TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 4
1.1 INTRODUCTION 4
1.1.1 WHAT IS SUTAINABILITY? 4
1.1.2 DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY 4
1.1.3 WHAT IS GREEN BUILDING? 5
1.1.4 WHY GREEN BUILDINGS? 6
1.1.5 WHAT MAKES GREEN BUILDINGS? 6
1.1.6 TYPICAL FEATURES OF GREEN BUILDINGS 7
1.2 AIM 8
How to use sustainability in designing a self-reliant building? 8
1.3 OBJECTIVE 8
1.4 SCOPE 8
1.5 LIMITATIONS 9
CHAPTER 2 10
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.2 PHYLOSOPHY 11
2.2.1 IMPACT UPON THE PROFESSIONAL LIFE OF THOSE IN THE DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES: 12
2.3 PLANNING CRITERIA 13
2.3.1 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 13
2.3.2 METHODS FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 13
2.3.2.1 ECONOMY OF RESOURCES 14
2.4 TECHNICAL ASPECT 20
2.4.1 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY USE 20
2.4.2 SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL 20
2.4.3 SELECTION OF MATERIALS: 21
2.4.4 AGENCIES FOR GREEN BUILDING EVOLUTIONS 27
CHAPTER 3 33
CASE STUDY 33
3.1 THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE(TERI), BANGALORE 33
3.2 HAWAII GATEWAY ENERGY CENTER, KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII 42

1
CHAPTER 4 49
4.1 BENEFITS OF GREEN DESIGN 49
4.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS: 49
4.1.2 ECONOMICAL BENEFITS: 49
4.1.3 SOCIAL BENEFITS: 49
4.1.4 HOW DO BUILDINGS AFFECT CLIMATE CHANGE? 49
CHAPTER 5 50
5.1 CONCLUSIONS 50
REFERENCES 51

2
TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Earth and Sustainability 2

Figure 2: Venn diagram on how environmental, social and economic factors 2
Figure 3: The Triple Bottom Line 2
Figure 4: Sustainable Housing 2
Figure 5: Components of a Green Building 7
Figure 6: Need for Sustainable Architecture- Flow chart 2
Figure 7: Shrinking Earth and Reducing Natural Resources 2
Figure 8: Principles of Sustainable Design 2
Figure 9: Economy of Resources 2
Figure 10: Natural Light and Ventilation 2
Figure 11: Flow of Solar Energy 2
Figure 12: Landscaping Advantages 2
Figure 13: Life Cycle Design 2
Figure 14: Pre-building, Post-building and building phase 2
Figure 15: Humane Design 2
Figure 16: Green Features 2
Figure 17: insulation made from recycled newspaper 2
Figure 18: Double-paned glass with films forming additional airspace and UV protection 2
Figure 20: Shingles made from recycled aluminum 2
Figure 19: Integrated sheeting and insulation, pre-tapered for flat roofs 2
Figure 21: Fiber-resin composition roofing tiles cast from 100-year-old slate for an authentic
look 2
Figure 22: Costs of LEED 2
Figure 23: THE OFFICE BLOCKS ARE PLACES TOWARDS THE MAIN ROAD WHILE
THE GUEST HOUSE IS LOCATED ON THE QUIETER WEST SIDE. 33
Figure 24 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 34
Figure 25 SECOND FLOOR PLAN 34
Figure 26: Natural Lighting 2
Figure 27: Ventilation designed to deflect the foul smell 2
Figure 28: Roofing Material 35
Figure 29: Section 36
Figure 30: Rainwater harvesting 36
Figure 31: Concept of Thermal Chimney 38
Figure 32: Double Ventilation 39
Figure 33: Courtyard effect 2
Figure 34: Earth Air Tunnel 2
Figure 35: Evaporative cooling 2
Figure 36: Space frame 43
Figure 37: Space frame 43
Figure 38: Section of space frame structure 45
Figure 39: Hawaii gateway energy center 45

3
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 WHAT IS SUTAINABILITY?

Sustainability could be defined as an ability or
capacity of something to be maintained or to sustain
itself. It’s about taking what we need to live now,
without jeopardizing the potential for people in the
future to meet their needs.
If an activity is said to be sustainable, it should be
able to continue forever.
Figure 1: Earth and Sustainability
“Living in such a way that we minimize our negative
impact on the earth and the people we share it with, doing our best to preserve the
world in its healthiest form for future generations.”

“What I think is very basic. Survival. Take only what you need then let it replenish at
a rate that keeps the source producing so that it can be taken again without depleting it
completely.

In simpler words sustainability is making life better for people, not worse, not using
up all the stuff on earth, not covering earth in waste that never goes away.

