckvill probablyd..l with
il hiElclf.
Aesr& r.rr ulusly paid for thc salvagpof liv6 ooly if proFny ha!
bc.n sevcdrs wcll, bccruscthis thcn providG r lourcc of firlarcc. b
Unitld Kingdomwetcrslifc salvagcin thc atscocaof proFrty rdvrgc
may bc rewardedby the Departmentof Transport (D.o.T ) out of
Trcasuryrcsources.
214
CIIAPTER X
TOWINC
I.EGAI ASPECTS
In ccrt in cittumstancc!a ship which rcquls to bc towd lDry
Dottrcc.ssarilybc in diatr6s,&ld for thir rrsroq d Mrltcr Fopoairtgto
low hcr .hould arc..tii! th.t btuChrtt r-Frty &d/or Bi[! of Ldilt
rllow him to do so it sucha ca!c.If thc vdrcl is itr di!ft&!, thctr 8ha
couldbeto\red to a placeof safcty,but the towingMastertheDhasno
dght to coDtitructowinSfor tha purpoacof compLtings snccclsful
lrlvagc opcratior unLa! tho .bov. docuEcDttFrrlil hio to do ao.
Alsuntiagrhrt thc towingM.rtar is ulr6tri:tad, bc ahouLd coasidcr:
(d) Thc durationof thc towingvoyagc,
(D)Ary D.i cortract to wbichhc nay bc a D$ty,
(c) Whctbcrh. eil bc rblc ro $rivc rt hir oriSinald6tilrtion bcforc
tla cancclingdetcof thc Chartq-party.
(y')whcthd hc hascnoughbudtcr3atrda safc'trcrvc.
(") ThGcfccl of dclayoo bi. owtrcargo.
(, Th. porcr of hi! cngindt,
Itr lddition, hGshould:
0) Notiry hi! Owtrcr!,whos,ill hfore Lloyd'r !!d thc Und.rwribrs,
thc httcr po$ibly rcquirint a ltt8.t prloiuD.
(2) IdorD hi! ch'ttrrcr, if rtry.
(3) Eot6 ilto r Lloyd'3Stlod.rd Form of S.lv.8. Att!.6cal
(,1)Prcfdsbly Dekc for a pott whancthc Britili lrt of lrlv|gp
rPDlic!.
It hr! rlraadybcaananrion d ir CtrrptarIX tbrt aalvat chiDr .tc
oDlyadDilaiblcyhctr a d8rrr Gxiltad.Tha flci lbat a lraacl mry bc
dirrltd i! catr 't.lhrt dc trot dctractfton thi& dloa |t tct atoft.
at! co!!us.4 or ttc wr.tDrr drtdiorrt a, r Fil .riF.
215
TOWING
On arrivalal lhc dcstioationthc ofrc. of a$istincc from tugsrhould
not b. r.jcctcdund.r thcimpE sionthatcxtrasrilvoBarcihcninvotvcd.
!f rcqui&d, thcy shoulddcfioitcly bc cEploycd,bccauscthc rowing
Mastd mustconcludethc opcratio! succassfully ir ordcr to submiti
claidr.Thc tug! mey bc cdgagcdundcr ao orditary towrgr contract,
and this docsnot !trtidc Ocm to makcsay lelvagcclaimunla$ a dcw
pcril ariscaandthc tugspc.forD uscfulwork ovcrendabovcthet which
it dcmatrdcdby thc lovagc co racl.
THE TOWLTNE
Litdc ca! b. Iaid dowtrrcprdiog th. Dcthod of towio& lincc thi!
dapco&upotrthc typ6 of ,hiF, thc duratioDof thc toeing voyalp,thc
ecathcr,thc routc to bc follow.4 rld vcry largcly upoo thc urgcdcy
with whichthc tow mustb. coemrrccd.
In !om. casca,whcrclhc toving shipis ofa suitsblctypc,o[c of hcr
snchorcablc!b mtrlcd right eloogttc dcckto thc stcmrril, eharcit ir
3hacklcdto thc adc.horcablcof thc to*. Thaercboris lcft itr thc towilg
rhip's hswrc pip., prd.rrbly with h.avy woodd p6d! bctwlcd ihc
futca ald lhc bo$' phtiD& to ec! a! a togglc.Thc cablcmolt bc wdl
ractd to bittr .Dd othcr stron8poiotsthroughoutthc v6sal'r lcngth,
TimtH rnd catrva!shouldbc usadcopiouslyto minimiscchrfc.
Probrblythc id.al towliocfu onc erda of mrnila fbrE, for thir po,-
s65.a8ftlt dasticity,whichb vcry rcc6srry itr towin& whcoiuddcn
stn s.s rrc likcly to bc applicdto thc linc. Sucha litrq ;tow€vcr,would
bc vcry bulty, cumbctsomc,strd tubjc.i to rottiag aDdcxccDtioDal
chda If ltorm oil wr3 ulcd fhc Danih eould dctlriorat ir *rcngth
onc. ir had bacah co ad wirh thc oil. Wirc ropcof cqud ltrcqth i!
lcarbully, asily stowrdrtrd hrldld, and is lcssrusccpriblcto rottirt
eDdw.{r. It posrcss.s Dcgligiblccl.lticity, howcwr,md wil p6rt uodcl
s suddcdapplicd strcss.Itr ordcr to providc cl.3ticity, a cotnposit!
rorvuncofwirc rd mrnila msy bc uscd,thc maailqbcidgofcablc hy
(tbtc. lcft.brndd ropcalaid up rog.thc. right-bandcd),whic.hii DorE
icriblc sod w.tcrtitht th.! a haw.cr,A.implc hawscr-laidroporhould
lot ba uscd,sitrccit tcnd! to utrLy whcDutrdcr rt$!r atrd derclot
srdou! kiDkswhcn thr str6s fu rclisrEd.Tbis c5n, ho*rvrr, ba pra
vantld by usiDglwivcls et aachaodof thc hawscr.
A lo*linc c.tr bamadcby sccuringtwo hasvywitE pcodeot!to ..ch
9-in cnd of e spccialstrop. This slrop is madccndlcss,of TGmmmsnila,
rad thc two pansar. w.ll scizcdtogcrhcr,lcavitrStwo thimblcdcy.. at
tco f&hofi! thr co&, Swivck.rc aSsirtlcomlrcndcd.Thcrtrop, forDingthabiddlc
20 m of thc towliDc,providcsvaluablcclesticity.
A vcryquic.tlytiSgd .nd fEqucr ly ur.d towlitrci! fonrcd by !.cur-
iDgthc iowing rhip's towingwirr to ooc arrchorcsblcof tha toe, thr
TOWING
Iettcr vasscl$ill rctaining onc anchor in thc hswsc PiF rsdy for rn
crnc,Smcy. This nccessitatcslhosc o0 board thc tow disconncctingthc
anchor from thc cablc and prcfcrably bringing thc rnchor on dcck.
Altc.natiyaly, thc anchor may ba hung ofr bclo* the hawsr pipa and
s.curcd by tackt$ Lading from thc dcc&.In r! cmctglncy considcration
may bc givcntoj€ltisoningthc anchotiD ordcr to lavc timc. Thc Gablc
may now bc lcd throughthc hawlc piF and shacklcdto thc tow_wirt.
Naiurally, thc anchor could bc l.shcd in lhc hawscpipc' and lhc cablc
tcd tbrough a fairlcad or moorin8 chock, but tbis may c3us. thc c5blc
to bc badly nipFd, quitc spart from probablc dtm.8r to thc chock,
which is not intcnded for c{ble usc.
In such a composit. towlinc thc csblc ahould bc vcctld bctwen thr€a
and, say, scvcnshacklcs.Tbc wci8ht of thc chdin causrst[c to*linc to
lic in a shalto* curyc callcd a catcnary, alld thb providqr sprin& fol s
suddcn strcsswill be absorH as thc catcnery bccomB motc ahallow,
end normally bcforc the catcnary dissppcsrsallogcthcr thc tow will bc
surgcd ahcrd, tbur r€licving thc strcss. In this wey, two matcrial!'
ncithcr of wbich post€srcaus.ful clasticity, may bc combiocd to ab6orb
shock. Tha tongcr tha langth of chain, thc gEatcr will bc thc rhock'
rbcorbiDs DroDcnv of thc to*linc. Using matcriali of cqual 3!rcngtb'
wirc is e6o* irnififth of thc w€ight of chain, thc airc of tha wirc (irs
diamctcrin mm) bcingrorrghlyiqual lo the sizeof th€ chain(thc
diamclcr of lhe link bar in nm). To mrinlain a suitabl€catenary,
thc lolr/liDc should mver bc allowed to closc or brEak surfacc; on ihc
olhcr hatrd, it ahould D.vcr bc 5o gr.at es to foul thc boltom, si[ca thc
linc mav thetr Dort.
Thc iowlnib bound to bc nipp.d at fairlc{ds, and qrcn if th. I..ds
rrc id facl fair, chafng will occur. Thc chafing Pan should bc rcnDvld
from thc fairlcad rcgularty cithcr by valring or short.nitrS thc towlinc.
Thi6 is cAl.,d,fr.theni'a th. t7, and in lhis compositc mcliod ia c.asily
Echicv.d by rr|cjns of thc tofs windlass,providing thc tow fu rnaodcd.
A ei.ority arc of th. opinion rhal thc usc of thc cb&inc.blc Promotct
liot rEar, but tbc srighi of opioion is ihs! ttr warr ii coosiddably lcar
than thrt c.ulad by . ship yawiq at a singlc a&hor, lnd i! roy c|!c
tha tow fu morc vahablc thatr hcr crblc.
UDdcr Llovd'a Clarsification Rular, ody vessch of lcss thatr 90 m
in lenSth ard required to carry towinS lines. Certainly larSer shiF
Bicbt-wcll bc abic to tow usitrI sylthctic 6btc mooriog ropca wbich
arJimmcnscly strong and elasaic.Tvo Roysl Navy frigetes clgagcd
b r towitr oDcration in tbe Meditellancrn S€ausidg 1,8m mcirca of
88 Em brefdid tryloDrop. wilh a brcakinS load of 165toucs. A total
dist&ca of 3.om'milas ia! covcrcd atd a wo d rccord lovitrg 8Fd
of 23 LDotswas claimcd. The spccd was attained in tests to dctcrmirc
thc noi!€ produccd by towinS a dead shiP.
217
TOWING
Otbci Fovd mcthods of towinS includc siuckling thc towing wirc to
both .lrchor cablcsof thc tow' usinSthc chains ss a bridlc. Somclimca.
thc towitrg ship provid6 a wirc from cach quancr, thc cnds bcing
30 ft shackledro rhe lowing wire abour I0 m beyondrhe srern.This is i
bridlc and avoids lhc to*libc excrting a strcsson oDly onc 6idc ofthc
ship, or cxacdy amidships, both of which have bccn found to hamDcr
stering. Thc samcrcsulrmay bc achievcdby shacHin8thc low-wiralo
scvaralparts ofwirc looscly sacuredacrosslhe poop dcck or around tll
stcm ofthc towiogvesscl.Itis virtuallya bridle,butis koowo ase ryarr.
Suchi spao may also bc achicvcd by lcadiog a hcavy witc out from onc
quancr of thc towing vesscl, whilc thc main towlinc is lcd aboard
through tha othcr quarter lcads.The wirc is shackledto the to*linc aod
hovc-itr so that thc lattcr is bowscdin rowards th. oppositc quancr to
its lcad. This agaid appcarsas a bridlc, but is tcmcd t span, by leiting
8o thc wirE, the span is insrantly rcmovcd.
Whcn thc tow ha3full morivc powcr but is .uddcrlcssa mcthod somc-
timc6 usad is for hcr to tow thc assistiDgship, the latter shcc ng from
sidc to sidc, as rcqui.cd, to stccr thc disablcd vcss€I.
Nylon roF ofcqual sizc to toF.8rad. manila is about twicc a3 srong
n! lhc lattcr. For lhis acason,a manila rope can be rcplaccd by a vcry
6 i n much smallernylon line to provide equal slrengrh,a 5Gmm manila
4+.in beingreplaceable by a l5-mm nylonline.Sinccnylonposscssesetaslicity.
il is idealfor towingpurpos€s. brt asyct is usedfor sucha prrpos€only
by tugs, aod as a pendaot sccurcdto a wire towlin. in largcr ships.It is
light, esily bcndlcd, docs no! fraczr whcn wct, and is, to a vcry largc
cxtctrl rotproof.
mdrgr
Thc strcngth of lhcsc must bc in dircct proportion to thc to*ing pull,
which in lum is diroctly rclated to rhc motivc powcr ofthe towiog vcis.l,
thc spccdof toying, thc row's displacemcnt,and rhe inclcnency of thc
wrath.r. Ifthc sccurity of birts is doubful thc liDcs should bc bclaycd
to acrcral pairs of bitts, all as ncarly as possiblc in on. straigb! linc.
By beckiog up thc tust pair of bitts in rbis way, providcd rhc b.laying js
do[c evcoly, the strcsson the lincs h evcnly distributcd.
Olhcr strong points includc wiochbcds, thc bascs of cargo-hatch
cotrDiDgs,dcckhouscs,supcrstructurcs,masts,and samsonposts.Thes€
arc mo& casily madc uscof if thc v6scl is flush-dcckcdafr. Whcn using
|!y rtrobg point, particularly in thc cas€of bitts, thcy should ba w€ll
lhorEd up and staycd, to providc addcd rcshraDcein thc dirEction of
3tEss. lf thc dcck is considcrcd too wcak to withstand thc applicd
3h6scs of towing, thc hull of th. tow is sometimescomplctcly girdl.d
with wircs frappcd to tbc dcck cdgesand shackledto thc towing wirc. If
thc tow's cablc is bcing uscdas a componcnt of thc towlinc hcr wirdlass
218
TOWINO
ril trot ba rubjcdrd to utrductttaa!6 providd u adaqultecetcD3ry
i! Drintrilcd, ThGc.blc thould bc hcldfroly on OGbraf.' udngdlaill
cLr4 BLkc ltopFrt, guilotiacs,sd al olhcr svaihblcE€ar! to aci
I Drlr&otqr!io Dro&€lthawindhrs.
ivith r.I! d t6 uc to*tioc, ib lizc lhould bc luficiclt to Provid.rn
aoDlc facior of lafcty utrdct ttc towilg cotrditioa!.Itr practicc,thc
rv;rp Ecrtb|trt shipulutlly c.ni6 olly onctowingwir! ard thcf!'
forc his no choicc.uolcrsscvlrd Dartsofa soiLt wirr srr t!ad. Thclc
towtiD6. aarricdu[dcr ClastiicltioD Rulcl ar! oftco tnoet' a! ,8r,r-
oe vri.at,tb ori9;nof thc tcrm bciagobrcurg for Lloyd'sClstiice-
tiotr Socictyis dot rtr itrcurdcc coopsdy.A clsscd v6scl will, how-
er&f, !o doubt cam Educ€d iDrurancrprcdiuE! taom hcf, uldcr'
writlrr-
tt i! dthratld rhst a tug cquiPpcdi,ith st aD rcciProc{ing Dotiva
Dowtr csn, in cnlmncathct, cxcrt a pull of rooghly I tonnc for cvcry
?5 kw ol cngincpowr. Thc forcc rcquircdto low a ship is natur{lly
incr€rscdif ihc tow is damagpd,yawing hcavily, bedly foulcd on
hcr utrdcrsatd plati!& or h b€dwlrl&ar. Itr ttc calc ofr c.rgo \'!$al
of IOO0O totncs displac.mcnt,in cslm w€athcrand with a fairly clcan
hull,a pullofvcryroughlyI tonncF. knotoftowingspccdis rcquircd
uDto !p..dr of 6 lnob, Abovcthi!, rhc proportioodilrpF5s, and I I
t;nnesare reauiredto attaina speedof 8 knots.A shipof 2000m
ionneswh€nl;wed Droduces a towlin€slressof lm tonneson pick-
uD.60
'whcotonnes o'| auirage, but 184toDn8 whennol steerinS.
coulc'ting wiFr, lugl.a! or lugfEdjoioinf 6hacklc!ahouldbc
ulcd i! Drdcrcncato thactlcs fittad with *I!w!d Pina.Csblathadlc.
at! idcri for this purpolc. If sctt*cd 3hac.ld6must bc u!.d tbo Pils
lhould bc lcwtltwircd to tha sbacklcjawsto Plsvcntthdn looaaoing.
Thi! tyF of.h.c{c i5liablcto foul ia fairL.dr ducto itr projcctingpiD,
ttc ceblcrhacklcgol rhc olhc. had, arr daaiSlcdlo plw.ot suchrn
ooc|rtrtocc,A s*ivcl mly bc usd *hcrr c.haitri3colncctadto wit!, and
Iti!, lita a|l othcr6ttinSr,durt bc ofcquivalcntstEoglhro thc toslinq
for thc towingpull DUlt alwly! bc coDfncdto thc lsfc worE!8 lord of
lhc rlr&art compoDatrL
th IA|i of |ic Totlh.
Ttir bsrkdly dcpcodsupotrthc dcpthof tha wlt r, rtc it ta of thc
&a rld rrcU rad thc r.a rooE availrblc.Th. grcatlr tbc lciglh, thc
Dorr ablc ir thc lirc to ahEorb!hock!, aod for tldr rcalotr thc lcr8th
Durt bc itrc-rtasadwtcn thc faclor of safctyia low, whcothc lorv b|! a
LrSc di!pL..dcd! or wh€dthc towlie i5 lthr ia w€ighL
Thc lc!8th riould trot bc cxc.ssive,otharwiBc ric d!.p U8!r, i.c. thc
o.itolly, may foul thc bottoE ad Frt, or rt ttc vcrt Last it will
Fovfttc sn rddcd rrsist Dc. fo towinS.Gllctsly, r shoat,hccw tow-
219
TOWING
liDGit bcttd tb|! r lo!& light orc ia rhr it Gllbl6 thc OiF to hrvc
grt t.t Daoaluvrdbility. A. a goidc, thc ccntra of tta crilory i! bcrt
20-30ft 10ft kcpt about G9 m bclow scalcvcl, incrrlsrng this figurc to 12 m in
rowh q€athcr,
Waar
TbroughoutthatowiDgvoyagr,chafcmusrbc k pt to a trliriDurn b,
ptrEc[irt bawlat3rrith crtrva3,liaiDg fairlcs& eith loft vood .rd
cr!r,.!, and uling libcrrl amouat!ofaoft loap ot grcalc.Crblc F$i!g
ttougb r fairlcadmcd only bc lubricatd. Nips of hsw&B rhould b.
fr! hcrcd sbout four tie6 a day id calDrw.athcr, etd tholc ofcablc
rbout otrc.. d.y, To .void b6ddpr, thcfrirlc.d! lhould bcpdddd with
mctalor piccasof hardsroodin ordcr to lcasanth. rnglc oflaad. Bol.
lrtd. rhould ba of adaqust!diaDctcr fo. thc br$lat bcing baLyrd,
idcallyat lesst12 limcs thc sizcof thc linc, Csblashouldnor b.
bclaycdto bitts, sincc to prcvcnt a nip a I m diamctarbollard is
ncccs.aDr for a 50mmcablq andlhis siz! of bollardis not uauallyfittad
to mcrchantships.Inslard, tha csblcis rackcdto scvcralpairsof bitta
or aroundslrong points, uriog ha.dwoodpsddingto round ofr any
sharp@mcrs.If chsin cetr bc uscdin fairlards in plac. of wir€, thc
amountof w€3rwill bc diminish.d.
Plof.o.ir
Thc rrrirtamc to towing oficrcdby loctcd 3crcw,bsy, panauhdt
in twitr or multipb8cEw shipqcxc.cdrhcladcrwatarrcsilt lca of th.
bull. Shallingshouldbc dirco!trcctcdin ordcr that thc propclc(r) mry
t ril rtrd r.volvc frlcly.
THE I1OWINGVOYAGE
The toe mlllt bc cquippcdwith proFr ligbt .! lsid dot! it t[c
Rcgulitioni for Prcvcntionofcolisio! !t Sca,but ifshc it rct rnrDcd
rnd Iro poscr is availablcoil lN8rp!will otly burt for about 15houtr.
Tbc uscofa icarcblight,trrincd by tha tositS t!.sal to illuDilrtc thc
ro$ wi[ bc D.c.ssrly io thc vicinity of oth.r rhippin& Thc towiDg
v.$sclmustalro bc .quipp.d with th. proF light, !! hid dowtr
During thc voyaS!thc bight of thc towlilr Dult b. kcpt b.low tf,c
audrc., .nd it3 lctrgthshouldbc rdju$d iD r hlayy aslll ,o tblt thc
two stip6|tE ,,r'' r, i.c. th.t rila itrd fll iinultalaoudy. Thocetcofy
mustDotbcallorrd to foul thcsca-H, lanicululy rvh€otofli!8 lriort
thc widd atrdcutrrol, for ifthc shipa.rc tovitrg ilowly !!d .r! brouSlt
up by Orctowlinatbcyeill bc .ct dowtrwitrdor ttrrrE and tiU oouib,
unLss ttG linc cro b. qui:kly rlippcd. Tbc niF lhould bc ftlrh.n d
rcgularly,sod grerc agplid to frirlc.d! rt lc|tt twioc! wrtch. An,,
paddidgo. csavasmu3tbarcarrcrlda! rtquiftd.
If thc towliic trD& to brcrk turflca apaad.houldbc rrduocdor tbc
litrclcogthaod.Itr haavysEarharthcrow(ifuling chrin crblc)Dry v!.t
llr .xtra ahacklcor ro, in ordcr to sdd wight to lhc towlilc. I! taavy
wathcr thc foaEas dacccsrryto tca\roto, or ,Lae hard to witrd,will ha
too grlat, rod thc lhiF ahouldcithar tcmpoiarilyru! downrvindoi
alsathc towlinccould bc rlippcdrd thc vlssd! sUowrdto rltift uttil
thc wrrh.r modqst ! tufici.ntly for rhc voy.gr to bc co!ti!u.d. la
rb|lloe sstcrs with Namoothsce-bcd,if thc todisc ir rlippcdfron tho
tosing 3hipthc othcrBtcl will hrvr .! adEitrbL ,ci alchor.
2U
TOWINO
Grlat cdc mu3tba ararcisadiB allrring coutrc,a awingbailg cot'
t!oLd at onca.At tlr. slow6pccdroftotiog thocficct6ofvind ald cur-
Enr will bc vrry dotic.ablc,ard for thia rcalotrthc lhortaatroutoEry
not provGto b. th. qul*cst. sterirg i! litcly to bc difiq t bcc.ut tbo
towlilc ir trot !.curd at thc .hip't pivotilt poitrt, .!d llc t!.m i!
tbcrlfof! lrluct trt to movaswsy ftoD thc dLrciio! of th. towlina.
If thc tow ir u|rablcto st .r rnd hcf ysw it 8rca! chafc, uocftn
rlrr3!.r, endbadoiF wil a.i!c. ntc cftcts of wi!4 !c., fr€cbo.t4 triD'
lbt, udcrflatlr projcc'tiod!caulcd by daetSc" dtaufb! atrd suFr'
atnrcrurg a[ Lod to causcyawiD&Utrdoubtcdlythc gtt tcat singl.
factoris oordwrsc ttiD,
A dc.Pdrauslt shipwil yawLts thttr orc whi:h i! lifhdy lad4. Thc
cficct! oi witrd srd rcr upoa yawingcan bc Frtilly diDidahcd by
dtrdng coutlc or tpc.d. A itascl triEmcd by tho b.ad itiU nw vary
badlyutrlclt ahcfu towcdltrrtrffit. A lirtcd vc.rcl laddt to thc.r oon_
tirdly roesflL bcr biShsidc,thc tcnd.dcybcingoofllct d by a los-
iidc wind.If thcshiphe! utrdcrsrtlf projcctio$ forwrd of lhc pivoting
DoiDtllc c.ficc't is that of a triE by thc hcad;if tboyGrfutofr Oa cGtrtF
iinc of thc rhip shcwill shccrtox/ttdr that .ida
Ylwin8 mat bc contctcd by trimbins rhc vlalcl by tbc !tcn' !trd
thi! dould bc doDaby trud.rtiog wEigh6 rrrbaa tb!.o by lordhg
rrt!f, b.Ur.t piich wil itcllalc th! aEE. on th! towlitrc"An ilctEa*
of rD..d tcodr io corrccta yawdil.c{y cautadby lid, thiL i dr.rroo
in .;.cd oftaorcduccaa yaw groduradby rdvlrrc tri!. lf thc tow brr
r coo..tantltrllc of shccrro oncd& of th. towi!8 lhipt wrlc ir Dly
bc corrccLdby &ftiry thc tov'r tuddd st a irad !.oda Tbit h.a thc
diridra sgB towcr, of cEatidgt! rdditiold dng otr ttc towlinc.
Id r tsiD-..!cv 6hip s yrw to ono ai& cr! bc odrElrd bt' tnilid!
ody oDcFtopcllcr,!d itr atl thiF tuch a ab cr! ba tlduo.d by
rissins ! brgc rvdng ra I t!il, cittd d thc bowor al.f!.
la rough wtatbct thc u:c of lroar! oil by both .hiF will alaiati!
n.ting oonditiotrtDot! co@forhblc"
PNACTICAI TOWNG
525tr A typic{l cxamplcoccurrcdin May 1959,*hcn lrocrr:rcu, 160m
iD lcngthovcrall,165(ntonncsdcsdwright,ladcn,snd displdciDg somc
2l fr toon€s,otr paisagcfrom Singeporcto Rottcrdam,cxDcricDccd a
codplctc br.aldown of thc main propulsionunit whenin thc Indisn
556ft too3 O@n. Halia, 170m in lcngth ovcrall, l80m to[ncs deadwcight,in
bNllst, rtrd bouadfor thc PcBirtrGdf, procccdcdto hcr Garat&ccatrd
succcssfully towcdhar,at on awragcspccdof 6.5koots,a total disLence
9J falhoms6in of 1222rnil6 to Trinconalcc,using 190m of hc. own 5&mm wirc
105farhoms lowlinc conncctcdto 210m of anchorcsblcfrom lrr.rr:r.r.lJ,
Whilc divcnidg to Trochirdn, Halia took on additionalballist to
attri! a full wirtcr-brll$t @trdition, so ar to hsvc a dirplacce.nt
.iDib to ttc vqlcl to bctoc/€4ald rhcfollowioSdct.ilcd gqrratior!
ffir put i! haodto uDdcrtakcthc toe.
6in Thc Ylmm towingwirc waslaid ou! or dcckon thc stalboardside,
wilt thc.od! at t!. sftcr cld of thc pooprtrd th€ bightalongthc mri!
l&in dccl. ODccnd of this *irc wassccurrdwith sir turns rourd thc 40cm
l+in towing bitts, with bacling lurns to thc capstansand 35-cmmooring
bittt, !trd it ir of itrtatlst to Dotcthrt i! took ovcr 2 hourr to corDDlct!
-hovc
th. fltt pon of thi. oFrrtioq cachof thc aix turn! bavingto bc
taut a,ith thc cap6tr$, edd lalhcd, bcforr coEmcacingthc trcxt tum,
Thr caFtalr wcrl thcabaclcd ot to thc forwardmooriDgbitts otrcach
aidaof fhr poop sdd lhc towitt bitt! racuEly shoEd from thc rollcr
f.irlcrdt, .GcFi& l0r. Thc Panamalc{d, tbroughwhichtho cycof thc
totvlila rrr! h4 w|! dio ahord frod cachsidc.
!!in At lhc aamctimc,a 3Gmmwirr mooriogropcwasflskcddownon thc
Dortaiic of lba poopd.cldousc,oncca8ainwith both ctrdsat thc rficr
aod of thc poop,rld a chrin stoppcrriggcdto conrrolthc wir! wbiL
Fyi!8 out, accFig. 10.1.Oncandvas thctrlcd throughttc porr quarrar
friric.d to thc PslaDr lcrd o|r rhacrltt! Iirg $hcrr it *,r! 3hscflcdto
lbc towirg haw!.(, jult clc.r of thc rdditioaal scrvio&Thi! mcthodof
aerriDg rh. tovilg haw6.rcosblodit ro bc shackld oDto tlc aochor
r+in cablcwirhoutfrst havingto dilconr.ct thc 3Gmm*irc, s€cFig. 10.3.
MESSENGER
FOFEOECK
25
i ; r w r F EM o o R l c
!INE FLAl(ED IN
50
SHORING
LAYOUI DUAINCIO*IXC
FIGUNE IO,2
3+in +in Thc othcr cnd of thc 3Gmm witt wls mrdc fast to r 3tmm roE
paTgg.' which!.d b..o Ded! rc.dy by budr8 ir atongthopott ddc
itr bigbB, clcarof a[ ot6tnrcliotr, to tha fotrdcct, wbclEit y|! bcnt
on to rhc andofthc roctct-lilr.
TOWING
I! lhr D.altinc, Lo.iirda ird litlcd h.r rt rbo.td rtr hor o! d.cl
!!d disc.ucctld thc c.blg whichE! th!! hovlup throughthc h!e!.
pipc, wh6. . joirirg rh.cklc wrt prtpuld for rnachilg tb. cahL to
tlaria'r towirg xrirr. A roF er! Dldc It dy for hcavingthc Ec*lcogcr
fron th. towitr8vlclcl up thmughthc hrwsc piF usitrgthr fow.rd
witrchoo thc Daid dacL.
Trodrlrc{rwassigltrd otrttc momirl! of23 May,eDdCsptaiaR. R.
Pottcr of Adrna66blilhcd cortlct with Gptain J. Davbonby radic
tclcphodgcfhcrrupo!thaprocadurcto bc follo*ld va! fuly diacu.*!ad,
I/aria ca6o i! for aa approschfrom somc3 milc! dcrd altcm of thc
diratilcdrlllal whicher! roliDg rld yawiogbca!-on to r long;low
rwc[, ald cucd in clo6cundq hcr La (rtarboard)!idc. DuriDgthis ruD-
in Fiod, whic.hwrr accoEplirhadot a varydow spccd,ttsr wastida
toes!..s lhchr llidg quslitic! of d4rt4 ondcrthc FrvailiDgcodditioa!'
lnd alro to obacrvcth. drift rod dovcmcDtof ?ocrir.z3. Itr thi. ia-
30 CM C O P P E AC L A M P
SHEET
3 C O F V E D' H E € T S O F
r.5 MX Gtr€AsY,HAiD
COPPEAOVER
EIGHT l-AYEFI
oF c^xv^s.
231
TOWTNO
uddc.way,A,t!f slippin&Ldrrd'r tow virt et! rccor&Gdby adopdts
r .imilar proccdutr,but itr rrvcrlc, to that ulod whlo oo!!ccti!8 up,
atrdit workcdsdootblyerd cfickotly.
It Eusl itrdccd,b.vc b.ctr r rclicf to bolh Mart r! to i6 thcir .hiF
safclyi.nport, ad it is Dosnal tributcto thc rcaDlDship.!d .bility of
sll c.nccmcdthat rhcvoyaScwa6complctadwith ro lifdc uoubL.
CIh. abov. cranplc ii from tbc Sl,,'tlMqozln , rd ir bos.d by
NauticalDivisioD,Shc[ Ta*c(s Ltd,, oDrqroru froo rhc vlaacLca&
crrn.d andfu r€produccdhcrEby thc courtciyof thc CornFly)
CHAPTER XI
FIRE
OXIDATION
All substsdc6,whctrsuboittadto vrryilg dagrc.sofhcet, cmii grlcg
from thcir sufaccsasparl of thr dov chctrricalconburtion |.ovr r!
oridatior. At r c.ttsio tcmFrltut!, knowtrar thcJ?ntrpolnt, gt it
cvol'&din iuficicnt quartiticarvhich,whcDmixcdwith lir in ttc coftct
codburtiblc proportion,will irlh whca s Dakcdlight ir ioduc.d.
Wcll rborG thir lcmFntull cxiltr thc Sporl@r.o/rlgtritionT.mpcr*
rrrr (SIT.) at wbich,providd lufrcicot rir ia ailrblc, th! tutstlacc
will burat idlo iama *ithout tla introduciio! of . Dakcdfrmc. Thc
6aahpoint of Ftrols ia bclow -18"C. Bccauscof this, pctrolcumis a
highly datrgp.oussubdtancccvcn in Arctic conditions.Thc S.I.T. for
mostFtrolcum oils is bct*aan260'Ctnd 370'C.In thc UDitcdKiDS- JUr rnd m'f
dorn,substa&.swith fash poin$ bclowz|'c etc dccmcdatd mustbc 73"F
lebcllcd,,tgrr, dsmntsblc.If lic iash point is bcfivtco 23" rnd 50'C 7!' aodl4l"F
thc aubEtstroc i! considcr€dirmEablc.
All subElrncas shouldba stor*d in ship! !o tht uadct oormalcotr-
ditiod thay calnol balontch.at d ro thc f$h point. In thc calc of
highly tunEablc goodr thir ir dimcdt to achicvcothcr lhrtr by cold
ltoragc, rnd thcy shouldtharcforcbc in airritbt conteiDcr|ftlc from
.c.EagaProvidcdri. canbccrdudd ftoo thcacsutrstrner,thc vapour
rt thcir surfac.!will batoo richfor fllhng to occur.If too muchoxygca
233
FIN.E
fucombircd.suchasat a co$idcrablcdist .cc abovcthc fuid lcvcl,lhc
mirtu$ will bc too wcakto flash.lt ir oDlyat som.srDalldistanccabovc
thc ludaccthst f,ashingconditiotrsaI! possibl..
sorrRcEsoF nnE
Thcsc aac too numcroul and oftco complctcly {ncrpcctcd, to list
€rta$ivcly, but a fcw of thc motc common soutcesarc includcd:
(.) L.rt.g! of Oil5 on ro Hot Surfrces, Prrticdrtly ntti! thc &|gitrF
.rd BoiLr{oo
Tbii somctimcs occurs whcn scttling tanks ovcrflo% oil hot-filtcrs
or oil supply lin6lcak on to .xhaus! uptakcsor boilc. surfaccs.Suilablc
ovcrfow alarm dcviccs,ovcrflow guttars,scrlcns, aDdadcquslc lighting
will P|lvctrr meny of th.sc frrcs, which hav. causcdthc loss ot scvaral
shiF and meny livcs. Any boil.r-room supplicd *itb ao oil fccd should
239
F!IB
hart tr muc.h.cccraa! po*riblcfroD thc cogitc-rooo to corbb 6r!-
irftitrl to bc ctrcctiw. No woodworl shouldbc Fanitt d i! bofl.t-
rimr-or corino-roonr rufplicd *ith oit, t trt topa rd ioor Phtcr
ahouldbc acruDulourly cLa!, !try oil ahouldbc $rtd up rt oncaald
tbc oily *r!b d!.troyrd, ti!8.. .houtd bc kcpt !t fitc .! po.siblcfron
oil, .!d dl coDbu.tiblcE Eritl tcpt wcll .soy from oil-fccdli!c!. Firc
rpDliucc. thould bc rcgutariycrlEilad, t[ FrlooDcl aldc frmiliar
wiih rhcir usasnd loc.liotr, and fodo spplianccskaprawayftom high
tcmpcistur€s,whicbmaydcstroylh. proFnias of thc ilgrcdicnb.
(.)SddC.rhdd
MrDy frr!3&od to bc rttibutld to lhi6 ph.oomcao!,titr€ tro padon
ir iDctrilvolvrd h bl!.Da Probablyi! trirc crlcr out of tad tha frt
oridlatad from rodc othlc casle oft.o c.rdcrt tdoki!& lhc &4pt!
of whichc.rnot b. !tt!a!cd too fEqucrdy. Cartah ibrour aub6tatcc!,
rtc! imprlllltcd *ith.uihblc oil& ru.h !! jutc wilh colzr oil cotton
rrstc with fird oil, o! caltt! wit[ pdilrt, do bccoEchcatcdsnd Day
..tch ftt, Frttuuhtly if tho h!.ti!g ii aoc.ldabd by locrl ulrggcd
rtaao piF or oti6 tot turlboaa.
Thir tyF of comburtionnay 061rr*'tad orygpni! ataortGdst t[c
rurfacg ofoocl prtictlarly shao bituDiDou3andf.lclt brolao, a[d io
$rch cssesthe tisk increas€sat tcmperatu€s rttovc EfC. The coal
.hould b. tcpt !r coolI poetitL sad dl lir .uppli6 bloctd ofi crc.pt
for aurfaoavtorilrtoF, whi:h |tG !t d to rloov! thc a4tlolivc Ecthrnc
fa!. Tbir g!! ir drlSrcour pt o coldtrdcd 5% in !ir.
A[ nr.riab *bid art lLblc to rpodtalaor|!caDbultiotrthould bo
rltotldy t atadfor tadFrrtulc' c.Fciiuy vbco Qrricd !t cstlp. Ri!L!
|t! dwrF Eiaidild by locrl cooliDg.
2&
FIRE
(f) ELdlc.l It .
A itort+irsrit, rt f.ilurc of.d ullclt drd fu!r, ot ov.doadi!8 of
eid!8 mly n$lt in . f.!. outbrcat.Whctrcvctr flt ai!t! i! | .hip it it
pocliblcfor illulrtioo to bccon charrcd6t thc fur ro!4. Thc t6ult-
itrgihort{itcuit, i,e r pathof vcaylotvr6ilialcc for thaqnrcdt, raaoltr
ir a surS!ofcrclasivacurrcrt whichrDayovrtloodthcwiritr8rd brat it
tuficictrtly for it to bum. Suc[ .n outbrcik mty o6ltt rt lbc lwitcF
boerdor cvaoat pha6 cbcwbcr!ard quit! rlnoro frcE thc m!i! ftt
zo!4.
Whilc a 6rEGrirt!, aod for aonc couidcrablctiEC !ftli it hra bcco
cxlinguishc4thc switchboard6houldbc clo$ly rvstchd fot 8i8t! of
ovaaloading.
C) St dc E dldtt
M!try ful3 havcatartcd.! ! r.sult of sparkacaBcd by tbc dischrr&
of ltstic clccrricityrt high yoliagc.Ar arrbplc occ1rr!whcofriction
silhin I flling ho6rFoduc.r st tic clac{ticity,!trd tha p.t$l or othar
ftrcI polsiot tbrcughit i! ignitrd. Both thc bodccod .ld Oc flLd t!!t
thould b. lccurclycrnh.d, a! shoulddl othct Gquipmc N,hichi! !ub-
j.c't to ltatic chlrgin&
NNE PATNOIS
Tbrsr rrc rcquircdro bGcstri(i out rcSularlyin Cl4r I ahiF. (htrt
c.r! ahouldbc crcrcilcd io rclcctitrSPttrolmcd, for thcy shouldbc
Dhwirllv rnd D. allv luitrd to ttc t|lk rod wEUtraiDcdi! modcm
hrJfuhdig tlchDiquc!.'Erchmansbouldbc providcdwitt a wbistlcor
othcr-portrblaahrm-sigoallitrgdcvica.ElrcryFrt of lhc thip lhould bo
viricd ar lcdt oocair cwry hour, .nd Ftrolrrc! lhould rcport at I
Dhcawhichir mr$cd at dt timc!, whcE sll dc&ciio! ahrm bclb rin&
|!d whichi! Drovidcdwith rdrqultc ftr appliracg.
DXSPENSALOT GEAX
Tbc irc epplianccsrhould bc widclyditpc.lcd througbouttha ship
atrdiu sucb; wsythat thaymry bacrlily fouDditr conditiontofadokc
oa drrtl.ss.
!INCLE
J-loft 1G25fl
z5-t5fr
R6oed.d ni.i6.
thc rbD by thc rittrpL rcl of bc.Lint tb. gb. by D..!r of. to.ll
chsi&rttadd bromcr.
Fili I l.l ihosr r typic.l layoutof two zotrasiD thc (il& ,yttao. A
brlal iD thacirErit of cilh.r m firt adit& e|tniEg rt thadctldiog
aabirct,rd op.6tio[ ofthc oonEolrwitch.. ttaa ildi|lar tha,o!o i!
quc.tiotr Thcrr tu ro lioit to tbc lonb.8 of oirqria ncd itr lb .hip
|Dd up to ffty apdraaca! bc Fotrdad o! aactr,oDa T9o cbcf.ic.t
.ourcas!t! rr|d:-.-norDd rhip'r Drirt .rd r h..vydut!r, li:ldjrro
250
FIRB
No.v airrddlcor
I Gs.--sld.ddftni h lrd NO NO
ator|la b.tt ry utd.r tdclh d.tfc" Shouldth. Ddlr arPly frn, tlc
b.fraw wfll .utom|ti.llly pfuk uP th! load rnd aarry tDalyttao for
morctDal r *tc.l. Viriblc .trd audittLw.rning it inrn dltcly 8ir!o ot:
(l) DoE ftnuF; (2) c.trbilg oftDcdtqdt; (3) |oy i.frts to c-lc ttc
iitim aoor rvtcotlc syrtco it lol i! notntl oP.r.tiod; .nd (4) f.Irlr
oftbc nr+.hrE bdlt
Thc lyrtd rrb|irt i! op6diod I a 6i! dciac{orcvid thcd at'thrt
offhc ftn two frultt ciin
251
FIRB
fHltLxouSE
0alEctoi
ftoutE [, a
but ..nrt to lbonlly illuEber. eay rnoko ariri4 ftou tlc holt"
Siloc cr.:h piFcld i. hbclc4 th! ootiry hold i! quic,Uy.!d .urdy
lLotifld. ThFc i! Do po.sibility of fd|. r||rE; rhc ot c.v.r lnoet
Tilb car|litrty thrt ,Eotc il iouiag fron a pdtiruhr hoH and hrt !
rouli DC.!u!oof tbr rdolc d.o.ig. O!c. it b dcbcb4 tb it! i. Eort
cft.tit4ly d..lt f,it! by th. crtotr diod& loodilg tyrt o" Thi. ooe,
ainaof a baitcry of.&d cylbrtcfi ootriniag th! gar, who6 cotri.o!
c.! b. dirct&td .t EquirEddon! th! trhplitr! p.l.cr to.!y bol4 or
hol&. Tbr fr| h pilvrorld hoo r!.Ai!S th. dcr.cdrs c.bilrt bt
Ec.!| of . rhrF*ly rdv! wbichi. oFr!.d ioDdhtdy rh. hr.li!|
boldb|. b.cn id.oti0.d rnd bcforDth. !.r L |!lG.l(L
lb Vhl VLti!<foD.r. Thir h.! F..otly bccoiEFor'ld to rh.t
252
FIRB
it !rc.tly iocrEas6thc vilibility of 6ndl t .c!t of lmoftc, Thc bbct
id.rior of tha ch.Ebci i3 rcnrslly quii! dath but ht! L6p. to rt-
rrDgpdtbrt seotc i!6uitrgfrom sly oftbc lasPlirtt PiF i! D!d. clcrly
viritt . Thc hot-grlyaniscd,rolid{rarn, rtccl pipcafroE lhc hol&
.dr. thc csbiftt at th. bonoE, wh.t! th.y at. coN.ctld to P.V.C.
piFs kading up to thc vicwing ch.sb.r. Tbc.. piPci tcrninatc il
l2-nsr diamctc.glasstub.s whichpdlsthtouShr brighdylit |tmp box. +in
Thcir ardr protru& iito tha viawiDgchrmbct,wh€r! thcy art abialdad
ty ncld cniEtr.tr, Thi! i! thor.,Din Fig. I 1.3.
Ligit tr.vrls by inultiplc rcfcclion atrdrcfrecliotrslotrgthclc tubc.,
inadirtilg th. lcgion rcar thcir cndr eith e ditrusclight. Thi! is itr-
vi.iblc, but iluminatca lmokc i$ruirg from a$r tub.. Th. Y;.wi!8-
c,hrob.f wildow b atrgLd frosr Oc vcrticil to prcv.tt utwetrtcd Efac-
tiod ftom ht rfcriry with thc vicw of thc chinncp. By liftirg. f.p o!
rbc fro oftic vicwiig-cbaEbai,lba gLas tub6 ca! bc cxaeincd I fce
irdaa bclow thc hmp bor. In tti, pan ofaach tubc i! e rmdl, mouldod
!ylo!, proF:lcr-tyF d.aughl-indicaior vholc roratiotr itrdicatct lhd
rh. li[c ir trot blocld.
Tb Audtb lh.to.. Thi! i! fttcd itr rhc whrclhousc fo. additioDd
proiaciio!" lD soEc v6scb thc dctlcling cabirct vith vi€witrg-chr$bcr
rnay bc instrlcd in thc whcclho$c, eitbout ctrploing thc audiblc
datlator. Tbc lattcr achicvls biSh sa6itivity by uriry both obocuntior
and &fcctiotr oflight by smoka,ro uprat th. bds[cc ofa photcclcctric
call cirfuit No thcrnioDic vslvc! d! ur.4 .trd I tp.cid rrrttrgcrnctrt
253
PIRE
wihin ric cirEdt rvoid! fa&calrlot rlsultirlg froE coEpoocotfriluF.
ThGhyout of thainrtnrmcotir ihowniD Fi& I 1.4.
A corocrt at d ilamcnt lsEp rDd lcns ford| & parillcl bGaD,Allor
tbc bcaDh!! b..o Fducadto aqurE cro$-lcctiotrby a DNlk it F|!ai
thouSh ! .lighdy lar8.. lquat! of bw!rd-frd!& b.t'iGr-LFr-tyF
photo.c.I!. Th6c rI! vcryataug rcquiringnohigh.rdaiotrrupply,rtrd
ar,onormdly illuDinatld by oDlyr lndl tmo|mt of rt ay lighl ro tbt
thc output of thc four in pdralcl i! ibout 15micro-ampa.Thir otlrEdt
is b.lancd by thc outputof thc crd ocu,whicbli.. it. |Ddl rlglc to
ENO
,Al.FLES
thc dircctiotrof thc b.am rnd Ocnforc rlcirl' lidt obliqurly, Thc
orinotatioDof thi! ccll fu sdjustrtic itr ord.t to bh[c thc ciMrit
itritilly. Thc prcscnccof rmokcio t[. dctrdor qrtt of light ftom thc
codccll erd ltfcct roDc otr to tt cclb oftta lqurrr" Tbadificr@ i!
outputcurrlotr thu. cNrcd pc|r.3 tbrongh. rdry lhi.h, otroFrfioq
c.u!6 thc rudiblc rDd vi.usl sl|tDr to fimctid. fwo fo|E rc.blc
caulc' of fallc rl|rD itr aucho ryailD 6rc Sradurlilctarirtrfiod ofa
photo-.cll .trd .low di{ortio! of th. proj.cfor&Ep ihD.nt Th. cir-
crit i5 tbcrdor€ amnfpd !o thrt citbE of tLa.acvtntr cau€ r fiult
indicarionindaadofa falsadarn.
MouDicdabovarhc wh..lhoura|ro f*o ildataodaot c.lrrtti! tlotoaa
driyitrBtbc ndr aamptitrgfar. ThGitu, $ould ba altaalafo,ald a
chrl8r-oYlr rwitch i! providcd3olhat ca(i motor fiuati@a ody oo
254
FIRB
dt rnrta d!y!. Thc qhault v.lrc ory bc tct to dirchrrgc tha lanplld
air !o t[c amo6phcr!, or, a! a! additioorl dcbatoa' it crn ba aanto
crhlult into th6 th6hou.c. ttr thi! wsy thr pt.$oc. of,ook ir aho
aaallcd. Thc viaual{ctlc{or crbinct i! coDlcctcd to tia rudibLaetaclor
by s connoa pipc, 8!d itr tbi! Pty thc pr6co!. of ftt si&in thr |hip
ii dctcctld. whilc d.ct locstio! ir sford.d by itrtPccrio! of ttc virl|d'
ch$bcr. Th. Lyout itr Fi& ll.2 .void! p$ring rhc lrmplilt piF dl
tbc ary to tbr whcclhoulc: thi! i! s Drjor.dvantrgc' Prrti@irdy vllo
thc systltD i! to bc i!6ttlcd iD r lhip altsdy coDttrudad.
Thc rhm bclb rn|y bc iDltlllcd iD th! whc.lhoura !d cogin}room'
with edditioDal b.I! fttcd in thc Offccrt' accoEEodatio for uaoth.o
i! pon. Tbc ssDc rpplid to thc flult rtrtmt, whbh amit I tlrro! !otc.
i;aettv, rlc srtGm giv.s acvdrl typ6 of rlrrrn wbich at! h.rc
surbmffirad:
( l) Thc rilriDr of alrtm bclt.
izi rm iurfoiietion ofa colourcdlight within tbc *hldhout '
(3) Tbc odourof smokcin thc whcclhoula.
il') thc uc* ofsookc in thc rudiblci.ilclor cabi!.|
(t Thc ameat t o! tta front of thc cabi&t iodicataaa! ouhul cut'
rcnt.
Orcc a ft! i. ddlcrcd, thc ramplingpipc fton t[it hold rhould bo
plu88E4thacndccll rcsct,addtbctyttcd continuaato dctlc'toth'r ftt|
whilc ighting thc initid ooc.
(9 Th. rciin Lo..! Ist Gt GcrldrS PLtt
Bsic Prb4La Thit cquipmcotproducdrn uolimit d rupdyofi!.d
|s! bv burDhi Diaacloil bair, thc oxy8.n bci!8 conY!flrd to crrbo!
Iioxiic aoa .atcr. Aftlr thc produccdg!!at hevc baaocoolcd ald
w'!h.d th.v arc dirlclrd to thc tI! zonc.Tb. gcocrdor catr dclil,t(
]lm-l ,m;tof lrs pc. hourrt ro outlctpE turt of 1Dgr 9crcmr. xuI)-SO0Of
Thi! E cG thc ftlishting Equircmcnlsof r 3!ip, lhc |trgclt hold of 7-8lb Fr inr
*tri"n U" " grtio ""p".itt of aru tn]. 2m(m ftr
Thcs lFi! of th. ga3 i! 13follo*r:
Nitro8etr t5%
Carbor dioridr . t4%
Orygcn . r %
Sulphurdioridc atrdcarbonmonoxidc Ncsligiblo
Bv adootbr ! tcchorqucof wrtlr coolilg by dirrct con.lcl with tho
es.-thc cooli-orDrocesi! combincdwith I clcotrtitr8trtd tatubbilt
iaion. wtrichrcrnovcsthc bull of thc ,olublc scidic glcr whic! cra
rc:ult irom thc pGcacc ofsulphut or limiLr iDpuritiaawithidthafiral"
ft. Phd conp.i!.. (l) a blor€r drivcd by (2) .n..lctrto notol o!
