PROCEDURE

1.Firstly take a 14 gauge copper straight copper

wire.
2.Bend one end of copper wire into a shape like
‘U’.
3. Turn the jar upside down onto the cardboard,
and trace a circle around the opening.
4. Cut out the circle and punch a small hole in its
center with a pencil.
5.Take a piece of aluminium foil and draw a small
leave structure with fat as penny lower end and
on the upper end make it thinner.
6.Now cut two of these and make a hole at the
top of both foils.
7.Take remaining aluminium foil and crumble and
scrumble it into a nice round shape to make the
collector.
8. Carefully push the wire through the hole, straight
end first.
9.Now add some insulative tape on the wire and
cardboard to stick them permanently.
10.Take the aluminium foil ball and carefully push onto
the top of the wire or instead of using aluminium foil
ball you can simply coil up the upper end of copper wire
to increase the surface area.
11.Take the two aluminium foil leaves and enter it to
the clips ‘U’ bend part through the holes in the foil.
12. Finally take the cardboard containing aluminium
ball and leaves inserted to it through wire and put it on
the mouth of a plastic jar and tape it.
13. Rub the plastic comb or balloon against your hair or
clothing (wool works best), and hold either one close to
the aluminium foil ball.
 Explanation
An electroscope shows the attraction and repulsion of
electrical charges. In all electrical activity, like charges
repel and opposite charges attract. When you rub the
comb, friction causes a positive charge to build up in
the plastic. When you hold the positively charged comb
near the aluminium foil ball, the comb attracts
negative charges which move up through the wire so
that only positive charges remain in the aluminium
strip. Since both ends of the strip now have the same
charge, the ends of the strip flay apart.
 INTRODUCTION
The gold-leaf electroscope was developed in 1787 by
British clergyman and physicist Abraham Bennet. It
consists of a vertical metal rod, usually brass, from
the end of which hang two parallel strips of thin
flexible gold leaf. A disk or ball terminal is attached
to the top of the rod, where the charge to be tested is
applied. To protect the gold leaves from drafts of air
they are enclosed in a glass bottle, usually open at the
bottom and mounted over a conductive base. Often
there are grounded metal plates or foil strips in the
bottle flanking the gold leaves on either side.When
the metal terminal is touched with a charged object,
the gold leaves spread apart in a 'V'. This is because
some of the charge on the object is conducted through
the terminal and metal rod to the leaves.Since they
receive the same sign charge they repel each other and
thus diverge. If the terminal is grounded by touching
it with a finger, the charge is transferred through the
human body into the earth and the gold leaves close
together.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. SMALL PLASTIC or glass jar
2. ALUMINIUM FOIL
3. CARDBOARD
4. COPPER WIRE
5. TAPE
6. PENCIL
7. SCISSOR
8. PLASTIC COMB
 USES OF GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE
 To detect a charge on a rod 'A' or 'B' bring the
rod near to the metallic disc or cap of the
electroscope.In either case the leaf diverges as
shown in the diagram

EXPLANATION
(a) shows what happens when a rod 'A' with a positive
charge is brought near the cap. Electrons are
attracted and get accumulated on 'C'. This leaves
positive charges on 'L' and 'M'. The repulsion caused
by the leaves diverges them. When the rod 'A' is taken
away the electrons get distributed and hence the
leaves close.

When a negatively charged rod 'B' is brought near the

cap [Figure (b)], the free electrons in the metal are
repelled. Thus all the electrons move away from the
cap to 'L' and 'M'. Since both the leaves have negative
charges they repel and diverge. The movement of
electrons from the cap gives it an equal amount of
positive charge.
  Charging by contact and conduction
Touch the cap 'C' of the electroscope with a rod 'A'
carrying a negative charge or with a rod 'B' carrying a
positive charge. In both cases the leaves diverge.

Explanation
Some of the charge on the rod is transferred by contact to 'C'.
The charge spreads along the metal and the leaves will get
negatively charged and repel each other.

 Identifying the charge

In order to identify the charge of a body we should
use a charged electroscope.
 How does it work?
Electricity is produced when electrons move from one
place to other. In an atom there are three parts
proton,neutron, and electron. Proton is positive and
electron is negative .When something is rubbed then
the electrons of a thing transfers to the other thing
making that thing negatively charged. Now if it is
brought near a conductor like aluminium foil then the
charge conducts to that metal.So in this the charge
goes to the end at aluminium leaves making them
negatively charge.Like magnets opposite charges
attract each other and same charges repel each
other and here the aluminium leaves are same
charged and so they repel each other and thats how
it shows the existence of charge.
 SESSION: 2019-20
AN
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
PHYSICS
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MR. NAIM UDDIN SIR PRATHAM PARASHAR

CLASS-12TH
ROLL NO. : 27

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
I have collected the necessary
informations for completing this project
from some sites.

 www.google.com
 Wikipedia

These sites has helped me a lot in solving

the problems I faced while making the
model.

REMARK
(Physics teacher) Signature
(Physics Teacher)
 CONCLUSION
Electroscopes detect electric charge by the
motion of a test object due to the Coulomb
electrostatic force. Since the electric potential
or voltage of an object with respect to ground
equals its charge divided by its capacitance to
ground, an electroscope can be regarded as a
crude voltmeter. However, the accumulation
of enough charge to detect with an
electroscope requires hundreds or thousands of
volts, so electroscopes are only used with
high-voltage sources such as static electricity
and electrostatic machines. Electroscopes
generally give only a rough, qualitative
indication of the magnitude of the charge; an
instrument that measures charge
quantitatively is called an electrometer.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Pratham Parashar of
Class 12th (PCM) has completed investigatory
Project on Physics entitled,
“Electroscope”.

It is prepared by me under the guidance of my

Physics teacher “Mr. Naim Uddin Sir”.

Signature Signature
(Physics Teacher) (Principal)
 Gayatri Public School
CERTIFICATE

The investigatory project entitled

“ELECTROSCOPE”

Submitted by PRATHAM PARASHAR of

Class XII-A for the C.B.S.E Senior
Secondary Examination class XII of
Physics Practical at Gayatri Public School
Agra has been examined.

SIGNATURE OF EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have grateful pleasure in expressing my
gratitude to Mr. Naim Uddin Sir our Physics
Teacher for his valuable guidance and
suggestions. It is due to his encouragement that
the project reaches to its final stage.

My sincere thanks go to Kalyani Dixit, Our

principal mam , for his co-ordination in extending
every possible support for the completion of this
project.

Pratham Parashar

XII-A
 CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Explanation
3. Material Required
4. How Does it Work
5. Uses Of Electroscope
6. Procedure
7. Result
8. References
 RESULT
“If the air is dry enough, the
ends of the aluminium strip
will fly apart when comb or
balloon touches the
aluminium ball.”