Sustainable development is a holistic concept that combines aspects of natural, social

and economic being involved in two big problems of mankind: the ability to create
and to maintain.

Sustainable development consists of balancing local and global efforts to meet basic
human needs without destroying or degrading the natural.

1.1.2 DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY

The success of sustainable design in
developing and developed countries in terms
of enhanced awareness, relevance, and
application relies heavily on the economic,
environmental, and social dimensions. These
three dimensions affect the way people
perceive and pursue sustainability in their
environment.

Human well-being is highly correlated on the

relationships of environmental sustainability,
economic sustainability, and social
sustainability. Figure 2: Venn diagram on how environmental, social
and economic factors
As explained by Samuel Mock Bee of
Auburn University (2002),Sustainable Design involves a combination of values:
4
 aesthetic, environmental, social, political, and moral. The 12 smart designers must
think rationally about a combination of issues including sustainability, economic
constraints, durability, longevity, appropriateness of materials, and creation of a sense
of place.

The Triple Bottom line: People,

Planet, Profit

In addition to expanding
traditional accounting practices,
the triple bottom line also seeks
to understand how the three
dimensions of sustainability
affect each other

Holistic approach incorporates a

higher level of responsibility and
generates returns in profits from
three dimensions; social,
environmental, and economic.

1.1.3 WHAT IS GREEN Figure 3: The Triple Bottom Line

BUILDING?
It refers to both a structure and the using of processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to
design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.

In other words, green building design involves finding the balance between

homebuilding and the sustainable environment.

Main objective is that to build sustainable houses that are designed to reduce the
overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment
by:

1) Efficiently using energy, water, and

other resources.

2) Protecting occupant health and

improving employee productivity

3) Reducing waste, pollution

and environmental degradation.
Figure 4: Sustainable Housing

5
 1.1.4 WHY GREEN BUILDINGS?
▪ 'Better living for all and future generations' is an universal dream. With increasing
urbanization, natural resources are being utilized rapidly and erratically without any
planning and equivalent replenishment. If such a situation continues for long, the
disparity in living conditions will create social upheaval and revolt. Also, future
generations will not have any natural resources. Thus, the dreams of our future will
shatter if proper steps are not taken in time. Hence, nature’s basic rule is to be
adopted, 'Reduce, reuse and recycle', i.e., reduce the requirement, reuse the waste and
recycle to use.

Eco-friendly practices include:

▪ Adequate land use and better site planning so as to not disturb the natural resources
like trees, lakes, rivers etc.

▪ Conservation of electricity and efficient practices.

▪ Renewable and non-conventional energy generation, alternative fuels, etc.

▪ Water management including drainage, waste water disposal, rainwater harvesting,

recycling grey water, etc.

▪ Maintaining good air quality.

▪ Human safety and comfort.

1.1.5 WHAT MAKES GREEN BUILDINGS?

▪ A green building is a structure that is environmentally responsible and resource-
efficient throughout its life cycle. These objectives expand and complement the
classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Green
buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human
health and the natural environment by:

▪ Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources.

▪ Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity.

▪ Reducing waste, pollution and environment degradation.

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1.1.6 TYPICAL FEATURES OF GREEN BUILDINGS
a) Eco-friendly Building Materials:

Figure 5: Components of a Green Building

b) Green Power -Solar & Wind Energies

Optimum use of available solar energy and other forms of ambient energy in building
designs and construction achieves. Energy-Efficiency in Green buildings. Whatever
combination of solar, wind, and utility power is available; the entire power system
would be greatly enhanced by a reliable, zero maintenance, ultra-long life, and lower
life cycle cost power storage and management system.

c) Water use Efficiency

● Drip Irrigation: In Green buildings, the superstructure is constructed over a

cellar which is used to capture the excess rainwater. The basement is below
the ground level and stores the water where it is treated and cycled for use.
This method has a low maintenance cost and is user friendly. It is highly
viable in both flood prone and draught prone areas to store the water from
rainy season for the summer.
Drip irrigation system delivers water to the crop using a network of irrigation
equipment like mainlines, sub-mains and lateral lines with emission points
spaced along their lengths.
● Rain Water Harvesting: Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for
collecting, storing, and using rainwater for landscape irrigation and other uses.
The rainwater is collected from various hard surfaces such as rooftops and/or
other types of manmade above ground hard surfaces

7
 1.2 AIM

How to use sustainability in designing a self-reliant building?

The Concept of Green Architecture, also known as “sustainable architecture” or
“green building,” is the theory, science and style of buildings designed and
constructed in accordance with environmentally friendly principles. Green
architecture strives to minimize the number of resources consumed in the building's
construction, use and operation, as well as curtailing the harm done to the
environment through the emission, pollution and waste of its components.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

Green building is not a simple development trend; it is an approach to building suited

to the demands of its time, whose relevance and importance will only continue to
increase (USGBC)

• Comfort. Because a well-designed passive solar home or building is highly energy

efficient, it is free of drafts. Extra sunlight from the south windows makes it more
cheerful and pleasant in the winter than a conventional house.