255
FIN.T
Di6cl atrgioc. Thc lattcr dso drivas an altamator to providc clcctrical
pow€t for (6) add (7). (3) A comFct, combiDcd,codbostion and .cmb-
biog unil (4) Fucl pump, c.otlols, instruDcntation, safcty intcrlocks,
ctc. (5) Piping rystcnf co rol valv.s, ruitablc dischrrgc ittiogs, c!c.
(O A watcr purnp drivlo by (7), atr cl€ctric motor.
21 gl Thc burncr consumcsrouShly120litrcsof Dics€loil pcr hour. Th€
burncr L ignitd by rn.atrs ofmain snd stend-by lpark plu83 powc|d
from thc sbip's mai$, via tr!trsforocrs or @ils, or froD thc Dicscl-
drivcn altarnator.
Thc idcrt ga! fu prcvcn&d fron b.itrg cont ninatcd with watcr drop-
lct!, sttcr wa5hitr& by mcaosofa b6flc systcmwithi! thc dclivcry pipc,
It is dclivcrcd to lhc 6re zonc at both dcck and dcckhcad lcvcls.
257
CHAPTEX. XII
GENEnII. PROCIDI,NE
Bcforc clteriag a drydock, tba folowing it!D! should ba Sivcn
ritltrtion:
nt fr
A ful strd dctriLd lirt of rrpqin to bc carricdout s'hiL iu dock
rhould bc prcporld,duplicirhg at lcrrt.ix copica!o that !I hlc&atcd
Ftti6, rucb a! tbr O*l.aq thc ,bip'r Oficctr, ihc ,hiptrpair Mrtr.
rga6, thc fonocd, ald th! Dockms5tcr,cro cachba providd with r
lirr. h doclqaaanitld ttry bc 6oar.d ofr thc lirt ar aoodaath! rcF r
i! rccoDpliahcdto th! raridrctiotr oflbc Oficar or Sufftor i! ohrr8c.
DrqI d lit
I! o|!y c 6 tD6c trE rtipulatld by thc D@k Auttoritia* wbotatr
ilto accoudthc dcptbofwatlr rt thc dockr l whadl[a $!acl ir !ch+
ddodtoc rr, rDd rbo tt d.cliitf, L.,6c slqr. oi tbc bl6t! rt t[.
dock aotreDc, Thc Dockmaltarrhould bc ilformcd of lla draqlt
ald Eim .r roon r! pocsibLro that ia Day bc atrlc to Sivr dnFb
loticc if hc tlquitl. thc6 to b. dt ttd
St-ts lFafra
Tbc Docr!o..!.r .hould t lotiird of ttc poritiod of b re fcc!, if
any, tbc nlo ofrbc at o, lhc typc rrd truDbcf,ofpropdfit rnd tha
poaitionofacho-rouldq tn mitt6 ud rccaivau!it!. Any proEudint
bfr (rli t E rEcordcft)rhouHbcpithdrrwn into tb hull
259
DX,YDOCKING AND LOADLINES
Cafo
Thc Authoritie rhould ba;nformd ofthc criltcDccllrd dilpolition
of sDycr.go withiDihc r'!*rcl. Thir rubjcct*iU bc da.lt with iD 'lorr
dctlil tl I Ltr. 3tr8a.
Itlotrl'L W4ilt
Th6c lhould ba ,aqrrcd,sinccit i! d6ir$lc that thc vlst€l should
bc ia thc samccolditio! of frim, pEfcnbly hrgc *ability, ald zaroli!t,
both wh.n cDtcrins!!d fnlly l.&vidgthc doc.kTatt! lhould bc citlcf
full or crnptyao tbat !o f&a rurfrc6 aiirt which rr! datdmcntalto
rtsbility. Thc fotr rld rtlcr pcrt ta*r shouldptd6.bly h. .opty,
aiica th6c r& dific'rrltatra! to lupport with ahor6,ard thc lt lcl may
bccomchogSad,Ai aootrs! tho v6scl i! !awd, thc talls !!d bil86
ahouldba loundcdtbroughortthc rhip, rld thaaarsdingr rtE dupli-
catcdbcforcrcfoaling thc vrsscl.A lirt of loudingr nay bc givctrto
t[c Doctmatcr. If tett! ar! full thcE is thc advr sgcof bai[g rbL to
rapidlyotlcrvc lc.t!.
DrirlA* G.{r.t+ .i Ar&fr
Th..c rhouldprlfcrrt y bo i! tic sto$rd po6itio8 boti wh.o .ot6.
iDged lc.vilg thc do.k.
Irt .fL! fb Iroct
I! porb ofdoubtful a6ci.ocythc Mrttcr ihould, if po.litrlc, vicwthc
docl *!ad drt rnd &cariainthrt:
(a) mitrbL .nd .frci. .horirg rr..!t dcnb .!c Fovirtd;
(0 tho fal bloclc.hv! lcrd rop .uftc.r, rt! ortoly djlpGrrd, .!.
.ub.tlsthlly coBtnr{.d, r,!d |t! udrDlgd. Tbcy tbould
n turrlly cxtrtrdtumcicadyto acoDDodrtc thcrl. l'.lccl: rrd
(c) wh.rhcr bil8. bloct! or bd! rrr provid.d,
Thc atori!8 ofa ilaral in i drydoct ia vrry naaa$rry,rire t[c up
e.rd ptt..ur. of th! tod tlocL f.!d, to pnth thc ft*rcl out of O.F,
rh. Ul86 .'r i!cli!.d to .ag; .!d thc ridc plsting t dd! to inclirc out-
srrd!" Wood6 dd! (br.ot) .ho&r .!. pLo.d b.tw..d thc hut-iidc
pLtiry and thc doct rid6, wbic'h.r! .t ppd into .rt4rr to t t thc
rhorr hccl&DrLiDgoartaiotht thoh.ed of thalhol! rcatao[ a fraDa,
lhu! avoidiogplstr iadc .tiotr!. ThcaaahoG. lrc itrclird diSbdy
rbov! rhc horizontrl.A.ccord l^F of lho.l3 (bilg! ahorca)lr,c oftao
rig8rditr r dmihr Du[cr butjult rbovr tbctoundof ttc tilg!" ltr romc
dockrth..c lborB str hydnulicallyoFrrtad ald .t! hourd, *hcd trot
itr u!c, iDtha doct *ft.,
A litrc of bilgptrloclo,ic. b!.vt b.u[r of tidb.r built up ilto mF
2&
DRYDOCXING AND LOADLTNES
porb siDiLdy to kcclblocl,, r& ofic! r Fm!trGnt f.sturc of thcdoc.t,
|!d thougl mor! vid.ly rpcocdthan tccl blockr,thq, .!c v.luabL i!
$pporting thr t ilgrs,but thcynult bc plao.dnldcr s loogitudirsl ridc
!itd6 i! ordrr to tvoid stridtr8 thc pbtitrg.Onocthcdocki! dry, th6.
bloc.t! rt! built up to thc plsting by dcin! ofcrt. woodr! p6ckioS
pirccarnd wdgps.Thcyr& ofparricuhr iDportrnccwhcnthc vc*rclir
partly or frrlly laden. Bilge blocks sometimesrcmove the n€cd for
shorcs.
Orcc thc Kcl ba! cntcrcdlhc dock,thc crfusonSttc will bc iost d
iDtopLcaard loclcd. Thc vr.scl wil bc rliSBd ovtt thc fcd block by
ttc DocbDscr, usirg hb dockinS-bohd foffrtd ad r& aod thcnthc
docL eil bGpumpcddry. Thc followingpointr shouldnow b. Sivc!
itLntioo:
c|lEff
Ar tlc *rcr lcvclfalb, thc ship'! ridc vill bc scrubbcdclca! by Ec!
woatingfrom foatiDgpotrtootu.If tha*stcr lcvd fslJ too quicklt thc
.lr.nin8 vill bc hssty strd incomplct. Cloaclirilod with thc Doct-
m8t!r aiy nEult in s slovitrSoftha punPingntc dutitrgthit rcLtivdy
iDportantFriod. C!rc rhouldta tdlcn to rccthrt troPotrtoonrllound
otr tbc proFllan or dtetB.
&ra
Tbr.c cdnot bc.ccurld in plicc uotil ihc v...!clis sc*ad,but !! toon
rt rhc hr! doacthi! thcy wil bc rw|mgilto plaocby ahotEcrmct aad
mustbeheadcdagainstframesro avoidhull distortion.If the vcsrclis
in r Endci cotrditiotroocl rtabiily propcrticr),tbc ahor.. msy b.
rougblyril8ad a! iood a! thc va$cl cortrct3 fba blockt a$ ctrd tbc
puopitrgmrybccodpLt lyltopp.dwhilctt yrcb.iagtudlyt cultd'
OF thadocLir dry, thc folowirS itao! 6u!t bc cortidacd, tbaliat
lot bain8in rtry chFrologi€l ord6:
For. @rd.11 shorct.hould bc ri88d itr Plscc,pinictlrrly bcicrth
ttc forc Ft lrll wbcrr thc kaalblocL do rot givcanydupport.
Iok riould trw bccl roudcd a! loon !! thc vt*lcl iat itt on thG
bloc.b,or cbc doncnow eithout dday.
Dtrcicrgarett oFdcd ol,rtlidc for i8p.cliotr. Bsnc pbtaanry bc
radrovrdfor clc.dng and cootingotr thcir intrcr aurfacct,d!.r thich
tbcy.tr wcldd bdckinto phcc.
yat r Crorrarlhoold bclock d !trd arr'ngFmcdt!Dadcfor P.f'orln.l
to osctoilcts within !h. dock ar.a. ln 6hipsfittcd with scplic tanks,
errrnglmcatsrnay bc nadc to drain this tank itrto thc ahorcscwcn.
Altcmrtivcly it rnaybc pc.mi&sibla to drrin lhc tank dirccdyiDto lhc
docl outld drain chrnncls.
xl
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES
FhG
Art'ntlnctrtr rhouldbc D!d. to provirlctLc rltlcl with tn dcqult!
supplyofirlatiting vlrcr, lrd i! .dditiotr, dl ft! rpdiuc.r ihould
b. rcadyfor inltmt u!c. Flqu.ddy tbc Doct Authoritid povidc r
ftt4ehol lcrvicc ehcrrby o* or nol! ritc.btDc! vilit cr,.ry Fn of
thc rhip a.ci hour, thcir Eowmao&bcingEcordadby ruitsblyphcod
tiEa docb,
Adtta
Thir .hodd b. phccdsboordt[c shipifpocsittc, FirErily for npid
ruD&ori!8 of ft! or aDbulrtrcclcnicca.
E.tldt'
gcctakity lrppliaa, auitablcfor thc vraacl'3cquipEcot shouldbc
providcdif tha Di6cl gcnrrdo8 ltl to bGovrrblulcd BoilcB vrill ba
allorDd to bu! do*!.
,tn.@rt Msn mty bc nlgd by wldiDg r .uitrttlc cablcto . bdFd
u!. of hul pLti!& ThGody oth.r.artbiry routcr .nihtic in r .hip
rBting od *oodca blocLrrr! alo!8 lhc sir! hsvlan, vifth Ery lot
providcgpodcootactrat thcir Gxrrcditi6.
IIot WG
Thi! mult bc rupplird for cooliq rtrd wrlhiry frdlitic., .Dd if thc
tlaaal'a ddcrtic bratidg cquipE ot i! to bc ortrtluLd thc Dock
AutboritiaaEsy Inovilc clccrricwet r boilcl!"
W.ldraa
WrtclEad 3houldbccmployldto ptlrtdt umurhodlcdp.rrola froD
bodditr& rnd to 8ao.ta[y rtt dd tbc 8aDgr.y.
Dr{e
Thc $.!cl w l bc cdrfirlly rurvcycdby thc OEc..r, . Lloldl Hul
Sgwryor,ttc CoDFtry! ElSin GfSuFitt orltot rDd dro th. Do.t-
262
DRYDOCIrINO AND LOADLINBS
}r.td ft|trrflr, Tha Mrrina Sup.dntaodantir rbo Farant. DGo&d
d|&r viu b. .tni!it!o.d (f!ircd), b.d!g io !Di!d thrt tho.otroo!,!d
for tlir puipoia eil hlr! ro ba horo-tc.td or rlplload.nt. W.apirS
dwt6 .nd ..aD! eil bc c.u&cd, thc tril .!d |hrf(.) Day b. vith-
draw! foaaxrmirrtion oflirq rcrl{own, rd thcruddararrDi!€d fo(
eurpcorioawtar. Ttc propcllcrbhd.. *ill b. .s.rni!.d for tip d&r.8.
|!d thco polilhcd oD thcir rufaor.. l\,t d lirtiq aEar of d|nlgp, or
pbt6 whichEquitc sc.ling;thc !hc[ pLttlg pL! viU b. u!.d, b..ri!8
i! mind ttrt pldai lr! lunb.rld fioo d lnd lcttlrld from thc !tr-
boatddrata ('A) upwrd! tovird! tbc rhccr ltrrtc.
Td
Atry t!trtr whichnccddrridng wil ha\& thcir plug! r!6ov!d frca
thc rbcl phti!& ioto irldc,hthcy arr u!u.[y rlc€led if thry hls !
Fotnditrg hcxrsen l b.ad to prlvr it .h.rri!& Th... plu!' Eud to
Dhc.d in ..fb cultody .nd rcpLc.d b.for! thc dockit noodcd.
Cdoachcdd
Atr.n8ro.!t for thb .hould bc Gldnin d ty thr irrtrling ftu rld
uodaa rwx/ld shrrc trquitrd. Thc ,i!c phtaa itr wry of tba rtat!
frrEc Dr', lrd rtocwitrgif brdly conodd. Tharcrcprc..ot ttt catti6t
dlod of carhodicprotlctiod, ald it i! of itrtcttst to lotc thlt r,bao
Sir HuDpbry D.W daaitlcd that, thcir putpGc var uodatltoodao
litd. tt t thc),wr oft.o 6tt d to woodcnrbip..
A|tu! ol C.tLt
Tbcrc Dry bc r.trSd i! thc doct bottoE for glairi!8, taatingfot
slrrdowD, chanSingtha ciblc Loglhr, ll-Er*i!8, rcnced of lcd
FllcE, and at thc ,.Dc timGthc c.hlitr lockar ca! ba cLatcd |trd
*rld/coatcd if mcc*ruy. (thc rrrd6 ia bdc rcf.rttd to Chapar I.)
PrbS
Tbt rifl lroaaaly bc coDDldcad0r aoo! $ tb. rttscl it drt !!d baE
bottod ha! bcaoclcatrcdof dl Smttha" Thdc llc Frtiofidy caidlot
.t phrc LFjoirb, rld .r! litdy to b. ilEond doc to lbr t .t phcrl
hc.droon ir liEitd for eo*itrg: Tbc lowcr .idr. of tib. tclt rr!
frr$atly tbicuy co.t d with Erri* trovthr. Thc d.?o.itt Ely !!ad
.liilg of if rlry h|nt, ird i! roDc.|!6 th.y ur burncdoE a Foccrr
(',,fd&'a,da.
Wb.rGtb. hutl Filts.t ir ir goodconditioor fttri oo.t of.!ti.
fouliogi! atl tbat ir lcc.srary, .pplicd owi i qubt dryiry cot of.!ti-
fouliDf ordrrafit, ehich scrb aDdbindr tboturf&c ofttc old p.int rnd
263
DRYDOCKINC AND LOADLINES
msk6 it compstiblowith lhc entifoulirg coEporitiotr.WtcD thc pdar-
workir lrrzcd or pittcd,esoflcnoocuFi! wry of thccollisionbulticrd
duc to a$.bor-.rblc chefc,thc aurfaooshouldba clcdrd, rEoothcd,
rd co.trd eiti. m.tallic pritrc whichi! .nticorrociyc,Tbit ir frdly
covsld lrith rntifouliq prinl
Ifthc v6scl ha3rt3tld otr thc t cl bloct! in . diftr.ot Do6itio!fron
l.r5ttimc, prtchcaof har kc.l wilt ba bat! or abortof r ifouling, snd
pafiiculd rttantio! shouldbagivld to thi! rt!d.
For lcs or b6r! pLtiog (ard oftcn s fsw plst6 rtr rcrlcd rf c.ch
drydockiDgh ordcrlo LGaprhc aufaca!dooth), ttrcr to four cost! of
mctsllicprim6 ihould bc epplid, foUo*rd by o[c coat of aotifoulitrS,
To mrkc surcth.rt thc primhg cost! alc proFrly applicd,it is ofLn
codvcdicDt to uscNaprratccolourNfor cachco!! aaypint, bro\N!,ald
ydlow. ID thb yry, my patchcashortof Fint wil bc.voidd, in .ddi.
tio! to wbichttc O6car rDd poirt forrm.n c.! i!fillrly ararr thG
progr!6! of ttc pailtaf&
A! long!! pGlible abouldbaa[owld batx,!c[ thcsccost!,whi:h dry
5m fi2 D.r C in about four hours.Thc covcringcapacityis about l0 m! pcr liac.
This irimcr hr3 a vcry high rcsbt$cc to watcr,and r iurfaccwhichis
compatiblcwith .ntifoulin& whichis now spplicddLEt.
Atrtifouliry compoditio!i! applicdh odrr that thc dow tnd con-
strtrt aolutio! of thc roxio sub6tanca! *hi:h it cootaitrtwill kcaDtbc
rbip'r .udaccio m elti!.ptic condition,o that rc meritrcgrowti cea
obtah s foothold;thc prirt i! thu5r .torc for poironou mltarid& but
ttc antiraltic conditior ir obtiDrd ody st thc crpcolo ofr daplcliotr
ofihir ,torr' i! olhcr wod! it i! r erltirg proc6s.ThGcompolitiotrof
thc pabt mustbc auchttrt it base bigblycoDtrollcdrab of toxi, d.plc-
tioo. Th6a mrtcrirb str dcriv€dfrom coppcrrtrd mctrury. Arrcnic i!
occ.6iomllywad, but is fsr morr cfrcclivclypoilodour on higbcrbio-
loSicalordcra.
Bccaus€of their constituents,atrtifouli!8 paints are cxFnsive
bul shouldrcwr bc tbitrtrcd,s! thi! h a fdac ccotromy.It is dlritBod
to bc eppiid ot r carlsidcoBistcncy,!d atrythi!trilg wil rcduccib
protactit/cproFrtic!. Thc pric. is uruauydircctly proponioDd to thc
,trllgth .trd du.rtio! ofthir prot!c{io!" If, h etrE dio.tln lhc Firt
i. fourd to b. rhir, two coau .hould bc .pdicd. thc rtrodtlrt |Dd
3mftuFrC mostcxFisivc atrtifouliogcowrt at thc rda of about6.5 mr F litrc.
5(Dft' pcrltl Antifouling undcrcoatscovcr at thc ratc of sbout l0 m, pcr lit r
and dry in abou! two hou.s. Anlifouling p6int should .lwsys bc
epplicdovcr thc undcrcoator 6nsl primc. not latc. than tw€nty-four
hourr slLr thc forEcr h8 &icd. It murt lctrci ttctr bc dlorcd !o dry
hard unl6s of poltuEthrnc basc.Thc dock mustthcraforrbc floodcd
bcfr6 dr ad trcoty-fou hourrsftlr ipplicltio! of tbc cotrlp6itiod.
Thc boot-toppitrgthould bc cdrcd aithcreith ctraEclp.itrt or ab
4
DRYDOCIONO AND LOADLINES
with dtifoulilt ooepositior, thc lati.r b.i!t Fcfcnblc, ,irc. tu!.d
lrowtb b nod cridlot at, lrd trcir, thc v|!ci tufrcc. EuDcl pi!t,
hotcrlr, i. fa! norr c.lily clc.trd of oil rtritrr. A difctlnt colourcd
|ltifoEliry n|y bc ur.d if r!..ir!d,
no.O.St
ccrttio dock',ldr u! uliDgtti. Dcthodof paitt tloovd h prdcr-
coccto thc trlditiord Gling Thc illtruDctrt i! virtudly. Su-.upplid
(ory{c.tylrn ) blorllmp, but th! IhDc ir coitt d froo r widc-o3lo
flhtdl rFJtur! lnd quictly tloovr. p.iDt, horlE tii.k or old. lL.
d.tirt.hodd th.d bc wirt-btutb.d by r D|n folo ilt rhc frD+
opcr or. Thc naatod h|! thadvaltagc tLlt th. Ddal it low dty ald
r|rD !!d rhut itr.l for priltil8. I! d{ep cotrditior! it i. rdvitrblc to
u-t .D!offourEar; oFm|trburla of thcpdtrt,I Htde.nfollow
clorc bc.bitrdflirqbrolbitr8 thc pl|tilS oL.!, tnd ttG rr@.i!i!8 teo
folov dotrg wih rhc f'tt prioilg cort
Tbdt i! o!! point to bGe.tch.d, iorcvlr, shich it Eo|t inpotllnt.
Dorbg runcyr it ory oocurtl.t th.r! eil b. r SuEfor .nd O6err
cs|ninint oil trDl undcr"tr;.5 n166 clarirg ir ia Fo!ft'|. ThGolty
r! iduGo! the irlidc botton platilg quic&lyvaporircailto rufrocatint
fumcs.Shot bl$ting, saDdbhsting md ultrr*onic clcaningarc rsf.r
ncthods in thk rcspcct.
c|.d.-
E$ry-addravourahouldbc&!dc to t ? thGabip.| cL.tr ar poadur,
|!d whilcdccl-walhingEly lot baoo rloioo! tbrtc ir rc rcr.toorby
.- ltlqry d.ily lqlcpiDg rhould not bc c.nld ou.. Arrrtr$o.db
rhouHta ba& to bavctL !hip', alfutc rtoovld at ftaquaotitrt wab,
panicuhrly i! hot rc.tiar.
Dbit .
Tb rhould brvr dl non-rctt|lr vdw. npL..4 .!d b.fr.. ittql
(rh! .uDpli.d).
5
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES
E
A[ t !t! rhorld hv! fhcir u!d! rr.r drd! dugr i! phcc, rld ln
o6t drtdoc,lr thc do.&ir lotlood.d Efil tbcDoctE !t ri! Fr.cor.d
with . risrod c6t'$c.t .t tilt thrt .! O6s h.r illFctad tb hul
|!d i! &ria6adon Oi! comt
tb
Thr .hip'r lot thould bc.DM to ..c ibrt it oo!td!r:
O) Th. tiDc rt *tich thc vr...l .di.r!d th. doc.k
(2) Tbo tie. rt tvtnh tbc lrc '|! clo.od
(3) It tiD! rfi.o pnoDi!8 cobo.oc.d.
(4) TDorinca wbro tbarraal *|t rt|.d ard alto xAairrtc dod '.r
drt
WLd Lovi!8; ib. lot .hould c@trin:
(l) Tb dD! rn.[ foodn8 co@.oc.d
(a Th. tino rlro lh. r'q.d fo.ad.
(3) Th. dD6 {h!d thc trtc irr op.o.d |'d rft.|r th. r! rd Lft th!
doa&.
A rcpon .hould bGnrDi.hd ro thc orDtt r.t i!i!t . ooP!|.bo.t'4
dving .ll th. .bolt tiD.r, &tr r of tbc wort doo. i! docL,tto q!|lti-
ti...!d tlF of Fitrt tr!.4 thr Mrh. SoFitrt odcot'. ophim of thc
idlirl cotrditionof tbc udlrf,.t r Firtworlq |!d dl oth.r ltlrv.lt
f..6,
INCIING MEIIIOE
I! F.t d!y! tilro xt(! ti,o octhodr of qo.ilt r rhip'r lrndlft lrf
nrftca, atrdtb.y rrc roriby of Eadti@ pordy ft@ tbr l,oinb of riaw
ofiDt [r!t rld iraltadlt ltr &.d.dr E voaaboldy.
Or..-f
h thi! carath! Ercl T|' nm d* inrhorcolt' a auitablob...[, rt
hiih 'rt r, .o tL.t .b. SrioEd.drt Loerd.. .od h..Ld orl! . Th! tiEc
rvdhbb for r?.ir.!d D.int o!!cc *ott e.t Et rily r!fry liDibd.
Tbc octbod ir dl *iddy urcdfo( dtll cr.ft. lt i!' of courc, c.6tid
tbat lbc rc.-bcd &i.. out oo6Plctalyd lov tri.t iD fha loaalig of lh!
Ylaac|.
Hranh Itorr
IIarG'a r,lrad'|r t dcdovarhyrt|Gtlrof taa&baanW bctffi bar
Darb ald alothlr !hip, htll, or ahor!atLfuaotr l&a daatats!
26
DRYDOCKTNO AND LOADLINBS
rilfld witb qtr| prs,lot r.hrod! to diridbut! th..tt!.rc. i!voh,!d,
Tha Drtlod *rt lot aonsful |! carrcni4i but ri@ tbc tdl rs
rit rbomc' tt r! wa! littL hull !t!s!, unl€!, ofcout!, it toochld fhc
r.s.bcd.
Nowrdryt, t!.nr |tr th$c brdc ncthodr fot proprriag r rhip for
uldcrwaE hul r,!tt:
O) A Gdna Iro.L
Tiir i.roncwhid ir croavatcdftoo thc laadud clorcdto tho,.a or
rivcr by Dcan of a lo|rtitg c.it!o! Stta Thi! i! Yittus[y r lrtfp,
robultly.bui4 .t cl ted. Tbt.dtp ofthc dockbottoE b.n st[ thc g't
it tlfrfrcd to ar th. .ill. Thc dd6 ofthc dockrrt tcrrrocdinto cotctlL
tcDa or dtrrt into wbichtha ahorcrer. hcclcd,AlongthacatrtGlilc of
thc doct, hug! boultr ofrieb.r..c built up into tccl trloctt I! !oD.
c.tcartrorhcrprtrllcl li!. of bilg! bloctNor bd! i! built oo crch !id. of
th. ccDtt! lira. Thc bloc.l6err ticd tolptlcl to pr.wnt ltco from top-
pli4 or bcingui@ asthcrsscl ir *wcd or ndoetrd. Thc lirc ofth.
bloct!'upF rulfaccair ulurly o! ! diShtfndicot rdrfiE to thchori-
,ontil, lnown e! thc dcclivig. Thodockis filcd from thc rivcr or &r,
rnd thc 8tla ir opaoadwhcothc lcvcb of thc w!t!r o! both ridor art
coircidcnl Tbc .bip ir lhco tootrd id rld po.itiold orlf th! tc.l
U6b, thc 8rt i! clo6o4tld thc docki! pudp.d dty.
Thc top adgpof th. gitc, slotrgwhich pcrsontmry edk, is oftctr
l5 m rbovc thc dock bottom u|d thc giatahas to withslrtrd, in lhis 50fi
clrc, a mrximum p|lslurr of 12 totnas/m' if thc watcr oulsidc thc 2 5U)lb/ftr
dockis of dcmity I totrDc/mrrnd 3 m balowthcatc-cdgp. a |b/ft! l0 ft
(,)Ano@Dod
Thfuir virnuly ! nugo,irt, $bdividld .b.l trlt tlihcr lit . tbip'.
dout{abottom,on thcuppcrccnEElitrcofwbic! i! a lila oftaal blocb,
{ith or without lrtocilbd billa bad!, Thi! fotm! t[. bottom of thc
dock, whichbar no c6d! brlt high Dltroe tid.r which arc rbo trnl .
1!6a rt! co8tnrctld dong tbc lorgrr ridd oflhc rcc{rnguhadock.
Thc t nk, both i! thc doublcbottoD snd th. rid6, !rc iood.d .o
tbrt th. dock bottom i! .t r d.cFr draughtthrn thc .hip'! t.cl. Tho
lhip ir tbrtr no rd ov.t fhc docl('rc.ohalirc ard tha l:ttlr it punpad
dry uril thc ihip it clcer of thc est r. Tbc docli!8 M.t !.c wil
rtquirr dctrilcd drts rcg.rdidg thc .hip'r .t bility, trin, rad lordirg
coodition,and ery rcqdrr aay of tiaacto bc c.h|lgcd,E c.h!.ctioD of
tbodockDult bc ca!.blc ofliftiag that portioDofth. lhipt lcdglh,.trd
wddt, rhich lirt nithi! it and thc .hip mut rhcrlfotc bc cvtoly
lodcd. If thb ir not arru8.d, rhc doct i!.ubixtcd to rcvcrcbcodiag
.ln.ttAt
To L.cp th. do.k prop.dy rriencd, thorhip't ccotEofgrrvity Durt
N;I
DRYDOCKINC AND LOADLINES
bc wnic.lly rbor,athc docl'r ccntrcof broyetrcy,.nd th6c poinb rtc
d|rrtcd, by maan3ofpairt oo thc lidcaof both thc .bip rnd dock.Thc
two cvcatuallyfo]m onc!o!tin8 cf,allor.yat@, thc atebilityof which,
likc anycrrn, is dircc{y proponiolsl to thc bcamof thc wstcrphtrc,i.c.
lha lrra ofthc c|'alt'! 6ors-!.c1ionat, aod Frallcl to, thc erGr lcvcl.
This, aod thcrcforathc stebilityof thc cystcm,ir lcastthcn thc wrtar
lcvclii bctwlaothaahip'sk cl rld thc dockbottom,for thctrthc watcr-
plancrrc. is only thrt of thc narrow,idc tanks.Thfumly bc rlfcrrcd to
t l c u l E 1 2 .I
LOADLINf,S
fic Inlcmaliolal Load Linc Rulcs(196E)apply to all vcss.lswholc
CovcrDmcnts snc partiesto thc l,oadlincConvcntionof 1966.All
Britiih ship6,whh thc cxclplionof:
(l) warships.
(2) vcssclscnpgcd solclyir tuhidg, .od
(3) plc$urc y{chts,
ar€ requiredto u3. statutoryloadliDcs to cnsrircthat thcy do not
b.romcsubmcrgcd morcrhenis prudet|t,havingrcgardto thclatitudcs
ands€asons in whichihcyarcsailing.Thcymustnot put to s.aunlcss
thc shifr has bccnsurvcy.d,merkcdwith loadlitrcs, c.omplics with
assignmcnt condilionsandcariespropc.stabilityinformation.
Thalc lo8dlircaerc .wardcd by Assi8dnSAutboritics,suchas thc
Dcparfmcrr of Trenspon brrt morc oft!tr on bchdt of thc GovcrD-
6cnt, Lloyd's Rcgiitcr of Shippiry eld th. Britirh C-orndittccot thc
2@
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES
FrErdl BureauVeritas.Thc vessclsnrustba coffiucled arrdcquippcd
aslaid downin thc lradlinc Rulas(obtainablcftom H.M. Starionery
Ofncc)to allain conditionsof assiSruncnt, aftershich a summciload-
li[c (in salt{Etcr) is codputed,othcr frEcboEr&.tc ascigrcd,ad lhe
mrrk ar! cut in or pahtcd on tha 3hip'a,idcs. A loadliocccnifdtc
is pllscntd ro thc Owlcrs' atrd mult ba poatcdin a coDrDicuous
poNitiotrwithin tbc ship,whilc in forc., Th. c.niic4t is valid fo. fvc
yc$sr but an mnud 3urv.y i! hcld to claulc thrt thc coDditioNof
rssilrmcd ar! fuElcd strd thc loadlitc nt*! arr utraltcrcd.Ecforc
r Mrstcr c.tr sign on e crcw hc dust ctrtar dctailsof this ccrtifcrtc
rnd his loadlincsitrto tha agrccmcDt. Evcryvoyrgr, similu portio rrs
muatbc r.cordcdin thc Ofrcial Logbook.
Itrtcddionsl loadlincshipsalr tho.c of 24 m aad ovct. Tbcy will
havaalt Intcmstional Irsdlinc Cartiicatc (1966),Othcr vc$talsvill
hevcs Unitcd KingdomL.adlinc C€rtiicat!. If a vcslcl is loadadao
thlt in r conditionof zaro list, hcr lordlina is subm.rycd,hcr o*ncr
or Master shall be liabl€ to a fiae ot l2m0 atrd in addition aaother
l2om for cvcryccntimetrcthat hcr apprpriat! loadlinc i! r brrcrged,
A furthcr frnc of 12000is likely if sheis s€trtto scaitr ao ovcrloaded
@nditiod.Th€scat€ ltrarimumftr6 in a courtof summaryjuridbiofl.
It b a deferceto provethat the ovcrloadinglvascaus€dby dcviariotr
or delaybeyoodthc Master'scontrol. A vrscelmry bc dctsidcdutrtil
shc casscsto bc overloadcd.
lrd.Uu @N |t d& c.ott! of tbo kqth of th. .urnD6t load
raiar-lbc.
Idfi.lt&tt
Thare,ball hc Fintld in whitc ot ydlos on r dtrk grourd oa in
ttac& 06 a liShtgro!tr4 lnd ahrl becafiftly aori! or c.ott!-puicrhd
od ttc .ito ofirrd d rEd.hip.. O! *ood.o fiip. thcy Otll b. clt itr
l i o for at lc$t 3 mm.
I2ir x I in Thc Dcck Linc is. horizontrl lift ma$uring m mm x 25 nm
Errtod rsid.bip., with it uppcrGdgrFr.in8 tbroutn thc point *hcrc
tha oortinurtiod of tha uppcr rttft a of tha frc.bdrd drck (or itt
.hr.thing) i!t!$G.a. th. out r .urfrr. oftbc !tc[ pLtitrg.Ttuft..had
& ir thau9parD6t coqlcr. d.ct havinSFD|!.ot D...!! of clociDg
dl opcoilst io lt.tb.r.cdiotrr, c,& halrhr.yr.
12ialit 7h. Iaadlin Dfucis tq mm in crtan.l dirtrctcr rnd 25 mm lhick.
lb c.dtrc i! r.DirlthiF ud bdow itc dlctliio. Th. dirc ir ht G.ct d by
l8ioxlir r horizontallinc rncaiuring450mm x 25 mmvhora upFr cdgcpt$.s
fborff, rt c.ot . of rh! di.c, Thir IiD.r rt ib lppct .dt ' Dttt tb.
gEr!|o.trrdt watartilaald ia oft.o rEfcdld to .| tbc Plinr,oltbra alut
&Dud Ptio.o|l . pioer iD rbc Flrqltiod of.hipdldo.din&
zm
DRYDOCTING AND LOADLINBS
TIE ltadlln t. Al a dislrnccof 540m,rl for*erd of th. ccnt|r of thc 2l in
di q thcrc is r vcnic5l liE 25 mm widc, from *hich horizo d liD.s I iu
mraruring230mm x 25Inmcxlcodforwad andrft, thc upFr surfa..r 9 in x I in
of which itrdic.t thc nrridub dlplb! to whid thc thip 6.y bc
rubD..gd i! difcrilg circltEtrlrc.r rld !.ooo!.
TtF ofladh..
O) Sa..!.tr L.bdha T.!Lr. (Fi!: 122).Thc loddlin ..r! rhow!
fot thct arioad,idc ot a .bip. Th. followilt .!. n|rLd:
Sr,nnrr (s), Thir ir lcwl s,ith th! ninrou linc .nd ir thc b.!ic com-
putcdfrccboerdlinc. A scp.ntc tablci! ulad for conputingthc trnlcr
summarloedlilc. Othcrloadlidcsrtl b{rd o! tbr ru!|mcr n .k,
winter (,n is onc forrydghth of thc suiurar drsught bclo* thc
sumdarlinc.
nopical (T) is onc fo.ty<ighth of th. summcrd.aught abovc thc
sumDcrliDc.
lyint., Nodh ,lthntic (lfNl\ is markcd on all v.ss.ls of 100 m
or undcr in lctrgtb.lt appliaslo voyrSls within thc Nonh Atlaotic
north of thc 36th p|trllcl of btitu&, durin8 thc witrlcr no!th!, .r
laid down in thc I4dlinc Rulcs.It i3 ma.kcdat a distlnc. of 50 mm
bclowtha winlcr loadlinc.
Whcn th. vcssclis fioating in frcsh watc., th. frccboardeay bc
rcduccdby an amountknown as the Ft6h Wetcr Allowatrc.(FWA)
aod tbis is c5lculat.dfrom thc formule
w
-r Jnm
1 I
z .,!
:
o
: 4,
o -L_
ti t
z
I
j
:
8
i
l
n
I
.t
t
o
DRYDOCI(ING AND LOADLINBS
forl .!dc Grcldi!! .t lc.,t 7% of tb. .hiC. l.!tth, rDd ! Foop or
r.iicd qllrilrdcct. Hcr doublc-bottoEtlnls,irlit th. nid,hiP. t |f-
kdgth mulr b. ,ubdividd, rnd th. .hip nllr bc 6ltcd with cficitdt
rsik or bulwsrkr at lcrst I m in hcight.Eycplala!for sccutitglrrhiltt 39 id
nust bc affrcd to thc shcd strakc not more than 3 m apatt. Her r0 ft
stcaring-8F5R muatbc ad.qustclyprotlctcd ftom c&go drEr8..
Tha v!.rcl mustfll hcaedL tolidly wilh tinbct up to thc ttrDd[d
hcigbtof hcr suFrstructutta.I! rti! wry, .ba obuiB 8tLi.t rr..rit
buolancarld hcr aun'mcrfrccboordoay bc rcduccd.Thit Drtutdly
duc6 csdrio olha. losdliDcfrEborrd!.
shc will havca s€condsct of loadlincssuitalcd540 mm abdft thc
catrtE of thc loadlincdi!c, similstly @rkcd lor othcr losdliDct,but
rvith rach lctt r pt fircd by 'L' (Lumbc.).
bonb.r S|o'xn.' (IS) b r!.omc computadlcvcl abovclha Plinaoll
lina,lnd its upFr adgclrlerksthc 3ummcrsrlt-wetcrtimbq loedliDc.
Lnt ber Wintu (ary) is * of thc lumbc. summcrdnuSht balow Jin/ft
(LS).
b.nbet T.opical(L7) is .i of thc lumbcr sutdncr ddught 6bov. I in/ft
(LS).
Lunbcr Vhlcr Not ,ltldf''tic (LryNA) h on ltu smc kvcl I thc
(wNA) lordlinc, uhcrc mattcd. It thcrrforc epplic only to vaslclsof
lm m or undcriD lcnSlh. 328ft
Thc lradlin€ Cenificategivcsa scpar.te FrcshWater Allowance
for both odiorty tnd lumbcr ftecboards.
Lrarrb.r ft.lh Wate. (Ln b th..rfolr .iturlcd sbovc (tS) by u
aDouDtcqualto thc FWA,
Llr',ttbcrTropicolFrc$ Valq (fO i! rbov! (LT) by rn tnroul
oqud to thc F1VA.
(3) SdliS SUF Gi8, lza). Th6c ahiF hsw r dccllirq ! dilc with
anintcn ctinglinc,andtwo 23Gmmloadlincssituetcd5rlGmmforw|rd Fh 2l in
of tha di.c ccntrr.Thc int ncclitrSlina lurb thc eltr lilc foa wintaa,
Ntbn r, ud tropic.l cotrditioB, It i! thrrrfoc t! (S), (T), !!d (W)
lift.
fhc Mt wata Itdn E (I) i! rbovc thc idt tr.c{i!8 lin by rn
rDount aqrul to thc FIVA, computd !! fot st arncB.
The Winte,North Atlanr'cZi,n€is bclow thc intcrscctinglinc by sn
amountdircctcdby rheAssiSDing Authority.
SSdlrtdo L.dlh.t
Ttc6a dry ba ,srignadro r pastcnSarr,6cal rboard wtich rprccr
axirt vhich 6rt ulad foatba cdrirgp of cith6 F$c!srl! or clrgo. Sha
D.y havcllta ulud loidlioa tDarlinp r! Oo*n i! Fi& lZ2, ald i!
.dditio! s .ubdivirioD loadlidc (or lo.dli!.* up to !!o.lly tbr.. io
273
DRYDOCRINC AND LOADLINBS
lurt r), ndcd (C) ro ildi|r Corwotio! (Safcty),Wh.'r thcr! i!
nor! th!tr orc of thclc loldlitrca rbry |I! iurkd Cl, C2, ald C3,
nuDb.ringthcmdowowrrdstowardstba kocl ro lhrf C3 indicil6 tha
Euidro frrcb@rd. Thst .rc all ritu.bd bclowttc Tropial (d!rp6t
arlt eatac)loddliic rDd oftcn oD thc forrrtd tid. of lhc rtnical liic.
Tvo ofth6c lo.dli&s arl lbowtr pcckcdiD Fig. 12.2
D.tailr ofthrac lo.dlin6 etl foundin thc Prlrcqpr rnd S.fcty Crrti-
i. * poatd in a codlpi:uou! poritioorbo.rd thc.hip, atrdeko itr thc
Hrr.tiotr of Surv.y (Sur'Ey I A), yhich ir ia thc cuttody of thc
Mastr. Thc variou! spac6 rdrti!8 ro crch lordlioc a.r rccordcdin
s r r r L l l l c v ES s E L :
$A8lgAplllE
-
ttasc form.. W[cncvcr all thc sp.casorc uscdfor c.rgo carrirSr only
thc ll3rcl loa& to h€r usurl loedlin s- If, ho*€var,t sp{c. is uscdfo.
th. cerriafc of pa$an8ar,,thcn thc vc.sclmustnot submcrgcbcyond
thc rppropriaE subdivisiooloedlinc.
Th6c loadlinas&E not cotuoctcdwith thc Intcrnatiotrd Loddlioc
RuLs, but rrc providrd utrdcrrhc trms of thc SafctyConvcdliotrrtrd
computedfor British shiF by the D€paim.ot of Trenspon(D.o.T.)
in thc United Kitrcdom.
b thc Far East,-such asldia, Ccylon,Hong Kong, ard Sillaporc,
vc*lcb Ery bc s.cn with addirio!.! rubdivi3ioDlo.dlitrcs oarkd Dl,
D2, ctc., iitlet d bclowlhc (C) litrcs.Thcscprovidcrn cwn Faatcr
frrcboard,rd rrc u!.d iD siEilar circuEstanc.3lo thc (C) linci but itr
bad ftathcr sao!oD!,sucha! thr south-waatmonroonitr thc Indirtr
Ocaan.
n4
DRYDOCKINC AND LOADLINES
FIGUNE
I2.5
:75mm 3in
So th. sumEarloadlinc,or aoy othcr srlt wata. loadlinawbc! in
scason,can bc subm.rgcdby 75mm whcnthc v.ssalis loadingin dock
watcrof thisS.C.
n5
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES
Thc S.G.is m.asurcdby meansof a hydiomctcr.A buckctof thc
doct watcr ir obtaiocdfrom ovdsidc,cLdt ofdl dfuch.rgB,!trd trot
from thc washicct linc hydrrrb. Thc hydromctcrir idrcrtadinto thc
wrtcr atrdsputrbctwn tbcfn8pis to brcakdowrrsurflcctcslion,wbich
mayaffccllhe rcading.Thc S.C. is rcadlrom lhc scalcadje4.ntto thc
warerlevcl.Som€hydromctrrs showdcnsity,takcnas roulhly onc
rhousandtines thc S.C., i.e. watcrof spccincgravitylO25 hes a
dcmiry of | 025gramsFr litrc.
Thc hydrcnctcr mry bc mrdc of bnssi it ba! r loa8, lhin ltcm o!
wh;cbart graduatd lha darJitid or ecciic grrvitiasspsccdi! hrttlo-
nic progcssion.Thc loq,crcrd of thc atcmjoiru r buoyancychlnbcr,
bclowwhichthc.! is a ecightcdsphcrc.ThGi$trutncDt i! ofcolttalt
volumcandwcight,end thcrcforEvaricails dcpthofimmcrsio! accord-
irg to thc dcnsity(andthusthc upthrust).ofthc 0uid. ld frashwetcrit
is mrrly complctly submcrgldso that thc buclct abouldiaitirlly bc
\*cll-fillcdand ncvcrtoppcdup from a coovcnicdthydrant,whichmay
bc aupplyingwatcrof.Dtildy alicodatrsi9to thst i! rhcdoct.
CtccldtrSth. fttclonl
This may bc dotrcby mcatrsof plumblincslorv.tld from lhc dcck,
parlrcula y in thc cascofe list, whcnthc vcssdcan lotd to hcr mcan
frccborrd-thc evc.egcof thc port atrd stsrboardfrcrboard!. Whcn
di&€1lyob6crvingthc loadlinca,thc lop aod wrvclctson thc l]atcr su.-
faccc5nbc vcrycoofuriaSto accuratar.adings.In sucha crrc aDopca-
cndcdglasrrubc mry bc bcld vcrticellysgainstthc losdlidd with onc
cDdsubmcrgld,Thc wotarlcvcl*i[ thm rcmsidfaitly staticwittin thq
tubc.Sucha mcthodis cquallyulcful whcnrtading drauglts,
NOTICtsTO SHIPMASIERIT
Ft ldoatrclr or lnnPawml rflDlooE{ ctal@l
trUlrfu rtll Hrrtogr. ctrda. b . &C.is Ftc.3 tlln lh5 b.
d.d.f.. olt tt n{dtL f..c h fu|l bonL.8r of it. !.Et of t
ll.dof lbE F.c.daj
The Ns'rtr. of th. Got
Hydrogcn cyanidc-which is abo known es hydrocyenic acid gas o.
prussic arid 8as-is sn invisiblc and highly poisonousg.3. It hasa faint
elmondlike odour. Many p€oplc howcvcr €nnot sm.ll it, rnd in somc
cascs thc lansc of smcll bccomas dcadcn.d. lt is Ihcrcforc highly
dangcrour to rcly on lhc scnscof smcll for dctccting thc prtsanceof thc
8as.
It is a fall&cyto imaginclhat b€causcthc gasis a litdc lightcr than
rir it can bc induc.d to €scjF up$ards mcrcly by opcning port holcs
or hatchcsofships. Whcn onct mixcdwith air it cannotthus casilybc
got rid of. Thc wholc atmosphcrc of a compartmcnt or ship must bc
chang.d, and this can bc donc only by applying thc wcll-known
principlcs of v.ntilation. The ci.culation of ai. may b. assistcd by
mcchanical m.ans, and spccial a(cntion must bc peid to plac.s whcrc
vcntilation is obviouslydimcuh or slow, c.g., forcpcaks,dccp holds
with small halchcs,ctc.
IIME IEFING
!E d.y .t a ir dividrd hto rix +hour Fiod! c.lLd r|td.1
Tb6c a*tand-rnd rr! mcdI follo*':
291
TIIB OFFICBR OF TNB WATCH
A oopyof tho .!try .hodd b. ftr.lirtd to . so.n *no hlt b6
wamed or repdmandcd,or who bas bc€n disrated.
WLo tb. r,r.d b|t dr!!d hool wrrhor, .t !d.4 or bc.n
brd.4 crc., i.c' |n), oqrr@ rtid nifht k d to du.!. to th!
r.raador h.f carlo, tha M[tar 'loiaa Fobn' haf,oraa Notuy Plblio
ritLin t+ horrt ofuriv.l i! port An .otrt, ro tf,ir .f!.r .houk bc Er&
ir ttc CbitrOfio.d.loSbook rnd.lro ir tb6Ofi. Lgbook
292
CIIAPTER XIY
NOTICES TO MAXINERS
fa_f[s rI! publishcdfor lhc clrEation ofAdsiralty charq sailitrg
I Dllctioo!, Ught U!tr, strdothcrhydrogtaphicpubliEtiont, !trd
I &! iarucdby thc AdEir.lty for thc ulc of both Roytl aDdMcr'
chsotNrvi6.
For fordg&goiagvt*rcb, lhc followiDgNotiod rrc i'sud:
(a) Drily lotica! to dir,arniEtr irfornrrtio! of |tr utgrDtlstur! or of
Dajor idportalaq
(r) Stc.tly conplct .ditio$ of Dothq whic.hcoatain all thc in-
forErtio! whichhr! bcc.mcr\|rilablc dutiag lba ptlviou! wk
rtrd inclrdc rny D.ily Notica bud durirg thlt $tct.
(c) A qurrtlrly cditiotr co[taiDirg i! 3 collt.d foan, lhc hydro-
grrphic i orErtion publishodi! tbc wccHy oomplctrcditioDt
duti!8 thc ptlviou! qo!rtc(.
Thc ftrt ilauc of tho F.r co linr rouShlyltc frtt tw6ty loriccs,
which are annual Reculationseod otr wbich candidatesfor D.o.T.
GflEination rr! cbdly $rc.tiotrd. Thc book abo contailr loticca
of . tadpor|ry ctlrr tcr, prEliEi4ry troliclr itr folca o! I Jrtrulry,
dctaik of mineleyingexcrcis€s,territoriel and fishing limits, radio
navi8ationalwernings,positionsof ttafllc rcpantion
_of schcmca,thc
carri-egcof nautical-pu6licetionsand detaits offshorc rigs. This
book b knowl as thc Annual Suramary.
The Wcekly Editionscontainsix parts:
Pan 1 Thc ind.x
Part 2 Noticcato Mariners
Prn 3 Navigationalwamidgs
Part 4 Correctionsto SaifingDir€ctions
Pafl 5 Corleclioff io Admiralty Lists of LiShtsed Fog SiSnals.
Pan 6 Correctionsto Adminlty Lis$ of Ladio Siglds.
For homc-tradaondf3bitrgvcsscb,al4ilytrotic.srrr blucd rtrd dlo
. pcckly co.rplataadition,but both rdcr oDlyto lhc a.t ! lrrvcBld by
thcscv6scls.
293
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION
Thc Noticcsarc issu.dgratis to Mastcr'sof shiF, sdd sll Ofrccrs
.hould scarchthcm thoroughly,makingsll eppropriatccorcctions to
tbcir hydrographicmat rial. Navigationalwrmings3houldbc initiallcd
by cachOfic.r. Thc Noticcsarcobtainablcat McrcantilcMarinaOftcca
lhrouShour&c UnitcdKingdom.Thcyrnry bc iaspcctad,atrdin meny
cas6 obtaincd,at important Comdonwcalthshippingoficcs atd at
irnporunt BritishConsulatcs. Thcyarcslsoobtainablcfrorn Admiralty
Chln Agrnts.