• Economy. If addressed at the design stage, passive solar construction doesn’t have to
cost more than conventional construction, and it can save money on fuel bills.

• Aesthetics. Passive solar buildings can have a conventional appearance on the

outside, and the passive solar features make them bright and pleasant inside.

• Environmentally responsible. Passive solar homes can significantly cut use of

heating fuel and electricity used for lighting. If passive cooling strategies are used in
the design, summer air conditioning
costs can be reduced as well.

1.4 SCOPE

Architecture is an essential arena for

sustainable innovation.

● Our homes are one of the most

important assets of our lives. With the
help of sustainable architecture, a green
design can successfully meld beauty and functionality together to save our planet
from us. Figure 5: Need for Sustainable Architecture- Flow chart
● Increase of population day by day.
● People migrating from rural to urban with hope.
● Depletion of natural resources.
● High energy and natural resources are consumed
due to huge population.
Figure 6: Shrinking Earth and Reducing Natural Resources

8
1.5 LIMITATIONS

One of the most common disadvantages of Green Building and the most heard
criticism is the additional costs. This is an important consideration because, although
the additional costs are usually balanced out by the energy savings, it is still extra
money coming out of your pocket. So I suppose this indeed is a valid criticism.

The good news is that recently the green market is becoming a much more
competitive market and therefore, we could possibly see a significant decrease in
Green Building costs in the near future. In fact, it is already evolving and the
competition is driving the prices down. It won’t be too long before your local
homebuilding super store will have a green building section where these products are
readily available at a competitive price.

But one of the greatest disadvantages of Green Building happens to be its main focus,
the environment. That is kind of an odd statement since anything benefiting the
environment must be good, right? Well yes, it is good, as long as it is not at the
expense of our health.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Surf Coast Sustainable Design Book

The Surf Coast Sustainable Design Book has been prepared to promote design
excellence and ecologically sustainable design across the Shire.

This book is intended to inspire landowners, builders and designers/architects to

design homes that are site responsive, environmentally friendly and aesthetically
pleasing. It encourages high quality building and landscape design that reflects the
environmental and landscape values of the Surf Coast Shire and the lifestyle qualities
that have attracted many permanent residents, holidaymakers and visitors to the area.
Whether you are building in a new subdivision in Torquay or Winchelsea, in an
established area in Anglesea, Aireys Inlet or Lorne, on a rural property or on a bush
block, this book inspires you to creatively think about:
The surf coast environment - understanding your local environment.
Your - understanding your site and identifying opportunities and constraints.
Your Design – designing a sustainable home that responds to your site and the local
environment.

The book contains many images that are used to showcase predominantly local
examples of well designed, site responsive, sustainable homes or to communicate
certain elements of design (e.g. passive solar design, materials, and lightweight
structures). The book is not a prescriptive set of guidelines and is not intended to
replace legislative planning and building controls, but rather seeks to complement
these to produce quality outcomes. Its purpose is to stimulate ideas and discussion
about how you can achieve sustainable design excellence on your site.

The book talks about design excellence in which it states that design excellence is
about:
Creating a distinctive character that reflects the architectural style and echoes the
unique characteristics of the locality, setting it apart from other areas.
Design that influences the environment, landscape, climate, culture and history of the
area. Sympathetic architecture and design that support a sense of local pride and
identity.
Further it describes about-
Environmentally sustainable design
The value of sustainable design
Implementing sustainable design projects
How does size matters.

10
Our Local Environment- The author states that key to sustainable design excellence
understands local environment prior to designing and building home. The local
environment is a great source of inspiration for design, whether it is the open rural
plains, coastal cliffs or the center of town. Existing color palettes in the landscape
helps to select external colors and local climatic conditions, such as wind direction,
can inform the placement and layout of your building, as well as the most appropriate
materials to use in its construction.
Natural environment -
There is a brief description about the landscape and climatic conditions of Surf Coast
Shire.
Settlement patterns-
Different settlements are described on design basis i.e., coastal, town centre, urban,
rural and the character of the town.
Later it explains the design considerations for Designing in a coastal environment,
designing in a bush environment, designing in a rural environment, designing in an
urban environment.
After this it states about how should a design be and the approach to design from site
analysis to finish product. The design approach many a times overflows so it’s a need
to restrict somewhere. Then it asks to do a climate responsive design, different forms
of rooms, textures and colors, Materials to make a sustainable habitat for all ages as
per their abilities.
Later there is a brief description about Featuring elements, Garage & driveways then
linking of Indoor and outdoor spaces followed by use of modern technologies,
Landscape and Gardening. Then comes description about how to achieve a
sustainable outcome.
The book also explains design consideration for different environments and their
Characters i.e. Coastal Character, Bush Character, Bush Character, Urban Character,
Medium density housing.
At last there is the brief description of five local and regional case studies followed by
other information related to surf Coast.

2.2 PHYLOSOPHY

In early human history, the use of fire and desire for specific foods may have altered
the natural composition of plant and animal communities.

Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, agrarian communities emerged which depended
largely on their environment.

The Western industrial revolution of the 18th to 19th centuries tapped into the vast
growth potential of the energy in fossil fuels. Coal was used to power ever more
efficient engines and later to generate electricity.

11
 In the mid-20th century, a gathering environmental movement pointed out that there
were environmental costs associated with the many material benefits that were now
being enjoyed.

In the late 20th century, environmental problems became global in scale.

The 1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the extent to which the global
community had become dependent on non-renewable energy resources.

Sustainability concerns emerged in the 1980’s as a response to growing realizations

about social, economic and environmental issues.

In the 21st century, there is increasing global awareness of the threat posed by the
human greenhouse effect, produced largely by forest clearing and the burning of fossil
fuels.
The UK government has gone further, stating ambitiously that ‘Sustainable
development means a better quality of life now and for generations to come with the
aim to avoid using resources faster than the planet can replenish them and to join up
economic, social and environmental goals.’

2.2.1 IMPACT UPON THE PROFESSIONAL LIFE OF THOSE IN THE

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES:
● Sustainable consumption and production (changing the way products and services are
designed, produced, etc.);
● Climate change and energy (reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to
future climate change);
● Natural resources (understanding the limits of resources); and
● Sustainable communities (maintaining existing urban resources and building an
energy-efficient future).
Events leading up to the emergence of sustainability:

1962 – Rachel Carson’s “silent spring”

1970 – Clean air act

1973 – Endangered species act

1978 – Love canal

2.3 PLANNING CRITERIA

12
 2.3.1 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
▪ Understanding place: Sustainable design begins with an intimate understanding and
recognition of the nuances of place. The place helps
determine various design practices such as solar
orientation of a building on the site, preservation of
the natural environment, access to public
transportation, and specification of local materials
for finishing and furnishings.

▪ Understanding the relationship with nature: The

relationship of the building and the natural
environment, such as urban/rural setting and
connection of interior and exterior, helps to create
effective design.
Figure 7: Principles of Sustainable
▪ Understanding natural processes: In nature, there is Design

no waste, and the by-product of one organism

becomes the food for another. Replicating natural cycles, processes, and making them
visible can bring the designed environment to life.

▪ Understanding environmental impact: Understanding of the environmental impact by

evaluating the site, the embodied energy and toxicity of the materials, and the energy
efficiency of design, materials, and construction techniques is very significant to
alleviate the negative effects of construction.

▪ Understanding co-creativity: Collaboration of systems consultants, engineers, and

other experts, as well as listening to the voices of local communities, generates a
synergy in designing buildings.

▪ Understanding people: Sustainable design must take into consideration a wide range
of cultures, races, religions, and habits of the people who are going to be using and
inhabiting the built environment. This requires sensitivity and empathy to the needs of
the people and the community.

2.3.2 METHODS FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

The ultimate goal and challenge of sustainable design is to find solutions that provide
quantitative, qualitative, physical, and psychological benefits to building users. There
are many possibilities for achieving this seemingly difficult goal. The three principles
of sustainable design economy of resources, life cycle design, and humane design
provide a broad awareness of the environment issues associated with architecture.

The strategies within each principle focus on more specific topics. These strategies
are intended to foster an understanding of how a building interacts with the internal,
local, and global environments. This section discusses methods for applying
sustainable design to architecture.

13
 2.3.2.1 ECONOMY OF RESOURCES
Conserving energy, water, and materials
can yield specific design methods that will
improve the sustainability of architecture.
These methods can be classified as two
types.

1) Input-reduction methods: reduce the

flow of nonrenewable resources input to
buildings. A building’s resource demands
are directly related its efficiency in
utilizing resources.

2) Output-management methods: reduce

environmental pollution by requiring a
low level of waste and proper waste
management.

Energy Conservation-

Energy conservation is an input-reduction

method. The main goal is to reduce
Figure 8: Economy of Resources
consumption of fossil fuels.

▪ Buildings consume energy not only in their operation, for heating, lighting and
cooling, but also in their construction.

▪ The materials used in architecture must be harvested, processed, and transported to

the building site.