THE A"II{VERSYSTEM
Thc Automa&d Mutual Aslistancc Rdcuc Systm, oaigimtad
by rh. Unitcd StetcsCoastgurrd,is a mefitinc mutuel $sistsncc
organisationwhich providcsimportant rid to thc dcvalopmcntand
co-ordinationof sclrah and |l{cuc (SAR) cfrorts in many ofi3horc
arlas of thc vorld.
Mcrchant vcssclsof ell nstions msking ofrshorcvoyagd rI€ cn-
courrSldto scndmovcmenlrcportsandpcriodicpocitionEportsto tha
AMVER ccntrcat Corst Guard NcwYork vir lalcc,tcdndio st tions.
Information from thclc rcports is fad into an cLcttotric computar
which supplicsdcad-&ckoDing politiotrsfor thc vassabwhilc thcy lrr
withinthc plottingalla.
Charactarilticsof v6!.ls which arc valurblc fo. dctlrmiting SAR
capabiliryrrl also cnrcrcdinto lhc computcrfrom avaiLblc sourc.s
oI rnlormluon.
Thc p&dictcdlocarionatd SAR charactcrirtic.of caabvc&iclloown
to bc within thc arca of iDterastarEmrda rvailablc uDonrrqucst to
rccogDiscd SAR ag€ncicsof eny nstioD,or lrr3oo in distrss, for uac
io an cmcrSrdcy.Thc prrdict d loc{aiotrs!I. dilcloscdonly for rcasons
conncclad$,ith maritimcsafcty.
Similai systcmsa& now in opaEtion in Madrgascar,Australia,
N.w ZalaDd cnd Dcnnark (G&cnladdrEr). All shiF arr urgcdto
co-oFratc. AMVER mcssaScs sI. frcc to thc afiip.
Four typcsof Epon arc in usc.Thc ninc-pcrtrcpon us.d lo initiltc
a plot is scnt bcforc o. soonrftcr dcplrtu.; it ii virr|rrly a sailinS
plao.Thcrc is alsoa dcviationor dclay&port whichis rc iftha lriling
plm is chargcd.A losition trpor! cltr bc lcnt rt randomintarvsk to
assisltha computcr(on looS voyat6). Thc fou.th typa of rcport is
madcotr ardval at thc vcascl'sdcstiDrtion-
!t4
THB SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
TIIE MAIIIIME BUOYAGESYSTEM
17
),.
F r G U t €r 4 . I
295
TIIB SAFETY OF NAYICATION
,o.t hand mark arc to bc Icft on thc mrrinar's parr hand whpn
appaoaching a harboua,a rivcr cstuaryor rny othcr*atcrvay from sc!-
ward, or whcnproc.cdint ta tha conwntidvl di..ctlan of bbBc. Th.
lrttcr should, in g.ncral, follow r clockwic dircction arcuDd lrld
mess.3.Thc convcndonaldircctionofbuoyrgcfot th. Unitcd Kingdon
is sho*n io Fig. 14.1.Tbc Eadcr rhould Dotcthrt latanl pillar buoys
havccolourcdpillars.
L AIERAL
SIAFBOAAD HANO MAA(9
il
c o N € , P T L L A R O F s P AA
It
s9!9.U8' G F € EN
IOPM^FK r C A E E N C O N E
!.!9!.! , G R E E N ,A N Y R H Y T I { M
F I G U A E I T I, 2
N
+
+
A
. L!g!J,w8l
A A
Y
--- [ .
v LIGHT:
V
!!9u:
oa
voF(6)+LO N G
QF(6) + L ONG
T fllg]""'r.
s co.or"ffitr.,..,-ot
lc^RorN^L M^Fxsl
F t c u F Et a . 3
l-rsir-r-rEoDAncER RKsl
o O
o o
LI GII T:
G P . F L { 2 , l W H IT E
llgtLl, TSOPHASE.
OCCULTING,OR LONG
F L A SH , I V X I E
T
COLOUR RED
$
FIGURE I/t.4
lspecrel uretsl
YELLO'
CONE
SPHERE
LIGHT: Y€LLOU
T9PAN
TOPTaART:Vtltott
F r c u R El a . 5
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVICATION
Thc liShts ur€d oo Rcgion 'A' buoF arE ilurtntcd in Fit. 14.6
togflhcrwith rhc usualabbrcviations. A light gradcdas very Quick
Flashing fl.shesar $c ratcof lm or 120 f,..hcsFr ninutc.A liSht
gredcdasQuickFlashiogwill ffashat hrlfth.t rrtc, i.c. 50o.60 irshcs
pcr mrnurc.
Rcadcrsarc adviscdto colour Fi8 14.2to 14.7irclusiva,prrfcrably
with crayons. Spi.itinksor f.lt tip pcnsmayprcduccaccpagc through
to thc othc. sidc of the papcr. Whcrc ncccssary,I havc includcdr
colour kcy and shadingin thc disgr&ms.This is obviouslyunnccassary
in thc cascof larcraland so.cial marks.
Rcgion 'B' compris€sNorth, Crotral and South Americ3, Japan,
Korca add the Philippines.Tbc only chrngcir to htcral matkswhctc
gccn is !*4 for pott hatrdbuoysard rcd for stsrbo.rd ha[d buoys.
Shapasarc commonto toth rcgio$ so cansarc alwaysport hand
hark!. Conesr€main starboardhand marks but rvill be tcd. Both
regions usc Pr4dr.d ChannalLatttul Marl6 whcta lha channel
divides.A singe horizontalbandof colourdenot€sthat thr buoymay
bc left on cither sid., thc bulk of thc colour indicatingthe p.cferrcd
chatrnel.For examplc,in Rcgion'B', a 8tlctr c{n buoy with a broad
rcd band otr it would mea[, to a ship herding in tbe conventiooal
dircclion of buoyage,that the prefcred chaonellias to starboard.
QUIC( FLASHING
ourcx FL^sH(3)
FLASHING
LONG FLASH
rs o P H A s E
V E R Y Q U I C K F L A S H (6)
ANO LOIIG FLASN
ourc( FL^SH(21
ANO LONG fLASH
occuLttNG
GFOUP OCCULTING
LIGH' CHAFACTEAIS'IC5
FIGUFEI4.6
$ nso @o^r^ ffi r...o"
o.Jrr
A
-
$.2
// ' I
a
/ a
L 3^
--A
& .---,
/ 4 t8
A
.,/
/ ,r't S
E
/ Z
/ 6
i \
TI|E SAFBTY OF NAVICATION
ooly c@fur tba r!ad!f. A to& wil tt tafotr baitcludld rr ttc c[d of
Gaaf,RuL, rhaa! approFida, i! od.r to .ttilt tbc ttadcr to uDdar,lrnd
tt atplhti.r! oo.! tborouShly.AlthouShcondittilS tbc *ordins to
@;ay ir uldouhi.dy rirc, nrdy PcopL|I! quib u!.ttL to do ttit,
horrwr bJrl tLt Ey, .nd !o thco I sould tu886t lc.tlint tbc con'
t.st ro tholoulNy th.t lhr rlpli..tio! of thc Rul6 bcootDc!rccold
tatuq
PART A--4ENER'AL
RU[a I
Appli&bn
(u) Tb..c Rulc. Odl rpply to tI vsr.b upoo tbc high.... rrd in rll
r.&r! coE[..Ld thcrctirh E vif.blc by..r8oing tcn 15.
(D) Norhi4 in thc.. RoL. lhrl inactfct! wilf, thc oPcntioD of Faitl
trti:. nrac Ui- 4pruprht rurtority lor rcldlt r&, bstbout, rivc6'
trlcr or inbil *rtcruyr cdffircd with thc hifh .at ad vif.blc by
ragoitrg v!.tcb. Sud li.dd ru!6 sbn €odorn I dacly !. poblc to
thcrc Rulca,
(c| Ndbinr itr tbc.c RuLr rhrll ircri.tc with rbc opcrdim oI .Dy
oiirt rutg mac W Oc Corcrnnmi of lny St|tc ?iih tt4cct to dditiotd
lirtird or tignd liSb!, rbqci or *hi.d! .ifEdt for lhiF of ?|r rod Yltlcb
Droacdi[r urdar coovw. or *ilh rtaocc{to tttdiiional 3iilton or !i8!rl ll3trtt
; .5r*-16t t t'i"g vc;tcl .o!.|pd ir Etir! I . o.ct. Tbsc tdditiodd
.triior'or ifnd light, .hS.. or wtittlc d!n&.hdl, lo frr a F.iblc' bc
ad tLt thcy crrmr bc nilN*Gr ior.ry li8bl, thPc or.igd ruttoriz.d
cb.rhcrr ur&r thc.c Rd.i.
(l) Tnfic ..p.nti6 lchc6 nry bc tdopi.d tt th. Orltniz.tbn for
thc DurDolcof abaaaRul6.
(r'l ivhmvcr thc Gwcrnncnt corccdcd tb.I bvc d.tcdiocd thlt r
vc;l of lpcd.l cootltEtion or potF.. cDtot c6Ply fuIy with ttc
Drovi&6; !,rv of lt .c Rulc. ?ith rc|pccr io rtc tuDbcr, poitioo' nnga
; .rc oa viiulty of lilbtt or d.p6, r. ftll ! lo thc dilFntim .nd
ch.nctldnb of ioufl';ifndiog !Fli&c6, wiiho|r btcrt dn! vith rhc
lD.cid fu"dior ol th. vc.6.l, ;xt wr..l .bn cmply wiih lu(i othcr
;od.irD. iD]! ,'d ro th. luDb.i, p(dtitr, ltDsc 6 nt of vidtili.y oI litltr
Ar rhrDca.$ ftx s b rtc dittdtin d ct.t...lctiric. o{ tdrldd8ldliaf
r!di|;cc.. rr hcr covcttoat |hdl hvc dctcrEin d lo bc lh. clot .r
r;;duc codpli.rcc .ith th.tc Ru!6 in rc.p.d oI ltrt v6.cl.
304
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVICATION
RuLa2
R.s'd,'iJibilitt
(a) Nothior in th.s. Rulcs shall eroncratc any v6scl, or lhc owner.
m|ncr or crcw-th€rcof.from thc conscqocnccs of anyncSlcalto conply with
th6c Rul€sor oI thc ncdccl of anyptccaulionvhidr tnayb. rcquircdby ihc
ordinad Drrcticcof !cam.n, or by ttc spocialcitc1rmslrnc€s of ihc c5lc.
(r) iicoastruing andcomplyingwirh th€l. ruj.. du. rc8lrd shal bc had
to all drnlcl! of navi8ationand collision rnd lo any spccid cirEamstancd'
indudinl th.lit|ilation of ttc vcarclsinvolvcd,whichmaymalc a dcpanurc
ftom ahc,scRul6 ncccisaryto avoid immcdiatcoattcr.
'Du. ftgard to aI
Aurhor's Noa: This Rulc ir dtrcmcly importstt
da4. of tlfvitotion and colitiot' rcfcrs among oth.r thin8sto ca..s whcrc
"cr.ck ffc urblc to iakc thcir stipulalcd .voiding sction duc lo thc
orodmity of othcr vcs!.b, or ih. coast, rccfs, .lc In such ca!.s thc
;rivilcrir vcsr.l shouldasristmrner! by tatinS (and indicatin8)carlv and
iubtt|ntial dion to avoid €ollision. Thc Rulc lsF a dcprnurc may bc
ncc..s.ry andihu5tbc privilc8.d vcsscl shoulda!€caswbcths or not thcrc is
'Un&arn rLtof thr cnfl' mult lurcly draw
in onus uron lrqcrto lccp d€'a..
attmtion io thc vcscclsnicntiotFd in Rulcs24, 26 and 27. Thc inf.rcnc€ in
Rulc 2 is, in ny opinion. thal litcral otEcrvanccof th. Rulcsis c.rtainly nol
inGndcd whcn vca!.ls arc cncountcrcd*hi.i arc h.dpcrcd, di$blcd or
dormbcrcd in rr|y w8y ehatsocver'
RULE 3
Gawal ddnitio,s
Fo. thc purpolc ot thcscRulcs,cxc.pt whcrcthc contcrt othcrwiscrcquitcs:
'
- Thc word 1lslcl includcscvcry ddcription ot watcrclaf indudinS
(o)
nondisplrccmcntc'aft and !.tplencs, us.d ot caplblc of bcitr8u3cd
as r m€ani of trrnsportationod watct.
(r) Thc tcrn 'pow€ririvcn vc$cl" mc{ff |ny varcl gopclhd bv
(c) Thc rcrdl "s.iling vcarcl" mcn$ any vcssclundcr sail providcdthat
DroDcllinrma.hitrcty, if 6ttcd, i5 not bcingu!cd.
(4 T rcmr nc6s.l engascdiD fishin8' 'nest! lny vcsscl.tuhingwilh
rcts, lincs, trawls or othcr fshitr8 appqrrlu: whidl t stricl run'
ocuvrablity, but do€snot includcs vcssclfishin8with trolling lin€sor
otllcl fflhing apparatuswhicl do not rcstrict manocuvrability.
(r) Thc vord 'scaphnc" iftludcs 8nyaircr.ft dcsulcd lo murocuvrcon
(, Thc tcrm "vcasclnot undcrcofinand" mcrts I vcasclwhichth.ough
lomc dccptimlt cirormsbocc i5 uttblc to matocuvlt t! r€quircd
by tbcsc Rulcs and is ahcrcforcmabl. to lccp out of thc ray oI
anolhcr vcse.l.
305
THB SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
"-vc6s.lrcstriclcd in ber rbilily to manoeuvr€"m.aff a
G) Thc tcrn
vcssclwhichftorn thc natur€of her wo* is restricledio hcr ablity to
danocurtt as rc$ircd by lb6c Rulcsarrdi5 therdoreunablclo kecp
out of thc.wayof anoiherve.sel.The term "v€sr.ls r.strict€d in thcir
abiliry to manocuirc" shall includebut not bc Iimitcd to:
(i) a vcasclcngagcdin layiog,scrviongor pickiogup a navi8ation
mark, submarinccablcor piFline;
(ii) r vcssclcnsascdin drcdsing,suwcyingor undcr$at€roF -
(in) a vcstcl .n8ag.d in rcplcnishmcntor translnirg Frsons, pro-
visioiE or carSowhilc undcrway;
(iv) a vcsr€lcrSagedin ihc launcbinSor rccoveryof arrcraft;
(v) a vci:.Icngaged in nincclcaranccopcrations;
(vi) a vcs:cl crSagcdin a towinSopcrationsuch,s scverclytestricts
thc towinSvcsscland hcr low in their ability to d€viatcfrom
lhcir coursc.
(rr) Thc tcnn 'v€sr€l constrainedby hcr draudt" mcansa powcr-driv€n
vers€l$hich b€cau!€of hcr draughtin rclation lo thc availabled€pth
of watcr is s€vcrelyr€stricrcdin hcr ability ro dcviatcfton th. cours€
shcis following.
(i) Th€ word "undcrway" ficars tbal a vesselis not at anchor,or made
fast to th€ shor€,or aSround.
(, The*ords "l€ngth" and"breadth"oI a vcssclmcanher lengthoverall
and greatestbreadlh.
(*) Vess.lsshallb€ dccmcdlo bc in sighrof one anoth€ronly whcDoDc
c5n b€ obscwcdvisuatlyfron thc other.
(0 Thc &nn'r6tarct€d visiblity" mcatEany@nditionin whichvisibility
is r€stricredby fo8, mist, falling rnow, heavyrdnstorms,sandstorms
or rny oiher similar causcs.
Aulhor's Noe: Rcgarding!.clion (i), il hrs b€lr ruled that to bc 'dt
,n rbr', r v€ssclmustbc complct€lyhcld by tcr anchor.Tbc rcadcrlhould
dininguisbcar€tully b€tvc.n th. ttrms'und.r way' ^nd "ruking way'. A
v6scl 'lrrd?r ,ay' i5 not n€ccssarilynovinS.
306
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVTOATION
RUI,E5
Inok-ou
Evcry v6rcl shall et ell timcs marntaina propc. look'out by sigil 8nd
hcarirg a! wcu .s by aI avfiblc mcans approPriatcitr lhc prcvailing
cilqmnaEs ard conditions60 a5to male a full appnital of thc siruation
endof thc rist ol collision.
RULE 6
W. spad
Ewrv vcalcl 3hallai all tim6 pto..cd rt e satcsp€Gdso that shccantalc
Droo.r and cftcctrve action lo avoid collilion and bG stopFd wifiin a
itininc. aDDrorriat.to the prcvailinScirqrmstanccsand conditioN.
rtr d€tc;ini;g a safc spccdthe following facior! sfiall bc amonSthosc
RULE8
Acton to avoidco isioh
(a) Any actiontatcn to avoidcolision shlll, if th. circumstarcca of tbc case
admit b€ positiv€,mad€in anple tie andwilb duc rcgardto thc obdcrvancc
ofgood scamanship.
(r) Any aftcrationof cou$c andor spccdto rvoid colision shrll, if th€
circuostanccsof tbc ca!. addit, bc la4! cnoughto hc rcsdily a!,prrEntto
anothcrvcslclobscrvingvisualy or by nd.r: ! suc.lssionof $n I alt r.tio$
of courscand/orspccdshouldbc avoid.d.
(r) If tlcre is sufficicnls€aroom,allcrrti@ of courscalonemaybc lhc mosl
effeativcetion to avoid a cl6c-quartc$ sitraaioaFovidcd that it is na& id
goodtimc,is subslantialanddocsnot cault in ahothlrclosc{ulrtcrs situatioL
(d) Action tatcn to avoidcolision wit] ano6.r vess€lsha.[be sucha! to
rcsult in passirgat a safc distarc!. Thc cffcctivcncssof l[e ac.ion shrl bc
c.rrtuly cbcct d uatil tbc oltcr vcssclis finaly plst andclc{r.
(.) If neacss€ly to avoidcollbion or allo* nroretiEE to ass.ssthc situauo4
a vass€lsballsh.rcn h€r sp€€dor rrte rI wry otr by stoppingor revcrsingbcr
meansof propulsioo.
(D (i) A vess€lwhich.by atryoftb.s€ Rules.is rlquircdnotto imp€&
thepassa8lor ssfepa.isrgeof anolbcrvcss€lshal, wbcnrcquir€d
by thc circumsraftasof rh€crsc,rrte cady action!o allow
sufficicnts€aroomfor lbc aafcp€rsageof lbc otter ve$cl.
(ii) A v€sselrcqoirFdnorro impcdcthc passagc or safcp€ssage of
aootl€rvess€lis notrElicvedof lhis obligationif approacbing ibc
orhervess€lsoasto itrvolvcrisk of colision rnd sbrll, whetrtaking
action,havefiiI resad !o thc actionwhicbniy bc rcquirEdby the
Rulcsofrhis pan.
(in) A v€sselthc p€ssagc of c,hicbis dotto b. imFd.d r.narns fully
obliged0oconply wilb lhe Rulesof lbb pat whcnlhc two v$sels
areapproaching oneanotcr soasto involverisl of collision.
308
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION
Ru.E9
Nanow channels
(") A vesselproc€cdingalong ihc coluseof a nanow chamel or fairway
shallkeepasncarto theouterlimit of lhe channelor fairwaywhichlies on hcr
statoard sid€a! is saferrd practicable.
(r) A v€ssclof lessthan 20 mefts in lcngrhor a sailing vess€lshall nor
iEFd! lhe passsge of a vess€lwhicb cans.fcly navigateonly within a na'rotl,
(c) A vesseledgagd in fishin8 dlall not imp.de 6c passagpof any ortler
vess€lnavigatingwithin a narlos'cbamelor fairway.
(d) A vcsr€l shall not crds a narrowchrnnel or fairway if suchcrossing
imFd€s l€ passageof a vessel*hich can sdcly mvigaie only {dthin such
ch.rnel or friruay. The latter vess€lmay usethe soutrdsignatprcscribedin
Rule34(d)if ir doubtasto thei lntion of the€rossingvess€I.
(.) (i) L a nanowchannelor faifl/ay 'xhenovenatingcantale placeonly
if thevc$cl to bc overtalfl hasto lrt€ a.tion !o pqfiit safepalsin& tl|e v6s€l
inending lo ovcnate shall indicarchcr int€niionby soundirSrheappropriaE
signatprEscrib€din Rule 34{cxi). The vess€lro be ovenaten sha[. if in
agrecmenl,sound$e appropriatesignalpr€scrib.din Rd€ 34(.Xii) andEre
stcpslo permitsafepalsing.If in doubtsbcmay sounddre signalsprEscribed
in Rulcl4{d).
(ii) ftis Rule do€snot r€licve the ovc@ting vcsselof her obligation
undcxRulc 13.
(, A vcss€lnearirga bendor an .r€a of a n rro{, chanlElor fairwaywherc
othervass€lsnay b€ohscurqlby ar inlerveningobstructionsba[ naviga&with
particulrr alcrincs! and cauion and sball soutrd the appropriar€signal
prEscrib€d in Rulc?'4(?).
G) Any vess€lshalt if thecircuasbnccsofth€ crsc admi! avoidanchoring
Rltr l0
hafrc serymtionschcrcs
(a) Tris Rul€ applics to rlffic s€pantion scbchcs adoptd by the
OrgmiT:tion:
(r) A vessclusinga t"ffrc s€parationscberft shall:
(i) proc€d io tbc appropiaietrnftc lancin thegcnenldirE rionof
trafEcflow for 6at lane;
G) sofar !! pncticablckccpclcrr of a t!fic s€pantionlinc or
separ.tiorzone:
(n) norm.alyjoh or lele a o"a6clarEat thc&rninarion ofrhe latre,
but wh€njoining or leavinsfrom €iihersi& shdl do soarassmall
anmgle io thegeneraldirEcrionofr!frc flow aspracticablc.
(.) A vessclshdl so far as Frcticable avoid crossingtr"fdc laics, but if
3@
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION
obliged!o do so_shalcrc6sasne€rlyasptrrcabL arrighrangles!o dlegencral
orlEcuonol ranrc flow.
(d) (i) A vesselshallno(us€aniolhor€u"frc zonewh€nshecansafcly
urerbeappropriaoe Fafiic lrne within lh€ adj&eorFaffc s€prration
scherDc.Howevei,v€ssclsofle*s rh 20nctrcs b length,saiting
vess€lsatrdve$cls engagedir fishingdny us€theinshorEr"ffic
(ii) Not{dthstandingsubparagraph (/Xi), a vcss€lmry useaninshore
Fafiic zon€whetrenroure!o oi from a porf ofishorcinsralarionor
stncture,pilot stationor oiherplac€situald within theinshor€
iaffic zon€,or to avoidiEmcdia&danScr.
(p) A vers€lotherdnn a cmssingvcss€lor a v6s.l jouinS or laving a lanc
.
snaunornormrxycnlera scparadotr zoncor caossa separationlin€€xcept:
(i) in cascsofemcig€trcyto avoidillun diaoedangec
(ii) io engrgein fishingwithin a s€pamtionzone.
(/) A vcsselnavigatingin ar€esncarth€ leminarionsof Faffrc s€DararioD
$hcm€sshalldo so with particularcauriotr.
G) A vess€lshallsofar aspncticableavoidanchoringin a rafiic s€paration
schenEor in areasncrr its terminations.
(rr) A vess€loot usinga r-afrc s€porationscb |e shallavoidit by as wid€
a nargin asis pra.ticable.
. .(i) A vess€lcngaS€d in fishing sbal nor inpedErhe!'assag!of ary vess€l
RUlt ll
Apprbation
Rulesin ibis S€ctiorlpply to vesscbid sightof one,nothcr.
RULE12
Saitinev.ssels
(a) Urhentwo sailingvcssclsareapDroachingonc anoth€r.so asro involve
310
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
risl of colision, om of tfi€mshatltccp out of thc wayof thc otherasfollows:
(i) wheneachhasthewindoll a differe si(b, tbc vess€lwhichbas
rhee.indon rheport si& shol k€epout of rheeay of rh€odrcr;
(n) whenholhbrvethewind on d|esanEsid4lbc vcss.l whichis to
*ind*ard $aI tecp outof lhe wayof tbc vcss€lwhichis to
(iii) if a vessel*ith thewindon tbcport sides€€sa vesselto windward
andcannotdetermirewith cenaintywh€thcrlh€olh€rvess€lhas
d|ewind on 6c pon or on |bcstaftoad side,sh€shal teep outof
thc way of thcoth€r.
(r) For the purpos€sof this Role the windwardsideshall be &emed to be
the sid€oppo6ircro thrt on wbich the mainsailis cani€d or, in lhe ca!€ of a
squ{re-riggcdvesicl"th€sid. opposit€to lhat on whicbthelargestfore-ad-afi
sail is carricd.
Author's Note: A vess€lwith the wind d€3d afr has the wind on her
starroandsi& for lhc purposeof this Rule wh€nhcr mainsailor lar8cstfore-
and-aftsailli€s topot, andvicc vella.
Ov.ttoking
(d) Notwithstandinganylhingcontain€din the Rulcsof Pan B, Sc.lions I
andtr any vess€loven ting anyod|ershal!tccp oul of lhe u,ayof the vcsscl
(r) A vess€lshallbc d€cmedto bc ovenakingwhencomingup witb anothcr
vess€lfrom a dircctionmorethan22.5d€gr€€sab€fther b€arl lhat is, in stlch
a positionwith r€fcreDce to thevess€lsh€i! ovenating,thalal nidt shewould
beablelo s€eonly thesrernliSbtof 6ar vess.lbut o€ilh€rof b€rsideliShls.
(.) rtrheDa veslcl is in any doubtasto whelhershcis oveltating anoth€r,
dE shallassurDc |hd lbis is th€cascandactaccordinSly.
(d) Any subs€quent alcration of th. b€arin8bctw!€nthc two vcssclsshal
nor mrt€ lbe ovenakingvess€la crossirgv€$€l wilhin th€ trE ning of thcsc
Rul€sor r€lieveher of the duty of tEcpingcl€lr of thc ovcnatenvess€luntil
sheis fmally pastandclcar.
Rru 14
H.ad-on sit@tion
(a) Wb€n two pow€rjriven .vcsscb arc rncctidgod Eciproc.l or dcarly
r€ciprocalcourses!o ar !o involve .ist of colision cacbshallalrcrhcr cours€
ro si.tboardsothrt ea.bsh6llp6sson th€pon si& of dr€oihcr.
(r) Smh a siolatior shal b. d€€md io exisl whcn a vcsscl!.cs lhe orfFr
ah.at or ocarlyab.ad andby night sh. could s€! the nast bcadliglns of th€
oth€rin a lirc or nenly h a lir. a[(yor bo6 sidctiShtsandby dayshcob€rves
lh€corcspondingrspoctof lbc oihervc$€I.
3ll
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION
(c) WlH ! v.sr.l b in .Dy douh !s io wt th€r swh a situarioncrists sh.
shall$sue ihatit &cs crisr andactaccordingly.
Author'sNoac:Tb phrt!tr-'Eo t afud' mly confus€rtc nadc.. For this
Rulcto .ppty, bolhv€slclsmustcrch s€€th si&lighrs of thc oth. If tb! fuhts
u! proFdy scEem4 thb crn only bappctrwhco c&h vcssclis wirlir the
rrlalivc bcaringarEof ibc orhcrexlcndingftoD tcro&grEd otrotrcbow !o two
d€8rc.son !b orh.r.
Rr'l'E15
Crcstiq situttio
Wh.n t*o power+ivcn ve$cb arccroslingsoasto itrvolverist of collision,
th€ vcssclwbichha3ltc otb.r on h.r own staioard sidcabrl tccD out of lh.
way aDdshrll if rbc circumlrlrccs of tb. c!l. admi( avoidcroasiirglhcsd of
Rur 16
RUlt l7
Ru-E18
R.W^ti}dlin s b.tw..| r''ss.It
Ercrpt wh.r! Rules9, l0 rnd 13othcnrirc rcquirE:
(a) A powEr&iv€n vassclutrd.rwry shrl Lcp out ofrt wayot
(i) a vasscltrotundlr commrd:
(ii) a v.,rs€lrcsrricr.din bcr rbility !o malroanvrc;
(iii) a vcss€l.n8ag!dio tuhingi
(iv) ! sailiDsvcss.l.
(r) A sailinSv€ss€lundErflayshrll t .p outof th. wayof:
(i) r vcss.l notu[d.r conElr4
(ii) r vcssclrtsticted iDh€rability ro mrtrocuvr€i
GD r vcssclcnsagcdin fishiog.
(c) A vcssclcngrgd in trshingwh.n und.ryry sh.ll sofs! a! Fssiblc.
lccp out of 6c r/ay oi
(i) a v6scl no. und.r coEman'li
(ii) a vcssclrcstrictcdir tEr lbility to mlncuvr€.
(d) (i) Any v6scl olh.r tt|nr ! vcssclno. uflld comEandor a vcsscl
rertictcd in br rbility to nrnocuvrEsha[, if ttc ciroEstrtrcrs of
thecisc adnil avoidinpcditrgttc ssfcprssrgcof a v.ss.l
consrraincd by tcr dnught . ibiting th€siSnrlsin Rub 28;
(ii) A ve$cl coosFaiacd by h.r e:ught sh.[ mvigd! with prnio rr
caulionhavingfull rcgardto h.r sFid conditiotr.
(r) A s.aplaocon ltc {|ner s[![, ir gEDcIll,k cp w.[ cl€.! of rll v.s!!ls
aDdavoidinFdio8 th.n navigaiion.In circlastrncca,borcvcr, eh.r! ist of
colisiotr cris.s,shcsh![ conply wilh lhERulcsof lhis Pan.
Autlnr't Not.: A c4n[ovcrsyh.s Eccndy.rircn ovcr a sioErionwtcr! a
Rulc27 vc$scl(haep.tld) is ovcrutiry morbcrvcslcl It sho| d bGtrot d:
(.) In s.crior (c) |bov€ Rulc 27 vcclcb ar€ virtuly bciog crc$.d tom
givi4 way!o fisbiDgvcss.ls,pEsunrbly in vicw of Rulc3 (f) rnd (g).
O) Rulc 3 (0 ed (g) strt! ttrt v6lcls whicb a! hrqdrd $. u,obL to t4
(c) Rulct (r) Efcrs b 6. obr.w. d tod s.o,rurship.
(d) Rulc 2 rEfcrstD d.pofto. tron.r, irlrr in ca.ca x,hcrc d"ngds of
oavigatior.nd colision, sFcial circumstaft.satrdlimiirlioor of cr!ft arr
iDvolvcd It J5o lEfcr! to pEc$tioor which Day bc 'lquird by lhcsc
sDccidcimlDstrncas.
313
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
rihe cadcr rcfersto ltardrr't'La, dcouision a! S.a't€i llnc,f;
( r ) UGf,alob!€rancs of ih€ Rulcsi! nol a dcfcnc.wbeE ordinarycarcmight
havcavoid€da collisioo.
(2' ff it aFcrrs thal anolhcrvcss.l is mrblc to conply witb thc Rolcs,rhe
oth€rvc$€l sbouldwarchbr .lolElj ^nd ot on c ta*e stery to tuk o
(3) Tb wor& 'Nortlitlrnandine uythiry contain d in th. RuLs' verc
originaly introducedinto ihc 1880Regulationsso aslo n te it cleartlat
Rule13suD.rs€&dRulc 15.
(4) In drc caseof tb€ Hawlbonbenr( 1904)it w"s stat d that a duty wascast
upooa vess€Lcncomlcringahott€rshowingtwo rcd lights, to ,..p out of
(5) Thc Rulesdo no. ryp$ and a br€achof lbcm nay b€ cxcus€4whena
vcssclis disablcd.7rr"l^ar docsrct rcquircrte inpossilrle.
I can only suSgcsl in addition io lhc abovc,that aicl!ft calricrs wortin8
aircr.ft ad t'av€lling at 30 knots,or two vcssclsrE-ftelin8 .nd FavelinS at
up !o 20 tno.s canhardlybc €xp€cl€d0oobcyRule 13.ln vi€w of O), (3) ad
(4) abovc,I dtht ttat a v€ss€lb€ingoven teo by a Rulc 27 v€s!€lhesa duty
to tccp cle3r. I fail to s€. wby a hamFrtd vcssclis privilcSedwh€Dsh€
emoootelsfishing craft and ycl nust avoid a pcrfccdy n rngcablevesscl
wbich sbchappens!o bc ov€rtaljrg. Ar arSurD.ntagainstoy rcasoningh.s
becn lb.t ovcrtating siturtions involv. low r€lativc approa.h sF€ds and
hat'rFrd shipsshouldtb€r.forEbav€timc !o tale avoidingacrion.Thi! dny
not bc sonowadayswith shipsFaveling athigb.r sp€€ds.
Rur.E19
Contua oJtetsab i^ rcttrict d yisibility
(a) This Ruleappliesio v€sr€lsnol in sightof om a[otter wt n mvigating
in or nc{r m areaof rcstrici.dvisibility.
(r) Evcrt vcsel sh.I prccccdat r sef€ spc€dadspLd to lhc prcvailing
citcuostabccsad codilions of r€sEict€dvisibility. A powcr driven vcascl
sha havchct cngird r€ndyfor irDncdiltc nam.uvrc.
(c) Evcry vessclshrl hav. duc rc8ardio the F€vriling circumstrncts.hd
conditionsof r.sEict d visibility whff conplying with thc Ruks of ScctionI
ofrfii! Pirt.
(d) A vcssclrbich d.t€cb by mdaralor. thcF€s.nc€of amtbcrvcasclshdl
dclermincif a close{u'It€rs sibatiotr is &velopbg and/orrisk of collision
.xisrs. If so,sh€sh6llt L rvoidiry rction i[ aepL tiE€, Fovid.d thrt whctr
such*tiotr consistsof an rltdrtion of cou$c, so far aspossiblcthc folowirg
shallb. avoid.d
(i) ar altentionof coursc0opon for a vcasclforwlrd of thc bcaD,
oih€rlbin for a vcasclbeingovcrt tcn:
314
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
fii) analErationof courselocrflrdsa vessclab.3mor aboftthc b.rm.
(?) Erc€pt wh.rc it basb€.n delctuincd rlat a rist of c! ision do€snot
exb!, cvcry vc6!€lshicb hcrrs lppltcndy foic'srd of h.r bcamtb. fog sigml
of amthervessel,or wbichcatrlol avoida clos€{uarterssiortion with another
vrssd fdward of b€r be3m,sb![ r€duceher speed!o th€ minimud at which
st€ canbe teF otr b€r cours€.Sbesh.I if nc.lssarytale aI l|er lvay off ard
in anyevcninavigatewith ertr€m. cautionuntil darglr of colision is over.
Applico,ion
(a) Rul€sin lhis Panshal becomplicdwiih in a[ weilbcrs.
(r) Trle Rulcs conccminglightr shall bc coEplicd c,irb ftom sulsd ro
suDrisc,ard duringsuchtimcsno o|hcr lights shall bc cxbibit€d,exceF sucb
lighrsas cannotbe mistrkenfor the li8hrs specificdin th.sc Rulcsor do nor
irnpdirlheir visibility or distinctivecharacler,or inLrferEwilh the fecping of
a Fopcr lool-out.
(c) Th€ lights pEscribcdby thescRulcsshaI, if canicd, alsobc cxhibitcd
frDn sunriseto suns.lin rcstdctcdvisibility ahdmaybe c ibitcd in all ottcr
circumstames wh€r it is dcemednccBsary.
(d) TbeRulcsconc&ing shapr"s shallbc complicdwith by itay.
(e) Tbc li8hts rnd shrpcssp€lifi€n in thes€Rules shall c,omplywith th€
provisiorsofAmex I to thcs€Rcgulatiom.
Defatitions
(a) "Masthsd lidt" mfls a whiE li8ht placcd over th€ forE and aft
ccntr€tineof the vesel sboxiingan unbrokcnliSht ovcr an arc of th€ hori2on
of 225&grE s ad !o fir€d aslo showthc light fton right abcidto 22.5degces
abafrth€b€gmon cilbcr sidcof thev€ss€1.
(r) "Si&lights" me3nsa grE€nlighl oo lbc starboantsi& anda nd light on
theport sile elcb showbgatrlltrboketrlighl ovcrar arcof tbc horizodof I 12.5
dcglEcaaadsofxed as!o showtt€ light fton right ahcad!o 22.5dc8rccsabaff
tbc bcnmon i$ rtipc.rivc sidc.In a vesselof lcssrhaDm ndrEs in lengihdl€
sidclighbmaybe combinedin oncla cm cani€doDtbc forc andaft ccntEline
ofth. vcssel.
(c) "Sbn ighi" m€3nsa whit€ light plac.d a! n€rdy as pra.ticablcat the
st€msbo*iog an untrcten light overm lrc of rhehorizonof ll5 d€gr€€sand
so fred .s to shoc,the ligbt 67.5 dcgrccston rigbt aft oo cnchsid. of th€
(d) '"Iowing light' ffans . yclow light b.ving (t. latr|c cbarac@dsrics
as
th. "st mlighi' &6ned in paragrapb(.) of thisRulc.
315
THE SAFETY OF NAVTGATION
(") "An-rootrdlight" Ecansa liShtsboc,itrgatrutrkoren li8bt ovcr an arcof
th€hori2onof 360dcgrccs.
(, 'Tlashinglid" d.irr a light flashingat rcgul.r in&rvalsara ftcquency
of 120flashcsor nore perminute-
RUtl 22
Vsibititt o! lights
'IrE
lghts prescribcdh tbcs€Rulesshrll h.vc an intersity as spccifcd in
S€ctionE of Ann€xI io rhcscRcgulationsso as io bc vbiblc ar rhc foloi{ing
RUlt 23
Powerdnvenv.stels ud. ay
(a) A pow€rJrivcnvc$eclutrdcrwaysbdl crhibit:
(i) an slh.ad lighl for*ard;
(ii) a sccondmrsibcadlight ab6frof andhighcr6m ttc forwardone;
cxclpt thata vcss€lofl€.ssrhar 50 m€tls in lcngtt sh.[ norb.
obligedto exhibitsuchlighl but maydo soi
(in) sid.tighri:
3r6
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
(iv) a s@.trligh!
(r) An air-cushionvcssclwh€o oFr.ting in thc don{isphceenr mode
sh.I" b ldditio! ro 6c Lightsprls.ribed in pongrrph (a) of this Rulc,exhibil
anall-roundflashingy.[ow ligbl.
(.) (i) A powcr-&iv€nve.sscl oflcBslhan 12nelr€sin lcn8lhtrny in licu
of tt€ liShtspcscribcdin paragrapb (a) of lhis Rulc€xhibitan
all-roundwhitettbl andsid.lightsi
(ii) a pow€r-&ivervcss.loflcss tbflr 7 m.tr€sin lcdgthwhos€
mrximumsF€d docsnot€xcc€d7 tnot€ E8y in licu of th€lights
prescaibed in paragraph (a) of thisRulcc ibit anlll-mund whitr
light ald sha[, if pra.ticablc,alsoexhibitsid.lights;
Gn) tllc da$beld light or all-roundwhit€ligbl on a lower-driven
vessclof lessthan12mctEsin lcngtbnay bedisplacedftom tbc
forr andafr cenulline of thevess€lif centr€lin.fitiing is Dot
pranicabL,pmvidedthatthc sid.liShist't combinedin onc
lsr.m whichsh'll bc caricd on 6c fore andaft cctrllline of lhe
v€ss€lor loc!&d asncarlyaspraclicablcin thc slmc foreandaft
lin€ asthedusocad light or th€al-roundwhfu lighr
RUlt 24
Towingand Pushitg
(r ) A powcr{riveo v.ss€lwh€ntowiry shaUcrhibil:
(i) inst€adof thelight prcscribcdin Rulc23(a)(i) or (aXii), two
hastbcadliShtsin a venicalliE€.Whenlbc lenSlboflhc loq
m.rsuringftom lbc stcmof thetowingvcs.s€l to dtc aftcrendof tbc
tow erce.ds2m rD€trEr, threesuchlightsin a venicallinei
(n) sidelishrs:
(in) a slrrdight:
(iv) a lowin8liShth a venicallinc abov€th€stemligbt;
(v) wher th€lenglhof lbc iow cxc€€ds2m mefts, a dj.mondshape
wh! it canbestbc s€en.
(b) wh€n a pushingv€sscland a vcss€lbcing pushcdtb€ad arc tigidly
conh€ctcdin a composiLunit tb.y shal.lbc ng&dcd as a power{rivcn v63cl
andexhibi!lhc ligbtsprcscrib€din Rule23.
(c) A po*cr-&iv.o v€ss€lwber pushingabcador iowing aloogsi&,exccF
in d'c cas€of acomposit€unit shallcxhibil:
(t ins&d of tb€lighr Fcscribcditr Rule23(a)(i) or (, )(n), rwo
nas$.ad lighrsin a venicalline:
(ii) sideligirtsi
(iii) a slen ight.
(d) A po{'€r*iveo vcss€lto which palagiph (a) or (e) of this Rulc apply
shallalsoconply N'irhRule23(axii).
(.) A vess€lor obirt bcinSlowed,o6cr lh.antbos€mcntioncdin paragraph
G) of lhis Rulc,sbal €xhibit:
317
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
(i) sid.lisht!;
(n) a scmlidt;
(iii) ehen drelengthof ih€ low cxc€€ds2m metes,a diamondsbiF
wh.rEit canbestb€ s€€n.
(, Providedlhat anynunb€rof vess€lsb€in8low€dalongsil€or pushcdin
a sroupshrl b€ lighi.d asonevess€l:
(i) a v€ssetb.ing push€dat a4 not beingpanof a corposit€ unit,
shallcxhibit al dle forwarden4 sirleliStrts;
(ii) . vcss€lbcingtowcdalongsi&shall. ibit a sEnrl*ht ad at th€
forwardend,sidelishrs.
G) An inconspicrors, pady submergdvessclor obi:ct or cu$binationof
suchvescls or objecbbeingtowed,shail.xhibit:
(i) if it is lessihan25 mctes in brcadtb,oneall-round{,hitc lighl aror
nearth€forwardendandoncat or neerth€afterendciceDttbat
dracones ncednotexhibita lighr aror mar tb. forwardenilt
(n) if it is 5 netEs or morein brerdih,two additionalall-roundwhite
lightsat or nearthe€xtEmitiesof its brcadth;
(iii) if it exce€dsI m rneuEsin lengih,additionalall-mundwhitelights
b€tweenth€lighb prescrib€din sub-pangraphs (i) and(ii) solhat
tbedistancebelwecntheligbb sballnot cxc€€dlm meftsi
(iv) a diamondshapeat or oe{r d|eaftenhosl€xtremiryof th€last
vess€lor obj€ctbeingtowedsndif th€lengthof thetow €xc€€ds
200rn€tresan additionatdiamondshaDe wher€it canbcstb€ st,n
andlocaiedasfar forwnd a! is practic;bb.
(n) wherc from any sufficicot caus€it is itrrpncticablcfor a ve$€l or
obje.t b€in8 lowed to €fibit th€ li8hti or sh.pcs pes.ribed ir p€ragraph
(") or (g) of rhis Rule, aI possiblemeasur€sshal be tatcn to liSht rhe
vesselor object towed or at lcasl to indicatethc prescnceof such vessel
(r) Wher€ ftom any suffici€nt caus€it is inpEcticable for a vcss€lnot
nonnaly eDgaS€d in iowing oFrations to display thc lights Fcscribcd in
pamgnph(a) or (c) of this Rule,suchvess€lshallnol bc r€quircdio eftibit
ttos€ liShtswh€ncn8!8Edin towiDganotl|crvcs.s.lin dislrEssor oth.rwis€in
nccdof assttarc€.AI possiblemersuresshallb€ taten to irdicaic thc naturE
of d|e relationshipbetwe€nlh€ towing v€sseland th€ v.ss€l bcirg towcd as
autborizcdby Rule36,in paniculff by iluninating th€iowlin€.
3tE
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
in parrgEpb (a ) of tbb Rulenay bc conbircd io ooclantcmcanicdat or near
thetop of 6c nlsi *h.rE n c{tr bcstb. seen.
(c) A sailins v€ss€lutr&rwry oay, in additionio th€ lights pr.scaibedin
piragraph(r) of lbb Rulc,exhibital or ncarthetop of lb€ mast,whcrclhcy can
bestbc s€€D,two all-roundlightsh a v.nical lim, th€upp.r beingrcd andthe
low€r grE€o,but the,sclights shrl not be exhibilcd in conjunctionwith the
conbincdlantempcrnii@dby pfag.aph (r) ofrhis Rule.
(d) (i) A sailirg vcssclof lers lbin 7 f,€trEl in lcngib shal, if pra.ticablc.
cxhibit th. ligbtsF€scrib€din paragrapb (a) or (r) of thisRul€,but if shcdo€s
not, sh€shal haver€adyat hlnd an clcciric torEhor liShtld lantcrnshowiry a
whiteli8hl whichshaUbee ibitcd in suffrcienttimelo pr€ventcoltision.
(ii) A vcs!€lundcroa|! nay cxtibit lhc ligbtsprBcribcdin lhb Rulcfor
sailingvcssels,but ifshe docsnot shcshallhavercadyal handanelectsiclorch
or liShr.d lancm showinga white light which shal b€ exhibioedin sufficicnt
timeto Drcvcntcolision.
(d) A vcsel proceding un&r sail whcnalsobcingproFll€d by machincry
shall cxhibi! forflad c,h€rc il csn b.st b. s€€n a conical shap., apex
Ru.E 26
Fi'niu I v.sselt
(a) A vessclenSaEdin fishin& *bcth undcrwayor a! aochor,shal cxhibil
ooly th€liShtsandshapespr€scaibcd in 6is Rule.
(r) A vcasel{rh.n engaS€din trawling, by {,bich is m€lnt th€ draSging
lhroughth€*a&i of a drcdgenctor oth€rapp€ratus us€da! a fishin8appliance,
shrll cxhibit:
(D two all-romd lighls in a vcnical linc, the upFr being SrEenaftl the
lowcr whie, or a sb3peconsisting of two con€swilh their apexcs
rogeibcr b a venical lin€ on€ aboveibc oth€r; a vcsscl of less thrn
m m.E s in lengib may hst id ofihis shrpc.xhibit a balt t:
(n)a snsdFid lisht absft of and hisher rhatrthc all-roud glcn lighti
a vcrscl of 1cl$rhan 50 n !!$ h lcngtb sball not bc oblig.d to
exbibit sucba lighl but may do so;
(in) $h.n naking way lhmrgh tbc waicr, in addition 0othe lighb
prElcribcd io this paragraph,sidelighb and a stcrdight.
(.) A vcasclcnglgcdin fishing,otl€r thanhawling,shal exhibit:
(r) two all-round lights in a v.dical linc, lbc upFr being rd and lbc
lowEr whit€, or a shspccoosisting of two con€swiib apcxas
togcih.r ir a venical line one rbove tb. olher a v.ss€l of l€$ th.an
20 nc!!s in lcdglh rbay irsic.d of this shaF cxhibit a bastcti
(ii) when tbcrEis oudying gelr .xtEnding mo€ than 150 nFtrcs
horizooialy frDm lh€ vess€1"atr all-round wbite lighl or a cone
apcx upwardsh lhe dircction ofthc gear;
(in) when making way tbmrgh dtc waler, in addition io the lights
319
st|lP r fta?6 cttan ||{ att c^sas
-?<f
c_/A
f*rr'r^A/
-\-/ @ /
F,"fi;l l/al*"';^a1
ob Yf")
L:-/
*'n*[
tI
/
n\
p
| rull r2r.t I
^Lr c s.s ll --f l ^ N o r 2 r ( r| )
\
)
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION
prcacrib€ditr lhis parignph, siddigtts atd a sLrnliSht.
(d) A vcssclcngagFdin fishing in clo€cptoximity !o olhcr vcsselsengaged
b frlbhg may cfibit l[c addiliontl sipals describcdin Ann€x tr to these
Reculations.
G) A vcsscl*bcn no.cngrgedin fiBhitrgsbal note ibit theliShlsor shaFs
prEscribedir lbis RuL, but odly thmc pcrcaibcdfor a vcss€lof herlengft.
Author'sNote: At nigh, ve$selsfishingat .nchor will be indistinguishablc
ftom vesselsfishing underway,boi stopp€d.As h Rule 27. th€s€caaftshow
th.n sikl€figb.sont wrteu,n vinethroughtha \9ot.LRqlafiinS scction(cxii),
th€rEad.rshouldtroL thesimilarinvcncdsignalin Rule25(c).For vcslelswith
tlcir 8rar fast0oa roct elc.,s.e th€ sccondAnn€xto th€Rulcs.
! 2 DE6REE'
^voro 1-{i)
GT A G G E RT E D
s T I O W I NE
S I O E U G H TS C A E E
N5
2 5 M T T .O F F I L A M E N I '
D T S i A N C EU t r S I L r X O
ra r (rEAv aY zl
322
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATTON
(.) Whcncvcrthc siz! ol a v.ss.l .ngagcdin diving oFratiots mrk6 it
inpncticablc to exhibir all lights and shaFs pr.scriH in paragraph(d) of
thtu Rulc, thc following shall bc cxhibited:
(i) thrc. all-roundlight! in a vcrtical linc whereih.y cndtrcsttlc
s.cn. Thc highcstand low€stof thcs. lightsshallb€ ten andthc
niddle light shallb. whitc;
(ii) a rigid rcplicaof thc lnremationalCodc 8ag'A" oot l€ssihan I
nctrc in hciSht.M€asurcashall bc talcn to cnsuc its all-roudd
visibility.
(t) A vcasclcngagcdir miocclcnnnc! oFrations shallin additioolo tbe
liSbb prc$crib.i for r powcrdrivm vcss€lin Rulc I or to thc liShtsor shaP€
prcsoibcd for a vcircl at anchorio Rulc 30 a apptopriate,qhibi! thr€eall-
routrd grctn lights or lhrcc balls. Onc of lhcsc lights or sbaFs shall b€
crhibitcd ncarilrc forcmasthcad.nd oneat €ach€ndof thc Iorc yard.Thcs.
lightsor shrp6 indiotc tha! it is dang.rou! for rt|otficr vcsr€lto apptoach
withir lom d.trcs of th€ mineclearanc.vcsecl.