▪ Construction itself often requires large amounts of energy for processes ranging from
moving earth to welding.

Energy-Conscious Urban Planning

Cities that are energy-conscious are

not planned around the automobile,
but around public transportation and
pedestrian walkways. These cities
have zoning laws favorable to
mixed-use developments, allowing
people to live near their workplaces.
Urban sprawl is avoided by
encouraging redevelopment of
existing sites and the adaptive reuse
of old buildings. Climatic
conditions determine orientation and clustering. A very cold or very hot and dry
climate might require buildings sharing walls to reduce exposed surface area; a hot,

14
humid climate would require widely spaced structures to maximize natural
ventilation.

Energy-Conscious Site Planning

Such planning allows the designer to maximize the use of natural resources on the
site. In temperate climates, open southern exposure will encourage passive solar
heating; deciduous trees provide shade in summer and solar heat gain in winter.
Evergreens planted on the north of a building will protect it from winter winds,
improving its energy efficiency. Buildings can be located relative to water onsite to
provide natural cooling in summer.
Figure 9: Natural Light and Ventilation
Passive Heating and Cooling

Solar radiation incident on building surfaces is the most significant energy input to
buildings. It provides heat, light, and ultraviolet radiation necessary for
photosynthesis. Historically, architects have devised building forms that provide
shading in summer and retain heat in winter. Passive solar architecture offers design
schemes to control the flow of solar radiation using building structure, so that it may
be utilized at a more desirable time of day.

Shading in summer, by plants or overhangs, prevents summer heat gain and the
accompanying costs of air-conditioning. The wind, or the flow of air, provides two
major benefits: cooling and hygienic effects. Prevailing winds have long been a
major factor in urban design.

Insulation

High-performance windows and wall insulation

prevent both heat gain and loss. Reducing such
heat transfer reduces the building’s heating and
cooling loads and thus its energy consumption.
Reduced heating and cooling loads require smaller
HVAC equipment, and the initial investment need
for the equipment will be smaller.

Aside from these tangible benefits, high- Figure 10: Flow of Solar Energy
performance windows and wall insulation create
more comfortable thermal environments. Due to the insulating properties of the
materials, the surface temperatures of windows and walls will be higher in the winter
and lower in the summer. The installation of smaller HVAC equipment reduces
mechanical noise.

Alternate Sources of Energy

Solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy systems are all commercially available to
reduce or eliminate the need for external energy sources. Electrical and heating
requirements can be met by these systems, or combination of systems, in all climates.

15
Daylight

Building and window design that utilizes natural light will lead to conserving
electrical lighting energy, shaving peak electric loads, and reducing cooling energy
consumptions. At the same time, daylighting increases the luminous quality of indoor
environments, enhancing the psychological wellbeing and productivity of indoor
occupants. These qualitative benefits of daylighting can be far more significant than
its energy-savings potential.

Energy-Efficient Equipment & Appliances

After construction costs, a building’s greatest expense is the cost of operation.

Operation costs can even exceed construction costs over a building’s lifetime.
Careful selection of high efficiency heating, cooling, and ventilation systems becomes
critical

Appliances, from refrigerators to computers, not only consume energy, they also give
off heat as a result of the inefficient use of electricity. More efficient appliances
reduce the costs of electricity and air-conditioning.

Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy

Building materials vary with respect to how much energy is needed to produce them.
The embodied energy of a material attempts to measure the energy that goes into the
entire life cycle of building material. For instance, aluminum has a very high
embodied energy because of the large amount of electricity that must be used to
manufacture it from mined bauxite ore; recycled aluminum requires far less energy to
refabricate. By choosing materials with low embodied energy, the overall
environmental impact of a building is reduced. Using local materials over imported
materials of the same type will save transportation energy.

B) Water Conservation

Methods for water conservation may reduce input, output, or both. This is because,
conventionally, the water that is supplied to a building and the water that leaves the
building as sewage is all treated by municipal water treatment plants. Therefore, a
reduction in use also produces a reduction in waste.

Reuse Water Onsite

Water consumed in buildings can be classified as two types: gray water and sewage.
Graywater is produced by activities such as hand washing. While it is not of
drinking-water quality, it does not need to be treated as nearly as intensively as
sewage. In fact, it can be recycled within a building, perhaps to irrigate ornamental
plants or flush toilets. Well-planned plumbing systems facilitate such reuse.

In most parts of the world, rainwater falling on buildings has not been considered a
useful resource. Buildings are typically designed to keep the rain from the occupants,
16
and the idea of utilizing rain water falling on building surfaces has not been widely
explored. Building envelopes, particularly roofs, can become rainwater collecting
devices, in combination with cisterns to hold collected water. This water can be used
for irrigation or toilet-flushing.

Indigenous landscaping

Using plants native to the local ecosystem

will also reduce water consumption.
These plants will have adapted to the local
rainfall levels, eliminating the need for
additional watering. Where watering is
needed, the sprinkler heads should be
carefully placed and adjusted to avoid
watering the sidewalk and street.

C) Material Conservation Figure 11: Landscaping Advantages

The production and consumption of building materials has diverse implications on the
local and global environments. Extraction, processing, manufacturing, and
transporting building materials all cause ecological damage to some extent. There are
input and output reduction methods for materials conservation

Incorporate Reclaimed or Recycled Materials

Buildings that have to be demolished should become the resources for new buildings.
Many building materials, such as wood, steel, and glass, are easily recycled into new
materials. Some, like brick or windows, can be used whole in the new structure.
Furnishing, particularly office partition systems, are also easily moved from one
location to another.

Use Materials That Can Be Recycled

During the process of designing the building and selecting the building materials, look
for ways to use materials that can themselves be recycled. This preserves the energy
embodied in their manufacture.

Size Buildings and Systems Properly

A building that is oversized for its designed purpose, or has oversized systems, will
excessively consume materials. When a building is too large or small for the number
of people it must contain, its heating, cooling, and ventilation systems, typically sized
by square footage, will be inadequate or inefficient. This method relates directly to the
programming and design phases of the architectural process. The client’s present and
future space needs must be carefully studied to ensure that the resulting building and
systems are sized correctly. Architects are encouraged to design around standardized
building material sizes as much as possible.

17
Reuse Non-Conventional Products as Building Materials

Building materials from unconventional sources, such as recycled tires, pop bottles,
and agricultural waste, are readily available. These products reduce the need for new
landfills and have a lower embodied energy that the conventional materials they are
designed to replace.

Consumer Goods

All consumer goods eventually lose their original usefulness. The “useful life”
quantifies the time of conversion from the useful stage to the loss of original
usefulness stage. For instance, a daily newspaper is useful only for one day, a phone
book is useful for one year, and a dictionary might be useful for 10 years. The shorter
the useful life of consumer goods, the greater the volume of useless goods will result.
Consequently, more architectural considerations will be required for the recycling of
short-life consumer goods.

LIFE CYCLE DESIGN

As discussed earlier, the Life Cycle

Design principle embodies three
strategies: pre-building, building, and
post-building. These strategies, in turn,
can yield specific design methods that
will improve the sustainability of
architecture. These methods focus mainly
on reducing input. Consuming fewer
materials lessens the environmental
impact of the associated manufacturing
processes. This then reduces the eventual
output of the building ecosystem.

Pre-Building Phase Figure 12: Life Cycle Design

During the Pre-Building Phase, the

design of a building and materials
selected for it are examined for their
environmental impact. The selection
of materials is particularly important
at this stage: the impact of materials
processing can be global and have
long-term consequences.

Figure 13: Pre-building, Post-building and building phase

18
Building Phase

The methods associated with the Building Phase strategy are concerned with the
environmental impact of actual construction and operation processes.

Post-Building Phase

During this phase, the architect examines the environmental consequences of

structures that have outlived their usefulness. At this point, there are three possibilities
in a building’s future: reuse, recycling of components, and disposal. Reuse and
recycling allow a building to become a resource for new buildings or consumer
goods; disposal requires incineration or landfill dumping, contributing to an already
overburdened waste stream.

HUMANE DESIGN

This principle embodies three strategies:

preservation of natural conditions, urban
design and site planning, and design for
human comfort. These strategies, in turn,
yield specific design methods that will
improve the sustainability of architecture.
Figure shows how each method relates to the
three strategies of Humane Design. These
methods focus primarily on improving the
quality of life for humans and other species.

Preservation of Natural Conditions

The existing contours of a site should be

respected. Radical terraforming is not only
expensive but devastating to the site’s
microclimate. Alteration of contours will
affect how water drains and how wind moves Figure 14: Humane Design
through a site.

Urban Design and Site Planning

The methods associated with the Urban Design and Site Planning strategy apply
sustainability at a scale larger than the individual building.

19
Design for Human Comfort

1) Provide Thermal, Visual, and Acoustic Comfort-

People do not perform well in spaces that are too hot or too cold. Proper lighting,
appropriate to each task, is essential. Background noise from equipment or people can
be distracting and damage occupants’ hearing. Acoustic and visual privacy also need
to be considered.