G) vc$cls oflcss lhan 12metresin lcnglh, exccptlhos. engagcdin diving
oFration6, sballnot bc requiredto crhibit thc lighb andshaFs prca.tibcdin
this Rul€.
(rr) Thc signalsprascribcdin ihi! Rulc are nor sigtalsof ves€clsin distrcss
rnd rcquirinSassisianc€.Suchsignalsarc containedin Annex Mo thcsc
Rcgulations.
Author's Not : Trtil Rulc coversa ratc insianccwhen ship6swiLh oft
sidclghtsandstcn ightsthoughstill undcrway,asin RtlJ2A also.Ant oth.l
y.tscl shoeiig tid.ligha and s,ernlights',uy b. stopp.d or noing.
RULE28
RULE29
Pilot v.ts.b
(a) A vc$.| crga8cdon pilotagcduty shall crhibit:
(i) rl or ncarthc maslhcad,teo all-rcundliShtsin a v€nicalline, thc
UDDGr bcincwhii. andlhc lowcr rcd;
(ii) eb;n undctway. in adddoo.sidclighG anda stcmliShr:
(iii) whctrrl rnchor. in rdditiotr to thc lightsprcacdbcdin sub-
paragraph(i), thc light, liShtsor lhapc Pt6.tib.d io Rul€30 for
vdrcls at anchor.
THB SAFBTY OF NAVIOATION
(t) A pilot v..!cl *h.tr not cng.g.d on pilotlgc duly lhdt dhibit rllc
lightsor !hap.! pr6cribcd for a rinilar v.srcl of hcr lcryth.
RUlt 30
Rur-E31
S..phr.t
Whcrc it i! impracticablcfor . scaplarcto dhibit lights&d sb.Fi of tbc
ch{nctcrisaicsor in thc Fdtionr prc.dibcd in rhc Rulcsof rhir P.n shcshsll
€rhibit liCts nrd shaFs asclccly !turilar in €hrrsct.rirti.s rd porition 15is
po6siblc.
RuL€ 32
Ddnitionr
(a) Thc gord "whi!dc" Ec{.; my roond .ign.IinS iFlhE crp.blc of
prodrci.g thc prBdibcd bklts rtrd rhich cooplicr aith thc 6pociffcatioD!
in
A[[cx III to lhcacRctuLtioD!.
3U
THE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
(6) Tb€ teror 'shon blalt" mearEa blastof aboutonc !€cond'sduration.
(c) Tbe t€rm ?rclonged blast" mcansa blastof from four to sir s€condJ
durrtion.
RUI,E33
RULE34
RUI.E35
RUI.E36
3n
TNE SAFSTY OF NAVIGATION
RuL3 37
PART E. EXEMPTIONS
RUI! 38
E .nptu r.t
Atry vcarcl (or clas! of vEsscls)Fovidcd Os! shc conplics wirh rhc
r.quircmcots of thc Intcrnational R.gulrtiods for PrcvcntingCrlli.ions at
Scr, fm(a), thc tccl of vhid i! laid or whkt is at a cona3pondirgi!.gc of
conslruction tcforc thc cnty inro forcc of thcsc Rcgulatiom rday b€
crcmptcd ftom complianccthcrcwith .5 iollowr:
(a) Thc inst latio$ of lightswirh rrn8cs prcscribcdin Rulc 22, uhril four
ycars.ftcr thc detc o{ .ntry into forc. of th6c Rc8ul,.tio6.
(r) Thc iGtdlation of ligbts with colour spccifi..dioD!as prcscribcdin
S€ction7 of Anncl I to thcscR.gulations,until four yc|I! afr€r thc darcoI
entry into forcc of th6! Rcguhtions.
(c) Thc rcpo8itioningof lights !s r rc$rlt of convcnion frorn l|nFial to
mctdc units and roundingoff mcrlultmcnt fi8urts, pcrm|ncnt crcmption.
(d) (t Thc rcpoiitioDingof masth.rd [g[B on i€$cb of lcasth;n 15,0
mctrcsin l€ngrh,rc$rlting ftom thc prcadiptionsoI Scctiofl3(a)
of AIm€xI to rhcscRcgulations,pcrmancDtcxcmFion.
(ii) Thc rcpositioniogof nrslhcad light! on ve:sclsof 150mctrcsor
morc in Lngth, rasuliinglron lhc pi..cdFions of Sc{iio! 3(a)
of Anncl I to thcscR.8ulatiotrs,uotil nc yclt3.ftcI thc d.tc of
cntry inro lorcc of thclc Rcgulltions.
(r) Thc rcpocitioninSof mlsihcad lights rcsultitrgfron thc prc.diptiors
of Scction2.(b)of Anncx I to ihcsc Rcgulations,until ninc ycarsaft.r thc
daL of cnlry inaoforcc of ihcs. Rcgulatioos.
(, Thc rEpositionirgof siddighls rcaulting fton thc prcscriFiors of
Sc.riom2t) rnd 3(r) of Anncx I to thcscRclulstionr, until ninc ycsls aftcr
rh. dat of entry iBaoforcc of th6c Rcgularioni
k) Thc rquirchcnts for soutrdsignalapplirnccsprc..dbcd i! Anacr trI
to tficsc R€8ulstiotr!,urtil ninc ycarsaftcr thc d|t. o{ cntry into forc. oI
th6€ Rcgulatiom.
(t) The rcpogitioniq o{ rll-round ligbtsr.sulting fton thc prd.riFioD oI
Sccrion9(b) of Anncx I to thes. Rcgulations,Frmao.ni dcmption.
Th€ Anncr.s to ih€ Rul6 arc Eproduc.d lalcr in this chapaer.
328
c ICF'
q / ntcHt
I rclDtiG
:ov€Rtc
l;'KirRio)
NI
ix,l l{€
I - - -- - - - - - - - - --
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,"" --
E3t
./'t) -,-{"-;
/ " //;
/." ,//";l
A-/ l.8i! I \!!
,'r'*-'rl.:'l 3;'5/
t* L*lol-ry-l l"llt,/
rslJE:gJ vz
331
FrcuRCl4.lO
TIIB SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
CEa V.rd.b
Sodc arccotCou.t auli!8abr}t .trt d thrt:
(l) V.!..b thould not .l!.r cout!. itr fog, whcncquipFd wilh rrd|r,
until thc courrc of tha otbc' v6sal ha! b..o ercqtdad viti
@ntc!, p..f.rablr b! plottlra.
(A Any drdrdon to dtd. lhould bc tubctrtrtirl, ro th.t it i! i!-
drntly ippa!?Dtto othd lssal! cquilpad with, rnd u!in8, rrdrt
(3) Rd|l is ttr additiodl td.$rrd, sDdf.ilut! to urc it ntht coc
atitutctrcglig.dca"
(4) A Maltar who ftlia! on trdrr alotc doaa!o at hi! os! rilk
(t Ifi v6!Gl c.ni6 proFr funclioni4 l.d|t thdr i! rn afiterriva
duty to uacit, ir or lpprorchitrg rcducad-vilibilitydta!'
(O ttr ccrlsi! circumst&c6 of colisioo i! fog tbc vtt al *hich did
rot uach.l rEdrr hrd to 6tablilh that tbit did trot coo[ibuE to
thc collitlo!.
(7) Utrdu.rdi.lcc ir ottcapla.td on thc !or-6i8[titg ofr.dlr t tFta
(t)Ttu Wot bucrpr.tsttd oftbc informationdirplayd od th! tid.r
acrlc! i! dcploratly frcquaDl
(9) Thocavbo do loi mrtc ulc oftbait ttdlr Eust cnturcth|t I q,
rfr61iv.lootout i! L@t.
JVor..'Tbr rM.ot rhouH .tudy (9) .!d (l) bgah.r. (3) erd (t .r!
r ramils to tbr ulriffi th!t, flt frod wordatilt whctharlo rwitcbtho
radlr on, hc lhould al*ay! c.tsblishbcyord rl lonrbla doubtwbatbcr
it b ,afc to srvitchit o]'l
TTTEDETERMINATION OF A YESSEL'SIIEADING
Providcdr si&light is visiblcits $r of visibility is ltrowD,rtrd it ir r
siEpL dlltlr to cstimrla tha erEof iha cobDalt ibrouh whichthst
vc$.I Euy bc nevigatidS.
Thc principlc involvrd i! to dctcrmidc,by mcansof thGotlarvcd
bcrdntof thc lifhl th. h..di!ts of thc oth.t vrilcl oo wh.to:h lhc sidc-
light is ju about to 'shut ouf, i.c. thc hc.din! os which thc olhcr
.id.li8bt is just .bout to bccomcdiic.niblc ard thc h..ding on which
thc sidcliSlt cctipscritr frvour of thc at rlliShl.
In Fig. 14.10onc's owtr ahip fu sbowDet thc caot!! ofa compa!,
csrd. Thc merircr Dult alwey! p.oj{tt hidlcu'countingto thc bridgc of tbis
.hip so that hc rppEciatr whrt is Ecsat by to rhc lclt (or
right)', a! rhowtrin th. top lcfl-hatrdcor&r of thc figuE. This i! peni-
cularly importstrt *hm a caldidatc b bcitrg cxsminadby matrr
of r rnodcl ship, thc ltcm ofwhich is flcitrg him; if hc coutt! to hi!
dgh! it is thc rcvcrscof $hrt hc ahoulddo if hc *ctl oDthc bridSpof
rhrt rhip.
330
TI|E SAFETY OF NAVICATION
In thc fgurc thc rcd sidclightof ship'x' is showDbcariagNNE. lf at
abrt i$trnt thc ship'X' fu hcedin!dircc{y towrdi own ship,thco it i!
bardiogon lha ncrcncof thc bcsritr& i.c. SSw. On thi. hcadingthc
r€d light b rbout to shutout itr favou of thc gr!.! liShl Thc rcd lithr
i! visibL ovcr an arc of l0 poinE, so that thc lhip 'X'could bc rotatad
throughI0 poitrt! to thcrigbt of thc rcv.ncd bcarilg b.for! thc ird Iight
ahutsout in favou of Ihc stcmligbt, on a hcadingof Nw. It shouldba
notic.d thrt this h..dirg (NW) i! .bo 6 poinBto rhclcft ofthc bcrri!8
of thc lighl Two rul.s-of-ttumb .rc thu! pGriblcl
|yh.n a t.n-poht rcd light ir rart d Fr.r6c thc bcari!8 (l), atrd:
(d) count l0 point-rto thr right of thh rEw|lcd b.a.i!g to obt in
aDothcrdi.rctiotr(2); or
(r) rcvc.scthc bcariag( l) addcoutrt6 poidtsto tb. ldl of thr origilsl
bcedngto obtainatrothc.ditlctiotr (2),
lyhdt a lar.poht g.cn light ir rrStlrd uscrulc (d) ebovc,but couatto
thclcft; or uscrulc(r) abovcaodcountio thcri8ht.
In t.ch cs!c,( I ) end(2) giE thc cxtrcmchc.dingr.It shouldbc Dotld
that th. v!s!.1 'x' ir sailitrSn art otr thc rlvcEcd b..rin& for if rh.
vr.rEsriling diEctly on it both sidcliShtswouldbc visibl.,
SaitidgshiF arc consideredto sail no clo6erthan 6 poinrsto the
witrd in thescproblems.If ship 'X' weresailing,it would bc bctwe.o
SW and SSWonly in a WNW wiDd, as shorvnin Fig. 14.10.
Tha @dar shouldnow rtlcmpt thc follositrg crmplca for powar-
ddvco vrssalsusing lGpoint si&li8hb. Thc rnlw.fi ar! git&a i!
brrckct!:
(t) Rd liSht bcaringNW. (Bctw..o ncarlySE!trd WSW.)
(2) G.!co Xght badng E by S. (Bctw.n ncrdy W by N rtrd I
bYE)
(3) R.d Xght bcrdrg 6 point! oo thc porl bow; owtr rhip hc.diDg
nonh. (BctwcGD ESEDcarly,aod SW.)
(4) Crtco light abcsmto strrboad ; osn shipb.ldiig w6t. (Bclwr.r
trcrrty touth atrdENE.)
(t ltcd light bcadngENE. (Bctw6n lcarly WSWrtrd N.)
*:"ffi
-""-,-j;',;=.::,.'.\.l1
. ANNEX I
335
TEB SAFBTY OF NAVIGATION
5. S.r"trn tor si.Lheha
Th. iidcliibE ol vc..cb ofz) octr.. or morc h lcngth!h bGnttcd with
iDbo.rd&rrcn p6i .d ostt bh.t, rrd EtirS rh. rtquitcd.ot! of Scclion
9 ol thi. Adcr. On vc..cls of lcat thar a) ncll . in lcagthO. .idclifhB, if
Dcc..sry to d.ct thc rcquirqrcna oI Sccliotr9 of thir ArD.x, lhdl b. nncd
with itrbosrd nrtt bhct lc|tcn . WiO I cobbincd l|'&ro, udtrg r singlc
vcnic.l ihocat rld r v!f, nffror divi.ion bctw.n thc lrEcn aod t-d
sccliooa,crtcmsl lcrcctr! nccd trot bc fin d.
6. Shopa
(r) ShrF !h!I bc bh€t lnd ol tbc fou itrB.i?6:
(i) r brl shrl havc. di.nctcr of ool lcs. th.tr 0.6dctrc;
(ii) r co[! sb![ h.v. I brlc dirmctcr of oot Lr3 lb.tr 0.6 mctrElnd .
hcightc{u.l to itr di.nctcr;
(iii) r cylindcrlhsl hwc. di.nct r ot rt lc.n 0.6 mctc ![d I hcight
of tric. itr dirEctcr:
(iv) . di.dond 3h.F rb.[ contin of two cor€. .! dccncd in (ii)
abovcbaviry ! comnon b$c.
(r) Tbc vcrtical dinaacc bctwl.tr .bap6 shdl bc 3t l.rrt 1.5 r|ctt6.
(c) In r vcgcl of lc66tbm z) mctr€. in l.rytt lh|F of l6rcr dim.rliots
hot cofin.r|ruratc with thc sizcof tbc vcsGalnry bc ulcd ind thc dbtancc
rFn niy bc corcaodirdy rcduccd.
<ti, Y.lbr
0.612 o5lt ot 0.t75
o.3t2 0382 o,aa:t 0.16
336
TIfE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
t. LtuEtiq ol l4ha
(r) Thc nirilnur| luninous intcDriryof l&hts shdl bGc'lo'l'tcd by using
ihc formula:
I=3.43xldxTxDlxK-D
*tcrr I fulunimu! intcnsityin catrdcl&sundcr scrviccconditions,
T is lhrcsholdh.tor 2 x 10-' lur,
D is raogcof virit ility (lull|ilous raryc) oI rhc light in nauticalmil6,
K is rtnocpbcdc transnirsivi9.
For Fllcribcd lights th. valuc of K shall bc 0.8, concspordi'8 to r
mcLorologicil visiblity of approrirEtcly 13 nauticalmil.s.
(D) A lcl..lion of fiBufcs dcrivcd ftotlt thc formula is giv.n in rhc
following trblcl
I 0.9
2 4.3
3 t2
4 n
5 52
6 94
9. Hotimnul t c&n
(r) (i) ln thc loreard dircclion, lidElidb as 6tcd on th. v.s!.I shall
3howthc [|hnlturD r.quirEd intcnsitics. Thc intcnsiticssball dccft$c to
rcrc! praclicalcrt-off bctwc.n I dcgrccand3 dcgrccsoutsidcthc prcscribcd
(n) For stcrdiShB e nasth.rd lights and at 22.5dcgrcc,s.baft thc
bc.n for 6id.lights, d|c ninimum r.quirEd irfcrsiti.s shall bc rraintaincd
ovcr thc .rc of thc horizon up to 5 dcgrc€swirhin thc limit! of rbc r€ctors
F.cribcd in RuL 21. Fron 5 dcgrE! vithh thc p..lcaibcd s.{rors ihc
int€n5itymay d.crcalc by 50 Fr ctnt up to thc prcscribcdlimits; it lhall
d.dr|!c ltqdily to rcrch practic.l cut-offar not mor. rhan5 dcgrc€soutsidc
ihc pr€..ribcd lcctors.
(t) All-round li8hl! 6ha[ bc so lo6t d 15 not to tc otr.clrcd by mr5ts,
lopdai! or ltructur6 within angularsa.lors of morc than 6 dcgrcas,cxc.pt
.tlcbor [ghb prcs€riM in Rul€ 30, which nccd not bc pllc.d at .n
iDpr.clicablc hcidt abovcthc hull.
337
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVTGATION
(a) Th€ v.rtical s.do.s of clc.tric li8ht! ai fiir.d, wirh thc cxccptionof
li8htson sailingvdscls shall cnsurcthat:
(i) at lc.st thc rcquircdminirnumintcrsity is maintaincdat all anglcs
from 5 dcgrrs abovcto 5 dcgrccsbclor, thc horizontal;
(ii) at lcslt 60 pcr ccnt of thc rc{uirEd [Iinilnum intcMity is main-
tdncd ftom 7.5dcsrccsabovcto7.5 &gr!.s bclowlhc horizonral.
(d) In the ca.c of sailingvciicls th. rcnical s..tors ol clcctric lights as
fiatcdihall cnsurcthat:
(i) at lcrlt thc n{uircd nitrimum i Gtrsilyis maintaircdst rll anglcs
ftom 5 dcgccs abovcto 5 dcgrEs bclow th. horizontal;
(n) At lc.st 50 Fr ccnt oI tllc rcquircd minimum intc$ity is
m.intri&d from 25 dcgr€cs abovc to 25 dcgrc.s bclow thc
horizodal;
(6) In thc calc of lighlsothcr lhar cl€.lric th.sc spccificqtions
shallbc m.t
a.rclo!.ly as poasiblc.
12. Maaocuwinghght
NorwithstaDdinsrhc provisions oI par3gl3ph 2(t) of thi! Anncr thc
manocuwinSlisht dcscdb.din Rulc 34(r) shall bc plrccd in thc s,rnc for.
and aft vcnicd plancasthc masrncadlight or lightsand, whcrcpracliqblc,
at a rnini on hciShlof 2 mctr.s vcrticallyabov€thc forwardmaslhcadlight,
pmvid€d thar it shrll b. canicd not lcsslhan 2 mclrcs rcrtically aboveor
bclow lhc .ft r mrsth.ld light. olr r v6rcl whcrconty onc manhcrd liShtis
c5rficd thc manocuvrioglight, iI6ncd, shrlt bc crri.n whd! it canb6r bc
sccn,not lcssthan 2 m€tresv€nically apan from ihc masthe{dlight.
13. Apryoval
Thc constructionof litlt! andlhapcsandth. iruul|tion of lighB on board
tb€ v€ss.lsbal bGto thc latidrdiotr of th. appropdareauthoritybf lhc Slatc
whc€ na8th. v.,!scl is cntitl€d to fy.
ANNEX II
AddltLd 4nh ro. fnha t.*r etht b da l.rddt'
338
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
L Sbnolrlor .neh6
(a) Vcsrclswhco cng.sld ir trawlitrg,whcthcrusingdcoct al or Fhric
!c|r, m.y cxhibit:
(i) whcn3hootinSlhcir ncB:
two whitc f8hts in r vcrticalltrc;
(D whcnhaulingthcir ncts:
oDcwhitc li8ht ovcr on. r.d light in a vcnicd linc;
(iii) whcnthc nct h.5 cotrrcftst upot rD otatuclion:
two rcd ligha in e vcdc5l line.
(b) E ch v.sscl cnsrsrd in psir tnwling r|ey cxhibit:
(i) by nifht, a sc,Ilhlisht dir.rtcd lorward snd in thc ditcction of
Itc othcr v6s.l oI th€ psir;
(ii) whcnshootingor haulin8thcil nctsor *hcn thci nc$ havccomc
fist upon rn ob6tmctioD,th. lightsPrci.riH h 4a) abovc.
ANNEX III
T..h|..l d.oe ol -od dFl |pCrrct
L ulhidl:
(t, Fr.4u.t|.i.s and tu'A. ol adibility
Thc fudnncntd tEqucnq of thc ign.l sbal lic wilfiit thc rsngp70-ru Hz.
Thc ringc of rudibility ol lhc si8nNlfrom a whistlcshrl bc dctcrnit.d by
ttorc frlqucncics, which may includc lhc tundam.ntal end/ot onc or morc
hiShd fiqucmics, which lic withi$ thc ratrgc 180-m H, (l 1 Pct ccnt)
rnd which providc thc sound pr.lsurc lcvck sFcificd in p8rrSr8phl(c)
339
THE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
200ormorc...... 143 2
75but lcssthatr2m 138
20but lcssth.D 75 130 I
l,6r thanm lm 0.5
3q
THE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
whistl€systcrnbc 6tt€d soasto ovcrcomclhis reduction.For the purpos€sof
lhc Rulcsa combioedwhistlesyslemis to b€ regardcdasa single$histle. Thc
whisilcsof a cambinedslstemshallb€ locatcdar r disranceapanof not morc
thrn lm mcrcs and arang.d to b. soundedsimulbnc.usly. Thc ftcqt cncy
of any onc whistlc sball differ from thoscof tbc olhcrs by al lcast 10 Hz.
2. B.A or Eong
(ol l"aBit of signal
A bcll or 8on8,or othd devic! havingsimilar soundch8lactcristicsshall
produc. a soundpr€ssur€l€vel of not lessthan 110dB at a distrrce of I
metreftom it.
ANNEX IV
Db.rnre4r.b
r, Thc following signals,us€dor crhibitcd .ith.r togclhcr or s€parately,
indicat. distrcss.nd n€cdof assislanct:
(a) a gunoi otherexplosiv€ signalfiredat intewalsof.bout a minule;
(6) a contiououssoundingwith any fog-AiSnalling appararus;
(c) rock€ts or shcus, ihrowing r€d stars 6rcd on. at a i'n. at sho.t
341
THE 3AFETY OF NAVI(}ATION
(t) slovly lDd r.Fd.dly Ei|ing d lowcring .rns ou.stltch.d b .&h
34
THB SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
POLLUTTONOF THE SEA BY OTL
In the Unitcd Kingdom,this is controlledby lhc PrcvcntioDof Oil
Pollution Acl 1y/1 and the Merchant shippinS (Prcvcntionof Oil
Pollution) Regulstions19B3.Regardleisof thc amountof lcgislrtioD,
one fact aemainsindisputable:pollution of the s€asc5nbe preventcd
oDlyby the int.grig and diligenccof scrvingOficers.
The main points of the lcgislationarc as follows:
(l) Tar*tlc6r!may dischargecargo oil only oulsjdaspcci^l arcLt,
mole then y) milcsfrom lsnd and at not thor. than60litcs Fr
milc. Othcr shiF (and tankers pumping m.chinery+pacc
bikes) mavdkchane oil or oily mixturEsat lcalt 12milesfrom
hft but o;ly if thc-oil conrcnai! hss than lm ppm. Ttc lan.r
shiD6may movcclosq than 12milcs ifthc oil co ent docanot
oitca t-Spp"t. ln rpccia! areas,ottbl non_tsnkcrsundcr 4oo
crols tons mav do this.
(2) it is a dcfcnceio sbo* that the discha4cwasdue to damagcor
leak and that all stclts wcrc taken to minimiseit, or it eas
dischargcdfor the safetyof lhc ship or life.
(3) The maximum fne on sumrnaryconviclion for oil_pollutioD
offenc.s is 150,000.The Master,Ownerandqtlpit ate liablc.
(4) No oil is to be ransferrcd bctuect sunsctand suntila to ol
from a v€ssclin a Unitcd Kingdom harbour unlcss3 to
houls nolica has been dvcn to the Harbourmastcr.(Pcnalty
t400.)
(5) Rc.ords arc lo bc kept of balhsting and clc.nitr8 of oit tanks,
disposalof sludge.dkcharte of machincryspacebilgc vater,
tht loading, dirchargingor ttansfcr of oil catSoes,6udc oil
rvashing,dischargeof ballastrnd thc discha$eof *rtel from
slop tsll(r.
(6) The Fnalty for failing to kccp, or falsifying oil rccord!, is
'2,mo on summaryconviction.
A sDecialafta in.dvdesthc MediterraneatrS€aarca, the Black Sea
and the Bdtic Seaarea. AI shiF withiD 2O0miles of the UK, all
Ul< shiF withio 2fr niles of land, all UK trokcrs fully or partly ladcn
and all Ul( shiF of 10,00 gross tons and ovcr mwt rcpolt oil
diichergcato thc coastalStelcehich ic considatcdto be mo3tat riik.
All oil ta[kc.s of 150grorstons or morc ard othcr shiF of ,$0 gtors
tons or rtrorc alc issued with an lntcmational Oil Pollution
Piewntion Ccnificatcvalid for 5 yce$. Thcrl is an annurl surv€yof
thc 6hip.Oil rccordbools arc to be keptfot thtac ya{r3ftom tbc dltc
of thc last cntry.
Sinca bolh Masters and Owncrs are liablc to fnes under this
THB SAFBTY OF NAYIOATTOX
lcdslrtiotr, it is vitd th.t ltudd r obtaio copir of rhc Rc$lrtio$
and study them very carefully.The law novrprovidcsfor the actual
dcfeultcr to bc includedin tbc Fndtics.
Pltialthg on sh|P,hrPot,
firc fgtrring ara prcvcntionon board 3hip6undlr cotlttuction i5
rhc buildcr'sGsponsibility.It is thc Espo!.ibility of thc owtranwhilc
thc ship is undcr rcFaia.Whcn frtf8hiing 'l y rndrngrl i 3hip'3
strbility (i.c. floodiDgof thc vcss.l) atd s dccisionhss to bc nadc
rrhcthcrfircfightin! ahouldca{.c, thc dcci ion of thc Hrlbourmslc.'
or otbcr Po.t Offccr, is final, sftcr conrultationwith intat stcdplrtics,
Th. Mrstcr, or Duty Ofrccr, is lot howcvartclicv€dof his duty to
ioform thc Firc BrigadcOfrcaaif hc consid.6 lh.t dangarous crncutn'
stttrccsa.c dcvcloping.
ElrurganryMat at A flt
A fur on . t|ntcr dc.tFyrd tha lmidlhiF aroonnodatio! rotcft.t
witb rhc ncdical outfit. It ir rccomnctrdcdlhat tartctr abouldoaraya
rFIt rtrdic.l lit, rft, strdprd.nbly in thc vicinity ofth. .otilFrooD.
94
THE SAFETY OF NAVTOATION
Dn.c,ion-fndirAApparattt
scriouscrrors hrvc rrircn in tha usaof thia daaicaowiog to thc
proximity of dorncsticrcrial! to thc D,F. loop. Doe6tic rccaivanin
thc v6!cl rhould aithcr bc connccLdto r cotrmunal&rid or havc
rcrirls risiagrc hi8lar thantha bclc of thc loop, or d lcalt 15m fron
lhc brrc of thc loop, maasulrdhorizoltally, Rldom lcrirk o.n rbo
!frcct R.T., w.T. .quipmcotand rrdieddr to !.vigation.
Po ableRtdlo 4tpm.nt
Tth must bc Efuhdy t atld cvcry 7 day! end maintlincd io rn
c6cicrt c!trdition rqdy for in3tlnt u.a, Onaor morc F]3onr should
bc dcteilcdon thc MustcrLfut to plac! thc cquipmcntin I lifcbort itr
rn cmcaSpncy.
RadioT.hphan Prcc.A$.
Thir rpFr.tur ic rcquirEd!o hrve thrcaca.d. ditplsytd !ca.by. On
vr!6clswbcrr tbc canilgp of R.T. is not n|!&tory, thc card! thould
still bc c.rricd if th. cquiprFtrt i. 6tt.d.
v5
THE SAFBTY OF NAVIGATION
Card No. I cxplainstba proccdurcfor trrosmittitrg a dis!rc$ c.ll
c.8.'MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. NONSUCHNONSUCH
NONSUCH. MAYDAY NONSUCH.
POSmON 54 25 NORTI{ 016 33 WEST
IAM ON FIREAND REQUIREIMMEDIATEASSISTANCE.
ovER.'
(Whcrc'NONSUCH'is thcnamcofthc ship.)
Crrd No. 2 cxplainsthat thc word 'MAYDAY' impliasgr.vc aod
imrnircnt drnScrrnd a rEqucstfor $sistatroc.Thc word ,pAN' iad-
catl. r mcqiagaof urgcnat and 'SECURIrE' (promuncd SAy-
CURITAY) prrludcsr rlvigatioDrl or mataorologicalwarnitrg.
Card No. 3 Evca thc phoncticalphrbct atrd cxplainshow to urc
R.T. for InterDationalCod. sigDakwhcna la4uagc difrculty cxirts.
This typc of mcssagE uscsthc word 'INTERCO' to m.!tr that Intcr-
nstionalCodcfollows.
.,9. .MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. NONSUCHNONSUCH
NONSUCH. MAYDAY NONSUCH,
INTERCO.
ALFA (A) NADAZERO (O) UNAONE O) PAMAFIVE (5)
USHANT ROMEO (R) KARTEFOUR (4) NADAZERO (O)
DELTA X-RAY (DX)'
whichmalns
Vcsscl NONSUCH r.quircs inmcdiata acriNrrncc.Pocition
bcarinS015TRUE from USHANT, rangc,Omilcs.I sm sinkiDg.
Dlr.ctionMhB an SOSColl
Whcn rot ir ula thc D.F. sct shouldbc keDt tuocd to odc of thc
_c|rrblc
intcmrdonal di3trlss frcqumciar. Thi! will rrdd bcsrirS'
locationof thc csll. A suilrblc rrcthod ir to lhk rn sutomaticD.F.
wilh th€ autcalarm. ln rhis way, whilc thc radio 6mccri3 ofr watch,
not only docsthc auto-ahm siSnd triggcr ofr thc wsrniDgbclls but
r dircclion i! autornaticallytakcn.
SyntheticMoorw Lin s
This typc of natarial givcsbo rudiblc waditlS wbcn tha brcrking
strcrs is approschcd,Otr pdrtis& lhcrc is coisidanblc rccoil which
cancruscscious accidcnts.Surgiq ard raodcrbgth.!c ropa6sroutrd
bitts or druos cancausatha turlt to fusctogcthcrend crt{tc bindilg
Ooly synthcticstopFr3 rhould bc ulcd on syDtbcticroF. lt i8 dcsir_
ablc thrt orly onc typc of matcrirl shouldbc uscdfor mooring.opcs
in r porticuhr shp. To cxpccl thc dlw to hrodlc altcmatclyropcs
of dificriog chsnctcri3ticsis to invitc accidcnts.
tr+
t c f ,
r..-'-.-.'::f:'ii:11 - t - - 1
-
[ : : . : : : . . {:
fw////4
f i wlY/
2 |
D a t I ar. lra a ilD. tll
7Hm
liE::E;E I u///) I'. -'. ."-.:l
l.'Et:EiE
IE!:EI.E
I W l,,ic!l
trru
x l lrdlua laY
I
X L
H ffiw
I
-:t
zAE ffit&N O
a
Flrl %.% a
q
77
l;',...............,...........i
,
a
a-E v7v---1
t - l
t - t l
AEru
- t
r-r--l
U
I
W azE#
E
E:
:
f
I E I
L-.--E..J
t
F l G u a E I r a .| |
T H E S A F E T YO F N A V I G A T I O N
Io4gttr& ir cxpr66adby four, or 6vc, numcrabpltccdd by thc
Lttrr 'G'. whcn tha lotrgitudccxc.cd,99", no colfu3iod will no.mally
arirc if thc fr8ulEiDdiclting butrdtlds of dag.aa!ii omittcd. ln casas
whancco urio! may oocur,it shouldbc urcd. Thc lctt€rs'E or'w'
may bc ulcd if ncccssrty,thus
'G 1395 E D..D! Irtrgitud! 13925' Elst
Cor.rrais indicatadby thrcanumcrdlsdcnotingda8rc6 from 0m b
39, prcfcrablypEc.dcd by thc lctt r .c'.
Sp.rd in tsot6 i6 indicatcdby trumcralsprccedrdby 'S'. Thr lqtt.r
ry' is uscdfor kilomatftspcr hout,
'C 240S lt' mcarsCoulrc 2,O' SF.d 18knots.
Azirnuh ot l3',tring is cxprcsscdsimilatly to coutsc, ptcfcr&bly
prcccdcdby '.A.'.BcrriDgsaod coursasarc truc uDlcssothcrwiscst4tad
iD thc coDt.xt.
Dr:rtunc?ir indioatcdin nautical milcs by onc or mor. nuncrals,
prdcrdbly prcc.dd by 'R'.
Dat rily ba siSDeUcd by tvq fout or aix num.rsls ptlocdcd by
'D'. Thc 6rst two danotcthc dry ofthc dorth. Tha ncrt t*o itrdicatc
th. mo h of thc yaarand tha 6nd two thc y.ar itlalf.
'D lgt63' itrdidtca lt July 1963.
D lt'rlonc. itrdicrtcsthc ltth ofthc orrrlnt moDth.
fbr, is dctrotcdby thc uscof Oc 2+hour cloc.t.Four trudrrals .la
urcd prcc.dcdby 'T (locd tidc) o. 'Z (G.M.T). A rimc of 2359i3
follov€d r mitrutclrtcr not by 2400but by qm,
Tbc isg sct of ,10coollil! th'tc substitutls,ulad to rapatt a flg
'M', Fi6t iub6tituta,
ia r group. Tbus rhc 'MMB' is scdl as
'B'. Thc group MBM Iroup eould bc icnt as M, B, FiFt subdtitutc.Thc
groupDuEbcr'l100' h scntss 'l', FiBt sub6titutc,'0', Third subrtituE.
But thc group'T llm'would bc lcnt iD thc samcwry, prt6xcd by
'T'. Thc DrEfxlcttcr is lot includcdwhctrsubEtitutararc madc.Thug
'G 24,14';ould rpF{r rs 'G, 2, 4, S.cotrdsubstitulc,ThLd subltitut
SouDdsiSrauirg is s slow procas6.Ic misu3cDry crEltc scriou6
coDfuion rt sc! atrd its usc in fog should bc kcpt to s rDi EurL
Siglals othar than lhc sitrglclcttcE ahouldhc madconly itr cxtrlmc
cE rgcDq ard tcvcr itr buty watlrs. Th. siSnskshouldbc Eadc slowly
attd clcrrly. If tbcy arr rEpcatcd,it lhould bc at lotrgiotcrvals.
352
T H E S A F E T YO F N A V I C A T I O N
ctrricd on a | 2.0 n sailingship ?
2. whal is thc visibilityof sidclighrs
Two milcsi thc rcduccdlang! is pcrmiltcd only on sailing shipsoflesr
thaa 12.0 n. (Rulc 22.)
Ancrdt rat
353
THE SAFBTY OF NAVIGATION
7. A scrixrs
-
cmcnerrcy€xbB in a Dort.WhatsiEoabarc dbDlxv€d?
t...-.1
Tht€e f,asltut rcd light6, vertically dispo6.din or ncar thc port
approach.All shiF are to stop or divcrt accordingto hstructions.
'tma&ta
354
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
ll. DcscdbcODASbuoys.(N.M.)
ncsc@-Deta-fcquisitiotr sptcm buoysrcollccting sod
rccordingoccatrdata. They arc colour€din yellow and havea liSllt
wbich ir usuallya group flashingycllorv.
'ltv rbcnl
12.@
verticaly dispo€€din thc ord€r Srec!, rvhire,gr€€n?(N.M )
ShiF nay proceedonly if they have spccificordeB to do so. A
yelow light showtrto the upperleft ol the si8lal me.ans
thst shipsc.tr
proceedas long as they do Dot usethe main channel.
hr6.etat
15. A frbipg v6rcl displaF two whitc lights, visibl..ll round thc
horizotr, v.dcely dbpos.d, in odditioD to normrl fshing lights.
Wtrt doc. Oi! indicatc?
'I aD shoothg nats'. (2nd A!a.x to Ruld.)
lmarabMtl
355
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
16.@
say?
vess€ls not under command. vesselsengagcd iD nshint and
vesselsrestrictedin their ability to mancuvte, except vessels
clearingminesor towing.
AnEndment
re.!E!1gi!y!c4&sls$4
Two bleck concs,in . vcnical linc, points togEtbcr.lf undcr 20 m
io lcngth,shcmay sbowa balt.t in3t ad. (RuL 25.)
At tendnart
356
TSB SAFBTY OP NAVIOATION
2a Wbf .brpca.rGthow! by a r,!a!d !.rvicitrg r buoy,by dly, what
dro
-rtc at |!chor?
orcc orpcr pnrcdbcd in Rutc 2?, n mcly a b.ll, . dirmond,
rad aaothrrbell, vcrricdlydi5polad|t Lrtt 1.5'r apan whcrEthaycan
bcn bc aGGd, ALo tha anahorb.ll tocntiotradin RuL 30.
.hdral
2/|. Wbrt d8!.1ir u..d to irdicrb tbrt r tt !.1, rf !i8ht, h.t not yrt
-TETdt frGGpotiqoc to . port? 0trt. cod. of siStd!.)
.cir'!rl
ovcr .-Ec ffFt, vilibb .I roud thc horizon,20 Er
rFr! Mnad wbart tbayc.! bcd bc !.ctr.
Afiadiat
157
THE SAFETY OF NAVTGATION
t Wbt ilforrtr3iiop L proEulgdcd by Noric.. to M.tilcr! vitb
grd! "i:o"8 =riorJ N.M)
Thcir oo\rmc a !t! urcartain ard thcy rnurt urudly turn into l[c
witrd if lirc:r|ft rrl tslitrt of or lstrdin& Furthdmorc, Muitrct! !t!
wamcdth.t by night aircr!ft c.lrilrs b.vc thcir .t amiaglighB pLc.d
FnDancndyofi thc caotrclilc of ttc rhip. A[cnativa positio8 for
thcir ridc li8!rr:
(i) otr cithcr sidcof th. holl,
(ii) on aithcrridc ofthc isladdst uctur!, in ebich cascthc port bow
tmft [8ht may bc asmuchar 30m from tbc pon .idc of thc ahip.
C.rl!i! rtulrrft o.rri.n .xhiut alcho. Ii$rs .r followr: four l|tlt
ligbb locrt d i! ttG foll@in8 o|lncr:
J ft In thc forsard psn of thc v6!cl rt e dfutenccoftrot morctbsn 1.5m
balowthc fight d€cL,two light! id thc lrEc horirontelplanc,onc oa
tba port ailc andonr on thc starbodrdridc,
l5 ft In thc rftcr part ofthc vcssclrt a hcightofnot l.ss rbao4.5m lo*cr
thrn tbc formrd light, tvo liSht i! tholrmc horizo d pLn , otr otr
th. port |i& !!d o!. on thc rtrrbord 3idc.
E3chlight vilit c o1!r.tr rtE of .t L.!t lm &g!.., Th. folgrld
light! viriblc or&. ! minidun ttc fro6 I point otr thc opporib bow to I
point fron ritbt altcm on thcir ot|! rid., and tb .n.t lthb fron I
point on thc oppo6itrquartlr to I poiDtfro6 light rhoedo! thcir otv!
si&. (S.. al.o Rut 2(r).)
llnadrrstl
28.@(N.MJ
Thc lDtcmstiorel Clda Sroup'NE 2'. Thcacvc.scls 8hould ba
tiE! r silc b.rtb; if thi! i! lot porsiblc,thcy.hould bc appro..h.d .l
rlow apccd,urtil $d'litrg i! rccciwdofthc &!8.r zonc.A Spodloolout
rhould bc tcpr for rubnari*r.
ltsfirstt
358
ATIE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
30.@
Nf..r? (N,M,)
ODGrld pyrotacttrirlitht or rEotc, rr?c.t!d ar oltadar nccdlary to
ildicatc 'Kcap cLaa,I ae catryir8 out a! ao.ftpoct aurflajry prooo.
durc"Do lot stopptoF.lcn shils rr. to clcd ttr rc. iDncdi.ldy.ld
atald by to !!nda( slirtuca' Two ydlow pyrot chrb li8ht, or t*o
wbila or Flloyr aDoLr, lhftc Eilutaa |pcrt to irdic.tc 'K..p dair.
My poritio! ir .r iodic.tld. I iar.ld to o.Iry out .ulfsdog proocdurc.
Do not rtop propclt r!. ShiF rt. to c&.r thGiDD.di.tc viiliDitt ' It
D!.t lot bGilfltrcd ti.t $bd.riDc. Gr.rci!. ody i! ihc coop.try of
laoortrt.t.l!'
Itiabgl
359
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVIGA,TION
3,Lwbt sirrd! !& dirplryld b9 c!.13 rtDlcdrhing x,ith fucl .t
aca?
-Britirh.nd
Allid w.rlhiF in coajurctionwith rurili..i.. frlqu.ntty
cf,arcilcRcpLoilbnrctrtdt6!r. WhiL doiry to thc two or norc rbip6
bfirS Frt rt! contrccadby j@trt!y. lnd ho6c..Thcy diipLy lbc
df!d3 Fr.cribd by Ruh 2{r) of rhc lnt d.tiotrd RcguLtiotr! for
I'rqvcotiq Colitio|t' rt S.., 1972.
MadEra arar|ricd th.rt whilc cltlyfur8out th6c cxcrci!.t th. thiF
rlc ,cirrdy rlatri:tad both i! m[cuvrrbility rnd 3paad,tttd il i! tbc
duty of oth6 rli*lr to t .p w![ cLt. in..ootd&cc vrith Rulc3G) of
rhc .boE R.tubtiou.
hrradnat
3t. A tut ir towirg thr!. vc$cb tb l.n8th of thc tow bciry lm n. 5d) ft
llq Erny i,iiE or|th..d liSib .r..iofu?
O y two lo iDdic.& thc f..t th.t .b i. toeint. (Rub A,) ShG.hrlt
.bo .hof, th. lirlt tquircd by RulG23(.Xii).
hrradiatt
1
TEB SAFEIY OF NAVIGATION
,ll. lf 3br boirt! thc tso-trg ligpd 'NG', rvh.t do6 this 'r .! ?
'You ar! iB & datrglrou! porition',
lt ar&l!/|t
$. WL.n |grolrtrd, 3 abtL at|r roctctt arc fitd rahdt. wlit dod
E!-sesL(M).
You.rc @: tclp vill bc gim rr rcoo rr pocsitrlc,'
Arrardratl
ltlr4bqafi ffiE
lti! day bc from A.A. fgtr! or machiDcgutr! at a tatSFttowcdby
lircrr.ft s3iu (r) abova,a pilodclatsrgctaircraq or ot balloo!3or kitca.
Pnctic. rDaytokc pbcc from lhorc battcriB or ships.
wlrDing sigldr s! r lulc arc shov! faomahoEbattcrics,Ships!y o
!d nr&
55
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVTGATION
56.What thrF rrl rhotp by a r,!od lavitditr8 ttcttr-fo$nlod?
(M).
Otrlyrb.d ftt d eith . bownddtr r yt.ld will lhow rwo bhck b.lbr
2ft8ft 6ft c€.h 06ln i! dirhctcr on a 6oa&y!rd 25m eprraatrd2rn abovc
th. futrtrd top. ThGtig!.I i. .hos! dL
Atfuta
59. Ifr flhiDg vc!.cl shoer I whitc light ovcr . ttd lifht, visiblc dl
round@
*-
sElilauiiiiFocr.
Ardtstl
s1
TIIE SAFBTY OF NAYIOATION
61 Wt t d|!.l i. di4LFd by . li!ht-r'..d rnicb N oot oa po.i-
don? (M).
-fr ctrnacrirdg lilbt i. lor .tor,!, |!y d.yi|tL i. |tnElq rld rlE
fot d|!.l ir lot 6.da By dry, !b..bowt . htt tl&l b.ll .t..rh aod
of th. v6.cl .sd rl o thc rwo-tu9 c.d! goup 'Lo'. By Dight,.h. will
dbDlrt I rld lilht, vi.ittL dl rculd rh. loriroo, .t ...h .o4 to!.o.r
vitb I rld !|!. |nd . *Nto i|!c, .td! .DidrLiF riDult Fu.ly
Gvrit 15Di!u!.a If th. u.o of !.r!. i! tor Doittc, rcd ud elit! lbit
Dry b. dirpbyrd for .bout. nilui. .t . tiri."
,0l,ar6nanl
58
TTIB SAFBTY OF NAVIOATION
6t. Wi.r roub trt rho
dtc ft c.rria6 urd6 drt
.r a? (N.M.)
-Adopt
aadynaarrtla to tc.p out of tf,a*ry,
lltiabet
d,. How frt do .o@ fuhitr! lErtr .6t nd, G.&drilt !.tt |Dd s.i!.
-En (M), (N.M)
d?
*rr craod u9 to 2 uib. froE th. .t.IL s.i!! !.tr Dry oova
I q!|ara Dilc"
Itdutl
?0.@
stop .!sir6 |!d proocd .cioc! th. Et witi .ll tpccd.ThGpropcl-
ks. Eun h. *otp.d .wolvirg.
llt talbrratrt
z@
d oih.6 .o..t@y? N,M.)
-Ti-nun
bc o*rt rt rce only rhrn ioparatirc I! btbour ot rt ttrctor
it .LooH Evri b. u.cd axccpfi! tba i rrc.tt of rafc navtlidoo ald
116.0!.oitt!d to do .o by tDcN.vd Athotiti..
Atffic{
w
THE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
7!. Whrt FErution nt|rt yoo t*c tllllditf li8ht-E ..b? (M).
Al*ayr giv! thar! a }try wi& bdtb. Ncs 'hoDc' o! thrit ndio
dirrctioo-fuding tranlDilaiorlli Mollisiot! nay ocourcittd gitb
ttGd or rvitl othcl rhipcdoingthr ,sDc tbiDSl
tbrratdrrsrl
?5. How mrtrv ilrmctic coottr3!6 llu3t tta carricd on borrd ship?
(s.R.)
At lc$t two .rc 'rcommctrdcdfoa Cl|gr 7 3bipr.Cta!! I thiF nutt
aarry st lcaslthEc.
lncnhett
77.!Oe!!-e!-EBI&0.?(M)
It is an EmcrgcncyPosition Indicating Radio Beaconand is a
u!€ful aid to Search and Resclres€rvices.It transmils on aeto
3m
TIIB SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
frequ€nciessuchas243and 121.5MHz and hasan effectiverangeof
up to lm miles.
Itnaheia
n1
THE SAFBTY OF NAVIOATION
E2.Whrr i! r .choorcr?
Thi5-isa vaasGlwbicbansyhavr from rwo b lix nast!, and ahaeitt
bc forGaod-afliiggad on all rrast3.A toparil 6chooncr,hoc,w!f, will
hwc ha. forr topmalt rigFd with qurtr .aiL.
El. A buoy light is siShtadin thc North Sc., group f.sbitrg two,
whitc.
-T"* What actiotrshouldbc tatcn?
"iffi;rT;ll" .*Ii"g-." i*latcd &Dgcr.
Amandtiat
372
CHA'TER XV
LIFTING GEAR
GENERAT
I-vRy cotrrporcolof r lifti4 rpparatu.rher al ullioetc ltrEss&t
l-{ which it wil fncturc ttrd r trfo atrlar .t whichit cso lorEslly bc
fJulcd. Thi! httcr i! csucdrb 4. workhg lMd (S.W.L.).Bvcry
compoocntbasthi! S.W.L.ltrmFd or p6int d upotritjn thc cascof
wirl or cltritr it ir cithcr ,t dD.d od r dunblc tlblct attlchcd ro rhc
ma&daloaabc. noticci3 portcdin a coarpiilour ptaccin thc worling
viidity wbcrcqDploy€.!canrdd to thc safcworlitrg lo6drof all rop.s,
wlls, addchsiD!in ura.
Th. ntio of ultiDatcrkl's to rrfc workhg loedis c.ll.d thalaclor of
rattl, !trd i! u!u![y bctc,EGD four etrdcighL For crmplq in thc cila
ofwirr rcpc it i! fivc, for 6h|lr roF it ir six,.nd r8rin fvc fof ch!in!.
Wtcd arscDbliDgr liftitrg rpparrtu, cvcryprn ir vitsl atrdmu3tbc
adaqurtclystro!8; r r|lat prn Dry caular dii$tcr, rod rD ov6-6troDg
prrt rdd, unn€c.rarrywciSht
M6o.t8!ir fur.{.d oncirly to frd it! ultio.tc rtr*r, ^nd rba Wv.d
st r lic.alcd ProviogHourato a lord whic.hwill Dotproduccwral&ss
or injury to thc Fn.
Gar rhouldbc paovldat rcAuLriitl alr rftcl baiDgput into ilitid
u!c, to tcrl for itrrtrSth dclarioritiotr-AJbr coDtinuouiulc tbc mctd
mly b.comc brittlc sod fracturE.Thir fu cxpcdiLd by ill-u,c. Bcforc
ttfu stetaofrfrain.xirt!, Oc Dctal rhould bc arrrar.4 i.c. hcetadto t
llmpcratuc dc!.oding upon thc 'rct l, ray 600c-650cq lrd thcu
allowld to cool Ery slovly. Thb paocass rlrtrovcsthc britdcr6a atrd
rcatorrsttr odgin l Itain to thcdctal, Mrtry Dctsl objcct wh!! loodcd
to bcyondtrlf thcir ultiBatc atrldgthluficr r Frmrrctrt r., or diltor.
lior. h thir cr!. tha rlartic ,trtl t r baancrcaadcd.kt.t r! thc load
h in(rr,d tb i.A polr, vill bc rcachrd,snd at tbt! .t^gac@|4,ttlctlon
bcgiDs"
Sifc lordr lhould lot ta dccadcdcrocpt*hclr providcdfor utrdcr
ttc Dockr Rcgubtiotr!Ntrdin .a cnr.t8.ocy,ruchr! thc urc ofground-
tecldofor utrgmutrdiD!e vcsrcl.Thi! wil nrtrict luch ovc.losdiogto
iloletcd occrrio8, whichmaydo lo d!oa8.. Thr pdtibility of Frlnr-
DGntdfutortionshouldbc scccptcd,hortrtr.