2) Provide Visual Connection to Exterior-The light in the sky changes throughout the
day, as the sun and clouds move across the sky. Humans all have an internal clock
that is synchronized to the cycle of day and night. From a psychological and
physiological standpoint, windows and skylights are essential means of keeping the
body clock working properly,

2.4 TECHNICAL ASPECT

2.4.1 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY USE

Despite the importance of materials to overall building sustainability, quantifying and
evaluating the sustainability of building materials has proven difficult. . There is little
coherence in the measurement and assessment of materials sustainability attributes,
resulting in a landscape today that is littered with hundreds of competing, inconsistent
and often imprecise eco-labels, standards and certifications.

Numerous passive architectural strategies have been developed over time. Examples
of such strategies include the arrangement of rooms or the sizing and orientation of
windows in a building, and the orientation of facades and streets or the ratio between
building heights and street widths for urban planning.

The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history which directly
implies progression in the construction sector. Buildings have major environmental
impacts over their entire life cycle. They contribute to around 40% of carbon dioxide
emissions leading to global warming.

2.4.2 SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL

Construction of low cost housing by using the low cost building materials increases
the access to buildings by low income group peoples. Low cost housing can be
achieved by use of efficient planning and project management, low cost materials,
economical construction technologies and use of alternate construction methods
available. The profit gained from use of such methods can decrease the cost of
construction and make the low cost housing accessible to all.

The use of low cost alternate building materials also prevents the rise of construction
cost due to use of scarce building materials which eventually increase the cost of the
project.

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2.4.3 COMPOSITES AS BUILDING MATERIALS:

The composite building materials are made of composition of two or more material
which have enhanced property. Natural fiber materials are coming up as excellent
substitutes for the prevailing building materials. Fibers likes jute, sisal coconut, ramie,
banana are cheap and environmentally suited as they are made from natural fibers.
They are also replacing the fiber reinforced plastics.

Composite building materials present immense opportunities to replace traditional

materials as timber, steel, aluminum and concrete in buildings. They help in reduction
of corrosion and their low weight has been proved useful in many low stress
applications. Each type of composite has its own characteristic properties and thus
useful for specific purpose.

Jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites, coir fiber reinforced composites, sisal
fiber and wollastonite jute pultruded composites are a few to be named. CBRI has
developed MDF composite doors containing coir fiber, cashew nut shell liquid
(CNSL) as natural resin and Para formaldehyde as major constituents.

Many composite building materials are generated from glass fibers and industrial
wastes. These materials are used for manufacturing of portable toilets, water storage
tanks, outdoor furniture, bath tubs, interior decoration, basin, door,window frames etc.
Thus the application of composite building materials in construction vary from
cladding to internal furnishings and the owner highly benefits due to their application
because of their light weight, resistance to corrosion and availability in different
colors. Pultrusion is most cost effective method for producing composite profiles. It is
commercially applicable for light weight corrosion free structures, electrical non-
conductive systems and so many other functions.

The pultruded items are recognized and recommended in the Global markets.
Pultrated sections are well established alternative to steel, wood and aluminum in
developed countries and catching fast in other parts of the world.

2.4.3 SELECTION OF MATERIALS:

The first step to housing material selection is to select eco-friendly building materials.
This also enhances the sustainable design principle. The life cycle of pre-building,
building and post-building stages. Each stage of building should be such that they
help conserve the energy. These three stages indicate flow of building materials
through different stages of a building. Pre-building stage mainly consists of
manufacture which is subdivided in processing, packing and transport. The building
phase mainly consists of construction, operation and maintenance whilst as the last
stage would be disposal where the material can be recycled or reused.

1) IN MANUFACTURING OF BUILDING MATERIALS – POLLUTION

PREVENTION:

Manufacturing of building materials should be environment friendly. Efforts should

be made to study and revise the technologies for producing good quality, efficient

21
building materials and should improve the waste generation during manufacturing.
These results in reduction of pollutants to environment.

2) RECYCLING OF WASTES IN MANUFACTURING – The wastes which can be

recycled can and used in masonries whilst as wooden wastes can be used in
manufacture of plywood or soft boards.

3) REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND USE OF NATURAL

MATERIALS – The total energy required to produce a material is called embodied
energy. The greater a materials embodied energy; it requires a greater usage of non-
renewable sources. It is therefore advantageous to use materials or composite
materials prepared from the wastages. The natural materials such as stones, wood,
lime, sand and bamboo can be used in ample where ever possible. The natural
materials impact more sustainability to structures as well as they are friendlier to
environment.

4) USE OF LOCAL MATERIAL – The use of local materials reduces the dependence
on transportation whose contribution to the building material cost is high for long
distance. Use of locally available building materials not only reduces the construction
cost but also is suitable for the local environmental conditions.

5) ENERGY EFFICIENCY – Energy efficiency of a building material can be

measured through various factors as its R value, shading coefficient, luminous
efficiency or fuel efficiency. Energy efficient materials must reduce the amount of
generated energy.