LIFTING GEAR
Er998gEJ
374
LIFTING CEAR
wbcn a fall b undcr lord thc block! tcdd to spio ald producc tutor
in thc porchasa ODc tum caD iocE€sc thc strrs! rcqurrd (to co[tinue
lifting) by four-tcnths. A lory bao&pik placd lhrough thc p.rb oftb.
fdll clolc up to thc staoding block will prcvrdt thi& provid.d thc cnds of
thc hsDdspikaa& atoppadofr st a rcrrby poitrt.
A thrrc-fold purchssccao ba prrvctrtad from trvisting by rcavirg it a!
lhown in Fig. | 5.1-h additiotr, thc haulitrg pdrt coming away frorh thc
ccnlrc thlavc prcvaoasthc block from canting.
VELOCITY RATIO
when a purchasch us€d to movc a weight, thc fall is hov. throuSh
a grcaterdislanccthan lh. wcight,within a givcnF iod. Thc ratio of
rhc lsrgcr dislenccto lhe smallcrdislanccis thc Vclocity Ratio.
Veloc[y of cff;rt Disranc.cffon moves
Vclocilv of load Dislancc losd movcs
In Figure 15.2scvcral purchasesare illustrated tog.thcr with tha com-
mon Dames.Each name is follou,ed by a numb.r. This numbcr rcp
rcs€nts the vclocity ratio when using thc purchasc to advantagp. In
rhc singlcwhip therc is a velocityratio ofonc. Thc doublcwhip hesa
375
J-
0D t)
rn |l
I t l
t t l t l
lt I
lt lt I
iltl
()DD)
T
3INGLE ooul-E
'HtE' FOLD 7
J_
0L)
tI -)-\
\q{
l/ \
v \
LTFTINC OEAR
vdocity ruio of two ald tbarc ir only oE pay of uliq rhir rtip.
With thc cxcctsioDof rhar., .trd thc SFnLh Bunotn tbo vclodty
rrtio vill bc rcducd by onr eh.! thc purr,h|lcir ulad to dirrdv|ltrgc.
It c.! b. !..r from rhc di88r.o tb$ if r two-fold put!h!. ir u!.d
to rdvadtlgc to movc a witht tbrouSh I D, flt Frt! of roF will
ctch lhortco by I n, to tbtt 5 m of fdl hult bc tov! in, dviry r
vclocity r io of 5. If urcd to dbrdv.trt gp, foul Ftlt of roF Yill
.hort.l by I m, 4n of fdl wil b. how in .nd thG Elocity r.tio
bacoac',l.
EFTICIENCT
All !|aatitr6 bavard cfrciclcy, uludly crprr|.ad a, a Focatrgp'
Eftcicoct i! thc ratio ofurdul eorl doocotr thc ttitit, to ttc work
r9pli.d by thc .fron,
Urafirl work dotrcoDwitht
t*-": ( Work .pplicd by .dort
x ru)%
A.n c6d.dcy of lm% wil iDdicalr that thc blclirc ir fticlionh*
b..aurc wort doD. ir oletcoEiDt fri:tiotr ir lot uadld rvoat,Fritiot
.lsryt 6istr atrd ttc .ffcicdc, i! thardolEdwayt l€r ttatr lqlz.
I! r D.fftct DraJhirc,tha eort doDcoo thc load tould bc cq!|.l lo
th. rort doD by ttc .fron. Lt t bGtbc cfiort y tbc lo.4 D. &c
dirt !c. tbrouth vbi:h th. cfro.t mo€ |!d Dw th. dirre llroqb
whi:b thc lord rtrov.r.ItcD in a parfcaln|.him,
Work dotrcby cfion : Worl donao! load
ExDc:VxDw
D . W
.o thrq D(- E
Y.k - M.A.
lD practicc,ticr! ir .tr axtrt r!.irl|trca to oErloma in tha fol|n of
ticlio!, thc Fitht of thc pulcl/s md thc wight of thc fdl. C.U thit
quntity n ud tgrid ulc tbc priocjplcof wort,
ExDc:<W+R)xDt'
ro, E x V.R.-(V* R)
or, E_(V+ R'
Y.R.
3n
LIFTINC CEAR
lf wc noe sub6titutc for X, lcn F. ccnt ot thc loed fo. lvcry shrsvc
rnd cdl lhc numbcr of shcrvcsr, w€ gct
w L
' tl y0
": r-k
whcn r purchascis uscdto advantaS.Y.R.: (n + l,
Whcna purchascis uscdto disadvantag!Zn. : ,l
Thc scaman,bcforc puttitrg a purchas! into usc, may usc this
cxprassionto dctcrminctha approrimatcslrcsson thc hauling prrt
of thc fall. Thc allowrnccfor friction of l0% drs on thc safr sidc.
kt us supposcthrt *c src lifting 6 kg usinga two-fold purchasc
uscdto disadvantagc, with a V.R. of 4. Allowing l0% for friction,
friclioD bccomcs40% of 6 kg,or 2.4yg,.
Total loadto owrcomcis 6 + 2 4 : t.4 kg.
8ra
Theapplicdcfort is thu. : Z t rg.
PNACIICAL POINIS
ron Thc s.amen oftctr rcf.rs to r d.rrick or block s3 bciDg a'ttoDna
block'or a fvc-tono. dcrrick'. By this bc Dc.'3 that thc dcnick or blocl
ton his a S,W.L. of 5 lonncs and is not lo bc us.d for lining *,cighls
tons Srralcr tban 5 tonncs.
318
LIFTING CEAR
A 3indc{h.ayc block i! provld to e proof losd of fout timcr iL
S.W.L.Tbis S.w'L. mustbc stampcdon it, togctbcrwith thc ntkcr's
namcor uadc m'rk. aad thc oumb.r of thc block' If tha S.W.L ir 5
tonDcsand rhc blockh us€dto lift r wciShtof 5 tonfts thct tha strass
on thc lop cycof thc blockwill slightlycxcccd| 0 tonDcs.Thc dcsignof
thc cF in thi! blockwill b. suchthat it hasa S.W.L.in cxccss of l0
tonncs.A lGtonnc shacklcwould b€ usadfor s.curingttic bloct.
Uod.r thc DocksRcgulationsa single-shcavc blockmly bc ulcd to
lift trirc it! mrmal S.W.L.providcdth. wciglt is attrchcddircctly ro
tl. broc*and is not attachcdlo a ropc pa3sitrgaroundthc ahcavc,i.c.
rbc wright is a$achcdto rhc cyr of tbc block. For clartplg if a 8uD
lackb ia uscdto lift 5lonncs,th.n thc lop blocks,ill bc t ttonnc aonton3
block. but thc lowcr onc will bc a 2|tonnc block and thc wcightwill ton
bc cithcr arbchcdto thc cyc of thc lowcr block or clscaltachcdto a
hookwhichis intcgralwith thc block.
A multiplc-shcavc block will havcaa cyc dciSncd to wilhst trd it!
S.W.L. togrtlrcr with thc maxidum str6s lisblc to bc lpplicd to tha
hauliry prrt. A lttornc putchascusingmultiPlcblock eill hevct\ro
IttontrG S.W.L.bloch.
G.ocratly lpcrking, thc sizaof wirr ropc to bc ulad with a cargo-
liftiDg block h|a a dhDctrr shich is onc-filbctrth of thc lhcrvc di.'
nctcr. i.c. with a 30cm sh.{vc a 20mm wirc ropc will bc usad.Fo. l2-in0.&itr
dcrricb of morcthan 15ionncsS.w.L. thc siz. of wirc roF shouldbc
on.-cightccDth of thc ahcavcdiamctcrin ordcr to prolongropc lifc.
C|!. of Dhds (Va.iousrypcsstE ilustrstd in Plets 5 rDd 6)
Frcqu@ttychcckthc swivclhcadfor frcc movcmadtby hatrd.Gta!6
itr !b!ok aod baaing. Erarnincthc .i& platcafor diltordo! or buck_
ling: if th.y arr buctlcd aad thc aunncrjam! hctw€atrrha plrtd !trd
thc alrcovc,liwr mry bc lost, Shaevcs lhould tuln fFcly ehcn rotatcd
ty hatrd;cxlDitrc thcD for c,ricl! aodbush-waar. Thc Stoovdmult bc
frcquaotlychdkcd for *€.r, whichwill quichy rub s Dcwwir! ntnlcr.
C"hackthrt .rlc pitrs r'c a.cuE rtrd camot work rdtift. C.rrry oul
Erular strd adcquatclubricatiotr,It it bcttcr to oil thc block turfrc6
niha tban ro urc peint"wbich may clog oil holct, oblitcrat mrrk,
strd hidc ddcct!. Chackwoodcnblocksfor dacsyNndsplittinS.Blocki
rhould ncltt bc thrownon to ttc d.ck.
wdtfuofhs
A fuly rorc purchaaa complctcwith shlcuca,wEiSh!approrinatcly
.! folloes:
I tonrc: thrcc-foldwith 25+m shcavcsor a gutrtacklcwith 42{rn ron tci6 l7.in
shcavca,
379
LTFTINGGEAR
ton l2-in l&in l tonrc: four-fold with 3o.fi shar,.! or a doublclufi with {tcm
thaaws.
ton lcin I tonnc:fivc-foldwith 4O4m!h.3vcs.
toi! l&in l* tonnc:six-foldwith 45c1nsicar€s.
Gqr
A guy prrEh|lc includinSshlcklc! r'rd Fmrit!, rhould havc r
S.W.L.!! followi:
rooton A 3-tonncS.W.L. Dcnicl shouldbavc2-tonncS.W.L.guys.
totrton A ttonnc S.W.L.Dcrricl shouldbavc3-!onncS.W.L.guys.
ton ron A lGlttootrc S.w.L D.rfick lhould havc+totrtrcS,W.L guyr,
ton A l6tonDcaodovcrS.w.L. Datricklhould hovcgrryawith S.WL'a
ron qt,€l ro 25% of thc drrick'. s.w.L., ..& a 60-tonncS.w.L.
ton dcrrickshouldhevcl5-tonncguys.
C.rGof to?..
Erarhiocdl roF rctularly ald frcquc lyforchrfc, cutti!9, itrt md
wcar,dctadoraliotrof ib&t, drFast (in a wit! roF), rnd opcoiry of
tfu.lly or lorE-FvW. ltll rhc.E groov.amult baftla fron rou8hoaa!
ud not dccFtrcdby $lar. Thc groov.r lhould ba at lcilt a! !rid! ar
ttc dirmctrr of tbc.opc,
Thc dirDctrt of sbcrvlr rhould bc st lcrlt iva to lir ti[rar thc dr&
rrrr.r offib.r rcpc.. Ropcs,rbcthc. ofibrr or wirG,rhouldnot baulad
for puuitrg!t ana4L to thc dirrclion oflood lift to thrt thcrop.ac.hfa
on thc blocklidcpLtlr, Kacpnbl! roF in ot! awly fron daDpor
b..L Hrtrg thcD up if pordbla Brcoungc goodvcatilrtior!, RoFrct
oft.o comEaoc.3iatcmdly md i! difiodt to &tccl Dry aly 9!t topaa
nsturrlly ad not with artifcial hcat,If roF dntrot bc huu up, rtow
th€trlon grrti!8!. If thcy .lr to lir itr ttorc for loD! Friod. Dskc aur.
thcrr ua ro rat! prraaol ailca lhcy wiu uta tlc iopc ibrc. for t[cir
!61a. Wirc rop.3 mult bc cond.onld if rha btal vilitb rumbcr of
brokcnwirc. (i! etryhsgtl ofcight di.mclcrs)cro.c& l0% ofthc totil
!uob6 of wia6.
Thrahlt coEoaot providcaa goodopportudly to dieurs thorcplrL
ot tb Dock n gulstkxn(1934)ebich rds& to liftiDg gp|r srd com-
poncrrs.
AE|IC of Wro|rb Ilo tril(l Htr B.cr. &fttl!
Thi! ba! altedy baanrdanrd io in a Fwiout rcctiotr.Sof.r .! tbc
Rctulrtiotr! !r! comcmcd,th. h.$irg abouldb. doncwidin e futu ca
!!d trot in a bhckmith'! frc, whichmsy caur. utrava baatinS.Tha
LrnFtltur! of rtrmdirg (650' C) rhould bc nailtiird for 30-61,
Ditrutcr.
380
LIFTING GEAR
Ch!h!, ri!!!, hootr, !h!c.H€3,rld swiEb ,t 8aaa, rda rrr to bc
rrla€Ld Et L$t oDcccvcrysir monthsif of 12mm and uadcritr sizc. |in
Tha Friod i! twElE Dotrth3for lsrgcr gcar. Both Fiodr may bc
doubLdfor glrt wbichir uscdlolcly otrbaod-opcratrdliftiq nlf.hirc$
(A rrcoEDcDdcdprrcticcb to halvcsUthc pcriodrid thc ca5cof g.er
vhich i! h.itrg subj.ctd to lcvcrcttlatEctrt)
T[c obovrrrquircmc r arcsubi*1to t[c followitrgcxcdptio!3:
Cbrirr, riqr, hook,.backlcs, rtrd lwivcb midc ofrtcd.
Pttchcdchaiu (i.o. chaiu ur.d otr gt|r whccb),
Ri!8!, hoolt .hrol'lc!, rd lrviv.b which a$ p.lnar&n0y at-
tichd to pilchd chaiB, pulcy block* or wcighilg dcvi(E.
Scr.w-thrcadrdprrtr or Bpccielyhrrdao.d garr luch rr bal bcrr-
itr8r.
Bordc{uxcollaclion! (a dcviccrcs.Eblingr frtt ocd thinblc ulcd
for joini!8 chaioto srirr. Thc wfuri! lplicld rouDdthc groovcwhilc
rbc .t.i! pa$.6 throughrh. rhinbL c.arra).
Th..c itco! of g.er lrl cxcmptd froE rtrmrlint otr thc oonditiotr
lblt tt t |t. lholou8l y cflmincd rt l65t oocaI y6r.
Lrar .d Edddt
Wtc! tr.t gcrl ha! bcanlubjcct d to it! ,pGci0adFoof lo6d it bult
bc lhoroughlycr|Diftd bcforcbcingput itto u!c. Tbi , shicb nust bo
doDcby e codpctcDtFnotr, will crrblc dctrctiodof dcfcct whichhavc
bccobrouSlt ro light by thc proof load. Pulcy blockr rhould bc dir-
er bd durilr thir .xaEinrtiotr
Blocb, chsilr (oth.r ttrn thorc pcrE!trcodysttlchcd to I dcrrict),
ri!8t, hoot!, rbrc.H6,addswivrbrhouldbc tcatcdbcforcputtitrgthcD
itrto ulc atrda&oanlr rtry &pdir. ltay rhaurllo bccxldinad Grct tiEc
bcfo!,cu.4 uDl6r thi! br! dEady bccr dorc vithin theptlcding thi!.
Eooth!.
Wit! roF ir to bc taltad by bra{tiDg r BrDplc-tlis ultimltc sttr.
mult rlich t rcquild daldrtd. tt hult bc cxlminadrt lcalt odc. cvrry
thrl. mo hr, but ar?r, monfhif ary ei& br' brokca.Wirc roF i! to
b. dcd.rld unit ifio .!y lcnglhofciSl di.dct r3thc totrl numbcrof
yiribL brokanei!. aroaad!l0% of tha nuEbcr of s,itrs itr thc roF
(E 9., co$idcr wirE ropc *ith r dirm.tcr of 24mm. Supposcit b a
rix-.trudcd roF with 24 wir6 in cech straod. Thc lotsl numbcr
of wircr is lhus l/|/|, Hcrcc if in rtry lcnglh of.oughly 19c'rnthc tot l
Noh.r of vilibL brokcosir.a .i.ad! 14.lhcn thc eir! b condcdld
lDfrt) lba wirl ir abo daclltd uDit for urGif thGcorrorion,w!ar, otc.,
iacooridadad aic€aiv! by tt FsoD inrFctitrg
LIFTINC GEAR
Pr@f Ladt
Chtins, ri[gs, hooks,shacklcs,swivclserEprovcdto twic€tha S.W.L
SirSlc-shcavc pullcyblocksrrc provrd to four timasthc S.WL
lodt Mulaiplcblocts up ro 20tonncsS.W.L.arcprovcdlo twicr thc S.W.L.
Multiplcblocks2l-40 tonncsS.W.L.ar. provcdto lhc S.W.L.plus
20tonocs.
Multiplc blocksovcr ilo tonncsS.W.L.&rcprovd to onc and a ha.lf
timcsthc S.W.L.
Pitchrdchain!,thcir blocls rnd dl Frm&rcndy sttachcdgcaroFrrtad
by handsrc provld to otrasld a halftimcsthc S.w.L
Drm?&r and all parmalcntattachmart!&latirg to Oa dcraicksuch
as rnalt lugs and dack cycbolb a& fo bc insFctld cvcry yarr ard
thoroughlyaxamincdat lcastotrcccvrry four yaa$.
All oth.r lifting mdchilary (c.rnas,witrchcs,and hoilts) i3 lo ba
thorouShlycxamiD€d st lclrt cvcry)€rI.
A thoroughcxamiDation is doncvisually,aad mayincludchammcr-
!.sti[g and dismending.Dctricl(!, winchcs,and 6ancs---complctdy
rigScdfor u3c---arctcsrrd bcforcinitial ulc snd rbo aftcr rcpoir.0t i!
thc practiccaoorg somcowrcn to tlst abo at r.gular iBtcrvab,c.8.
cvcryfour )cars.Uddcrttc Rcgulatio$,ifa dcrrickDcvcftrc.dsrrDait
otrly or!. ilitial tcstis rlquircd io ils lifa)
Proofltads
tor! S.W.L.up to 20 tonncs-gEaris prowd to the S.W.L.plus 25%.
tonstonr S.W.L.20 to 50tonncs-glar is provcdto lhc S.W.l. plus 5 to[nca.
roru s.w.L. ovc.50tonn.r-g.ar is provldto thas.w.L. plusI0%.
Thc lo6dis applicdcithcrby hoisrinSmovablcw!i8ht3,or by usioga
hydnulic or rpring bdlellca ThGrtr8lc wbich thc dcrrick makcswith
thc horizontsldudtrg thc tcrt i! to b. shr.d in thc t6t ccrtifcet . If
Eovablcrvcightsrt! u!.d thcdartict ir lwug ar far a! podsiblcin both
dillclions wbilc usdc. load. If thc brlstrcci! ulcd tha Pull rhould bc
Erdc rt rhc liEdtr of dcnick swin&(Thi. n thod hrr lh. di!.deutegc
iD that thc d€Eicki. trot $,?a|8undcrload atrdthrt thc Da!t, ri$i!t,
|trd othcrg.ar ir Dott6tcd uDdcrworkingcDrditionr.)
Bcforclhc t6t, all block! rnd !hscll6, ctc., r't tdtld at lrrd dowtr
pEvioudy,elrd rhc dcirict i! rhcnfuly riSgrd.It wi[ uualy bc tca&d
whilc et it! low$t worliog po6itio!---aay45 &grcG3ro thc horizantal.
Atlrl t6t, . ftral GxaDi.stioDofdl thc gcst b madcald Lat ccttif-
catetrr! bsuadfor all conporantr s! rcquiFd undcrth. RcgulatioD&
wlcn tcring h.ivy darricl. thc proof load k 8rat, ad thc brl.nca
,hodd b. enchorEd elhorcto r st ongpoint!o e! to avoiddcckdartralp,
A 3uitablcmovingwcightwould bc a losdcdbatgq u.hg a tlst clock
342
LIFTING GEAN.
.t|!chd to tbc lorEr purc.brscbloclcfo ildiaalc t[6 lo6d.Grc.t attctr-
tior shouldbaplid to .xsditriog thc gooc.nccl.ftcr t.st.
Soaairla* i! tha calc of hydl.ulic c tr.., tlc evaihblc prcaaurr
riill not coF *ith ttc .pccifad Foof lo6d. Itr thi! caaathc e'rieuE
pdsiblc lord wil ru6oc.
Iitr. Jqpat rcquitr !o t rt o.rti6cstc.lX.y rhould Dot,howwr, bc
urcdurlc'! th.ry!r! ofsuitablcqurli9 tud frrc froB dcfcct.
WtreSpllc.teE to b'-acit Lalt thrla tuclc \rith wholcatrrtrdsfol-
lowrd by two tuc.lswith brlEd .trrd!.
N.dc. of S.WI
A[ milt t cfb, itrcludi!8 dcrrict!, murt havcit! S.W.L FrDt-
ncndy atrd clc.tly Darkcd upon iL In tho ca6cof chainr it ir aithai
daepcd upotra Ectd tlb sttrchd to lha ctaitr or cbc it b ltaDDG4
Do.! urually, oD thc litrk, For rvir6, cirtc. r mctel rrb ir uld a!
bcforEor cb. e roticc ir co$picroudy portrd Bhowitrgaiz6 of wir!
.ad thcir S.W.L.,
Erc..rd!8 S.WJ-
No g.ar i! to bc loadcdbcyondit! S.W.L cxccpta o.r!c, ehich crtr
bc ovcrloadcd!! rpprorcd by thc Frso! itr chargc,It is doncoDlyin
qc.ptiotrd c.r.q ad a Ecotd of thc ovldord nust bc tcpt. Thc pcr-
DilsioDof t[c oerct rtrustfrrt bc obtaitd in eriting. (with rrgrrd to
this, &mainb.t tlat if r sitr8lcahcrE pulcy block br3 thc w€ighf
dirccdyrttachd lo lhc block instcadofto . roF possingsroundthc
,haavcthc actuallood upoothr blockihrll bc c!tr5idcrcdas oDchrlf of
thc actud lo.dJ
Ib n gb.r
Ccrtifcat a of l!.t, anncdi!& atrdall nports of iDrpcdtiona ad cx-
emi[stiotrsrrr to bc cntcr€din rhc Ragistcrbcforrthc g.ar codccmcdis
put inlo u!4. Tho RcSirtcris to bc kcpt on rhc vcslcl,
It is a buff-colourcdbook called 'Form 99', mcasuring3l cm x 12+in
l6cm end i6 cntitlcdon thc fro cover'Rcgistcrof Mechincry, 6i in
Chain!,atc.,aodWirEroF . EtrbfiEdotr ric fro corai i5 thc vasscl's
Dadg Pon of rcgiltry, .nd thc owrcr'slamc and addtlss"Thc book ir
oftlr c{U.d ,idply thc 'Chrin Rcgistcf.
Thc i!!ib frolt covrr and paga I coDtrh iBtructioo! Egridin!
cxamiutioB rtrd lDmalirg,
Pdrt l. PrgFs2,4 6,rtl for catrid conccmingfoulytsrly dsminatiorB.
PrSs 3, 5, ?, i.r for cotri.s conccmiatrnnual inrpccrioru.
Par, 2, Plgrs E-13rrc for cDtri.Bco$.miDg unual thoroughcr6mina-
tiolr of crrrnaqwidchcs,atrdhoilt! and.cc6sory gaaa,othcr
tba! darricta
383
LTFTING GEAN
Prrr 3. PISp3l4-l 7 rrr for lntdaa conccmitglhc rDdurl thoroud cx-
aminationofgcar cramptadfrom adocalin&
Prrt 4. FagpslE-23 ..c for cBtriasconccmiDgthc .noaa.lDgof 8.er.
Pagc24coDtainssomcr.comncndcdminimumfrctoB ofaafaty
trrmcly:
lons Mctalpartsof liftingmachin.ty:5 for S.W.L.l0 tonncso.
tofi lcss;4 for S,W.L.ovcr l0 tonncs.
woodcn llructurcs: E.
Chains:41.
wirc ropc: 5.
Fibrc rop.: 7.
Tcst cartiicatcs, ctc., arl attachcdto thc Rcgis&r by mcint of
Surnmcddipa ptovidcdwithin thc ioiidc back covcr.Thc Rcgi.tcr i3
d.sigDadfot cightycaB'scrvicc.Whctra ftw oncis put into ulc thc old
oacrhouldbc pr6crvcd for at L{st fout y.ar!,
Thc followingarc arbilrarycxpr.ssions for findingth. brcaking
strcsscsof:
Fibt. Ropc
2rr' .lDr 4Dt -- -
- sDl
Msnrla Polypropylcnc Tcrllcnc Nylon
ffi ffi ; t;
(whcrcD is (hcdiamctcrir mm endthc rcsultis in tonncs).
1n D!
Grade:Stud fr
(ubcrc D is rhc diamctcrof tha bar forminSthc link in mm and lha
st.cs! ia in bnncs).
Wirc RoDe
I t,)2
(a) 6 sttrads.12wir€sFr slrandjF
t].}2
24wircspcrstrand
(b) 6 strands,
fr
(c) O Strand!, J / wltts PCl $rano
E-
(whcrcD is thc dia.nctcrin mm and thc rcsuttis in tonncs).
lo thc forcgoingcxpr.ssionstha ftsuh is rpproximstcand u8ually
cns on th€ saacsid.. In arrivingrt thc safcworkingload,thc b.6kin8
384
LIFTING GEAR
strcsscsarc dividcd by 5 or 6, thc safcty factor. Thc rcsults ar. e $cful
guidc in thc abs.nccof morc prccis. informalion.Thc semcapplics
o thc figurc of l0% choscnfor frictional etrcl in Purchascs. Thc
figurc applics morc to fibre ropc then wirc ropc. whcn cmPloyitrg
*irc or synthctic topc, s figu.c of 5 % is morc rcalislic.
ln thc pas!, a sd.ly factor of rbout 2 5 hrs oftcn bccn sugigpstad
for usc \rith ropcs which arc uscd only occasionally. A wisc seaman
will rcjcct this notion. Apprccialing holl/ rapidly a ropc can dctcriorat.
with misusc,thc facl that a ropa is uscdooly occasionally is ircl.vant.
with so many matcrials b€ing us.d for topc, with *idcly difrcring
strcsscs,it is nol surprising that onc tyF of ropc pcr ship is rccon'
mcndcd lor safcty.
vtEts
H O rS l
OUTRIGGER
F r € u i E r ! . ! H A T L E XD t i t t C K
TOPPING SLEW TOPPING
WINCH WINCH WINCH
PLAN
v tEw
HOIST
F t a u i t r a . a v E t L ! D E i i r c r (t a c H a t a t r c )
LIFTINC GEAR
RIGGING ETTEMFON.EGETX.
Io conplctccontrsstto thc forcgoingwork, thc scamani! Somctimcs
callcd upon to ihprovisc lifting gcar usingwoodcnor st d sporsto
mak 3hc.rsor a gytr (Figs 15.6and 15.7).why it 'without
shouldbc callcd
cxtcrbporcgaaris a mystcry,sircc thc word mcans study or
prprration'. Whcnrigginglhis typc of gcar, thc toppinglift or back
guy should makc an anglc of !t lcast 45 dcStccsc,ith tbc shcc$,
Flfc.sbly bctwen 60and 90degrc€s.suitablcwoodsfor sparsincludc
tak, oak, clm, asb and b6ch. Sparscan bc sttcnglhctradby ,$i4r
thcm-i.c. sccuringstout timt!.rs along thc middlarwo-thirdslcngth,
using wirc lashingsor bohs. Stropserc prcvcotcdf.om slippiDgby
using roF collarsjust bclow thc 6trops,or by fixing thumbpiec.s,
showtrins.t in Fig. 15.6.Thc cfrcclivclcngth of a sparis thc distancc
batwccnthc hccl of thc sparrnd thc crutcr, whichis whcrclb. sPars
arc lsslr.d togcthcr.Spla! tacklet prcra l thc hc.ls slippingoutwards
and shouldbc onc-thirdof thc cffcctivcl€ngthof thc sp{rs for shc.ts,
but onc-halfof thc cfrcc-tivclcngthfor . ryn. Thcy shouldba scqrrcd
as low a! possiblcto ptcycntbcndin8strcsscs,
Whcrclashin8sand stropscaoss,they shouldbc wcll parcc cd with
c&nvas. To sprcadthc *.ight of a sprr andthc load,thc hccli3 stcppcd
3-in on a shoc,mad€fiom tlr,o laycrsof Ttmm rquarc-t€ctioniimbcr ai
right englcsto cacholhcr to form a Iaminstion.Thc ahoccen cithc.
bGhollor€d out or clscthc hcclcan bc plsc.d on a pertianyflkd bag
of wct sand.Thc dcck rnay nc.d to bc shor.d bclow. Hccl tacklas
providc muttiiircclional suppon and kccp thc hcclsrigid. Tbcy arc
not rcquircdon a &/n bccauaa thc aplsytacklcsmsintainrigidity of thc
hccls.
SH.t
Tbc two sparsarc laid fal, with thcir h.Glsapad and on thc sboa!,
thc h.sda bcing crocscdto tokc thr cautchlashinS.Hcd tacllcs ara
sctup, thc rpley tacllc is tightcncdandthc lashingi p$!.d asfollows.
A timbc. bitch is placcdon onc sparjurt abovatbc crutchand about
fourt..n round tums arc passcdsroundboth sperr.Sir frappioStum!
rrc thcn madcthrouShlhc crutch,3! in a scizing,and fnally d clovc
hitch is mrdc sroundthc othcr spar.Whctrthc dzttilgar" (s for*ard
guy uscdto prcvcntbackwardtopplitrO snd thc toppinglift or back
guy arc .ig8ad,thc ahccncan bc crrclcd.Whcnusing3hccrs,thc lord
shouldnot basrvungout of thc vc.ticd othcrwisctha hcchmaylift ofr
thc shocs.Fig. 15.6showsslahc shccrsusadlikc 3 dcrrick. In othcr
390
rorER c^tco arocr
.ii.#r3*"',r
ooulll- tf|{ot -ux rYPC
_-{tCLtctll
ttauiE ia.a
LIFTING GEAR
cucs, otr tmooth Stoundor on a dccl, thc ahccrsc5n bc riggcdwilh
vcry long fo ard and brck guys,.nd cqutlly long hccl 8uys-two to
aechhccl-lcading in opposingditccriooseloagthc linc in whichit is
dBircd to ibift thc load. Th6c era walking shcc6 atrd arc uscd!s
follorva.Thc shccrssrc tiltcd 20 drSnaatowardsthc load, *hich i3
liftcd dalr..Thc shcc6rrr thantiltcd 40dcgrcGin th. oppositcdiEctiod
rnd thc losd lsndcd. By hcavingon thc haal t cklcs thc shcc.sarc
morcd lo s Dcwposition and thc proccs3rcFala{. Thcy a.c bcing
swutrg-tbrougb ratbcr likr e stuclck n dctrick. If w is thc load liftcd,
approxirnata strc$cs arc 0'6W in thc back 8uy, 0 3W in thc hccl
tscklca,0.5W in thc spl.y rnd o'tw in lh. .Par.
Tt Gyr
Ilcrr, thrrc sparsat! sct up ts e tripod, two baingcao3s.dlikc shcc$
rnd lnowo rs cLc*r. Thc third sprr, or ptlror., is lashadbcncaththc
crutch of iha chrcki. Thc only putchasasrcquircd arc thrac aplay
tactlcs and r lifting purcharc.Tba lrrhing i6 passcdas shown,usioSe
timbcrhitrh, hdfs doun fi8ui€-of<i8lt tums and6 lly r clovchitch.
Thc tarhiog is mrdc not too tight, othcr*isc thc ch..ks clnDot bc
oFn.d out at Oair hccb. Oncc opancd,th. chcck rPlsy tacklc is
tightcocdsnd thc gJmcrcctcdby hcavitgon thc othei teo sPlays,usinS
r fourth Sparas a cantrallcvct.
Thc gtn is letcrellyunstablcandthc loadmusttrot tc.wung outaidc
th. brlc triaDglc.Thc 6m h primarily uld for liftitrg rtr objcct ard
rcpltcingit in thc samcpoaition,for cxamplathc intcrmcdirtashaltof
o windlrrs to cnsblcFbushing lo bc carticd out. Estimatcdatr.ssi3
roughly 0.,1W in thc spel., 0'6W in thc lpsr uscd for th. liftio8
pu.chssclcad (if t..dd) end0'3W in th. sphF.
DECX CRANES
TrcrLl
3HOE
tr6una15.7
LIFTINO OBAR
The deckcraneprovidesprotectionfrom the weatherfot the wires
end machineryand much of the s€rvicingcan te done inside the
pedestaland tos,er. The hydraulic 6ane offers compact rnotors,
reliability, minimum maintenaoceat|d s€curityagainstoverloadiDg.
One three-phar€ele.rric motor will drive four separatepumF and
eachmotionof the cranewill haveits orvnpumPs'stem. If the system
Dr€ssureshouldfail, brakesare automaticallyaPplied.Cut-outscan
be fitted fo. maximumhoist, outreachand plumbingdePth.Grooved
drumsoften have'zuLL' and 'EMPTY' sensors.
Tbe simDle3 tonneSwL de.k craneof the 1950sis now dwarfedby
the nodcrn tyF with safeworking loadsup to m bnnes or fiore,
vhich canbe Drovidedwith remotecontrol, l€velluffn8 whercbythe
load rcmainsat a setheighteventboughthe jib is topped,fitringsto
work containers,adaptationfor grab-work, al|d explosion_proofing
for uscon tankers.Deck caanesmay alsorun alongrails, eitheron or
clear of the hatchways,where they can b€ clamped in suitable
working positions.
fpin dan€r can be usedfor very largeunit loads.The two cranes
are mountedon the sameDed$tal but the two towets0r cfonehovtes
can oFrate independentiy,i.e. in Jrn8t ,rod€. By locking them
bgerhfi, heaiT loadscan be handled. Teamcranesare tnountedon
s€Daratelr.destals.usuallvat oppositeendsof the hatch The falls
cairbe cdnnccred to oncipreaddr,the craneselectricallyintercon'
nectedand the systemconirolled either remotelyfrcm tbe deck or
from one cab. Again heavy loads can be handledrather like the
d€rrick Yo-Yo gearin Fig. 15.11.Twin cranescanbe teamedto give
evencreaterflexibilitv.
Coitrol systemsfor cranesshould b€ Sivenhigh priority in the
shiD'smaintenanc€Drocramme.
0nder existingIiocis Regulations(1934),cranesare lhe only
liftiDg devic€swhich may be ovedoaded,in exccPtionalcases.(See
pagc363)PerhaF for this reasontbcy arc requiredto be thoroughly
examinedannually,comparedwith the four-yearlyexaminationfor
derricks.
DENTICT nIGS
|l. Uda P!d- (Fi& 15.9)
Tbir ir oc.alionaltyErlf.trrdlo rs rrwrLlt aar, allhoughits oriSilal
tillc aalt tu yant @tl ttat.In thc d!y! of trilirg .biF thr thipr wttc
rov! throughblock !.c1rtd to lhc yerdsrEandthcl!|!t atay'Thc lamc
l.rd' i! rtill usd for th. outborrd dcni:k, I! thc f8utc thc wtiD! ir!
oo!!c@d to s mioD awiEl. AlthoughDot rhow!, rhi! utrit br! thrcc
.rirdt, oE G.chfor lh. ehipc,!!d r thitd for tic hoot' Ifotrlt r twiwl-
395
LIFTTNO GBAR
DEC( CirXE
ftGuaE|l,(tDouaLtxG Gan
397
LIFTING GEAR
iDgis Dot availablcthc .nd of thc whip b tumcd rrouDd tba dctricl
just bclou thc hcadblockrDd ihscb.d to ttc .xisrbg spidcrbaod.Tbc
d.(ri(* .hould b. p.r!.Ud eith catrva3b ery of t[c wtiD to prlv.ot
ilipphg aDd.hrf.. Th. m.thod i! uscdwhc! it i! dcsir.dto lift a \wight
gt.tcr thatrthc safcs,orlbg lord of&c f6ll-
' I
it
ti
i:6
ii{,
'ft
i
t
!
f r G u l r r a . r a! r v l a r o o l - i 1 6
:t9!!!l!.i.!-jg!:-!!33r.9!
F|GUR€
15ra !rrxcrxc pliitcx
406
CIIAPTER XVI
NlnE ROPE
niB procaa!of Ertrufrdurr cotrilr coobiag aaLcLd ibt! iDto
I long ritbols how! !t rliv.r, whic.hrrr htlr tviltld up iDto
,1 yrrar. Thcrcyrmr arc tlrtr twiltd ilto 6band!,thlaaor four of
thc lrtt r b.i!g frdly l.id up iDtothc frilbd .oF.
Tb. priDrty obj.c-tof t*i!ti!8 fbtr togpthcrit r .oF i! tbt by
duhd fritio[ t!.y E y b. hcld tosFttcrwhcor.trBr i! ryplicd to tt
wholc.
Tha aascnlialfcrturcs of a Spod roF ara carcfirly rLaLd snd
bLodd hiSb-sr.d. 6brc, csllful rpinlinS ilto y.r!! of utriforE .izc
rd drlngtb, folmilg lhc yrmt iDtotolid citcuLt atr!fit with rll yarlr
prlaU€!,tha atrrld bci[g cvto, smooth,aad brviag ihc c.trE-t dcgl.
ofteilt, lnd leyirg tbrlc or Eol! oflh€c ltredb irto roF rt thccoltla-t
rlglc to tuit thaFquitld eorlilg cotrditioD!,
Statud lay iaglis t rop with tb.t .n8lc of l,ty wbioh.xprrictrcc
rhow3oonbin . plisbility, rttlnSlt, rld .bility lo withrtrd ctrafclo
thc b6t idvur.Sc for dl gmcrll work
Sdt ot l4!A Izt iE.di,!. r mF in whicf th. rlglc of hy ir lts. thD
Dotlnsl,thc arflc ofhy haiagthlt bcts!.! thc rxi! ofltc ttrand and
thr .ri! of thc ropc. Thc pli.bility ild, to roDc cxt ot, thc b(!rti!8
rtrc.s rrc ircrcala4 but lh. clsticity i! rduod. It ir mdt liablc to
aborb vat.r and lcc it! shrF, but i5 rlry ffirly for wo.l luch ar
..ild.Liog.
E@4 Fbn,6 Slrl L4f impllt s roF itr whichrhc rn8lc ofhy i3
grc.t . thr! mrDrl. Tf,. .tr ct i! to ircrcatEthc rbility of thc loF ro
trtai! iu rhrF tmdarloa4 ald to rcdutr thr abdorptiodofwrE . Both
tb. plhtilig ald tbc bttsfilg rt$r. arr, howrvat,&duccd, but thc
chrticig j! i!.rt|!d.
Righched lsy mcrtr! thc firal l,ryingup of thc str.!d!, i!8.td16. of
thc ropc'r colttfuciio,n,i! thc arEc s! & scrtw-lhrard.In thctradcit i!
dascdbad a! r Ztx,&r, lrft-hatrd Ly i! ric rlvtfsc strdfud6criH a! a!
goei'' T[c |rr ilultr.tld in Fi& l6.f togethcrwith th. coolrrucior
ofropc.Ir vil bc trotird tbot llc ibr6 sod tt |tr.nd! h.Y! th. rEc
trir! but thc yrr hrw . rlwt.c twirt, i.. i! r dtht hudod roF thc
&7
ROPB AND CANVAS
iblra rt! tlistld toSatbcrtifhnhrndrd, t[G yaa!! arr twitt d lcft.
h!ad.d, r'd thc ,ir.n& rrr hil up itbt h&d.d.
TbrrG'ttrirdad topci! rcfcrrcdto a! rrarr rdl. ScNEcorcfcr to it u a
hrw!.rlay if it i! rbht-h^trdcd,but thc ncnbcr! of rtc toF trrdc 6dd
th.t it ir frcqu.dtly coofu.cdwitt csblcLy ro thrt eh.o otd.dDgit i.
'Phit h'r''
Fafcrrblc to ulc tha tlln
Four-.tnndd ropr ir aom.timd C,.l]cildtrottd,q!, It ha! a bigrt
bc.ring rurfrc. codFrld eilb pl!i! hy, Ib xEifht i! g!..td .!d it!
atrao$bl.s. Thc four atru& u! laid round a cctrtralibt! hasri ol
catr. Both tbrtc. rtrd four-rttudad roF erc trormrly laid up titbt
>-..
tftat
F t
(!trr t xBD)
f t c u i a t a .I
Er{.&. fq|..
L lttdh. Thh i. b.dc fton at a ibic, *ldd con!. fto6 . pl^trt
b.loging to tD. b.!.n f.Dily. Itr oolou v.ri.r ftoE ivory riiE io
rl|rtir[ broen. Tbc Fodu.tioa of ibi! ft(. ooudnricr lDc qo.t in
pofint irdort y io thc ltililpin4 Il ir rv.ihbb h v|rio!.8nd.n thc
i!ff nbt!. of tbo lc.f bcdtr8d|rch i6 tt|! tho.c ltoov.d lio6 thc
outarad&.
A| . rlpo it i! rooott, dorry, .t!o!& !.titto' rw, d!'.bL, ...y to
haodL, sdd has & vcry high rcsbtrrcc to sc{-watcrrotting. It i! lbc
moctcoEntor nrtur.l fbrr i! u|. et ras. Thc followingf8lr6 rllrtc
to thc 6n6t{udity mrnilo roF:
ThE+.tnndcd, ,lt-hd diimct r, wight 352tg Fr 220m coil:
BrcakingstEs! l?'5 tontaa.
Foui.sintrdcd,,lt-mn dirmct{, wright 349kg Fr 220n c4il:
B.latint atraci15'6ronn6.
Ninc-rtnndd c.blc hy,,lt-mm disncrcr, *cight 309tg Fr 220m
coil:
Bilalint atrcli l0'5 tonnd. (lf plailcd, this 3izcof roF ha! a
brc*ing rutrs of 17tonncs.)
M.niL loF eil rt!6.h .bout 252 of tu !ra!th.
1 SbL ThL f[rc L t tid fron ob. L.vrr, iD th. pilo.pptc f.Dny.
E||t Aftica |!d Jiva at! tba Dai! p(odrEilg ocotrca.Dutbt th! tlt,
rh.a Dada a .strjaorly aoatlq d8l r|t i! ti& l|aai! ttit olltry
40!)
ROPE AND CANVAS
ard at !.a. Vcry fcw f.ilur6 wcrcrcfrortcd,rrd itr fac'tit ir s fbl! of
vcry cotrsistcdtstr.Dgth,a vcry Soodrisal bcinSof rqual ltrlnSth to
&adiuD{r.dc D.Dil&
Ar . roF it is & attiactivccrc56y.ehitccolour,\,!ry britdc, glolsy,
ud Saocaalyaw€llNmolr thatr masila whcn wt. lt is not r rmooth
rop.l ind itt hairy $rfa.. promotcaco$id.rsblc discomfort!ftcr
proloEspdhrdliag with thc b6rc ic6h. Thc fouowingilsrc. .rc for
b6tqdity sisal:
Thrcc-slrandcd, /E-mmdirrncter,rN€ighte3manila:
Bllsking strrss14.7tonncs.
Four-stranded, 4E-mmdiameter.weightas minila :
BEakingstrcss132 tonDcs.
Ninc-slra.dcdc{blc hy, 48-mmdiamctc.,wcighte3meni|.:
Brlaki'|g strrrs t.9 tonncs.(lf phit.d, this sizc of roF hasa
brcskingstrcssof 14tonncs.)
SbalroF is lot gcrcrdllyc.trsidard suitablcfor mrriac wott what!
maDihis aveildblc,
3. Coir.This is rhcfbrc ofthc co.orr, aad b r!mor,!d rfi.r fic .h.[
hss bcc! wstcr-sodtcdfor matryeodll$. It cod6 DliDly frotrrltrdi!
md Ccylo!, and ia uniquaitr thit it is iDportadfrom thcrc troaa! r
ibrc but 8 s yar!, etcady aprrtrby ttc nativ!., lt it vcry chltiq !d in
colour,roud to herdlg fosb vcry ar5ily,andir aitrrDcly rrriaLlt to
aaa-wrtrrronitr& lt ir ofhd crlld grttt ot ,[rs lirQ.lt fu principally
16.!d Zl in uradas towingand hirbou. springs,varyingbetwcenI28 and l?6 mm
in diamctcras a cablc-laidropc. lt is about one-halfthc rrcight of
DsDil. ud roughlyo[Gairlh $ at!o!& Tbc folosriaSftula at! fo!
t'..t{udity coir:
Thrcc-st.andcd, 4&mm diardrtrr, rci8ht 203kg pci 220m coil:
Brerkingstr6s 3O5tonncs.
NinGstrandcdcabLlay,4&mmdiamctcr,wcight153kg Fr 220D coili
B.Eakingstrcsc2.03tonnas.
A!. cauclrid ropcJcoir will sfttch bctrcca 60 |!d tmz. Ar !
tbrcq.ot fou+t aodcdmpc, its chticig ir .bout l5%.
Soal{b! f.F
l. H.T. Origtualy ttc bull of lhtu fbrr caDcfrod Rutir. Norn-
d.yt it ir axponcdfrom IndiA Ibfy, th. Bafta!!, !!d Nc* Zarlrnd.
Thc hdnp produc.di! Ncfl Z.el$d aodSt, Hclcnr i! Dot!r 3ttong|!
drdl|' rDd i! minly ulcd for thacorla ofvirc.opas,
Itslia! hqnp b gcorcdlyrrgsrd.d .r thc bclt{uality h!dp, hrvin!.
tttrDgtt olc-ffth grcd.r tbrn top4'!d. omiL. It h.! brgply b..o
4t0
I,OPE AND CANVAS
auFr6adadby rdr{ili, strd i! trow fouod st scaa! ltoltroF, ,mdl c.od-
!9., .trd hi8[-grdc twitrc.
hdiatr h.mp i! cqually wacr-rc3btaDt at ltauid hamp, drd Bombay
hcmp fu trow of glady improrcd quslity asa Esult of $rict Govarlmcnt
grrdiry.
Bolt-ropci3 spudfmm soft hcop andgivcsa spccialsoft lay foaaasy
handlingand non-rttrtchquelities.It is a ta!rcd ropa.A 48mm tarrcd
bolt-roF madr of .oft hcrnpwcighs4z) kg F 22Omcoil and h.i
a bErking str6s of 12toan6 (threestruided).I supplicdunts!rcd,rhc
wcightis rrduc.d by 25% snd lhc aft|ogthircr!.!.d by 4%.
2. &L- Thfui! Dainly ulcd for hGsiatrmaoufac-tut!rtrd thc c.Ea of
eirE ropc,It ir wlakcr thanhcop.
3. ft r. This is uscdfoa sailald tsrpsulir caDva!.It it ilad for ulc
ar r lcwin&twiDcduato it! hiShrrsilirncc to abralion.
,a.Coal6. Thi ib!. mskc. str cxcclbtrt ropa fot ulc !! t ttov€t
&i\E At acait i! glacrally fouDdat a! otu mctrtd topc, partiq ady
oDla4rrte It i! wry son roF rnd aalily aoilcd.
Std.do{b. foF
l. PolyDroDyL ropc is thc lighlcst synthcticropc, 60% sttongcr
then manih. It st.rtchcs,m%, sbcorbsonly 0 l % w&tcr snd mclts
&t l6fc, A 48 mm polypropylclcroF *ill brcakat 2?.5toincs.
2, Polytbaoa b abouttwiccasslrongascotton.As a roF, its strcnglh
lics midwaybctw€cnrnanilaandnylon.ll ebsorh only 0Ol % of watct
and will float almost indcfinitcly. It has medc coi. ob6ol.sc.ntfor
this r! son.lt mcltsat 135'Csnd shrinksabout4% at 60'C. Il is
unafrcclcdby mostindustrialchcmicilsaod micro-orgrnisms. It ofrcrs
good rcsistanccto sunligb!&nd abrasron.siz€ for sizc it is 7 tim.6
strotrgrrthan coir. A 4&mm polythcncro|Drwlighs252kgpct 224-m
coil and hasa bEsting slr.ssof 22zltonncs.
3. Nth d T.tLrG Ropc! mt& of th.sc 6brc! arr immcnrcly
ltroag, so& ild pliitic. Th.y atl watarDioofrld thcir rutfaccadry
wry quickly.Thcyrrr cquely fcxiblc ahad at axtrcEctoftlmFratu!!
eDdwtetr sd oadry. Thcy r!! pdt- ard corro6ilGE3ittaatTbayrrc
virtualy itbF viousto rol strdmildrw ald havcr low fti ri!k' Duc to
thcir low bcltilg-poin6, rmallcotdrSaoay h!}t thccDd!ofthc sFaud!
laald by mom.ntarilyholdidgthcn i! ! frmc. Thit avoits ehipping.
trylonis g.ncrdllymorcclastidfian lcrylcnc,but both arc goodiD this
ll3Dacl
'ivlcn eticiog tt cc rop.3 at Larr folr tucls shouldbamrdc, duclo
thc dipFry sutfrcr of rhc 6brEr. For ttir talon klot! should bc
rvoidcd,a! t[ay trnd to dip. Thcyarcnot so a€lyto hrdlc, co@psrcd
with, say,danil& docro thcir wry rdooth rurf8c..
Ttc rqirtrncc of th6c mpcato ahalion ir a*trtmclygpod.Thaoltar
4ll
IOPE AND CANVAS
nm!, iflbndcd, form araz of fbrc whichcfiGclivclyprlv!tr8 funhd
.b.8iotr. Thb mcaosth&t tha iltcmal y!rn! of I ulcd roF ala rlot
.trcctcd in stcDglb aod th.n i! !o hilh iDtcr-yrra and int?r-ltrud
abr..ion, suchrs is ofbd sacnwilh siaal.adm!dh.
Thc msindangcrpointswith thcrcfibrcsatEthst tylon is etlrctad by
slroDgacidsrnd tcryl.nc by strorg elklis.
Nylotr ab6orb6rbout oncthird of tha moilturc tal(coi! by. bcop
ropc,whilc terylcnaabsorbsonly a twcntictbof thh latter lmount.
A ,E-na thr!+str8d.d nylon roF q/cighsdbout 330kg Fr coil
of 220m end hss a braking strcssof 42 tonncs.Thc rcrdcr should
compar. tbi! *iih thc strcsi6 givcn for bcst{uality mrnila ropc.
Strengthfor stttnglh, a nylonropaof about30mm msy hc lubstitutcd
for e muila ropa(bcstquality)of 4Emm diuctcr.
l-in Thc followingfi8urcsarEof h&r!3l i Conlidcti|rg8-mm.op.q crch
of rhrrc strands,t.rylcnc hasr urt str.nSthof lmz. Itrlian hcrtrphas
e *€t strcnglhof &)Zo whilc thc fgurc for bcat3kd fu 90%,Thc coin
!m lb r31olb parablcbrcakinglosds ar! loA)kg for tcrylcDc,6()7kg fot It liatr
l03olb hemAand 4E0kg for sisal.
Nylon and tcryk& ropcsarr itl c,idausaas tai&, i.c. lcn8tfuof 3yn.
thcticropcjoitrcdto dooaitrglinc3to rct r! thocLabdoaban. lt it casd-
tial that borb roF hsvc thc ssmcl!y. thc ulc of thala tailt.ficclivcly
culbiolr thc rop6 to wbich Orcyetr rttrchcd ald ,av6 thcm frod
6 fathom! p.ogr!$ivc deDrgr. Tbc tail wil usually trc rbout l2m ia lcngth,
ittcd to ltc thoF Gndofs mooritrglinc, and it! cF will bc procaLd
6it from bollsrd-chafcby ncrns of a lcathcrpsrcclling.A 48-mmmooring
4}.5 in linc will n cd a tail of 40mm in dirmctcr.
W.lrt.oftg
Thir rcryicc ir avrihbL from ropc Erlufactur.rt et . ldrll arlr.
co.L lt hcrcalaalhc lifc of thc .oDq prwlnt! thc cttry of a..-wrtct
iEpurit'&a,rrduca tirtilg, hardcrin& !!d 3wEllio8.lt rfrcctr lcith.t
tb€ wight lor ttc b&alitg strcNrof thc roP. rld providcair rdd.d
dvrtrtrg. itr tbat *han thc ropc it di cidcd it Dsy rilily ba rold to
p.pcr EilL.
h...w.6oo ot N|i|rd-nbrr loFa
M6t 6btr toF ltt oil€pun, a smdl rsoult of lubricul taint
iDtroducadat th. timc of naluftctut! to lonln atrd oil thc 6brc1
Erccr.iE itrtlrtr'l fricrio! i! thcGbytlduccd, itrctlariD8thc lifc of tbr
roF. A dry{putr roF ir !taid..t but tro!.wrtatproof'
Thc orisi[rl nc'thod!of t trhg r rop. with Atcbug.l lrt ilctrs.d
lb. rEig[t oflhc rop. by l2*% aodco[idcnt y dr.!..!Gd thctrc.ti!8
atEar ModcmEcfbodr,utioSDurcpinarrrt, ArcbuSal tar, rot'proof-
iD& rd w&&rpaoodltcoEpound!itr coDjuoction,inat .!c thc tv.ifht
412
ROPE AND CANVAS
bv oDly5Z rld dacin.tc thc brrakinSrt!€! by otly 5%.Thc Gouroct
liooc.iod-Corprov i.-"t "a thft. rcpcailto a tant whichwar bac-
tccirltv ri:h, .tftcr tvo oodh! of iEE€rlio!, ordiorry ri$l lhowcd3
fiarih 1063 of 5t "/- old-fslhioocdtrtrcd toF rhostcdt lossof 23%,
*hib tha Dort-uFtodlt tlllin8 protlctd thc ropc to aucha dagrc'
thlt oDly5% .fito8ih lo6swr. crFicdcad.
Ary 3t.!!gth loncr dua to tard!8 arr dorc th!! ofractby tbe plo-
lould lifa ofcotrtitruluy tubDcfg.d ropc*
lf a vl'y dry ropc ic rcquircdrot'ptoofiDg it possiblcby ! pro€ar
'Cutch C'ttoda'. lt thould bc trotld
l^oarn t t@etb ot ba*'qg with
fbrt rtniShdor*rtd farritr& uaad without a wltrr'prooftrg compound'
doaanot &od!r a ropc aatlt-rcpclctrt.
fb C.r. .f n F
On .D rv{arc{izcd lrctchr thiD thcr! niy bc ar mucha! 9 milca
of llbrc ropc, irdghing 15 tonnca.Wh.n onc contrdcrslhat a 2Xlm ron! lalfrtbod
coil of hish-Srdchsnita ropc,?2mtn in sizc.maycosl fE50.thcrcis 9 i n
oocl!ry goodrcrrol for Sivingropascvcryrtt!trtion' quitcapatt from
thc safety aspect.PolyproPyleneis lhe sanrePnce.
lLc oohn6n crurcr_dfropc feilurr atc cxcaraisrulat (wbichdab'
tgaaibrc Eorc quictly thaneay otha ceurc),abnsio! ol c0ttinS-otrt
siem obiecr. oi':ocuie to alkalis, acidsand rusl removetsand bad
*orig. *irh in"&q-tc ventilrtion, particularlyin the cas€of ropes
stoacdawavin a v&t condiiion.
Rolrirr ';n, ofbaicooDcda.. oo tha iltidc of r ropc ind ir di6c'ult
io dalact-ttDlcit tbc try it opatr.lfibrca atc ablaro bc rubbcdlocc or if
thcrci! nuch dult eit]fh thahy it it a lurc 3i8! of dry rot. lf thciDtarior
of tbc roDair nuch darkai thrtr tha oubidc it it r d8n of damp!6s'
rhilc e rcv porvdcrvrubar.lcc ildixt . Eildcw !trd poor YcotihtioD'
ltc crr,o'oiropcr h|. drcady b.ca mantiotrd in Cblptar XV; tbcy
nurt bc rtorcd riry whcn&/, rd cirhcr hutrt on wood.d pcg!' frl-
'nry ahouldb. tumcdon thc.c
valitd hook$ or ttowld oo Stttilgt
rrrtiDd Gvttvto oftadro rhrt thc wcifht of tbc ooil i! bkan otr r dif'
icrtrt-osr ot tlc ropc.ttc atonrood lhould badty rtrd riry' strdlwty
frornicathcr. Thc'idcaltcmFrrtureis bctw.cnl0'and m"C, whilc 5tr 70"F
th! r&tiw honidity Do.l favounblc to long Ufci! b.tetto '$ .ad
657-
i6ocr. if aria um"i.uv in crtttmc h..t, wil bccoDcdry (i.c' th.
tutridrni *lt ary out) eaairitttc. On ac* t pon ropcl should'8'h
h. ttos[d oDSrrti[ga rd Ptot!.r.d froE sudight' rdD' rDd frorl'Ihc
filadlg of roD6 it dctriEaoarlto tbair lif., for thr Einur. ic. Psrticl'!
.'rt ttrcuru tic ibr!,
eft.f ulc roF .hodd bc d..n d .d drkd' Aft c itrrdclliot b tah
nr.( 6Gy alould ktaaly bc hoa.ddowDwilh frrab e a3.
413
ROPE AND CANVAS
Kinks caus. pcrmancnt iDjury to a roF. Knots causc kinks, aDd
lhercforc spliccsar€ bctter. A sho( splicc is stroogcr than a lorg splicc.
Thc safestrcssor a ropc should be rcgardcd as about one-sixth of lha
breakingload. A suddcnjerk may incrcascthc strcssup to cight tim6
its value. Beforc making a splicc it should bc asc.rraincd t}lat lhcrc is tro
'turn' lef! in the ropc, which,whcnstressed, will continuallypull st thc
splice.
A .ight-hadcd rope should always bc uncoilcd by 6king au/sy rhat
cnd of the coil which cnablesthc tums to bc takcn ofr anti-clockwisa.
i.c. thc coil is unwound lcft-handed. Thc rcvc.sc applica to lcft-handcd
ropcs. Naturally thercforc, a right-hand.d ropc is coilcd down so that
lhe turns/orn clockwise; thc rcvcrscis truc for lcft-handcd ropcs.
Ropcsshouldner€rbc subjcctedto badnips;ifthis is unavoidablcth.
nip must bc frcqucntlyfrcshcncd.Thc diamctcrof rollcrsshouldbc tcn
to twdvc timcsthc diam.tcr ofthc ropc which is to bc passcdaround
lhcm. Thc same figuresapply lo bollards and warping drums. A
capstal or drum lhat will only rcvoli! clockwisc should bc u!.d only
for a .ight-handcd .op€.
In Fig. 16.l thetcrmJb is us.d. This.rfcrs to thc pitch of thc roDG
and is thc dista&c along onc complcte spiral ofa strand. A soft-lay rop!
will luvc a longcr jaw than a hardlay ropc. Whcn a ropc is badly
slrctchcd so that it sufcrs permanentclonSatioathc insidc of th€ strrnda
is quitc clcerly visiblc from lbe cxtcrior of thc ropc, which is rsid to bc
long-jat)cd, fot tlrc pitch hascxteNively incrcascd.
Whcncvcr somc litrc is cul from a coil, cjihcr thc lcngth rcmovcd ot
thc lcogth rcmaining should bc markcd up ncsr by.
I'ND
ot
a tcFt
!!s!-lL!
ROPE AND CANVAS
Thc Dd of r ropc ir thp .hon lcqtt .t thc crtrcoitit of ! roF. h
rtro rcftf! to ttc wrt abort piccclcft iftsr ndi4 a l(!ot, bcad,or
hirlb.Tb fur.6 FagFrtdit tbc crtrcmccodofa toF.
Ia Fi8: 152 rhcfoltroviagetl illultr.t d:
Tfu Oyatw Ntr,t tthidEry baput ilto t rcpa,o ibrt r Frron ca!
grip thc lic without bi, bllrd! slipPi!8.It ir th. b..i! of.cvrrd b.od!
rd hitcfrcr,.!d ia i! f.ct, r hdf-bi&h.
Tb ng,g..4&Ight ft,lt i! Put itrto i toF to Pt .Eot it from unt!.v"
irs tDroud . block.
Tb nrta Hxdri! ofua ulcd to tacuF r linc to s tpar or a bdc. lf
it i! ddirrd to toe ot drsg thc obji:ct or pcrhpi to hoilt it, it ir tcpt
.&.dy by p6.td!t ! hltf-hitrh !ou!d tbc obj.c't r diltttc. froE thc
tiEb.|r hid rod cl6c to thafoffrtd or upp.r cod.
Tfu. Sh!,rtBad on Sw'DErcl i! ulad for joioinStwo rop.r toSpthcl
or to raqr'. !! rad to !! cyc' If it ir mldc uound boit sidcsof a hook
ft b (,.ft.d I Mtdthlprt@t!fitci. If i! thc nSutrthc.od i! 'gin pols.d
rrourd lhc cyaad Anrly tucld oldcr thc atalditrgFrt' tbatlault it r
doublc.hccl bcnd.
Tfu Cbra Etch 1o'!! a quict ncrtr! of $c{ti!g r ropc to i tpor'
rril, ctc. It t odr to dip uldcr r ridc pu[.
Itr Fig. 16.3th. fonori4 .r. illutrot d:
Thc x.4&Dr, rvhichi. ulcd to joitr togcth.rtwo !o9.r ofcqurl dr!.
It consiltr of teo oErhrnd tlott. Tha c!d. Eust bc cro6s.doppoailc
*!yr cac.htina, i.. ldt ovrr rifbt-ri8ht ovcr lcft, or Yiccwnr. lf thc
oErbrtrd lnob rrc Brdc rhcaamcwly a.c5 tiDa a t't'ty lDot rclulb,
whi.[ ulutuy cithrr tlipa or, Frsdoric.ly, irD! hrtd. If tha lirrcau!
ofur.qud tirc, or if thc t cf3ho*a tiglt ofdippi!& thc aod! mly bc
rtoD9.db.ck otr to thc rtlodiDCFrb'
iic lo"lttr fornr ra cxccncotbcthod of introducitrgr taDporuy
ctc itrto thc codof s roF. It it arrrcEclytdiru..
'T!€
futatlc Ettdtbtt.n dtrr tum co6p|rEd with tbc clow hitch.
Iti. D.t . iituit bL for withrt lding.idc.ts t!r* .!d it i! thcflfor!
oftaouacdfor rtoppaaila-ofir topc.
Th. ttarl-tutci t proboblythc mdt r/lll'tlotD hitch of dl. It pro'
vida r vcrv qui:t mcaarof a.cuing I linc" It do.. lot tlip or jrD'
oroviocanilo[df-tltcts rtc trl daald prrfcnbly rtirr prlailg a rouad
iutn rrouad thc rprr' rail, ctc' Thc .od Dry bGltop'pGdbockor to t[a
rtrldirg-M'slha-olk.
Frt
Tb HtlcJti.3ulcful for !.cutiDg i lonSobjc.t withi.o
tic bight of r to-F. It mly b. urcd to i.od g.rr .loft to mcDi.,orli!!
h ttc riSgi!&
417
ictt tflol
tt cuil ta.t
ruc*s'uNoaqovEC
FounrrrEs
lll lcH
rlttctl
atcut€ | 6.|.
ROPB AND CANVAB
I! Fig. 16.4thc foloeilg rtl illuttr.trd.
Tb Cznlck Bal !.ka r f.idy long hit t vh.a joiDi4 tm ropc.,
!!d i! tlcrdorc u!.ftI rtco p.!si!t th.lin r ov.( i tr.qilg druD.ThG
c[dr Durt bc raizadbackto thc ttardiDgpartt,
Thc CowUircl .gritr form! r quickrr.atr! of!.cudng a lila to a aril,
rper, .tr. It baoomquqtrblc if otrly olc parl oftha roF ir attlaad.
Tfu Dlack*t EbdtlFtrr(' ! li!. to . hoot. Wh.o rhc rtrlding prrt
i! st *r.d it j.d! th. b.rr ctrd rhich i! tuck d b.d..th it, If rnothrr
tum hadb..tr p.56rdtrortnd tlc hoot with th.6d it wouldh|vc tr[dc
I doublcbhckidll hitch, 'B
Tb Marlw Hltch rr3fdto L.[ bundlcr of tsib, trrFulitr, ctc.
Thr work ir callcdda.rinj: &rzr. Tbc cy! itr thc cndof thc mF mry bG
nadc by E ant of r bowliDaor timbcrhitch,
Th. Awnhg ltitc, provid.. . quick nc.$ of uariggilg r{lilgr
vhcn tb. wild frlahao!. ft ahouldbc noticadhow thc Gtrdha! bcao
luct d brck ro ttat s Utht ir Lft protrudilt. Vhld ih. cad ir pu[.d
th. biSbt !o loltrt.rirb .ad th. hit h i c..t ofr. T[i! n thod of
providils . quick-.lippirg bilch Dry bGulcd o! thc th..t b.nd, clovc
hitc5,bonlitrc,roling birch,th! lrlt oDcoft*o or rno6 hdf-hit hcr,ud
lcwGl othcrN,Dotillstrrtad.
In Fi& 16.5th. folowing !r. illurtr.t d r
Tbc Clow llitcl, thir tidc forEcd oo th. bidl ofthc ropc,usilg ao
cnd.A loop ard a ralt ra loop arr cloladtoSathcrrtrd rlippcd owr th.
objcclto ba,ccur!d.
Th. .tlr?rri@rt t dponrily thort dr thc biSht of r ropq Thc tro
,tlall biSht!, protrudilg fro6 thc balf.hitchd at rrc.h .od, rhould bc
,.i4d brct on to rh. n rdiDg p.rt .
Tb h i,nc.o^.tltWhi T[i+ .. crn bc rcca,ir r'rdc o! ttc bilbt
of r doublcdroF. lt ir conocnccd|, for atr oidinrry bowliF. wl.o
thc 'ctrd' i! broughtup throughlhc bight, .! lhosd, brt .d of b.i!g
F!s.d rround tbc rt&ditrg Fnr |! in th. bowli& it ir brou&t dql
fron it.nd thc cotirchitchi! p.!Dd ttrcufh thc.!d loop, r. indfo.trd
by th. ar?owr.Ar r &.ult, ttc cddloopf!!ly ruosup tbrousbth. Lrse
bigbt and ytt ctrcircld Orc.trdiry p.rl!. It urcd to b. . populsrlnot
to livr to r bcgintrcr,Eardy fof tlc .porr of |.ciog *hcthcr hc could
undo it, for at vlry f$t light tbc badtrtrr iDafilrr tbat thc antiE
lctr8thofthc ropc,lot aboe!, ha! bcaopa$.d tbrougnlhGGodloop.
(A tutt W Doelh. hmrdc by pu.irt ttc Gtrd.rouod thc rt|sdilg
p6n lrd mekitt I borvliocor itr orfi pr.t It i! a rliFtiot or trooCc,
rtrd murt rcvc. bc u!.d for loelriDg d rtstr. Thc bowlildo!.thcbigbt
i! u!.d for thi!, add thc two Ug bight! h,nglng bclow th. hor |t!
rdjultcd to dificrcrt dzcs.Thc roil btht ir pa$cdundcrr mrl'l rol,
atd thc ldgcr odcundcthi. buttocb)
420
glovE Htrctt
ot{ ltcH I
t
t
t
1
I
t
I
Ft0ul! | rt.5
ROPE AND CANVAS
G.n frl tof. Wcl
It will bc app&cietcdthat tnoti, bcnds,hitchcs,aDdropcworkprc
vidccDoughtcxt to fill a scparatcvolumc.For thisrr$on, or y lhc most
commontypcahavcbcrn illustratcdaod dilcuslad.Fot !|orc curious
rt',.dc's,,lthle,ft Book of Kt@tt 'ttill provida auitablactrtcrtrimcnt.
Similady, odly thc morr imDort ot aspcc{sof ropc work arc now
dcscribd.
Stot?.rhg Ro[* To trxrsfcr . taut mooringlilc froe thc warpirg
drum to thc bit8, or lor aimilerwork, a ltoppcr mustbc pr$cd to hold
ftc linc in rc$ion ehilc ir is bcingbclayld. Thc sloppd i! elso ulcd
whcoworkitrgthc liDcfrom tbc bith to lh. drun. Fig. 16.66how.lhc
mcthodof pessinga fibr!-ropc stoppcrarounda ffbrr roF which ia
tttH \
atao! lItcHlS
no oot|.
!tout! ta.t
ROEE AND CANVAS
th.ougb thc chlir bddlc ed hcld fraly rgiart thc rt.rdirg prtt bV
gipping it rtroqly i! on hrd. Alt rlativrly, r tcmpotuy rciziogcu
bc rirda. Thaotharhnd i! thcnulcd to hravr thc bight oftha ruDnirg
prn ttrough tbc bridlc, oEr tbc bc.d, bchiddtbc b6ck,uDdcrthc fc.t,
rnd ltp r.to$ thc krrca, Thc psrt rnarld iD ttc fgpr!'To coil' i! th.o
gr.dudly hovot ut until thc hitc[ ir tight.roud thc b.idl.'. rFx. Th.
tdp oo thafrtt tvo Frtt, or thc scizitrgc.! nowta rcLalad.Thcchrjt
i! lowrr.d by Fnd.riDgtbc hitchjud msdr.
wryo
Itr Fi& l6.t rrc ahov!, fron laft to rigbt, tbccodlmo!,Wc.t Country,
rld .rilnrkc/a rvtipping.Thc frrt atrdb5i lrr uturlly uad to whip
tL..od ofa rop., eNlr tb. W.'t Courtry whippiq ir ulcd to bitrdihc
bit[t of. roF.
whrrttxca
cot ll Tit
l.--l
-!.9c!!-!:!
Th. drea& st! 6r!16llcd by Ftritrg . rettdtt (avary!mr[ cotdaS!)
with thc lay. A lonSatrip of tsrlld or oilcd 6,r\a! i! rtco wrrpFd or
pcrcdLd rround ttc ropc,.9in wilh tbc hy.
Th. bhditrg, or &rvb& it th.d .t rt 4 qStltr, tbc hy simihrly to .
coDmotrwhippiDg;crcb tlrra bcilg hoE tlut tith a bravi!8 Dsllct ot
by batrd.Whlo $r6ciant tttn|! ar! on to prlvc r alip oacuniry lhc
.qviaS ndlct it tld to 6d.t thc {ort lt i! phccd o! tb. roF (i&
bcid b.b8 Sroor,ldlo it th. liDc) rDd th. .ptl!],rm b broughtup,
F|.ad rould th. b|trdL. boak dor'6 ou tbc !..r ridc of tha hrad,
dipp.d !o&r thc roDc,ard i! lh.n dofgcdrroud thr baldlc. Th. b.I
of AorFm i tb.o Fscd rroutrd thc roF |! tbc t ding Er[.t Estca
a|.h trrD. Thc hrldlc.,ir gripFd aufici.ody loo.cly to dlos tha apu!-
Frtr lo r6drr. Tbc pmc..e ir rrlil. .tG tlcd by tb. rlll-taowa do8:
g.rGl: 'Worn ard Frcal with tta hy, turD ald tawa lho otbcr wry.'
Thc rcrviaf ir fairhcd in thc lamc wayr! r cooeo! whippitr&
425
ROPB AND CANVAS
S.btt
Fi& 15.10rid|!:
(l) Th. fbt Srtrr!' to bitrdtwo ropcsto!.th..,..& .t th! rGF ofr
pilot hddcr. ThG.riziig i! thrr.d€d rbrough irr ctr a! thost" |!d
lnrcrrl round turlr it! rnrdc looaalyanould both roF. Thc ctd it
thcn p6$cd backtowrrdr thc ayr u[d.t dl thc fumt rtrd tovr it.i!
througbthc cyr. If ir lh.n Fr&d b.rl, .ft.r rll tt tur!| hlr! bcco
hovr but, to E*c a Fit olftrppiDg tum! aioundaUpatt( Fi ly, th.
c[d ir clov+bibhd arould all Frt!. mc cnd nry citbci b. buricd,
brckp&rd, or lrott d,
Q)Tb Rotttl S.lzhg it conmclcaditr ttc lrDG *rr'. Oc thc fnt
hFr of tumr h|t baanhadd tr!! tto cnd ir ltad to Eatc a aaaood
hF of rourd (riding) tuB At tb. rifht-hrld .idc of thc &id!g ttc
cd ir prtr.d dorfir.rd! tlrowh rhoI!!t hrD of thc bwu ,rla (wbi
i! rtortr in bl&t tbrouShoul),.trd t!. .cizint i! f!i.h.d .r Hott.
(tl Ttu tu*ittt s.lrtB tt DorEc@Flcr. It it tt ttd i! it! r|mc *t',
a! tbc othartwo, butituFof+ithr tum! rra tatad aadot[!. Thc cndir
th.! u.cd to m.L rourd turn to fll-i! bdwt.d thc fSoFof-.ight
tur rorli!8 b.ck tmrrdt thc cF, WL.o thc cF i. r! c.bcdtbc .od
ir p{!r.d thowh it It ir rglin !|ork d b..* torud! tho rbhi, 6"Ling
r fitrll LFr of rould turr! ortr dl pattr. It it ltaa frlbad .t bdorr'
P.rLc ba i! r n thod ut d for hoirting brntJn rgal., or otbcc
round otrjirt!. T*o roF arl o!a4 wiahtbcir aiDiLr .odt falt. Tha
othlr cndr.tt t[cn rorl rEdarrhaoti.ct ald broughtb.c.t to rhaoth
cod., wh.rt Oi{ry!t! hovcod. Tbc olixt ir thur heulcdup in thc bitit
oftlc l*o top6.
lltda . HooLir doDclo pt6.rot |! .tc from rlippioSorisnPiry
out of it. A flt !.izitrg i! palrad|'ou!d both port of ttc hool, o[cc
rhccF hlr b.cn dropFd or,!r ttc bill of ltc hook.
tiaht a Tad|- i! . t rD Dr.d to dcGibc i nalhod tiafrcb, r
t ct{c m.y bc hcld itr tdiotr whiL bchilt or loocly hrdlin, thc
h.uliis F t All FrL ofthc h[ .r! Dcr.ly lrippcd tighdytosrthcr i!
thc h.!d!. f thi! i! Dorpciblc thGh.uling Fn, sbr'l it lc.!E thr
rhcrrc, ory bojrmocd bctwtcnthc tw|llox of th. blocl rd tbc rd-
jlccat Fri of ttc fdl. Thir b elld ct*b6 tlc fuf,.nd i! dctsiocnld
io thc roF.
Eit Dry bc nrd. in htwE r cithcr ty splicitrgiiD whfuhcrs it i.
ldo*! a! a o./l Or., rhc outcr curE of tha cy! noat di.tld froo rta
aplkr hcirt lDortr |! itc crorrr of th. tplioc,or by polrin8 tba h!r*r
ltold . thidbL (. Fr{hpcd pilcc of grlvuitcd tt .l,.ttoov!d io
t*. thc lir), u.nd!.idry it to itr ostr prn, Thit nrt . I twws cf.. A
ttidblcd ctr, o! thc oth.t htrd, Ilfctr to rd cF tplba n dc llouid a
lhirnUc.
126
r 55 Fa PP[{C tuirs A8 6HO|N
FlAr 3Elllr{G
RIDING TUIIN3
sarrlNG
ROUtTO
tacllxG SElllNG
FtGOtl ta,to
ROPE AND CANVAS
ffd!.tf&oaba. nol|a A ibrt ropcher th. rbility to .b.otb tcvr.d
tulr'. If ih€a tum! al! agrintt thc lay .trd nuEcrour,tbad tha roF
dcvc.lop:lintr rod ourlr. !f a right-hudd ropc it b.dly t!!tt d it
.hould b. coilcd doi[! hft-hudcd, lhc .od dippd down thoutb lh.
ooil, .!d u!.d io hcdn th. roF out |trltit. It ir row coild dofln
risht-ildc4 frcc froD lirt . Tbi, ir t!ow! u ttoroqhfootin8 .
roF
A s.Ir.t!. Sfiot oonFi*! . d.d!q lon& coil of.pnoy.t! thc cotitc
rutr of wbict ilr b..o ordod down,Dalitr8 sb.t EiSht b. dc..dbd
|t'r lory SrooDal Thi! o!kc. |tr GxtrrDclyaficirtrt ltrop for puairt
rouadt ropa,!i!cc it Srip! vcry wcll. Suchs rtsopmry bc hid b.acath
r roF, bfou8btu9 o! both .idca,otrc loop Flrd ttrough lba oth6,
.|ch looDtrtc! uldaallath t[c ropc rgeiD,ard thc procaast!paLd.
FiDalln thc two fioriacd looF uE brouglt tosGtharaaddopPcdovcr
thc till of. booL b rhi| wsys purchucD.y ..!ily bc r.qrcd to r roF.
Cord{r $[.La
wlcr! frtrc pcroitrt . rplic. i. .lwry! prdcdblc to r lnot, but it
rhould bc .r!uD.d thrt th. rpli.c will tldrE th. dc locd of thc roF
by rbout o!+.ithth. ody r fcfl of th! norc conDo! rplltr.rl di!-
cutlcd barc,for, {Bi!, th! rFca Dcccaaryto cogarthc|objaclf,ould b.
out ofproportio! to rhotoopcoftii! bool.
Fi8; 16.lI |towt thc dtdn rprrc.,whichi! uscdwb.! a roF hr. to bc
tailcd to a L!8th of c,hsitr,thc dzc of whichprwcltr thc rccvingof the
full ciruDfcrcrc. of thc ioF, or r,hao lha ctri! ir to p!c! throu8Li
pu[.t
O!. .tr.!d ofth. ropcir utLid lor t ditt rcc Gqudto thc pcrim.tcr
of lha ayc plu3r lctrllh cqual to sbout twclvctimcstha dia.mrtll of
ttc roF. Th. cyci! ordc .nd h.ld .! fiowtr i! lhc lcfi-hrnd dt winS.
Thc rhldcd tE trd dcnota!tbc ola wbi:h b!! bcctrunldd, It i! nov u!-
Lit ttil ftnhc(, whilc th. bLct .tmd it Isid tis[dy up ilto itr ph!..
Aftar t*o oathrl'. coDplctctPir.It h.rl! baanDrda (two,i! tbc6guF),
lh! tso |trrtr& srGhd*d (onct lfofttc yrr! it dilc.rdrd, but not qrt
otr), bllf-tlottld with th. Ly, .!d lh.o !.cl ir tuckcdovrr on ttr.nd
of thc roF |od uodlf thc ncxt (rc nf6lo rhi! r! 'ov!r onc and undra
oE), rhc rhrd oDcbciDStuckadiowrrd! thc cyc ard tlc bha&ola
roerrdr thc bight Tbc rcdrililt ulhrckcd atrrtrdir nov tucLcdslort
thc ropc,ovaronarnd uldra oac,utrtil it braaathc rbadcdtrald-aod.
All iE cldr (thc four hdf{Fdld..trd th. firl nDd) |tr puld
ti$t rld cut ofi. To nrka ! ncet3plic?,h.fotr thc full atrlld i! gilttd
ib fnal ftcL, it too Dry bc hslvrd, ald tha Scocnl rcsultit r taFrld
,plica. Thc cnd! of ltrand! abouldrcanybc doggrdto8lthcr, but thi!
ril tc crDhiod ht .,
thc da dlcr ir dlo i[ulh.trd md foturt I quict n thod of joisirg
423
cHA { aPllc!
lt^tt lrtat{ol
DIICAiOTD
9-U!
!!!!g.c
DCIC<'ED
END'
atoutt ta.tl
ROPB AND CANVAS
two li6 whctra ,hon o.loDg splicci! Dotdc.iFd, iod whcnlnotting
will cau3ctoo glrt r rcdl5lion in thc Flmfusiblc aafalord. Nrturrtty,
it allo lcrvlr to mekcancycitr thc bightof a ropc.Thc rop6 srr uddd,
whippd at thc root ol thc $rrnda, and owrlappcd.Eachropaia thctr
clGspliccdinto thc othcrrad thc splicc!e& acrvad,if raquiEd.
f i:'ljplic. dns.o i! FU. l6.t t is rhc.),. rpri.., endi! usully rh.
. l'hc
oc8rotrcr'a lllllt c[cttuac.
Thc roF is urlaid for aboutninc timc! it! dismctaran4 if d6ilEd,
thc .oot of thc atraid! msy ba s'hipp.d.
Tbcayaii formcd,vith or withouts thimblc,|!d tbcshandiarangcd
30tb^f (in right-brndd roF) teo .trsnd! hrtr8 to thc right, (l) anda2),
ardb& barysto t[c Lft, (3).
FiEt, (l) is tuckd bcncrth i 6trrd (bbct), tl&d (3) i! leid ovcr thir
3tratrdbut tuckcdundcrthctrcxt,bothagaiDst thclay.
o
FtoutE t6. t2 LONG SILTCE
430
ROPB AND CANVAS
'ht of thcropc-'Th'
Thc ttrlD& ercpulcd w.ll thro[gh .!d into ihc
.otdit ot- tu-i o"". rld virwcdftoln ita b€la ooc irrsd i! clc'rly
l5 to U" -"*"pt"A - (2) i! tuct d bcn'sth it lgrh't thc lay figm
A"lr ro f"n. el itt nOt arc tlcn trrctcd owr olc std undcro!' for
lE-rii*" .i t* r"l tuck!. Thcy .rc lh.o halvtd ttrd two funhcr
--ftf D!dc, aftrr shich thc cddrttl do8!pd'
tocb
is aio.. "" $o*" i! thc ilsrt, by h.tvinS"ch d'nd'cnd tld
wliooiar Uf Uon. *rua to thc hslf of thc lcxt rdjeclot ttnnd'
---rill8.rzimwr
tc lor* gritt by whichn'rnr two lopc' lrt joitrcd
"itri"i il -i t"v rr*rilg tbr ri"" of tb" joio' Th" rop'!.-rT un-t!id
for aboutrwlivc to fftlan !idc! thc diaoctcr.or cvcnmorcrl tic lpuoc
i. t "riil i -*ia"'rtt" sft*t' Thc cndr atr matricd' thrr i!' ?cn
"a"oa "f rt" ;glr-Ua ropc fu glaccdbctetto s poir of strrt& from
tf" tAf-Uoa -i", "" "tto*o in tba upPcrpsrt of th' drawi!8'
(c} and(D) rt€ rh.tr hslf'knottcdwith thchy'
iFi ir nowulaid ud thc blsck strrd is hid iato it3 plto' lot !4cral
*iir* ipit"t. ilt- it rhc 6gut!), in ..im0ar mrlocr to thc charn
toh'o
n o -* - thc abrdcdlrrad ltid into itr pltc! for tbrcc
-iif.t -iral.. Thc str.!d! arc rh.! siturlcd i! thrcc pair!' 'qui'
Er-oil.ii .[."ra t *"a thti rachltdrd of r prir mccuthc ot[dcnd
on. i.c. wbcrcthcy mcct,tbcy thltl onc ltta t-groow; ro uc lgulc r
brvc .howDtbcmaidcby aidcfor thc aatcofcbdty' -
Th. hdf-knotlils of (C) rtrd (D) hrs boctrIcft urttl tlc lrsl u lnc
n""* i. nrio o"-"pui, .scl "uaoa it U""a ua thclair! trc blF
Gott a oc"th"., Oi discardcdhalvcsheviDgbccDomittcd from tbc
drrwhg, Tbc cndsarc fuilhcd alJor rba chsir tprct' i'c' -tucrctlo!''r
"o" *i uaa". o*. n" b€F .od, caa cithcr bGcul ofr fulh or cl5t
dofgcd roF bcr.
frc rdr.rplica ir not 3hom. It ir ruo4ct thln lhc loDg.3plicc, but
-o.c-Uufn. it i. co..cnccd by merryilg ttrc ruan&, '5 itl lhc lolg
iil"".-"nai **"n tU .tt oasarcall tuakcdowr oncatrdutrdcrotrcfor
.*t "i rlt* -a " h.lf ruck, a half-tuct bcbg oac cxccu&dwith half
rtrrtrd!. Thc c!& rt! urualY doggcd.
fb Lt of tl. RoF
ThGt!ara6vcmaintypcr oftat io wirc roF:
(l\ RlEhtM ordidarf hy, itr *hich tic sfrrtrd! .Ic laid up riShr-
h.trdcdbut thc *ir.s arc twistcdrogcth.rLlt hNtdcd.
(2r lrt-lranA odinoty dr, in *hich th. strrtrds et! Lid up tcft-
haodcdbut thc wir6 rrc twistcdtoScthcrriShr.hrddcd.
(Noticcthat thcscc.n6pond to lhc plaiDhy offbrc ropc..)
(3, NSht-ha''d.dl"o"g" lay, iD whichboth si&s.trd srrendrur lrir!
up right-handcd.
(4t klt+aid.d Lq\ Iat, in whch both wir6 .!d .ttrr& rrr hid
up lcft-hsndd.
(Noticctbat Irot's lay followsthc pribcipl. ofuoliat.blc fibrc-roF
lay. h a stcclwirc ropc, Lng's lay givcsw€rrilg quaUticafar itr cxc..t
of thoscof ordirary lay. Wh.! wcart4l(csplecciD ordinarylay r frt i!
wom on tta wirrs dcro$ thcir axca.Thc samcwcareppliedto Lrtrg'r
Ly *aars thc wir6 alorg thcir axcs,with thc rcsultthat ordinarylaid
rop.s cvcntuallyhavcindividualwirc! wom throughaBd stickingup
dong thci. lcnglh3,wNlc lrng's laid ropcs wcar dovn cvcnly aad
avcotuallyappca.likc bdrsof polishcdstccl.
UDfonunaElya lrng's laid ropa tendi to rotatc muchmorcio !ar-
vicc,comparcdwith thc ordiDarylay,snd ita usck thcrcforr rcstrictcd
lo cotrditior|s*bcrr both cDdsof thc roF dr sccua!or wbcrcthc ropc
tnvcli in guid6 or od raib, such13in lifu, oiDca,cxcavatin&ctc,Waia
it nol for tl s, thco l&g's lay would undoubtcdlybc itr univ.rsalusa,
It is rarclyfoundin u.c otrshiF.)
(, Cabh-hidvlrc ropc,vhichis rcry larfp aod hiShlyn.riblc. Thir it
tnadcin cractlythcaamcwayaacablc-laid6b.Eropc,ande36.strand sir!
ropc composcdof 6 &stnodcdropcs*ould bc dcscribcd.3 5 X 6i l9'a
or 5 X 5/24'actc.Th! six rop6 a.c invarieblyhid arousds 6brcb..n.
HdedWh.nA.
This ulcd to ba rrfefrld to !3 truc-laywirc ropa.Anyoocwto I|.,
Laldld t! ordilrry tyF of st cl wir! roF will klow oDlytoo wall itr
134
ROPE AND CANVAS
tcodqtcy ro lpring oFn .nd uday ibclf whcD cart A ptdoflncd roP.
hss lonc of thh tcndcncy, rnd rllnlins quitc iacn rftff bci[g NcvcFd.
Thc actual opcratiotr L pcrformcd mcrcly by shsPing€ach strrdd oflhc
ropc, bcforc layiDg-up, itrto a hclix of thc samc siza rnd pirch that it
would naturrlly hsvc fom.d wbm laid idto roPc.
'Sprilg Iry'Wir. RoF
Thfu is rn cxtrt naly fcxiblc yat tough ropa madc of tat&d silal and
8alrrniscd wircs. lt hts a 8rcat iasistanccto damagpby sca'wetcr and
w€3thca.
lls construction is 6 x 3 x 19, i.c. 6 ropas cach containing ! sisal
stratrdsadd I strands of 19 witls, thc iodividual alral'ds aod thc whok
ccnlral fib.c corcs. It i3 vcry csdly haadlcd atd coilcd. lt
roDc havinr-mooring
ir idcal for ropcaaod to$,ing sprin8F.lt! ilr!trSth is about tbftr
timca thrt of first{redc mrtriL of cqual aitc, aDd four rimcs thal of
hiah-gradcsisalof.qual size.It rcsistsshockloads.
G...rd R.o|ti! oo W}c RoD.
Wirc ropc rcsistsbcndi!8 and docs not ebsorb tum! ao raatly es 6brc
roF, vil.h thc rcsult tbat it c$ily kitrk atrd anrrls. Whctr this hrpPcns
a kiok which is about to dcv.lop should travcr bc pullcd out, othrrwisc
lbc ropc is long-jawcd snd pcrmaDrotly drmrgcd. Ttc liol, *hich
apFars s. s loop or bight io thc wil!, of small diamctcr, is rcmovcd by
grespin8thc ropc on cithcr sidc and pushing thc baddstogpthcr so that
thc diam.tcr of thc kink i! cDlargrd.As soon as thjs i! donc, rhc kiDk-
p.ovid€d tha wir.s slr not Frmancndy bctrt or daiuS!.d-will suddcDly
untrvist itsclf.
Wirc should rcvcr bc subjcclcd to lharp nips, such a! oltcritg its
dircctiotr of lcsd by parsiog it lhaoughahacklcs,cyc.bolts, or ovcr platc
cdgcs.This will Frmaacntly &magr rhc wirc, thc cfrcct bciig known as
cripprilg. Whctr s.qrriDg wirc to r drum o. bollard tbc diamcGr of thc
lattc. should bc at lcas! lwelvc times thc roF dismctcr. Thc diemctcr
ofa roll€r around which a wirc roF is to bc pass.d should bc at lcast
tcn timas thc roF diamctca.
wirc ropc should bc stowcd o! rcalr or coilcd dowD vhcn trot itr usc.
Wbcn whding a ocw roF on to r drum ii i5 b€st to strtt tha Grath',cr
.3 follows:
If ovc!-wioding on to lhc uppcr sidc of thc drurn, aochor thc eirc
on thc I.ft and run th. wirc on from lcft to riSrlt.
lf uodcrwindirg on to thc lowcr sidc of thc drum, mchor it on thc
rigbt.hard sidc of thc drum and wind otr from riSht to lcft.
This rpplics tha ssmc principlc as that rscd vith 6brc roper, i'€. thrt
right-handcd ropa. rbust bc uDcoild Lft-haldcd. ThcsciDsttuctiofi ar!
435
ROPEAND CANVAS
rrwrscd iflcft-hand.d wirc rop. is bciogrun on thc bancl or drum.Thc
diarctions arcassuhcd to bc for s Fr3onfacinglhc drumrnd watching
thc wircfcd towardshim.
Ropasin storc shouldbc placcdon grrtings atrd turncd cvcry so
oftcnto altcr thc rRighvcontactpoint of thccoil andalsoto stopdrrin-
agcof lubricant.
Bcforaputtioga ropc into s.nicc thc groovcsof drumsand sh.avas
shouldbc carcfullycxamincdto secthat thcyerc of thc cor.cctsizcfor
thc ropcin questio4in propcralignmcnt,aod in goodcondition.
A *irc ropc shouldalwaysbc put into scrviccby uncoilinSit cithcr
fton a drumor tccl,uodcrtcnsion,or by unrollingIhccoil elon8thc
dcck.If thc ropc is otr a drum a spindlc may bc prsacdlhroughiha
ccntRl holc,jackcdup a! both cnds,or suspcndcd from ! c&rgorunrcr
by mcaDsofa two.lcggcdbridlc, andthc wirc ropcpullcd carcfullyofr.
A drumwithouta ccntralholcshouldbc plac.dona turntrblc 'rd cross.
battcnslashcdovcrthc top of th. wirc to prfilnt turnsjumpingoff. Thc
ropc shouldocvcr bc pullcd from a coil loosclyor throw! ofr & racl,
othcrviscacriouskinkswill form,
h rcric. thc wirc ahould bc frcqucntly clcancd,cxamincd,and
lubricrtld. Mdny crcallantropc lubricanb are availablc,but thc ropc
mustbcclcancdanddrird bcforcapplicationof lhc oil. Thc ropcshould
constandybc chcckcdfor intcmal corrosion,fracturcdrrirca,cxctssivc
lrlar, ebd rotting of cor6. Scvclalbrokcnwirasclosctogrthcr in oic
strendconstitutca far grcatcrdangcrthanlhc samctrumbcrdistributcd
throughoutthc lcngthof thc ropc.
wh.trcvcr possiblcwirc ropc should not bc subjcctcdto r bcnd
add sudd.n ravcrsc-bcnd. Whcn it l.ads from a pullcy to a drum thc
rnglc of lard should not cxcccd5 dcgrccsfrom thc plaDcof lhc
shaavc.
Tha coilingof morcthrn onc leycr of wir. on a drum fu dctrimcltal
to thc ropc, but is difrcult to avoid. Dcadlaycrswhicharc n.vcr otr thc
drum lroly' bc avoidcd.Thc highcrthc apccdat whicha *irc ropc,or
rny ropc for that mattcr,is workcd,thc grstcr is thc wcar.It is morc
acotromical to iocrcrscloadrathcrthanspccd.
Tbc groovrsof pullcF end drum3ahouldsupportonc-thirdof thc
roF ci.cumfcEftr itr a lruc circlc.Thc groovcdiamctcrshouldtc 5%
grtatlr thao thc ropc diamctcr.Whcn a ropc is placcdotr a lroov€d
drum thc lapsshouldclcsr a{ch othcr by about l 5 mm.worn groovas
*ill prrwnt this.
whctr coiling a ropc dowo, right-handcdropcaarc coil.d right-
b.ndcd; thc f'lc cndsbouldbc ablcro r.volvc, bccausc manytutusmry
davclopduring coiling.lfthc cnd caniot bc rotatcdth. coil will h.vc
to ba compolcd of *vcra'l Frcnchm.n,Thcsr arc occssionalriSht-
haadcdturn! but with thc uncoilcdlcogthcmcrgirgfrom r.ror thc lr3l
46
ROPE AND CANVAS
tum irstcsd of abovrit (rG.Fi& 16.13).ltcy ttraow th. twilB quit
.ficcrivclt. Whcdr riSbt-b{dcd roF hr! bccob.layrd lcn-brld.d .!d
rtreiocd it dcvdopar lcft-baDd!ct, i.c. il &!irb riSht-haldcdc.ilitrg
rd ooly tbc rlaaof'F lochmco'will.nrbL it to ta coiladdos!"
A coil .hould bc atopp.drll rculd with Fmt ehcn not in !!.' to
prrwnt rh. luro! froD juhpitr& A 'Frrocbmco'coilwill i.ad to tbtow
ofr oc tsrl! mor! vigproudt if diatlabcd,conFrcd with rD odbrrt
coil.
wirr roF i! lbout f}! liDca $ !tson8.! hith-gt dGD!!ih toF,
dcpcoditrgupotrttc ata.lu!cd. Grretcr compariloo68ut!aarc poaliblc
of oour.. It strrtcLa vlry litdc erd may ba ootrlidrrld no!+lrttic; it
do6 in fact pcrt vcry aalily whc! rubjcE-tcdto ! .hock load. It should
not bc e$umcdrhst thc wirc6i! a ropcatr i! otrclctrg$-ftlqucnd, in
a long ropc, thcy irr wddadtogptbcrto Sivcttc rcquircdladSth,but
th..c joins ttr rrlll tragSsrd.
Crnig wh. n F
Tr,o vbipphgr ofmrdinc or rop+yln rhouldbc phrcd otrthc ropc,
crch onc comEancirgabout2'5 cm awry from thc point of savcrand l i n
co inuiDgfor obout 5cm. It is most importaDtto work rila/ from 2in
thc cuningpoint shcl wbippiagro thlt rhclatLr i! lot looGtcd whcd
thc .opcir flt rnd tbc lrlod! ryring apart
Tha 5 cm rF.c lcft for cuttinSfu toe pltc.d otr a hstd rud.cq luch 2t^
|r thc nooring bittt, rnd brmrncftd o[e or twioato latlan th! upFr
wirls. Thb givcr. lood k yinS.utfrc. for thccolddi!.I sbi:h it filrly
u!.d to acEr thc rrnd!, Slvrt.l dcriSE of wirlc1rttrr itr avrihbL,
rtrd thsyBiE r lcetlr GtriththanI coldchilcl.
Whcncuning r lcngtb ofi a coil thc lctrgthltoaini!8 or t ootad
rhould bc nrarkd up localy.
B dq CrrF
Th.ac.rc rhownin Fig t6.13.ThGyat! uladto fotn a! cyci! | *irc
ropc whcn.plltg ir tot porliblc for rDy rcalo!. Tby outi !ar,!t bc
ur.d for joid||g t*o hre&rs, dnply by chapinS lba topaatotethcr.
Tb. b.$.Dlsta of rhc frip mutt dway! bc fttad u!&r rhc wortiry
Fn of thc roF, *ith tbc U-bolt! olti thc dc.d cDd.
Thftr grip. shouldb. wad on ropcsup to 24mm in sizc,fout gtiF 3 i n
o! rotiaatrctwrcD24tnd 32mm in siza,and6vcor mol! on tolrct ovaf, 3 .Dd 4 in
32nm in diamar.r. Thcy should bc aprccd rt diatalc6 cqud to 4 i n
ninc tim6 tha diamctcrof thc .oF.
Thdyat! artrcncly Llafulfttin8!, but ih.y do, horcttr, taddto caulh
ttrd Eatk thc ropc.
4t
-!iE!g!!!!'
corl||,ro ^ tlcltl-H^l{DED
THnatl! lEltlNca
!gc!999__gqE
tl ouiE l6.t!
IOPB AND CANVAS
Iqt.da of |l RA.
Di.torliotr of lb. roF ty fi!Li!&.rutbiu& cripplin& ctc, i.litcly
to rldue tla.titdtth oftic toF ty.. Du.h.r 3O%.A mF. ir enicb
thc b..n ir protrudilS rhouldb. dLc.rdrd.
WG.ri!8 of frr. !.!o.r thc wiFr, givint th . briSlt rDp..nn .,
d€ Dot afcct tha rttrosth of tbc ropa utLaa ia i! ltry
SoDatiDaa thc rdtira ropcir ,aaoto bc !stt!oa4 nd a! a catlo tlrtDcr
contiludly bci!8 round o! to . drum itr two or tb!.. Iap.. Thi! i!di'
c.taaditortiod of rhc rbrrd!, a,bici b aatiour
&ofco ritr rhouldbcqmiad to $oaatai!Ebct!.r waaror oorto
lion b|t caEladrhc hlaldovD" Rcfrr,adca rtould bc Dldc to cbapra
XV io rt|dy tb. Doct! R.gulstiontltipuLrioo otrrhit point
A *i!,. rop. .hould h. frcq!.oiy o!.ocd up tith . d.di!. tpilc;
r dry, powdaryb..n or oofaildicat t dry rol ald tha topc ahouldtc
.ith.rdircudd or, if coaid.t.dric,lutBic.bd.
At aub.ao tadpdrttrrla thc rtlcl girca wil baooDctddc .rd thc
nopcDry port*ithout wamiali Funhai,ftr Acritility iarcdua.d'Eor-
cu. thc wirt riU rqrh itt lorErl c.banctarirtia!uld.t nordal ia6-
Pctalula
S[.L3 q&. ft
Tlrb ir doncdolt th. r|sc lir.. .! 6brc-roF AliciDg; but 8ttrt .
ali[ i! llquitrd ducto thc cf,ttlda rttilicocc of thc viliar. Th! Cvuir-
ilt m|y bc 'r.6rg.d du.itr8th. pmc... ud b.fo!. b.in8 p.t!.lld tld
acryEd, tplice rhouldbc dippaditr Stoclhoh tat or oliar pqcrvrtiva'
Thc.rragth of th. rop. n.y b. cotrtiLttd to b. ttft..d hy rbout
@-dfhth by . good .plica, btI coDridntly oot! by . b.d .plico.
GrEatcatadnrt bacf,arriladto pEvcDttaariDftta ttrl'dr ot cottawitb
th. drrli* rpitc.
A lo!g; trp.i.d tpikc rhould bo taad |Dd c.tduly in|.ttrd i! thG
ropc,rvoiditrgtbc hlart Tharuotirg cod ofi dtind b inrcrtcdin thc
,.mc dirr.iion '| thr !piL, pdLd b.todd it, .!d th.o beckitrto pLc..
Strar& lhould ba tuclcd lomc dfut.trccrwry froh wbcrt thcy lalt
ad.igq orh6*i!G a bad oip ir c t d ald thc raldt opc!, c6po6itrg
thccorlr, quiE apanfromlhc fectlbrt thcwilaarr! titrlGd.ThcEatlila
qitc c|tr rrrily basorlcd b.c.t doDS6r Ly ald lbc ftrd ict aattftly
i o phca, It ir frr bctlrr to tuel too frl rery froE thc lplica l!|! too
cloaato i!
I! wir rpliilt r hdf-trct m.y bc cittcr . tuck cxEutcdlvith hdEd
lh|'dr or a tuck dorc with dtallat! ltrandq ro tt'! tbtta aod!cmcrgc
onctra* fdlcc doog thc toF tb.! rDcolh.r th!... Bothtypq of bdf'
tuck FodrE . t Frld Dlb., whi,h ir bilbly d.tir.blc.
ROPB AND CANVAS
$ctqL.
Thir ir r bu&y Ali.., .!il o|ny .G.n d prd.r to do . .or .plhg i!
lba b.lirfthrt it ir lttoolaf |!d nofc crty to af@rto.
A vhipping b put on c..i roF et r dLi.Dcc fron ib c[d qud to
rbout thi.ty..it tin6 thc di.dctrr. Th. ctd of th. roF i. dErdy
ehipp.d prl uDdrly, clo. to thc point wtcll it *!r cut fron . coil.
6 i n PLca aoothcrwhippitrglbout 15cm aery from tha aod onc atrd.|rt
tbcLttlr. Th! .trudt th.o oolry th.drclvr. for thir dilt|!o. of roultrly
6 i n l5cm. Eachcnd shodd bc yhippcd ivith.ail tein , b.|.ilg h nild
thrr r[ wbipdlt' n!.t eort e*ry fton ropcor rtrrad.oda Tbc rL!
roF cannoe b. lnl.id dl tbc iny to thc tuitr *hipping (36 x D nm
from thc cnd).
Tbc roF .odr atiooaltiad, ro tbrt a attud of c roF lila b.tc,Eo
two rE.dr of ttc otbcr ald tha ropaaalo lovr to!!l!.r, |o thrt tLc
ltipping ncady touch.Sdzr thr |trllda of olc roF od to ttc otlaf
rcg.' !o that thaottar rat ofttrd! cu bafuctGdiithout thc ol,antor
bciosh|ap.tad by a dorc! uruly rtrldr.
Wc low acc'tlaraforc, tc|o f,ir! roparbuttadtotath6. llc dralda
of th. ri$t-hlrd roF, rry, .tr rcir.d o! to tbc lcft-hld roF Thc
.tnndr of th.lcft-hDd rop. !t! fr! to b. tuc.t d irto rh. riSht-h.ld
toF
CIt thcehippi!8 o! thcrighl-h!trdloF.!d tucl thclcft-t trdrsfc'.
.tr.!da into it ar for r fbrc-roF tplicc,i... aac[ tucldlg .od pes.3 ovcr
thc atrud to ilt lcft ald urdcr thc rcrt .trud
Ali.r thafrar tould ofirctr Frr a lcizilg rouadthc rpliccto pEv.trt
It .od. ftod G.!i!S b.c<rd b.coDilt rDlpliccd.
If thc ttrcti!8 addahrvr fbrc coE+ cut thaltr out |!d lsy up rta
drudr a$i!. Mafc thrc or fout Dor! rould! of tucb. Stoppcrb.ck
rbout a tlitd of cach.tratrd md trcl th. rlmridlg teo-thjd! olca
ataitr No? bdE cacbtucLingadd,rtoppcrorc-hdf brck, |!d n&L tha
otbcr,
WiO . Erllct, f.tbo EUtucb, wrtilt tov.rd! th. biShtofth. ro!c,
ard fdaly cut ofrall .od!.
Rq,c.t thc Focc.! o! thc oth.r o.ft-hnd) ropcstrdfnrlly ccrvcthc
rylicaall oirr.
By &dudtrg tbc hctilg cn& twic., . srll.npctrd tplicc ir obt jncd.
Er S0c. (Fi& 16,t3)
M.ny i,ir! roF Dowr&yr .r! ,plic.d bt thc 'Tdudt' ryrbo, in
rhi:h lhc .y! ir ford!4 with or withofl r rhinblq artdthc dc.d .ad
l.lt do|rg rh. $a[ding FG ar itr thc calawh.tc gip! alc to bGu!.d.
Atr dloy colh. i. .lid or,!i both p|rt, clo! up to tt !.ck of tbr ryc,
rd clocd wy tightly in . po*€rful prc&
44
T.OPEAND CANVAS
Wtco spliciagaa cf tbc tuckingcDd!lbould bc of lcogthcqull to
cightc.n tim6 thc roF drernctcr,so thst lbc srudr rr€ plisblc to
!!!dlc, do Dotkirk calily, rDd 6D bc Puucdv/cll ti8ht.
Thc succass of thc rpliccdcp.ddt uponlhc 6rst rould of tuclt; if thc
.dd! rtr bedlytuck d ilitidly thc aplic.tppcrn to bc lonS.jawld.
RiSht-heodcd tpltcirS D.rEly itrvolvd layi!8 crch cnd atould thc
sanc stEad four or 6vc rim6. Thc tucta at! tr[dc with rba ht; tlc
rplic. i! qui,t aDd..!y, but b ofno valucif tho roPCtu lilcly to rotatr
i! lcrvica.
Llt-hsndcd iplicint (ovcr-and-undqsplicitrg)i3 mor€cmcicnt,.td
tha apliccsppcat! a! though it i! a phitcd topc, 8iviry vcry sttong
idh6ioD. tt i E strotg splicc, thftr tuctr of which rtl probcbly
cquivalot to about6w ridt-baid.d luck!.
t clins spliccs,hrvilg posriblymorEth!! otrclock it thc lPUc.'ert
rlwrys thc stlorgcst.Two ctrdsatt tuclcd uldat oDc!t]r!d ro thrr thcy
croct i.a. thcy srr tucLadi! opposit! dir.ctioB' Gldrtdly only oDt
lock i5 nadc, .trd i! tha flst routrdof tucls
Thc DocksRcgulationsstiFdat! thll GtcaPlic6 rtdl coDsistof at
lcastthrccfutl rtrd iso helf tuck* iU rtti!6t thc lay; toy olh.r rplic.
Dry bc urd if it ir cquauyo! morr cficicll
Bcforr coomcdcitrgth€ apliccthc lcogthof thc ctdt thould bc Ect'
lurld ofr ald r scrvbgput on ihc.oF. Ifa thimblcii to bc u!.d tha
scrvin! ia cotrtitruadfoi thc ful l.ngth of thc cyr, Dcrsurcdby Phcitg
ttr thimblcotrtbc aoF rtrd tumirg it ov.r ooca"
IL. tbisblc i! lhcn .ciz.d rhc Diddlc of thc ..fiin8, lh. cyc ir
fornr4 !!d tha rwo psrta|.iud st, rsd to, thc DccLof tlc thiDHa.A
icmDor.rvwhioDinris Duton thc teft and.rbout 15cm fron it, ald 5 i n
tUoixutiacoa sU-ppii8 i! lcvctd. Thc.trr!& ltr flbjpp.4 thc t!trr'
porlry
' whippi4 r!oov!4 .trd th. str|ldr udrid to tt OiEt c.
Th; fnitirck-i! olbn ndc o! i b.d tulfrcc, .ud er thc nooriag
bin!,.ft.i whi:h thc cy! i! iurt up chcat'lsvdfot coDDlctio!oflhc
rtlice
'
I! rh. d..criptioot foUosirg thc rc.d.t .houldio.gi!. hin*lf loot-
inr rt tbc wirsroDa.from thc crorr! of thc cyctowudt ttr Dcck.ThG
tGfiag .dd. .r€ tyitrgol bi. ldt hald rd thc !t odilg Pcrt ir !o hir
rirbt" Thc tuclitrs cdr, whcoallo\rcd lo lic in Ucir Drtual by' rc
nJDh.rld froD I ro 6 courtitg froE tbc right'b|ld top.od to thclclt'
h|!d bottom.od.
Tbastrstrdaoftbc ropcatr aumbcrEd fron I to 6 do!8 thcropcasay
froe th. cF (Fig, 16.13).
Tl.Irft.f.d.d LcL Sfd.. (BoLrd)
TucL No. I cnd lhtousb truDbcronr ttrud, totrrd. th. dghl
Ttct No. 2 Gndthtougbludbci trvo rtl.[d, towaadathc lcft. Wiih
41
TOPB AND CANVAS
lhc rpit rrill bcrG.tt ruEb.r two ttr!4 bdag No. 6 .od uF.dr.
but bcnatt N6. 3,,1,rDd 5 cndaard t&l it ud.r luDb.i tro drard
rowudr thc rilbt; tbb fordr. Iocl.
Tuct No. I cndthroqlh nulnbct6tcc dr!n4 tow.rdr th. kft.
Trrc* No. 5 .od ttrord luDb<r four .!d irl! rudr, to & Lft.
Drop nu$b.! 61t.ttud fron ttc .plc .!d tuct No. 4.od lblqlL
nlEbcr four arr4 dao lo t[c lcfi.
Th. .plftE ir foi$d ofi.t in fhilrop., t||clilg oE ooc.!d Edar
oog ir. lcft-hud.d
GANVAS
Thit ir nttdc fion ritbcr baop, cottotr,jutr oairx, or alto a Uaodld
nixbr! of thcacoatatialr. Baitilh crlvr! i! prldomillldy D||rufre
tolld fr6d n r, ltilc thc bult of Arc.ic.! 6!v.! i! d.rivld flou
cotlotl
Th. rhtqdr rurdlg dodSthGLoslb ofthr rol or tolt ofc.!r|r.ro
hol! |t |.lnt tl&r&, vbiL tho.. .!rd!f .ct!.. lh. ridtl of thc Ut
.r! c.[cd d, rhrc.dr. Th Gdlpoftbc c.!v.. do.. lot ft.y dlr to tt
I in continuourwcft, rDd is csllcdlhc r.rr.i4t . Appmxieatdy 2't.o frotn
Gaah rch,!d!ar colourld rhErd h io}to Frellcl to ttc r.h€d8c,rnd ia
('Iid tb @i hc ot talr4a.rtr&.. Tbit rclt r| . guid. rh.o rrint
tso clo6! fofrt[6.
Iftt c.trln| i! cut, r.4w adgai! forfiad rld frryi4 ooqnr.
2 ro 3 f. Th. width of th. c.rv$ v.ri6 flom G6 to I d. It mry b. obt ilcd
ftDo-proofd ald dro rrtarFoofcd. Thir lrtbr proc.{ ir rAicvad
Githcrb', Eaa!! of nrx imprcgution or by ctcDicrb. Thc fornar
nathod doct lot giE hrtirf protaaliod,aatDarar it dhcLd tt rtsolt
tldifht tDd cr.ctr eitb coltilod foldinf: Tr.p|ulitr c.Dvo b dh .
co.tt.r drtldd, naluf!.iud froE tacod$adc 0|r, atd ia c6aa!ar.
It ir avaiLblci! ric lanrrl alrrdc,or in brovn or gtcd.
Mar!h|!t Nrw calvat i! Fovidad tn .G'tarn lndaa lunbacld (X'
thc loicr itur. rlpca.oliDg thc ttoutcr c.tr\,j.r. I! tbGtnda, oalv|r ia
42
ROPB AND CANVAS
rcfcrrcdto by wcight,i.c. ,o rtranygrarnmc!F !qua$ ncft. Duck
crnve! is o vcry light cotton Datcrial, aDdi! ulcd foa 6na worl.
Cov.! ir li.bl. to rtrctchcolrid.ouy .lo!8 thc vttp but r&ty li c
.r.o.r lbc artl Thc lrEr .pplir to lhrintrg!, ed dthouSba dycitrg
ptoca*! itritidly ahdlb tha nrtaairl, frrnhct !hri!L!g! occltrsco!-
tinuoudy.To prrErt tbir, canva!i! olicDp.intld !o that ttc paht 6lla
i! fhc apacatbctwlan thc tfutrd!, aDd thi! dlo tcnd! to pravaot
Naturdly, thc spplicatio! of paint caulasr clrtair lmoutrt
atrjatchitrS.
of rhdnhgc. Ifit i! d6iIld to obLi! . vrry taut c.!yu it ir lrc.d up
dtbt, dlDp.d rilh ft!!h vatsr, ind priDtcdwhilc rtill moilt
tur.. Wat
s,-wingi! doDcwith orx scwirg twinc Fc"iordy idpraglrt d with
ba6ra.xto plsvaottiDtitrg of thc twiF lrd to a.curca norr wrtcnight
!can. SobalsileakcB p&f6 to rotrthcir twitc throu8bbccswaxrhcm-
lchEn but it nay bc obtaird al&ady tEatcd. Thc bcginnartlEds to
rFca bir rtitata! too flr EFat artdthayarr thctrtcf.'t?d to aaEomc-
wtd DoprdSt0dtatot Dog't fa€rl, For fDc worl, up ro ,ir atiicbcato
2.5cm arl uscd,but four to 2.5cd is approrld for Dormalworl,
Thc sailrnrl(cr u,ually allows 2.5cin in 30c'n rutr of cloth for l i n p c r f t
shrinlagr (bost cova.s,tarpaolitrs,atc.) aDd thc samceruount fot
sttEtcbio thc calaof awDings. WhctrscwiD&thc bottomclothg dually
shortc$ rclativc to thc top cloth, end du. allowaDc.must bc nadc
for this.
VhGtrrcwiry, r !.ilrDkcr'. hook ir ulad to bold thc clnva! fftily
rgri8t thc pull of thc rtitchiDg,rltd sct! a! a saitralcr's third hatrd.
Fi8. 16.14shos, thc fit rld rcuDd s.ads-thc lrttlr b.iDg thc
quickd of tbc teo. Thc rould aare is Dadco! thc i!.ida of thc wort
ad thc[ wcl rubbcddow! to makcit 0aL Bott arElhownjoining two
dotb!" Thc rsilEatcr'! bcE i! t rost a! rarrhr, sod rtrcnglhcd thc
dgp ofr clolh whancyclrtr ur to bc iu.rr.d. lt i! alrry3 ulcd *hcn
rc*ilg ropc to c.ny.!, r! rho\nr. tt rrttgronlrA i! ulcd to tlfail a cut
or tcar, rld dlaw! thc teo cdgB togathcr.Thi! Ecthod of atitchi.trg ig
also u!.d whcr lcwirg c.trves dourd rail!; a normd iti&h rvould
c.u!c thc.csm to rpirll arousdth! aail,givin8s! rmrtaurilh aDFsr-
IDEC.
C{lYlt ir ilvrrirtly !.fl! with doublcdtwioc, but it ic cobsidcrcd
sbarppractiaato ttrot thc tsinc whcncoDdcncing.Thc profciaional
ncthod Lav6 rhctgira unttrottrd, eDd8 thc 6r!t rtitch is Dadc,about
4 cm of twiDc-cndis lcft protrudiog.This is thaDtuclcd iD thc scam l l i n
pointidg io ttc lcwitr8 ditrction rtrd fu rae! ortlr vitt thc Dcxtfcw
,tirche. WLadr Lruth of twinc ir uscdup $c lcdlc b cut r*!y,
lcavingabout 2.5cm of twin. p.otrudiDgfrom tbc csnvar.Thc last l i n
hrf.ititcb i! ulpict d rad thc lcw lcogthof twidc palr.d tbroughr[.
443
llALTlAIT
aatv^cc ll
atttf!
I
lACt IITCX
!axl!
ROPB AND CANVAS
vacsntstitch-hola ThGtvinc is dlrwtr through so a! io lcarll il c|n llin
protnrdi!& Thc& .t! dor trc twircdrt protrudilt ilddr th! aaao.
It t rE triltld ioSrtb6, ldd .lod8 thc .GwiDglic sndrw! ovlt witb
th. !.trt f.v .tilcb!..
I! thc tut rnd trtti!8 snr i! thc n$t! th! .od .titcbcr irc ,..n to
b. doulrhd Thi! i! b.c.u!. tha !G!or h.r/r b..n fnilbrd witt two o(
rbtE b.cl6iit t ., wollilt th! !.dlc b.ct along thc rciE, bcfoF
qrcilt of th. twi!..
A Flon .Gryingc.nnr rs r lafz, wbichir r brod lc.tl6 .tnp
Eftd ..roa th. FID of tbc h|!d by D6!, of . fhuobholc. Th.
c.drc of th. F.lE hr. r mctalcup,whifi ir urd liDiLrlt, fo . l.dy'.
thirobL, ir. to puli th. !6dL throutb the c.nv.r, A ropilg pltd h.!
a atoutarotp ltrd a&oa tbuob g|.td, SailnacdLaarlanutnbctld,Noa,
l0 .!d I I bcitrgcoDmody u..d for ropi!& thr frcr No. 14fot !.*itrg;
NoG 15|!d 16lrr.u6ci[dy f!. for s.tint duct c.!y.r,
Errta cFlatadr i! tm pcrt!, . m.L rld r faddc" A pt[ch atd di.
rlE urd, tuitatlc for tt .ir. ofcy.lct Tbc holc i! D!& i! thc oalv|!
!y DC.!! ofr pi.(ci!8lool and widcnrdwith. id. Thc Ddc cy.lct it
phod in tbr dia, l[c calvar pllccd oycr thc rDslc,thc fcErlc ovlr thc
calyrt, and tho pulc.hi! ttc! ulad to trp doe! tha protudint nrlo
f.!sc, locldrt th! fcDd. Frt h plrc..
u5
CHAPTER XV!I
DECK APPLIANCES
(O IEE SOT'NDTNGMAGINE
Thc l(.lvi! Hugh.. .ourdilt nrc.bilc e.t, bc b|trd{tiv!! ot oo[.
trolcd by !tr Glccldcnotor. lt i! rquippodwilt r dtun on s[ich ir
3(I)f|thom! wound5!0 m of savcn-strand Srlvaniscdstcclwirr. ThiarvirEis sccutad
2.frrhorn at its outborrd cod to s 4m lcnSthof hcmp linc. This lina canics
a bre.sshclthor !ub. whichis pcrforatadlnd nt&d with a crP.Supplicd
A;N with thc mrchioc arc 100 soundingtubas,*hich sre 6ccrn holloy
ghs rods opcn rt odc crid, and coatld on thcir insidcawith 3ilvct
chromdc.Thc tub6lhcr€forc apFar to bc rcd.
Om ruct tubait pLccd into tbc brus 3h.ath,opctralil do*trwrtdl
i'd thc capis plrccd oo tha tharth. Thc aoundiDg eir! ir thco ruoi,ld
to run to thr laa-badundcr thc iniuaocc of an ll_lg cast'iton rinlcr
ebit h.! .n rrmilt lcorr ridiht io .outrditrglcr&. Wtib tbc !itl6 ir
d.$.odi4 r iookcd d.td rod o.[cd r f.clct i! h.ld bc.riDSv.iy
lightly upon thc wirc. Ine.di cly it it f.lt tbtt tho ?ir. Do lodtpr
'Drc..lb .! uDwardrGistucc to rhc facl6 thc wirc mult bc chlcld.
Th. tiltar-i! low hov+io, tha gh$ routrdi!8 tubair tloovcd tld
hcld r8liDst a borwoodscalc$aduarcdin mculs. Sca'vrtcr will hlvc
t6 forc.d hro thc ll!3t tub. to .tr cn ot whichis dcpcrdctt Won $o
dcDihto *bich tbc tubc w.! lowcrd. F!fihcr, th. .ctio! of tt t.lt
wiu wlt tavc c.lraga thc co.tilt itr th. tub. to sbit dlrtt cblorid..
Wiih th. rub. h.ld i! th. boxwood..iL th.tdorc lhc dividi$ lilq
bartsaao tld ud ptitc cortin!! adabl.. tta dcpth of wdar to ba r.rd.
It ia Do.t iDporttlt lo c.hrckllr eirc .r too! asttc dnLt touchar
6c a-bad; ifthc tubah alloecdto frll faob thc vcnic.l thGtaa't ar
dtrady i! it wil bc abL fo moE fstlbaaup th€tubcaDdr faLatladiof
will b. nrdc.
Tf,oeirc citr citicr balo$trcd ulint a rhanl built on ro tha a|il rft
or by Elr of a !ou!di!t boomshich i! awungout Fpaodituht to
44
DECK APPLIANCES
thc rhio's sidc. In this latlcr cas€ lhc *irc tuns through a tril€llitg
shcavewhichmay be hovcout to thc cnd of thc boom.Thc sp€cdof thc
shiDshouldbc rrduccdwhaomaliingi sounding.
'ihc
followiag are thc makccs iostructions for opcrating a motor'
driwn machitF:
'Attach sinkd and stray line to machinc. Placc glass tubc in Suard
shaathand rlDlsc. cap. Placcthc sinkcr over thc ship's sidc and lcl wirc
out Bcotlyby calin8thc handwhetlin the runninS_out dirEctiorwilh thc
boh-in tllc l;w€r position. Snatch thc wira inlo thc block of thc canicr'
Run drc cariar our to thc cnd of thc boom and b.lay. l,ow€r sinkcr until
DcarlytouchinS sutfacc ind hold in this posirioo. Sct pointertozcro'
'Plicc tbc looo of thc feclcr pin ovcr thc riglrt wrist and gcntly prcss
rbcfccl€roin on'to thc wirc. Smanlvrolalc lhe handwhcclonehalfnurn
only in th; running-out dircction and *atch thc pointcr asthe \-ite runt
oui n"Urc thc hendwh.€l and catch lhc stsning swilch handlc in thc
cft hqnd.
'At lhc inslant lhe wire shctcn\ dtl. rcad lhc ou t|!'r ol mctrcsof
witr our as indicatcd by thc pointcr. At thc samc timc put thcrtafling"on"
awitch hardlc ovcr about hala-wayand thcn gradually ovcr lo thc
nositaonto h$vc in .rt full sF-^d when lhe poinlcr rho$s 20 nr
ihc switch bandlc should bc c$ed back gradually so lhat thc motor
3toDsbcfotr thc swivcl lEschls thc catdcr block Rcad ofr thc cxect
dcprh ot lhc glesstubc with th€ s.alc Providcc.
:Usc a padof oilcd canvas to guide rhc wirc oo to thc drum whilc
h6ving io.'
ln la:tctmodcls,thc tubc wasplain glassbut constrictcdand workcd
on thc or;nciDlcofa clinicalthermomct.r Wrtcr was forcedinto thc
rubcat dcpih but couldnol g€tout untillhe tubc wasshaken ll drd nol'
thcreforc,;attcr ifthctubcicll on its sidcbccause lh.rc wAsno inlcrnal
coatinr to bc efactcd.
Thc;ounding mlchinc is now obsolclcbut rs includcdhcrc logcthcr
*iifihltc zc. r:]r intercst'ssake.Manv shipswhichwcrefittcd with thc
machinchavc nou had it.cplactd with a secotd ccho-sounder'The
succcss ofthc soundingmachinaopctationwas pcrhaPsloo dcpcndent
upon human factorc,
Wd andAittunccnpeoterc.Thcaccanbc locatcdwhcrcrEquircdbut
arc not walartight.An cnginc-roomrcpc.Er is normauyslsosupplicd.
Ekc. cal nryien n s,Thc log opcrotcsfroD Im/l20 to 200/250volts
A.C. 50/50Hz.
(Th. .bovc itrfo.matiotrtogcthc. with thc diagramof thc sanror
as!.nbly in Figurc l7.l war lidly providcdby Tbom&rW.ll.cr aod
SonLimit.d.)
n
iI
iL_,",-,..,.,
IL - r b o r
?tGUiEtt,t
D||ta|lstoiS 0t aat{aoi lltatatY
DECK APPLIANCBS
(c) Tl lrf.o.! LS CIt 'Ct rdf..f Lg)
Tbi! lof tuoFrstcd hy thc fiow ofwrtlr p8sin8 alongth. 6hip'3hul,
wiich rotatls sn impcllcrrituatcdat thc balc of a ratrrctsbL log tubc.
Th. iEFlcr ii iDbgr.l with a rcvolviq murct 6ttcd rt Oc balc of a
c.il. Atr clcctroricconputar uiit fccdsa combircdspcadatrddistlncc
rlcodcf of thc typc ilurtratcd in Plata10.Othcrdistanccrcplatcrsrtray
bcru!, lnd r sFd fc.d i! providsdfor t.ua-motjonradargiviogcithcr
200 lGm or 4m tm inpulscspcr nauticalnilc.
Thacquipmctrtis pcrfactlysafcfo. instelLtiodin trnka.s; no cu.rcnt
is imPt!3rcdo! thclog crbla,thc maximur outputofthc log bcingolly
I volt at r lpccd of O loots, Th. po\rcr ,ufrplt mulr b. 230/20 volt,
4.C., and so a rotary tralrformcr is etaihbL fot all D.C, voltrgcs.
Thalog shouldbc rctracLdard supportcdby r chcct tubc whctrthc
v6aal antaBahrllov wrtarsor drydock. Tha saavelvatrc€dbcclorcd
only vh.d thc log ir ac{uallybcing rcoovd f.om tha hull fitting io
ordc. lo calibnG thc impau..,
A cdibratioDdcviccis Nvailsblc,sothat itr thecvclt of thalog bavilt,
asy,a co$tatrt crror of 5%,thc bladcaof thc irDpcllcrduJ'bcacqrr..rly
adjuit d to givc cora!€{cdEadia$. Sucha! crror will occurwhc! thc
forv of *,rataiDastthc imFllc. is oo! cxrctly prraucl to thc impcucr
ihrft-
Tha irnFllcr fu lordlcss,i.c. it js a scr.lv *hich hasno apprcciablc
vork lo pcrform or intcmel fricaioDlo ovcrcomc.Suchar imFcllar
thcEforcbla no 5liprd tro v&iablc c(or. A3 a rcsult,thc distan; rur
it rEgilard iccuratcly(tubjcct to thc constantcrror pr.viowly mao-
riond) at aUspcds, iDary wcrthcr,at ary draught,andwhcrhc.going
rtc5d, tltcrn, or mmauvrbg.
Tha,ubbarSpdmcchaai3m iarhaooly workingpartofthc lo& hrvjDg
an cxlratlcly siDplccoastruclion,as show! in Plat. ll. Thc lcft.hr
illultntio! shor3 thc valvcopcn and lhc log in th. worling positioo,
Tlrc partt shown.Ia a5follows:
(l) Thc irtrpclld.
(14)Thc hull plrtc.
(15)Thc aluic. vrlv..
(16)Thc loS hou3i!8.
(17)Valvc 'shut' ard 'op.n' scale.
(18)Valvr oFrathg whcrl.
(t9) Ch.ck tubcin po6itioD.
(z)) Zilc or loft ito! probcriv. rio8.
456
DACl( APPLIANCES
Thc right-hind sidc of thc platc thov. thc log eilhdrlv! iDto i6
housiag witb tha yrlvc sbul Id cach dhgrarn thdr will bc uoticcd I
vrlw at thc top of tha lo& This providc! oil injEtiotr to thc eorUlt
psrt of praviougmodcl logs. Thc clcc-troric log uldci diru!6ion h'' r
satcr-lubricatad iDpcllcr bcaring.
acuia lt.2
ctiai|ltaaatt !oa
Pajns\\'essexBuorsmoke'. 'l\'lanoverboard.
Pains-Wessex
2. BuoyantHeadfor 'Speedline'
unit.
.t
,i \tr
ti"
t.c
€'F
,i:
i i €
I t E Ei ;
j;
ii;ii
!
f\a--^\f.---:
Standardwireropesnatchblockwith Specialpurpos€snarchblockopened
only wh€n eye is horizontal.
5. Singlesheave
ca.goblocls.
Two-foldwithswivel Three'foldwith swivel Six-foldwithplate
ovaleyeandbecket. crosshead andbecket.
Suiielduckbill
eye. Swiv€lddlledeye Swiveljaw.
6. M uhipleblocksand6ttings-
Commodore
Register. ChartHouseRec€iver.
SpeedRecorder SpeedIndicator.
7. CommodoreLogequipment.
8. Commodore Log Rotator.
,aqh
W
I
$
s Log-lmp€ll€rassembly.
9. Chernikeeff
I0. Chernike€ff
Log-lndicator.
I L ChernikeeffLog Tubeassembl!'.
?
1 4 . O ! e r h e a d 'vt p eq u a d . a n td a v ns .
rrr-l !,lir"
1 5 . $ e l i n e r a \ i r !d . \ i r \ l . S i / . \ o , r l ( / ) .
16. Welingravitydavits(B.T.C.Vessel).
. o a ts r o w e d 8 c 1 o t r . b o a l s w u n g o u l .
l l . U n d e r d e c dk at i t s . a b o r e b
1 8 . U r d e r o e L k , l i \ r r , l - a nn d! 6 b r r . p l a , , h t e l - o a r r
i=
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U
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ry<
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tt
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=
2
6-
2 4 . K e l t i n e l e c t . ' c a l ld
v f l v e n\ o u n d r n sm a c h r n e .
DECK AIPLIANCES
litbr! .uitablc foa rtccl stud Uok stchor cablahavingcithct bolt or
lud6! rhacklca.Thcscarr 6xcd to, and r.volvc with, thc dlinrh!ftr
wh.n lctting go or whc! h.avingup. Thcy.r. ftt d witt lar8. 6h.aw!
lo trtc porirrful lcaEwbaodbrakcs.
whctr hraviu anchorthc approprislcmainwhccli! cng.grdwith thc
8yp!y by locars of scr.w Srar(tba opcrrtitrghaidlc bcitg on tbc aftcr
ridc of thc wiDdlals).whichslidaathc mainwhaaloutboardaDdalotrg
rtc loriDlhaft uaiil thcjru/s on it! oulboardfac. .6!agc thcjawson tbc
inboordfroc of thcgypcy.Thc msiawh.ab!rc .lwaF ao8sgcd *ith tbc
rinio8
' or thc int .D.dirtc sbafl
Thc basic paiDciptcof thc widdlrls is tbat thc ctghc or motor
driviog pioio! i! forrard and in thc ccDtrctnc.This dtiv6 lhc liargc
intlrordirtc whccl,whichk mouttrd on thc iDtcrmadiatcahslL This
ahaftha! wlrpbg cn& aDdalso a amsll piDiotro! cithcr sidcof thc
iatcrmcdirE rvharl For this rcalon,wheocvcrtlc wiDdlasti5 wotkilg
the itrtcrocdiatcaha& wrrpitg c!ds, aDdmainwbcchalwBysrcvolvc.
Thc DaiD*ha€lsarr in tro rvay6rad to thc mailahtft3,sad thc lattr.
(wbichsI! indap.ndcntso that olc gyp6ymayttc uscdcvctrthoughtte
othcr tDry badam!8rd) tlvolw ody with tha gypiics.
fhc wsrpiDsdrum3arc of hi8hirty irotr and a!. a.curcdto thc
i crDcdirt stult by gib kcys.Wh.tr usiogthc warpi4 ca& th. cablc
liftcB dr hald otr thc brnd brakcs,thc Daitr whclb !rc takcd oul of
gpareiti th. gypsica,and thcy thcn trvolvc frccly od tbc atatiooary
meiDrbalb,
Esnd cr.!t gp|r i! availabLif Fquftd'
All baarilg rld eorkidg pltta src lubricatld by mca|lrof 8ttrsc 8utr
ad 'Taaalamit'lipplcs, Thc motor mry bc moult d, if drtittd, cithct
oa dcck iotafrel with thc ei!dle!., or bclow dccks,or itr r scparatr
dacldoula
A windlasshavinga 6+kilowett motot will havca cableduty of
27.5toDncs&t 7 5 m Fr minutcand will b€ sblc to wary 9 tonncsat
25m parminutcor slrckropcal49 m pcr minute.
468
CHAPTERXVTII
T H E S H I P ' SB O A T
BY IIIW
N.EQUTTEMENTS
I p^rsE!|oll ship crya8ad otr Yoy.gc!, ely of *hid arc
A tong iotrr! tiooll voy.gF, i, rcquirEd to bc .quipp.d e!
I Uollowt:
(a) Lifeboats,panially or totally enclosed,on eachside fot 50%
of the total numberof personsthe ship is cenified to carry.
Thefiguft ma! be redwed @ 3n7" hlith the rerruining251o
madeup u)ith liferults sened by lou"ching appliarcesevenl!
ditnibuted on both sidesof the ship.
(r) Lilerafts for 25o/ooI the people, served by at least one
launchingapplianceon eachside.
(c) At leastone RescueBoat on eachsideif of 500tons o! more.
(d) One EPIRB on eachside readyfor npid placingin survival
qaft.
(e) At least three two-wayradio-telephonesets.
(f) Two radio installationsin lifeboatsif 1500or more peEons
are carried,otheru/is€one togetherwith one fronable radio.
k) Eight to thiny lifebuoysdependingon the ship'slength. One
on eachsideis to havea buoyantlifeline. At leasthalf are to
haveself-ignitinglights. Two are to havesmokesignalsfitted
as well and lo b€ readily .eleasedfrom the bridSe.
(i) Lifejacketsfor the total numberof personscenified!o bc
carried,plusenoughsparefor 57oof thal trumber.A suitable
lif€-jacketshall be carriedfor eachpersonon board$eighing
lessthan 32 Kg. The inffatabletype shall be carriedfor crcws
of rcscueboats.Each lifejacket shall have a light.
0) An immersionsuit for eachpeFon crewinga RescueBoat.
(t) A line-throwingapplianc€and tw€lve parachuterockets.
(l) Emergencyalarm and public addrcsssystems,and liShting.
(rn) A bridge cory of 'Lifesovins Signls and Rescu. Mcthob'
(soLAsr)
(n) A training manual in each messand rccreation room and
posteF showing oPeratingins$uctions on or near survival
craft. 46
THE SHIP'SBOAT
(o) On-boardmaintenanceinstructionsfor lifesavingappliances.
(p) Two-waycommunicationat musterand embarkationstations.
Cargo vesselsengagedon voyagesany of which are long
intemationalvoyages, shallbe equippedas follows:
(a) On eachside of the ship, enoughtotally-enclosed boatsto
carry all on board. PaniaUy-enclosed boatsnuy besubttituted
if the ship operaksin suibble climotic areas.
(r) Liferaftsfor all personson board,launchable on eitherside.
Altemativelythe ship may carry enoughtotally-enclos€d
boatsfor all on board, a[anged for free-fall stern launching
tog€therwith raftsfor 20070of the ship'scomplpment.
(c) If craft are stowedmore than 100m from the stemor stem,
an extra liferaft is to be carriedas far forwardor aft (or one at
eachend) as is reasonable.
(d) If of 5m tons or more, at leastone RescueBoat, otherwisean
inflatablerescuecraft. Eachlifeboat, rescueboat or inflatable
is to haveits own launchingappliance.
(d) Porrableradioequipmentor a lifeboatradio installation. At
leastthreetwo-wayradiotelephonesets.
(t An EPIRB on eachsidecapableof beingplacedquicklyinto
survivalcraft,exceptthosementionedin (c) above.
G) Eight to fourt€en lifebuoys according to ship's length,
equippedas in pass€ngerships.
(r) One lifejacket for each pe$on on board plus one of the
smaller type for each person under 32 Kg. Also sumcient
extra for personson watch and for use at remotelylocated
survival craft, normally amounting to an extra 25o/.. Each
lifejacket to have a light. lnflatable t'?es may b€ us€d by
RescueBoat crews.
(r') lmmenion suits for crewsof inflatablesor ResoreBoats. On
ship6under85 m suchsuitsmay be requiredfor all persons
on ooaro.
Also all items(*) to (p) listed overleaffor passenger ships.Cargo
ship6 carrying cargoeswhich evolve toxic vapoursor gas€smust
carry lifeboats with a self-contaioedair support systemlasting at
least10minutes.If the cargohasa flashpoint of not more than6(FC
the boatsmust also be of the fire-protectedtype to withstandeight
minutesof envelopingfire, usinga water spray.
Gcnard raquirenr€nlr
Rercle roatr are to be boardedand launchedwithin 5 minutes,at
470
THE SHIP'SBOAT
up to 5 knotsheadway.Rapidrecov€rymusl be attanged,laden
wirh a full complement.usingpeDdants and hanging_off wites in
adverseweather.
Lifeboatsc^rry a naximumof 150persons.They are fined wilh
comiression-icnition enqinescapablebf 6 knotstully ladenand 2
knoti whenro'winga fuiiy-laden25 personliferaft.Theycarrytuel
for 24 hours at full speed. Other tequirementsinclude a release
mechanismon all falls, an automaticdrain valve, a releasedevice
for the fontrard Dainter when under tension, switchable and
*alemroof electdcliqhtinqaboveand belowlhe eoclosure ablelo
work'for 12houtsana visi-ble
on a dark clear nightfor 2 miles. The
of
numb€r Dersons allowed to be csnied by a lifeboat will be those
of averagemassof 75 Kg weadnglifeiack€ts.who can be seated
withoullnlerferingwith equipmentor its functions.On carSoships.
raDid boardinqof boatsis to be acmmplished
'Mannidp. wiftin 3 minutes.
i Deck Officer or a C€nificaled Personshould b€ id
charqe.vith a similarlyqualifiedpeKon as second-in-command
T}ei must have ctew lists. A similar person must be assignedto
eachliferaftlaunching appliance. A peFoncapableof opetatingthe
enginemust be present together with someoneable to operatethe
rrdio. if anv.
,nsr€cibr6. Launching falls are to b€ tumed every 2l yearsand
-stainless
rene\iedeverv5 vean. sleelfalls necdonly be rencu/ed
howeverwheri there are signs of defeal. Uferaft auto-releasehooks
must be servic€devery 2l years and Ptoof_t€sledevery 5 years
Releas€lears ate to be ovethauledevery5 years lnflatableboats
and rafu-are to be s€wicedannu6lly.as are hydroslaticrelease
umts.
Ly'?ruoFmuslbe readilyavailableon bolh sidesof lhe shipwith
at lealitone neatthe stem.Oneon eachsidemusthavea buoyanl
lineof lenqthequalto twicelhe maximumdroppingheiSht.or 30 m'
whicheveiisth; qrealer.Theselwo lifcbuoysate not fined with
smokes or lisbts: The latter function for 2 hous, fiashing or
continuous,w-hilethe smokesigrnls bum for 15 minutes.
/mm€rior Jzi6 shouldallow no undue inSressof water after 20
minutesin a disturbeds€a.After 6 hoursin water betweenCC and
2"C the wearer of an insulated suit should not suffer a core
i€mDerature drop of morethan 2'c
Lif.iack.6 sh6luldbe capableof being donned in onc minute
Aftei 24hoursinmersiontheyshouldretain95%of lhcir buoyancy.
The lishts have a duration of 8 hours, fixed or flashing The extra
5'l" cinied on passengerships should be stored on deck or at
MusterStations.
ryrcEchnic DistrcssS8ruIr should be stowed on or near the
471
THE SHIP'SBOAT
bridge. Parachutercckets rise 300m, and bum for 40 s€conds.
Hand flares last for one minute. The smokefloats in survivalcraft
bum for 3 minutes, Some classesof ship carry red star distress
rockelsrising to 45 m and have2 or more starsbuming for only 5
seconds.All pyrotechnicshave a storagelife of 3 yea$.
Laurclri,48.On somepass€nger shipsboatsarc to be boardedand
launchedfrom the stowedposition but davit-launchedliferafts c€n
be boarded and launched adjacent to the stowed position.
Gene{ally,RescueBoatsshouldbe boardedand launchedfrom the
stowedposition. Survival craft must not interfere with any other,
should be stowedas oear the rrater as possible,and at leasl 2 m
above the water for embarking with the ship fully laden, with
adversetrim and listed2f either way. Craft shouldbe in continuous
teaditessso that two membcrsof the ciell, canprepareeachoDefor
launchingand cmbarkationwithin 5 minules.They mustbe lowered
at least a boat's length forward of the ship's propeller. Liferafts
must bave painterspcrmanentlyattacbedwith f,oat-ftee arrange-
menis, exceptfor thos€stowedright for*ard oa aft. Survivalcraft
stoved forward must be abaft the collirion bulkhead. Unless
liferafts c6n be boarded from less than 4.5 m above the lightest
waterline,they Inusthavelaunchingappliances.On passenger shiF
all survival craft must be capable of being launched within 3{)
minutes of the Abandon-Shiporder. On c6go shiF this time is
reducedto l0 minutesand if they are of m,0m tons or more, the
launchingof boatsoust be po$9iblewith a beadwayof 5 knots. All
boats must be strong enoughto withstandthis.
EquiphcDtfor Lffebortr
(l) Sufficientbuoyantoars to make headwayin calm s€as.
(2) Two boathook.
(3) A buoyanrbailcr and two buckets.
(4) A bidnacleand an efficicnt compass
(5) A seaanchorwith a warp 30 m lorg, stablewben towcd at 6
xnots.
(6) Tvro painters each of length equal to twice the maxirnum
lowerftrg distarce. One to be secued to the forwerd
releasmSoevlce,
(7) One warerprooltorch suitablefor Mors€, plus a sparc bulb
and a spareset of cells.
(8) One whisdeor equivalentsoundsiSnal.
(9) A firsr aid outfit.
(10)A jack-knifeon a lanyard.
(11) Two buoyantrescuequoits eachon 30 m of buoyantline.
472
THE SHIP'SBOAT
(12)Two ponablefire extinSuishers
""pableoi6 hour working.of which3 shallbe
iiii n .ear"tttigtrt
conttnuous.
(14) An emcient radar reflector.
il5) Tlrernal protectiveaids for 10% of the comPlement'
fl6) A survivalmanual
i17i Four parachuterockets,six red hand flaresaod two buoyant
smokesignals.
(18)One daylightsignallingmirror.
ilgt A coovof lhe RescueSignalTable
izoi sit ,i6r.. of anli-seasick m€dicioe6nd on€ sick-bagp€r
penon.
(21)Threetin openers.
iz21Thteerustpioofgraduated drinkingvcssels
(23)One s€tof fishinglackle
a24lSufficienttoolsfor minot engrneadjustments
(25)A manualpumP.
(z6i Two hatctrits,one at eachend of the boal
Rigid RescueBoaE arc not requircd to catry iten$ (16) to (26)
inclvsive,
trquipneDt for bflrtrble Lifer.fr3
(l) A buoyanrrescuequoit on {t least30 m of buoyantline'
(2) Two sDonces.
(giOne siteti knifewith a buoyanlhandle.two if 13or more
Dersons,
(4) bne buovantbailer,lwo if 13or morepersonsare carried'
.It
i5i o scaanchon,one permanenlly attachcd
(6) Two buoyanlPaddles.
(7) One rustproofgadualeddrinkinSves€l'
(8) Survivalinstructions in English
(9) lnstructionsfor immediateaction.
(i0! A ouncturerepairkit and a top'uPpumpor bellows'
ttt) tt.in. (z). (8).(9),(14).(15).(17),(18).(19)'(20)and(23)
listed abovefor lifeboets.
nadons for L|f.boots rDd L|Ierrft!
For each peNon, food totalling not less than 10,000kiloioules'
keptin airtigh!packaging capableof beingopenedwith wetor.cold
handsand stowedin a watenighlcoilalner. lbe rauon snauoe
readilv divisibleinto three one'day portionsper Person Also
*"r"riioht ."""ot""I". "onhining a total of 3 litres of freshwater pcr
oerson]In tifirafts 1.5 lilr€s of ftesh water is carriedfor each
THE SHIP'SBOA'I
pcrson. In both boats and mfts, one-third of the water may tte
replacedbJ desaltingapparatuscapablcof producingthe equivalent
amountof freshwater witbin two dals. The water may be packedin
cans,bottles,tanks,or sachets.
Food and waler ratiorls orc not rcquircd ao be canied in Rcscuc
Boats,
ENCLOSEDLIFEBOATS
Usually, these are constructedof fibrcglasspigmentedwith a
distinctivecoloursuchasIntemationalOrange.Thc cross-section can
b€ likcncdro a dividcd'O', the lowerpartbeingthe hull, the uppcr
r€ctionthe ca[opy andthe divisioncarryingthe fendedng.Theyoffer
full protectionfrom fire, toxic gasesand exposure;simpleoperation
by unskilled persontel; speedylaunching,alld require little know-
ledgeof boatwd*.
Spraynozzlesfilted aroundthe hull and on the rop of the canopy
cnsurcthat the exposedsurfac€can be cov€redwith a layerof *atcr
cnablingthe boat to travel safelythrough a s€a-surface firc. Tests
carricd out on a sGpcrson craft durin8 a s€ven minute firc lest
showedthat whiL lhc ambicnttempeaature roseto lls(rc, insidethe
boatthcrc wasa viablelife-supportenvironmcnt,frce of atmospheric
pollutants and with an averagehead-heightt€mperatureof 26eC.
Sa[-righring,which is dependentupon sll occlrpantsbeingstrappcd
in plac! with saf€tybelts,wascompletelysatisfactorywith the engine
runningthroughout.
475
THB SHIP'SBOAT
Compress€d-air bottlessupplyair to both oclupantsandenginefor
a periodof somcten minuteswhichis enoughto traversea floatingoil
fue of aboutone mile diameter,arssuming calmweather.Mosl craft
of{er wheel steeringwith a tiller as standby. Tlre helmsmancan
oFrate rhc loeering of the boat (with a control line), the releasingof
tbc hook, and the engine.Two hooksare itted lo avoid boat spin
during descrnt. This is importadt when the helmsman'sview is
obsqrredby flame arrdsmoke.In suchcases,as soonas the boat is
eaterbome, it shouldte steeredninetydegreesawayfrom the ship's
side at full spced.
Entry to theseboalsis normallythrougha door, which maybe an
elcvrting or sliding t!?e. There may be two doorsin eachsideof a
largcr craft totether with a hatchwaythroughthe top of the ca[opy.
It canbe arguedthat embarkationinto enclosedboatsis slowerthal|
into opcnboatsalld that difficultiescanarisewhentherearestretcher
calcs. In s$all boatswith only one door on eachside,boardingcan
be vcry slo*.
With any new desip there are bound to be somedisadva[tages
8nd it is healthy to disculs thes€ so that in a survival situation,
personnclkDo* thc good and bad factors. Someseamerfnd thas€
boa$ are claustrophobicard obiect to b€irt stnpped in. On the
other hand they cannot expect to have self-righting and full
protcclion from frre, gasand cold unlesssomediscomfonis borne.
As rescueboa!6, they are rot ideal becsuscthere is ody a vcry
nar.ov strip of dcckingaroundthc canopy.To pick up a p€rsonfiom
the watcr it is usuallyoccrsssryto position onc of the entry doon
aloog.idcthe person.nd this can be difficult. Rowint of the boatsis
lirdted, pcrhap6only throuth the eotry doo$. Should the en8ine
breakdo*n in a sea-surface fire, then in the faceof a ditnioishiogair
supply,ther. is lide that can be done in the way of propulsion.
Regardcdsimply as a device for sefely abandoningship, and
rememberingthat any ship can be involvcdin a sea-surface fire, the
cnclorcdlifcboat may be considereda univenal necessity.
COMFONEIITS OF TN OIR
Thc lrrr ir thc prrt 8n3pcdby thc h!nd, vhc! roei!&
Tha ,14& ia tha fsttc[cd srta whichgipa thc wrtcr.
Th. Sf,dl i! rhr p.rr of thr o{r b.twcc! th. bledarnd tha looo.
IOwlNC TERIIG;
A Cnttch b I trals or galvllilcd-iro! fttitr& compriling a lowlr
crlinddel ttld with r hort+shoc-rhrpd pi{5cabovcit, Thc starn6t!
416
THE SHI?'S BOAT
irto a mctalliacd hoL it tha Suttwelc,and thc shaftof tha oet rtsts id
thc curvrd patt.
A xopto;* ir marly s rcctaogulspe dt ottt d ah.gtotwab.Ttc
rbaft of thc oar rclts in th. gaP$rh.tr rowiDg.Thc trP i! c.prblc of
bciDgflLd with a pi.c. of wood(rtt ch.d to th. bort by m.anr of 3
laDvud)kno*tr a! a torr.t.
A Tiolc Pin proietsip frcm thc gunwelcinto whichit b b.ddcd.
rfhc oarsulrd $!!hthis 6tting ar. drillcd, thc bolcbcingmetellincd,so
thst ttc oer Eay bc lowcrcdon lo lhc tholc pitr' wbich thsn pq!$!
throud thr oar,holdiD8i! io Placc.
'Ott7oa'l'r-8n o.dc. tl whichthacrtw 6t thcir oa]! iolo lhc crutcb..,
rowlocls, or t[olc pid!, rld sit od tbcir thwei!' hlndr frrlpilt tbc
loom! of tbc oa.s.Thc ost! shouldbc horizontal.
'Ct c vav topclhq'--a ordard wbichboth Pon etrddarboetdoat!_
mcocomocnd rowing.Tbc atrok ott, i.c. t[a baa rowingsdjaaaltlo
th. cotleein, sctsthc;uok atrdtimiDg,andthc othcBGrchwatch$a
back of thc mao ilnmcdiltcly h froD! rnd not thcir iddividualorrr'
lo this way thc mctratc ablc !o kctp in cP.
'OdrJ'-g! ordcr at which otrc morEltrolc i! riada, thc oatt arc
railcd fiort thc vatcr, and allowrd to rE'3thodzont ly paojcctilgfiom
llc boa|.
'Hold waat'----snoa&t at whichlhc blad6 arr pLc.d itr thc w.tcr
ad th. oan hcld rigidly at righl sDE.3to thc guaw.lc.This rrsilt! i!
tatinr thc erv ofi thc boal.
'ni* ,"ri'---aa ordd at ehich thc odr ul ulad i! tbr rc€nc
dirrclio! i! or&r to Sarhcr6tamesy,i.c. tbc looor arc Pulhd rft in'
rtcad of bciar oulld fonvard.
'ron'----sa;rdcr at whichtba borvEatrboat! hi! olt ald lttlda by itr
tbc bow !hc.b wilh boathooko. pai ar, Fsdy for Soingdon8'ida
'Va! aovgl]---{r otdcr et wbich olc mot! ,trolc ir dada ad lh.
oar! arathcaDlacad|s for'Wry thc comrtaDd'O&s'.
'rr orrr'-tiri! follow! cDough'rlmost at olca EachldoE ia
swuS forsard and to*rrdr thc Sulwslc' Thc oat! sr! thc! lifbd from
thcir 6atinr! strd laid o! thc sidcbcncha!.
'To!5@ttrbat th. Mrt' b atrordcr fEquaotlyuradin doubL'butcd
boab (two orrsdc! o! .sch thwrn), whc& tbc o.r3 lra lo bc bodtcd
sld Lid downthc forc-rd-aft midsbiF lito of th. bo!t. A pon o.r5-
rnr!" for ctamplc,will ptaacbi! lcft h!!d on top of thc loom 8t tba
cxtrrmccodof thc ocr aadhi! riShfhrnd u[dailc.th tha rtrft clolc to
thc (rut h or roelock, Io onc movcEcnttc bcantdorv! with hi! laft
hrd rnd lilb with bi! righ! !o thrt thc oar .win9 uP lhrougbr righl
urlG. It ihould comcto r6t i! . v€rticalpocitioowith thc cnd of thc
b;n rcltiar otrthcboito6 t orrd! bctwcctrthcoslsEa!'3fcct,tld at ttc
ornc tioc bcioggirco a twi3tsothat thc bledcpla.trci! forEtld rll All
4n
THE SHIP'S BOAT
oar! arEthcn sidultaacoudy lowrEd, blada. forvad h ttis carc,aEdlaid
or tbc middlcaof thc thwsru. again M3titrg tbc orr !o that thc bladc licr
0at- It ir crtlrnaly spccraculsr,but roa grrltly frvourcd by ilcrFricDccd
lifcbost crrws. Bcforc a boat lcav6 a ahip'! rida it i! oftca vcry uscfut to
toasthc iDsi& oar' rtrd uscrha bladc tips ro bcar sway thc boif
t!99.!.c-l.!.3
LOlERlllc luttta oN Siacttohtl loLLAiD
BEACHING A LItrEBOAT
Th.rcis littlc that canbcu$d har€crccptmra_powcr.A!soon a5th.
bosl aroutrds,thc crcw shouldjump out end cvcnlydist.ibutcthcm'
rclwr-alou thc sidcsof thc bost.Thcy sbouldthcn makr e combiDcd
afiorr I rhc Dcxt wrvc tnlak, tsling carc that thc boat docanot
brorch-tortrd iDiutcthcm.It ahouldbc hlulcd uPtbc b.achabovctha
birh-wrt.r Earh rd for tb$ rcaroo,bcechhgat high watlr fu idcal.
Thc paiatcrmeybc passcdrouadthc hull ofthc boet,lcd up thc bcacb'
481
TIIB SHIP'S EOAT
ald hor,+o! by thc cr!w. Thc yard,rna$ andany otherabortpicc6 of
roud tinb.r eill actra uacfirlrollct! to rllicl! tba!t!a!a6.
Whcait i! dlsir.d ro bcrchthc boeth sr arcaof |urf gEat c.rl mu3t
b. .r.rci&d, rrorg jud8pocnr qui!. ..rily rlsulting i! 6ub6trrtid
datugi to tbc bort rd possiblcscriousiDjuryto thc crcv ncnbar!,
Thr glet.rt &qrr cxi.ts within str arca of b(..ti|lg wavcs.On r
gctrdyshclvingbarchthir trla msycrtdd wallout to acawud.Tbacor-
rwain shouldErfdrbly b. cipcricnc.d in lhis typ. of bost handling,
rnd the crrw mustobaysll ordcrsimplicidy.
A rowitrg.boatis prcfFabl?to a molor-bodtwhctrbarchingthroud
tu4 bacrusatrot orly docstha proF[cr of I povcr bodt racaa grrrt
dcal whrtr pitchiaS,contributingnothiogto th. bo.t'r *.y, but th.r!
vill alsouurlly bapoor nllcuvrirg quiliti6 wh€trthc bodti! aulliot
artlrtr. A di$aktrgincd lifabort usurlly h|. pooalcc.Lratio! pro-
parti6, pdrticulrrlywhcnrcrcr! d. A mrjor co8idcratio! i tht withitr
.! er! of 3u4 thcrci! r grrlt dcll of wbitc,scratcdwrtcr, upor wbia:h
thc propcllcrdcvcloF r poor grip. A puliDg boat otr thc othct hdd,
fu morc manauvrablc'sinccthc oatscanbc adjustldfor inclinstiodin
ordcr lo grip lbc dccFr watcr.
Thc boat shouldhavaauficiaotfrccbosrdlot to ba rwupcd vhco
procacdiDgthrougb t[c utrbuoyatrtsurf watar. Th! c!d! ,hould tc
ligbdyladcasothat thc borr ridls rsrily ovartbr warE!,but rot to luch
r d.gftc that it i5dsDgEoullyliwly. A bodtfttad with r tttlrom it rrl
!s diatioctfroft t[c whrlcr-typaof lifcbost, i! cxtrcncly buoyaat!ft,
ud b liablc to bacarricdforw$d o! thc forl sidcof r brl.lilg ${rr
(rurfnd anddrivc! urdcr asthc wsvcbEslr.
Th. crcw should bc doubl+bdot d !o .r to 8iw thc bort bcttlr
m.n.vrobility. Thc rudd.r lbould bc u$hippcd,.i!cc it will bc of Do
nlu. wh.d thc boati! pitrhin& Thc .t crilt 06r shouldbc lhippcd it
thc lncr 6utch or grommctatrop.,!d hcldfrnly by thc coxlwah, vho
prdcnbly ,tatr& up in thc bost 30 r! to hsr,ca clcar vicw ovaatha
haldr of lhc oatrm.tr.
whil. bcachin&thcrr is r t&ry Srlat da!8cf of bciog bro6chcd-to,
awrnpad,or hurld shotswrrdro! thc fo'r sidaofa braalilg wr}l,
cotnplctly out of cotrtrol.
Bothwhedbcrchiagsrd butuhitrg in a hcrw ,urf tb. boat.houldbc
b.add bowsout to ,ca. Althoughtha cilw wil hlrD to brck wrlct
*bilc bcaching, r tiriq procasa,
thaboatwil bc itr s muchlefcl lttitudc.
Orc conolrtion i! thet thclurfitlclfwill alsirt tbc boot'rmotion,borc-
tlrrds. Ia thi! ray thc coxwrEhha! a clcarvice of tha da4.rou. r...
.dvancingto*arda thc boal atrdft,rrhcr,thc (rcw lrr rot ia s positioD
to rcc thcm. Thi! !crv6 a dud purpocc,rcduciogatry fcrn, aDdibo
caeblilg thcm to cadcantrdcctrti.cly otr rho ooxeri!'a ordcE, which
rhould bc cun .nd itrlLDdy obq/.d.
82
THE SHIP'SBOAT
Ifthc boatis capsizcdit fu bcttcr foa thc crcwto doro.diarily ,aikc
clcarof it, so that thcy arctrot hurlcdagsinatit by succaaditrg wavc!.
Thc bost shouldmcctcachadvaDciDg wavcat rigbt aagl.sto thc li.c
of thc wava.During the bcachiogproclasthc sfolc odsmcn 3hould
kccpa sharplookout for aock ald olhcr daogcn.
Giva! a good crewand coxs\rain,o 9-m lifeboatsbouldbc rblc lo 3Gfi
ncgotiatawavcsup to 4.5 m in height,by day. At night wavcshighcr 15fr
thaDabout2 m shouldnot b€attcmptcd.Thc rclationsbipchold good 7 fi
for othcr lcngthsof bort!.
It m|lst bc rcmcmbcrcdthat waws havca cyclcof dcvclopmctrt atrd
dctcrioratioD,thcrc beiDgfrom 6vc to s€vcnwavcsin a ctdc. At thc
.nd of cachcaclcth.rc is a periodof r.latilrly quict sca.This pcriod
mustbc cholca for thc commcnclmcdtof thc ruDashorc,and for the
actualgroundidg.Idcally,lhc boat shouldgroundoD th. hcclsof the
tastwavcof a cyclc.
ODc.thc arla her bccnsctcctcd,thcn thc cndofa w'. cyclcshould
bc awsitcdandthc bo|t tumcdhcad-outto sca.Thc oarsrrc th.tr us.d
to bsck thc boat shorewards. Idcally, th. boat shouldbc kcpt at lcast
two boat-lcngrbsaheadof a brakcr. As a wavc rcachcsthc boat,
ehclhcr bralking or trot,thc orn shouldbeuscdlo hold warcr,k€aping
thcm incliicd wcll do$rward! so that theyarc not snrtchcdfrom thc
orrsmc!'s grasps.If thc wavcaarc slow-movitrg it will bc prcfcrablcto
givc way togEthcrstrodgtyas a wavcEachasthc boat so that it is tra-
v.rscd asquicklyaspossibL.
whc! thc bort Srounds,sry on a shallowbcachin a light surf, the
st cringorr shouldbcboatcdandlhc stokc oarsmcnordcrcdout of thc
bost Tb.y r,ill clitrgto rhc st m and hold it sgairst th. bcachar bcst
thcy canwhilc lhc rlst of thc crcwkccpbackingin sucha wayttrt tha
bost fukcpt bows-onto thc surf.Thc crcwa.r€tbeDorddcd out io pai$,
.tarting from aft aadlcavilg thcbowmcnutrtil lastof all. Thcscwo mcn
cotrtinucthr task of kelpiDgthc boat [aad to saa,udtil lhey too ar.
ordcr€dout.Thc crtirr ctcwthcnrapiallyhcavclhc boatotrlo thcshorc.
In a vcryhcavyautfthcrcis a grr3t daDgcrprrsdtcd by thcundqrtow,
ehjch mey,wccpthc mcl out to scaandhurl thcmon to thc rc!-bcdin
lhc inahorcbrrrkaE. As loor as thc boat touchcsthcrcforc.tho wholc
crcw lhould lcap out atrd hcavcthc bort rapidly on to thc shorc.
Prcciscfiming is nccdcdfor this opcratioD,othcrwiscthc boat will
broach-toaDdthc mctrbc suckadout add idto thc braakc$,
ITIITNCHINGA LITEEOAT FROM A BEACII TIIROUGH SUnr
In a ligbt rurf thc oars shouldbc fittcd iDto thc crutchd .d laid
lcross thc guaf,'alcsrcadyfor immadiltc u!a. Thc crlw 3taticDthan.
sdvcaarouodthc hull aDdstandabrceslth.n rcspactivclhl'art3. Thc
boat is quicklylautrchadand thc bo*mcn immcdirtclyboerdthc boer
483
THE SHIP'SBOAT
and k.rp hrr bor&on to thc 6!as.Tha othcrsthcnjurnp in quicHy,in
pain, workitrgfrom foresrd ro eft. A3 cich peir bosrd!, thcy uscthcir
oar! to hold Oc boat in attitude hst of sll, thc co$wrin bor.ds aad
thc crlw pull atrotrglyout to aaa.
Thc bost shouldcoDthucat s@ throuShthc aurf, thc oa$ncn
holdiag*rtcr ody whco a wlw ir brcating wcUahald, Thaitlariag
oar is agaiDusadto kalp th. boatst right angld to thc wrvo.ttrc.
I! a vcry hcavysurf tlc procadurcis rimihr, cxcapttblt a! !oo! r!
thc bort ir wat rbomattc crlw juDp itr togcth.r8!d givr wayttrotrgly,
Agrid, ptrcisr timilg i Dca*saryto prcvclt thc boet from bciDg
broachcd.to.ID cachcala thc ard ofs wavccl,slclhould bc chosctrra
thc iastaatfor laurchi!8.
ATPNOACHINGA IOCTY SHOTE
Hdr thc bort is uscdcithcrto lasd thr ctaw,whoihcn di!pa.!c witt
thc boat,or .hc to cEbart Foplc from rhc lhorc.
Th€ boatshouldapprorc.htl& baachh.adingbos!.out. Thc anchor
shouldbcl.t !p wharlvdl outlidc rhclimit of thcbrcekcrs,andthcbort
thq! bacls in towar& thc baacb,strcamiogtha ancho!rvarp.Wtco
about half-wsy iBhorr from th. a[choaalplhc hold of tha lnctor
shouldbc tcatcd.Ifit brrak out tha paocadut!lvill hal&to barcFatrd
uniil e luitablcholditrggouud is foutrd.Thas$okr oa$ncn aglitr lccp
. 3harplookoutfor rock!, and whcnthcrcer. i! aiShlthc enchorwarp
i! sccurcd.Thc cilw continucto gctrdybeck wEtcr,thu! holdilg thc
boat iD Dositio!, ehilc lhc pcrsonsashoGcltcr thc boat, catafuUy
watchioSit! motio! bcforcthcy choorcthcii instmt of boardi!8. Tba
trsk will bc nladcaasiaa if atr oarlmal'juDps out atrdhol& thc stcrn
st adyby Daaa!ofa pairtcr. Orcc thc bort b loadcdit cadbc bovcout
to tha alchor, ald thc bttd wcighcd,
Ifuailg a ootor-boatthcrr is tro rcrsoDs,hythc opproaahtbouldtrot
bc madc bowr-od to thc ,horc, providd fha& arc Sood sccuriog
arrangpmcnt3 aft for tha ancborwrrp.
MAN(EtrynlNG II,oNGSIDE A SHIP AT SEA
!f lhc v.sscli! I w&ck or dcrclict thc approsc.hshouldbc dada a!
dcscribcdin Chrptcr D(.
For a lormsl approachthc box6 aad stain of thc sbip atould bc
svoidcd,sircc thcrr will bGcxcaaaiva $Pi at tharclocalitic..Thc bdt
placcfor thc lrldirg will bc rougblyaDidlhipr oa ttc lcc !ida. Cft.t
calr shouldbc takcato avoid thc paoFll.. atrs ofa twificrcw ship,
sincaOc vc$cl day bcusiDgb.f angiaa!avada! &a boEtmovcacloscio.
A bort-roF will bc rigg.d ov.r6i& loSrthd with.mplc fctrdcrsrtrd .
Lddcr. If thc lhip is pitchi!8 thi. motio! will bc f.lt lc$t Nlonglidcth.
TIIB SRIP'S BOAT
rd&hiP3 scctio!. Shouldthc vc.lcl havca projcctitrgrubbingstrakcor
bsod,clorcto thawa&r lcvcl,atroar maybc h.ld vcnicallyagsinstthi!
and lhc boat'sgulwalcwbil. aloDgsidr.Thfuwill prcvcDtanycharcr of
thc gu rdc .atchioguldcmcath thc rubb.r.
f,il -F\dl
it'/ r ,1-
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I
i i l i l
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Er ill+
iL Jnlrl
o >-<? vli ' rll q
fit z=':7 t!
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Ip
i t, --I
1i i.l- o+
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ll
&+
THE SHIP'SBOAT
loping oo thcjib lufr aclsin thesemewayasa forestay,
Thc mastlravcllcris sihply a meralring slidirg on thc mast.Forged
in to thc ring b a hook projcctiagdownwsrdsand ao cyeprojcctiog
up*!rdr. T[c cycis sccurcdto th. rnaiohalliads aodthcbookis prsscd
througl th..st op o! lhc yard,lc5vingth. lugsailrtady for hoistin&
Thc h.ad of thc mainsailis bcato! to thc yardby mcansofpcxk and
throat LahioSr or car-rings,passadthrough ttc pcak aDd throat
c.itr816.Tbc rcmeindcrofthc hc{d Eay b. sccurcdby trcansofa spiral
lacingpsircd sroundthc yardaDdlhroughthc cyclcbworkcdiolo thc
sail.Thfuha3thc disadva[ta8pofc3nying awaythc majo.ityof thc sail
hcadifoDc pan of thclacingchafcsthrough.A prcfcrablc&rra[glmcnt
is lo uscsrpa.otaaloF for cachcyclct,assho\min lhc illuatratioo.
Thc aail Eust alwaysbc carcfullyhaddledaDdmeintei&d; pcriodic-
elly at !ad,thcyshouldb. unrolkd andhungup to ait, makin8surr that
thcy arcsuficicndysecu.rto pr.v€ntthcmflappingabou!.Thcyshould
trcvcrbcslowcdewaywct,andall taacas of saltmustb€waslEdofl$ith
firah \ratar, bcfor€thcy arc dricd aDdstowad,A closcwntchmu3tbc
t.pt for sigls of mildcw.
Nc* cottoaduckor canvassajlsshouldbc run-inat an carlyoppor-
tutrity, sitrcclhcy strctchcoDsidcrably whcnncw,Thc boat shouldbc
raiLd on e bridt, sunnyday, rcachilg m a Spndcor light brcczc.
Baatirglhould Dotbc attcmptcdod this 6rst rn Aflcr eboutthrcc or
four hoursof fgu.!-of€ighl rrachin& thc sailsshouldbc suficicndy
stretch.dfor clG.-hauling.Ncithcr thc halliatdsDo. lhc r:ck lashing
shouldbc too tigbt, othcrwisathe luf will strctchmorcthanlhc lcrch.
Thc pc-aklashiDgshouldb. codtiDurllysdjustcdto lakc up thc slacl
forning in thc bcad.Tha sail shouldnavcrbc rccfcdurtil it hrs bc.n
propcrlystr.tchcd.
Dirty srib day bc lighdy scrubbcdwilh frcsh, soapywatcr, ctr-
dcavouringalwr'5 ro kccpsucha solutionoftarrcd roping.Whcodry,
tha ,rils shouldbc foldcdawayid thrir covcrs;thc b.st w'y of doiDg
ttb futo lay ttc rril f,atandfully cxtcndcd,but trot on a saDdyor gdttt
sufacc,pleccthc lutradd lcrcb atoDgth. yard,Sialhcrup lhc bidt of
tb. !.il h a roll, aadlighily stopit to th. ",rrd with ropcyems.
S.rdq li. S.ib
Thc stsdiag lwr.il .hould bc hoistcdwilh t[c yard slrop siturt d
about onc-third of thc lcDgthof lhc yard rbeft thc rhtost. Thc lufr
ltould bc rct ligbt and thc tack la3hingbovclaut until a ctlalr juat
bcginsto ruo downfroE rbc pcak,th€ crqlc latcr disappcaritgwb.n
lh. lril 6I! witb witrd.
Thc lugrail 3houldprcfdably bc hobtld o! lhc l@ lidc ofthc mast,
hravhg thc balliar& taut on thc l|,ndlurd aidcto as to providcdtra
.uppoit lo rh. msst.Thcjib shouldbc hoistcdwith thc lutr ti8ht, rdd
489
THE SHIP's EOA1
thc lcad of thc shcct!6houldb. ,uch thrt s contbuatiotrof thc liDc of
th. sh.ctwill biscctthaengl. et lhc clcw.Whcdthc Ealt b lstcr sto*rd
it is surpdsiDghow tatr8lcdthc rigghg catrbcconc,and it i! a! wrll to
hy all thc li!.!, rhroudr,erd hallardr rloDgthc full ldSlh of thc nr.t
io tha Icvcrscordcr to thrt iu which thay arElct up. Thcy u€ tt o
lightly stopp.dto thc mastwith ropcyatn!, vhi:h c.ttr.$ily bc c{t
Thc jibdhcctrhould bc sdjustcdso thrt thc viDd c.n F$ f.!.1,,
batc/acnit eadthc lcc sidaof lha oaitrleil, lhu! qrating r prcssutrdrop
b.bind thc mai ail. ThcjitEhrct nsy bc bchyd at tincs, hiutit it rE-
wiscto do this wilh tbc main5hcrtudc!. tj&mbing cLst it providcd.
ltrEniit ih. Bo.t
Fig. lt.4 shorv!rhaactiotrofa vind or thc.sil of. bo!t. Itr thaupFr
illurtration thc bost i! clo.chaulcd,ST rrpllsctrB thc thtuit of li€ eitrd
q!gC.!!J.rL
D..6rtog.!d U .rrfttog
Tha banh lhould alwalr bc approrchcdh.ad to witrd, lor€rir8 thc
sa& h amplctimc. Ovcr-rutrringcadbc prrvcntcdby usiagfull ruddcr
or bdckingthc foEsail. Wlrtr bcdtilg with rh€ wiDdaft, it is bctt6 to
ruD iD oo thc jib aloF.
UnbcnhiDgi! uludly dolc hc.d ro eitrd, brckingthcjib sors to cart
ofr on ttc 6r!t t!ck, clc$ of thc bcnh.
Acdd..a.
lf. crrv inrmbcr fdk ov.nid., whcnr.ching or bclti!8, put thc
hcln up and *,cer thc boot rould ro leward of thc msn. Thc boat
.hould tbcnbaatup toward,him, comht into thc wind'scycat thalrlt
moEcnt.Ifthc boat is alrcadyrunDinsshcahouldbc luficd up o! thc
radc tsct aad brou8hlinto thc wiad'scy. closcto t[c mad.
fb Ur of 6. S.a{r.[or
Thtui u!€do.iDly ro k .p th. bo6thc.d to wind and!.. by 3tr..d-
ing it frod thc bow!, loerriog thc aeih. It may dlo provavrluabla
vh.o rulnilg bcforcr vcry hc{vy ..a, 3inccit! d.sg Gfr.ctwill prwclt
thc bort from surftrg sad broacbing-to.
Thc lca-aachorb a coaicalcanvasbag,oFo et both cDdr,Ib la.gcr
c!d, or oouth" fac.r Oc boet and is kcpt op.o aithcr by mcanaof .
gelv&ilad-iro! hoop or by iro! tprcsdcB.Thc ulc of thc.c aprc.dcrt
cosblq lha ,.a-archor to bc foldcd0at whcntrot in usc.A bddl6 ratr|
from tba mouthto thc ..{-strchor Ylarp,wbichb e hcrvy msdls lirc of
lctrgth cqud to thrl timca thc bost's lcnlth, A light trippilg litrG,
4 m lorg.r th.tr thc warp, is sccurcdto thc t&il of thc sc{-anchor. I2ft
Thatrippitrglinc b uaadto tutu thc cadva.bagio lhal it r0ayrasilybo
loxrcdbdct to tba boar.
It ir iEportart to tlalilc that i! a grlc of witrdthc bostmaystill Dalc
a corsidcrablcl.€ driG pcrhrpsup to 2 knot!.
Fromthc stitutory spcci6c.tio$ for s .cr-srchor, it msybc !.sr thlt
thc mouthdiamcEr is approrimstclycqualto r! of tha lcngth of thr
boat'swatcrlinc.The l.ngrh of thc b8gis roughlyon. &ndc half tim.s
493
THE SHIP'S DOAT
the mouth diamcter,while thc tail snd moulh diamctcNarc ncatly in
thc ratio ofonc to cight.
A d.oguccsn elso bc provid€dby towinge buckct,or a jib havinga
bridlc rigged frorn its corners, thc clcq/ ll/cighlcd, aDd a ls-cm holc cut
in the ccntrc of thc surface.
MOTOR-BOATS
Thcsc should gEocrally b€ handlcd as descriH i! Chaptcr 3, fo!
largr vessch.Thcir enginesshould be frcquently ovcrh.ulcd, for thcy
arc callcd upon to run at full power fot loDg pcriods, idlc alongsidc
gang*ays for scvcralmirutos at a timc, and ar. usually glvcn litd. timc
to warm through.
Whcn starting thc engine thc maker's r.commcndations should bc
followed closcly. The oil lewl should be chcckcd, thc circulating.watcr
syst.m v€otilatedand floodcd,and lhe cDgiocallowcdto warm uP at
half revolutions for a little while beforc using full po*ar. It is most
important to check thc f,ow ofoil and circulating watct ttcforr lcrving
thc b€rth. The corEct gradc of sump oil must bc us€d, othcrwisc ax-
tr€mcly dimcult staning, not to mention cxccsiivc wcat may ttc c.x-
pcricncrdin cold conditioos.
Whcn lcaving thc moto.-boat, all valvcs and controls should bc lcft
in tha nak€r's rccommcndcdpositions, othcrwiSc an cmcrgpDca$8rt
may bc impossiblc,If anything unusull is notic€d rcgtding thc conttols,
of if thcy ar. not left in thc starting positio$, r lotc ahould bc Llt
attachcd to thc throttlc l€vcr.
Ncvcr racc thc cDgire in nautral. It lha cssc of Dcsal anginrs, th?
msximum power and revolutions arc controllcd by gowmots, aDd
adjustmcotato thcs. should lcver bc medc without thc pctmissio[ of
thc Duty Engine€r. Any cxtra powcr 30 Saincd will usudly bc at thc
cxpcnscofwcer and po$iblc breakdown.
ihc cr€l, should b. traincd to watch for: owrhcating; darkcning
cxheust; IabourinS; alterations in cnginc notc nol duc to throtdc adju6t_
mcDts; cxc€ssivevibration ; slrong smcllsfrom r credncDginc:lc.kag! of
oil or fu.l: an incrcas. io thc oil lcrcl, which may bc causcdby watcr id
thc sump; a smcll of p€trol vapour in thc bilgar, and clutch sup-\r,hich
should bc rcpaircd immcdiat€ly. All thcs. arc wami[g sigla ttrd must
not bc igDored.
Thc baat should avoid sandyot muddy water, thc perticlc! susp€ndcd
thctrin tcdding to chokc th. circulating syst.m. Firr .xlinguishrr!
should b€ testcd rEgularly aDd the cngitrc covcr kcpt on st all titnca,
cxccpt whcn r.pairs or adjustmcnts arc madc, It is most imPorbnt to
kcct sah water from cntcting thc clcctricrl istitioD systcmof a pctrol
cnBanc.
494
CHAPTERXIX
THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTORAL
EXA M INATIO N- FOR EI GN.GOING
Ch$.3 3, a, 5
The rigging of ships.Methodsof ascerlainingthe proof and safe
working loads of ropes, including syntheticfibre and wire ropcs.
Riggingpurchases and a knowledgeof the powergainedby lheir use.
Knots, b€ndsand hirchesin commonuse.Seizings, rackings,rop€ and
chain stoppcrs.Splicingplaircd and multi-srrandedmanila and syn-
thelicfibrc ropcsand wiaerop€,with st cl referenc€to currcntpractice.
Slinginga stage.Rigginga bosurt chair 6nd pilor ladder.
Prcparations for gcttingundcrway; duliesprior lo proceeding to sea,
makingharbourand cntcringa dock. Berthingalongsidcquays,j.trics
or othcr shipsand securingto buoys,with spccialr.fcrenceto tbe after
cDdof thc ship. Dulics of oftccrs in pon.
Hclm orde$. Conningthc ship. Effcct of propcllerson the st€€ring
ofa ship. Slopping,goingasternand manocuvring.Turning a power-
drivcn vesselshort round. Emergencymanoeuvres. Man overboard.
Anchorsand cablcsand their useand stowage.Bringinga ship 1o a
singleanchorin an cmeigency.
Knowledgcof thc use of all deck appliancesincluding €mergcncy
stccring gaar. I.M.C.O. watch-kc€pingprinciplcs. Usc and upkccp
of mcchtnicallogsand soundingappliances.
Usc and careof rockctand line-rhrowingapparalus.
Usc and careof ljfe-savingappliances.
Bcnding,s€tlingand rakingin lifeboatsails.Sta.tinga compression-
ignilion cngine.Managementof boarsuoderoars,sail and powq and
495
D , o , T . O R A L E X A M . - F O R E I G N - G OI N C
in hcavy wcathcr. Rccoycring boats at sa. BcachinSor landitS.
Survivalprocedurein liferaftsor lifeboats.
Usc and careof fire appliances includingrh. smokchclmctand s.lf-
containedbreathingappa.alus.
A full knowledgeof rhe content aod applicationof thc Collision
Rcgulaiionsand the Annexe to the Rulcs. (Cardidstcs will nol bc
placedin the positionof handlinga sailingvessal.but will bc cxp€cted
to rccognisca sailing ship's lighrs end lo hav€ a knowlcdgr of hcr
possiblcmanoeuvrcs accordingto the directionofthc wind.)
Distrcssand pilol signals;penalliesfor th€rrmrsuse.
Kllowlcdg! of D.o.T. M.rchanr Shipping Noticts and Admiralty
Noticcs to Ma ncrs. British snd I.A.L.A. Buoyagc systcms. Wrcck
ma.king. Codc of Safc working kacticcs.
Clilr 2
The handlingof heavyweightswith sp€cialrcfcrenceto thc typc and
strengthof gear us€d,
The useand car€ofall deckand aboveicck appliances and fittings
including winches.capstans,windlasses, davils. fairleads,emerg€ncy
stecringgcaraod filtings usedbclweeflanchorand cablclockcr.
Different typ€s of anchors.Their adventagcsand disadventtS.s.
Cablesand thcir care. Preparationsfor anchoring.Anchoring with a
singleanchorand rhe useof the sccondanchor.Clcsringfoul anchor
and foul hawle.Archoring in a tidewayand confincdspacc.Mooring.
Hangingoff ancbors.Ercakingand slippingcables.
Cclting underway.
Carryingout anchorsin boats.
Efrcct of current. wind. shallowsand draught on manocuvring.
Manocuvringin rivcrs and harbours.Bedhing alongsidcrnd lcaving
quaysaDdoil rerminals,with or without thc us€of tugs.
Managgment of shipsin heavy\reather.Mcansto cmploy to kccp a
disabledor unmanageable vesselout of thc trough of thc scaand to
lessenthe le€ drift. Handlinga disabledship. Extta prccautionsto bc
lakcn bcforethe onsetof bad wcathcr,
oudine kdowledgcof thc rcgulationsconccrninglifc-savingand fire
Cl.5r I
ExccDtionalcircumshdccs.Loss of ruddcr and/or prop.llcr. Jury
stccrini. Action followingcollisionor sustainingdam&gpof any kind.
Action followinggrounding.Mcthodsof rcioating.S$rvcyssubscqucnt
to rcfloeting.Ecachinga ship.
Stcpsto bc takcn whcn disabl€dor in dist.css. Prcs.rvation ofpasscn_
gcrs and crcw. Abandoningship. SuNival proccdurc.Abtndoning a
*.cckcd shiD. Communicationwilh lh. shore. Usc of rockcts and
rockctspparatus.Asshlinga ship or aircraftio distress.Use of dircc_
lion for homingon lo a casually.
Rcs.uing crcw of a disabledship or dilchcd aircmft. Launching
accidcnt boats.
Bad *cathcr manocuvrcs. Paccautions at anchorand al sca.Thc usc
of oil for smoothing the sca. AnchoiinS, and working anchorsand
cablcs in all circumsbnc€s.Approachi.g riv.rs tnd harbours and
manocuvringthcrEin. Approachingof-shore loading points under
oDcn-sca conditions.Towing and bcinglowed
'Drydocking.
Ccneral proccdurcand precautionsto be obscrved.
Disrributionof wcight. Drydockingwilh full carSofor inspcctionof
propcllcKend shafting.Bilgc blocks.Leavingthc vcsselwaterbornc.
Puninginto port with damageto ship and/orcargofrom both business
and tcchricalpoinlsof view.Safeguarding of cargo.
Prcvcntionoffirc at scaand in port. Methodsus€dand aclion takcn
to prcvcntfirc spread.Full knowtedgeof the use,and prccaulionsin
us€,of 6re applisnccs.
Methodsof pestcontrol and fumigationof holdsand living spaces.
safcguardsin useoflhese methods.
Thc Collision Rcgulstions and buoyagcss for Class 3
Rrdio-tclcphony.Knowlcdgcof disl.essand safctycommunication
proc.duE on R/T distrEs- and callinS-frequcncias as indicalcdin lhc
IntcrnationalCodeofSignsls and the Post Office Handbook for Radio
Omc€rs.
Portablcradio equipment.Preparationand use of portablc radio
cquipmcnras uscdin lifeboarsand liferafts,includingthc ercctionof
acrials.Knowl.dgcof facilitiesand frcquencicsprovidcd.
Port radio information. Knowlcdgcof the type of serviceto aid
vcssclscntcringportsandaslis!in berthingasindicatcdin lhe Admiralty
List of Rrdio Signals'Port RadioStalionsand Pilot Vcsseh"
497
INDEX
Ab.ndoningehip,l4l. 162.474
b o l l ,1 9 , 2 3
divinsowrbodd, 182 b.ll,lE.2l
bowc.,2, 4, 14,160,lEl
Abbr.vialios. ch.rt, 301
A'Gkbill. r.. Amho.
Adrninlt, patt..n, I
lr8L of rotation of had, 2 ddin8,3t
49
INDEX
Anchor (.drd) AnPlins
sccond,22,l? liftinr r.3r, 3t3, 380
s.cu.ing, 18 Andc
shackl., 6, 8, 9, I I dnft, 59
she. at, 20 rotation of achor hc.d, 2
shc.t,2 Anli-
siz.,1,2 ai.craftnring,355
slcpin3,17 tolling paint,253
sp.r. b@cr, 2 fte,llz
iphcrcs.| $orbutid,29l
rprading oil at, l9l A|6, pr&tic. or firina,36,1
$.biht of, l,2,4 Armingladlirc, 445
stctcd, 1,9 Anificialhori2on,ll5
Srok.r,4-6, lEl Ashorc,running,ltl
i(.ln, r.. k.dg. Asistane
survcyof, 24, 263 lrom aircr.ft, 122
swingingroon a1,19,3? rcndding,126,IEE
t6t eninor.,9 Asgiador, $lvag., I7l
t6ts,9 Auto-al.m. 119.325,3.16.371
thrcat, re trcnd Autom.tic EI.e h@li, 116
tNine, 160 Aenina(t. 1E6,206,242,284
rransiiberinss at,20 sp.B, 194,205
trcndof,3, l0 4rc, f.llins, 32
luhing on,2?, E9,105
r y p . s .1 , 2 , 4 , 3 4
u* d s.r anchor.2G.210
us d cond,22. 37 B&t
u* in mancuvdnS,27,69.88.r r"a. anglc,I 15
us. in l.nd.d, 164 _rci8ht 8Ear.'l0O
u* in usroundint, 164 BakinS,r.? Archor
variousp.ns, l,I Bad 9gtho
verina.sbl. Nr.22 at amhor,20,22
Mlkjl8 b@k, 14 tt s,204
eashins.2,13 B.ll, r.. Archol
eatchcs.2o Ballasrcondition,152
wishins, 2, 22,!0 B.ltic m@r,4l
without windlrss, 30 B.nd, gavity, 2
*ilhts of, l,2, l0 Bank
ya*ing at, 20 cosbion,67, 69
Archorine sudion.67,69
at hish sp..d,24 B.ach
ctrtins whcn,l7 for b.a.hin8,177
from aft, 12 dep. sshoiin8 ncrr,26
in. currcnt,17 Baching
in a *ind, l? a lit bo , $l
in d..p e.rc., 16,l7 av(tl. l,142,171
in ie. 116 bow on, 178
n.3. a dau.r, 24 holdl6t3. 179
lrd a st.cp b€.h,25 stcrn on, l?E
on a !hol, 24 Bedngt
t rms,14 qois, 19,20
to sinSlctnchor,16 tra$ii,2o
u. of b.ll, lE B.h.viour of v.gl in h.avy r.1 200,
of windtass,l0 201
500
INDSX
Lll B@hirg to, 202
nrhorins, lE, 23 Brought-up,14
for indi6ti4, l4l Build-upofh., l17
for tim-t .ping, 252 Bulth6d
.i|ndtins rD$$tui 3al colLg:a l4l, la7
B.ndr colltuion,142
h riv6, 6E,59 thorina uD, l/12,l5O
auldoS grips,,137
LnhinS Auuropc,33,4Ol
in. wind, 7E,90 .r sr.
in c.1ru, 75, E7., 6t. erdind t|l$l(s, 296
in cwda, 66, 77, E6 di.ccrion of, 2qt
lo 3tqtr m@tin8s,45 lrtcirl rurt3, 295
* a&, Prrcticrl ship hrndling s.fc *dcr rllrta 296
A*t in icc I l0 sp.cirl tns*!, 296
BiB, proFllq, ,2 typ€ of buoyi, 296
Bidt ofroF,415
EilF BtimiinS lo$ of, l?2
blct!, 260
limt,n,209 r6rc!in8, 114,taE
linL,6, I0
locLr, 13,261 nbrew.d for, 442
fi!ln..9r@6ng, 4,12
sndinS of, 442
hcrinsbonin8. 4,13
p.inting' :143
nipFd,16
o&tin8,lE
r.qin8, 12,14,263
rc-mrrkns, t2, 26J
tablins, a4l
Cargo
s t u d s , 61, 2 d.ngcrous,3:16
drydcking *ilh, 260,269
p.rmc.bilitt of. 147
shiftins. 201
w€r gnin, 20t, 237
w.t wood pulp, 205,23?,34t
a44,lll
c.sri4 of
C.llina lbc matcr, 283,286
CrlIni ship\ h.3d, 17
b.nhin8 in, 87 ., r.q. Cal.mry of lowlinc, 217
s..1lringro buoysin, 76 c.qlkina d6ks, 414
C.ution,mvigitinawirh,3?E
C.tvirs ol b.r8r, l$, I l0
ctr cr on hmdlira, 66, 68
us of, l l l, l4t
C.ntr. ofprcrsurc, ltt
542
INDEX
Dunrina.otnpdrrati l/t2
..tc ofnoodiry, l:12
d.riri!.tion.x.mpion. 27E R.tubtioo!, 301;Annd, 333
lo.dlin ,270 sh..r.d riva3, l,!l
lrlay,274 sho.ins dbr, 142,150
i..mnhircss, 145,lt3 tdDDonry .!Drir!, liK
Chrfc in liftins 8..t, 38? ur. ofconprcre.d rir, 118
Ch.in utc ol corqrlc, laE
c.bl., 6, 12 Combwrion, rDod|n.otll, 23, z0
24l
lockcr. ll. 263
c.rd, 331
Ikgi.tcr, 3El id.rflltc,17
rr4rEtic, !t?, 370
3plic., a2E runbcr ori.d, 359
.ro'D.r,42 ConDBr.d.ir, e of, ltlE
CoBEL, mirir8, l4E
CndB for havint L.d, 446 Conrin8 rh! 3hip, l l !, 2EE
Conuin 13,lifcmfl, l3t
r.uc,6E Cotp.. wi.. rop., ,13,1
vburl,6E Corrl,176
Ch.n rbbpi3tioa, 301 Codr8., lmdl, P RoF
Chc.t! of 8yn, 391 Cour!. rlo.r.lioB in ic., I 14
CLs, &vil!, 15,219 Coun rulin$ on ndr, 330
Clanirg Cm., det,393
udl 16
vB$l ir drydocr, 251,265 rrd.frrlion of, lE3
Clc.r rscu. f.om welq IEE
bqrir!! $ .nchor, 19
Cldin8
crolcing, tunint r.t5, 36E
Cruldr of lFrn 390
.nchoring in, 17
bcnhiry in, 56, 86
clo$ins, rhdonins !hip, lE3 clc.rin! buoy. in, El
Cst ddio n tioE, I 19 drift,20€
Coilin8 cffet or hndlina, 65
s.drrina lo buoysiI' 77
3lr!'l|rh in riv.6, 6t, 69
Col|nn n unb.rihinr in, 66, 85
.!.rrk!rin8 ship, lal
Cut 3plic., /t2l
CycLs,rf.vc, 20, lE2
bulthc.d, 142
n@diry in, 142 contol aF.r.lll, 143., s4.
ml!,lll,143 dE lo @llkion,142
Mr.rc.l dutt in, 142,2ll h6w wrth.r, l5l
pouDdinS,152
b hr!ch6, l5l
503
I N DE X
moor€.tship., 74
n.no* entmn6,7l
Gdmhinr pi.c roF, 432 otoFlbt,52 d pq.
G.n8uy, !s jury ruddcr, IJJ riE6, 66, 69
ic..w rc, 55
b.hrviou. ot 3hiF. 200,2Ol ihlllos,6l,66
m..!.ncy 3i8nal,474 sid6lip.5E
Cirdins (sinins) a trs 73 skid,J8
tt.mway, ,7, 62
Goblin , 73
Go8, 3i8.allin8,Yl
lein s.rc*, 26, ,2, 54, J7, 59, 62,
154
wakccurmt,5S
t169,
davit,:161, 4?0 wind,62
.nl..itg a dock,71,105
holding,4,19 in dmination,75
r.ctl.. havira on. l5t in haq *srh.r. 203
lryira,159 lcrving a dock, 106
m. ov.rb@rd,196
Dracticll shiP,?6 ., r.4-
Groondirs, r?. Str.ndins, r.. ale priociptd of, 5t .r J"a.
s.curins to b.nhs, ,15,66, 76, 86,90
s.curin! to buoYs,75 .r t q , E5
cuillotin., !6, 219 ro*in8, ll5,214 ", r.4.
tuminr thc v6sel,27.6J,E9,104,106.
Ctpsy,windl.s, 29,l0 m3,M
501
INDEX
H.rbour, hunicn. in, 22
H.lch6, dstna$ ro, l5l
rctionwh.r b.sct,llJ
ro, I t4, 204 &tion qh.'r nipp.d, I 15
Hori2o.,.niftirl, ll5
ri8aini, | 54
sithing of, ll2, lll
us. of, 112,lJ3
slob.I I I
K.d8.. r.. Anchor
K.lvin soundint nachinc 4,lE
smotcfos in, l12 Kcrch,3?2
spccifc snvny of, 109 K.rina ddie. ..dio. l19
surlitrl of b.r$, lO9
fiG-68hlin8&sr, 249,255
smckcd.t.clors, 252,265
Kirts in eir. rop., 415
Tncl A8lEffii, 109 Kit , sur!ivor.',125
ue of whbtlcin, ll2 in rop., 414., ,.9.
vulMbilily of rcwr,ll4 sF.d unit,tl50
!r8.ncy. l2l,124
Inr.llialnc.,Lloyds,I 19 eblc, 16,l8
atoundt ctlc, 16l
lint,7
Fllct,7
Cod. of Si8nal5,343
Icc Parrcl,109,u? stoppinsGquiPftnt, l l l. ltl9
lllviir
SlnnsryR.8ul.tioni,278,281 bcnhs, 65, El
I n*.rd-llming $rc$, 54,t7
509
INDEX
htiod3, lE4, 185.473
runinS in a qind,48J,492
srils. 4E7-90
difr, t90,203,208 3.3anchor.472,485,491-2
m.kin8a, 125
shor., 20E
M..t, |73,212
LcnSth
numb..ca.ri.d,469,470
aba.doningshipi., 182,474
numb.rc.ri.d, 469.4?0
3hip6,lntcmition.l. 2?0
coftlnl]nh|liot with 3hiF. 128 suhdivhion,273
dinrss olft, 127
Liibcvsi.lr, 370 tck Gnrrunct, cffcct of. 7l
mmmu0i6rioD wirh 3hip., l28 tatinS splie,44l
Loc
lid! f.uly, 36E
of roF, lOE., s?
Notic6, IlE,344
rudd.r,l5l M.rhyl bronidc, zEl
Mild.t h roPG, {13
lif.bo!L. lE9, 480 MincfiGl&, 370
Ballic,4l
irin8,4l
Mcditcr.tren, 45
strndin&l9
rniShr, 19
mi$in! p.6o ,l99 MooEd 3hlo,Prssingt 74
Dro<.duF. l9t, 492
3i8uls, l13, 195
di3!dvrnt!s6,l?
lin6,85,347,412
Mr . drna.r, !9
Mrnut ct|lrc of rop6 .nd Pir6, lo7. st.h ro, a5, 89 .r rtq., 96
112 stl.33 in c:bl6, 35
to buoF, 76.r rrt
draught,262 Moto. bo.l, r.t Lifcbo.t
MousinsI hook,425
N.trow cnr.nc.s, 7l
duryin @llision,142,2ll
512
I N DE X
d.n&rr to, 2l I
$f., 3aE ord.n, standinS.281
Ordinary moor, l9
Out$rd-tumint s.rews,5l
Orcrboard,nl.D, l3l, l9t
Nc.dL! for crnv.s, 445 Ov.rh.ulint purchls, 30
Oxidltion in firc, 233
boddinS,125
drift, 369 Packia, cnrcring,lll
sc.tDbling,125,lE7
Nio, frBhint lh., 217
lnrifouli.g,261
in ia,ll0 covfiing pow.r, 264
NorrhArl.ntic,Irack Alrccm.tl, t 0 9 P.inr.r.lif.b@i.4t2
Nor und.r commandlights,321
@26
Pnctiqu. i{ruk, ,57 Qurd.inlal
&vin"m
sroD.t.,122
itr..s, lE4,alo.r sq, scrdrg, 1E9
Lrr.d,412,414,/tl5 S.iling
! lifcboat, aE5,aE?
thoroulhfoo{ns, 428
rhn -.rr.adcd, ,o8, 409
Sllt wat r, dtinkins; lE5
Salvi&
urkink.bL lrys, tlo9, 414 a8r.cftnt, 169,213,214
Al@i.rion,l7l
qu. ir, 3EO,aO6,413 l.C .5p6ts, 2I2
whippiD83,424 oFr.tor., la9, 160
Srmsn po6$, lE3
z-rwirt, aOT
buoyer Gk t, 132,199
s.izio& 426 m$-ovcrboard siF.l, 132
pistol$perdus, I3l
''spc.dlrE 131
"
516
INDEX
S.hooncr,372 S.wing erv.!, tl4J
Scopcof c6blc, 19 Sh.cklc
Scourinr. 169 anchor,5, E,9, I I
Scrmbliq nctr, 126,lE7 boll, ?
S.laint navilrtion li!h8, 35 fittinsto sblc.6
S$.win8 packic., lll fitrint to 8ypry. 9
jos8L. 3l
.ff.ct, J2 joinirs, 7, 12
lcfi-h.n&d, 52
posnionof, 2l
righr-hmd.d,52 Shafr
r$sec.!. thrurt. 52 int.rm.diatc, 30
rriplc,52
tein, 28, 52, 62, r54 tail-cndin ia, l14
.ffer of,51, 66
149
sh.arcdrivcrs,1,14,
r)p6,207
u* of. 153,207,209 br@kins.2l
of v.i*l ar anchor,20
undcr e.y. 61, 69
Sh.crlcF. 39o
S.!l! in ie. l12 Shc.t rochor, rrr Anchor
Ship
dis.bL{,lzt b.lt, indic.til. on, lE,21, l4l,242
not und.r comh.nd, 16l hrndlinaDriGipl6, 5l ./ J.{.
sisMb frcm, l2l, t2{ pr.cti.2l hddlinS, 75 .t t4.
toeing,16l Sho.l, anchori{ ner, z
ShG, dt.mporc gsr, 186
^it, t22
ard '*G (SAR), 294 ldgrh of, 150
S.awonhin63. Ccdifier. of, r15, u* of, l l l, l50
t13 Shorinsb!lth.ad5,142,lr0
Shon
splic.,431,439
S.izina
fllr,42t dbr..t, |21,127
r.cking,425 dttr6, llE, l2O,l2l
qpl6iE, 120
fu. ^lrn, ?43,252,414
Sctvas.c.trop,167,42E for, 156
l.l. *ming, 170
517
INDEX
518
INDBX
S!u& in c$l€, 6
Slcrn Sl(Elc&.a d.iri:lq 317
-bachiDr, r78 subdivilion loldlin ., m
-bo.rd, m Subli'mtioo,ll?
-forcNnodmvir nS,356 *tion whdrfl'|k, 126
li!h!, *r..nio& 33? crbk ,2E, 3J6 369
m@iD& 45, E9,94 9E €co.t rr...l, 35E
indiqti!8 po.itid, 126,35E
i.dic.lor hDy, 126,359
Fcrllirrilic. of, l@
ludlco, 126,3'9
$d&int.i!tth, 359
bow,16 19 Surf@ dy6, 125
sulfq; of ttip, 202
dt i4 422 su4iot, c.bk , 14
Suffv of .lchor! .nd c.blc.' 24
Survly lA. 2?2
toF,122 Surviv.l io bo{i, lEj
SLppilt h.r!, la9
Stormotl, lE9, 192 rirlnfi, 125,366
Stom$ 2ll di!6... 3isrdr, 125
qu..li.aiq; r25
lifcbdti, 471 r!.ov!fy hr hclicopt r, 123
lif.nfid 135 n oE of, l!, l&
twimmiry, lE2. 16?
s*irmb|
bdh, a5
Shirht moor, 39 tl|t'oqh oil rE3
$tudina SriDtirr
iction orr' 159.t rrq. iffi,ry2
.odD.! in ittdqq 160 tood ra||lcl|or, 19,!7
di$hrr. of crtao, I?0
lrndd pro@dur. 04 f?l Diichirt,201
byinr s!{rd t.clL, 159,161,173 rollin|; 153,2Ol
3ift.... i! u.LL, l1a
ulc of n|.!poe!(, U4
of othcr !hip., 170,U5 T.DoL! ic.tE|r' r09
of tut3, 161 Tdic.l di.t!.Lr, 59
T|il-.nd tluft iDic., rl4
Stram lrchor, @ Artchor, LdtE TrEot cbq.
crblc,l?
drliir, a60
loa,152 T.ll, bo.rd, 129
Tduit rDlia a1o
in cldo, 6 304 Tud.e, .r.hor. ia 167
in solmd it tlc, 174 T|ot t
bd|rviolf it riD4 64.210
inroF, 3E4.alo .r ,.t. dirt,|d, l3o,53
StdU k riq; r30
brcl, ltl5 urilt rccl(.tr,l3o, 363
Doirt. 218
Stroo .!d tolal, 16? buotrEY,4Tl
cL|nirt 276
519
INDBX
$DdyinA Dolrrr to top,
T||p$lidr" I52, aX 2N
r<ttL'{l.i 224
Tdqtiph ytll/ of oow'225
buot6, 356
crblB, 3r5 b.byiDt, 23
compo.it., 217
.odGroom, a5E,160 kurh of, 219
Tinld(.cpin8 s, 282
d@ldtio i.,I
dirmrq of, 59
drifi.nd.,I
cooncctiq up, 177,219 ctr .1 of cu.rcnt, 65
cfi..t of lin, @
ffitirS3, srEosth of, 2lE €trc.t of losdins, 59
illumiEtirg . toq 224 .fcct of itrm, 60
i! ic., ll5 fq twin-..Ew .hip, 58
p6th of, 5E
lif.bot,4E !.cric.l di.trr.acr, 59
lidt!, 224,361 tint ro comtLt , J9
lot, ail
T$n-!.i!e rhiF, 28, J2, 54, 57, 59, 52
tumina circlc, 59
Twin., 415,rlzt3
ftquircd pull, U5, 2r9
.lipping rhc roP, 225 UHF ndio, 12,
5N
INDBX
U .rthiDt dnlloP.fiGct, 5t, 56
in i c|ltrm!, 65, El, E6 sky in ic, I 12
h r vind, EI,99, l0l u!. in frcfshlitu, 232
frictiond, J3
D6thin8 in, 90 ., !.4.
cL.rinS buoysin, El
w.rDin! b.frl 30, 32 €ficcrof h.ndliry, 62
w.nhi9., 269,363,369 f€rchof, 2@
522
I S B N0 - 1 1 5 - 1 5 3 7 2 - 7
til1flilililr
ilil11
g 740115 153720t