6) USE OF NON-TOXIC BUILDING MATERIALS: Use of toxic building materials

can significantly impact the health of construction people and the occupants of the
building. Thus it is advisable to use the non-toxic building materials for
construction. There are several chemicals including formaldehydes, benzene,
ammonia, resins, chemicals in insulations, ply boards which are present in furnishings
and building material. The effect on health of these toxic materials must be considered
while their selection and they should be used only where-ever required.

Higher air cycling is recommended while installation of materials having volatile

organic compound such as several adhesives, paints, sealants, cleaners and so on.

7) LONGITIVITY, DURABILITY AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDING

MATERIAL:

The use of durable construction materials does not only enhance the life of the
building but also reduces the cost of maintenance.

8) RECYCLABILITY AND REUSABILITY OF BUILDING MATERIAL: A

material should be available in form which can be recyclable or reusable. Ex – the
plastics waste can be used for recycling and producing newer materials. The scrap
from steel can be used to manufacture the RCC bars, binding covers and other
miscellaneous steel products in building construction.

22
 9) BIODEGRABILITY –A material should be able to decompose naturally when
discarded. Natural materials or organic materials would decompose very easily.

Selecting Sustainable Building

Materials Criteria

▪ raw material extraction and harvesting,

▪ manufacturing processes,

▪ construction techniques

Examples Figure 15: Green Features

1) Site and Landscaping-

Recycled plastic has been developed into a wide range of landscaping products.
Plastic lumber is widely used in outdoor furniture and decking. This lumber is made
by shredding and reforming post-consumer plastic containers such as pop bottles and
milk jugs. Some brands incorporate waste or recycled wood as well. Plastic lumber
has advantages over wood in that it is impervious to moisture and will not warp, rot,
or check. It is available as dimensional stock, or in a wide variety of manufactured
garden furniture and accessories. Traffic stops and bumpers are also being made from
recycled plastic, replacing concrete and asphalt.

2) Foundations

Poured-in-place concrete and concrete block foundations have long been a staple in
the construction industry. They provide thermal mass insulation and have a long life.
Significant improvements have been made that reduce the installation waste produced
on-site and increase the insulation value of these foundation systems. These systems
are collectively known as super-insulated foundations.

3) Structural Framing

As the price of virgin wood rises and the quality declines, steel
framing is becoming an economical alternative to wood stud
framing in residential construction. It has been long favored in
commercial construction for its ease of assembly and uniform
quality.
Figure 16: insulation made from
recycled newspaper

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 4) Insulation

Thorough insulation is one of the best ways to reduce energy consumption and
building operating costs. Insulation also offers acoustic benefits. In contemporary
construction, the familiar fiberglass insulation has been supplemented by hi-tech
polymers and old-fashioned cotton.

5) Glazing

Windows and skylights allow daylight to reach the

interiors of buildings, reducing the need for artificial
light. Operable units assist in ventilation and cooling,
reducing or eliminating the need for mechanical
equipment. However, windows are the weakest point in
the building envelope in terms of energy loss, and much
research has gone into developing more efficient
window systems. Improved glazing techniques offer Figure 17: Double-paned glass with
films forming additional airspace and
low-emissivity glass and inert gas-filled air spaces UV protection
between panes. The window sash and frame have also
been improved with added insulation and seals.

6) Roofing

Properly installed roofing is vital to the structural integrity of a building. Given the
large surface area of most roofs, and their exposure to the elements, the choice of
roofing materials significantly affects the energy-efficiency of a building. Integrated
sheathing and insulation, pre-tapered for flat roofs, can also have a significant impact
on the energy efficiency of a structure .Because roofing materials and labor are
expensive, a long roof life reduces costs and material
waste and saves

Figure 20: Fiber-resin composition

Figure 18: Integrated sheeting
roofing tiles cast from 100-year-old Figure 19: Shingles made from and insulation, pre-tapered for
slate for an authentic look recycled aluminum flat roofs
energy.

7) Flooring

Finished flooring is available in a wide range of materials and styles. The decision
about the type of flooring (e.g., carpeting versus tile) is generally determined by the
program of the building.
24
However, within each category of flooring are materials that can be judged for
toxicity, embodied energy content, and other environmental factors.

8) Plumbing

Water conservation issues and overburdened septic systems have led to a

reexamination of our traditional plumbing methods. There have been three areas of
focus: reducing fresh water use; recovering and reusing graywater; and reducing the
amount of sewage entering the municipal waste stream.

Ventilation
Ventilation has direct influence on indoor air quality. Everyone knows that by having
natural ventilation the fresh and healthiest air is going to be provided to building
occupants. But the biggest problem is meeting Zero Energy Buildings’ requirements.

The most used ventilation solution is installing Passive Ventilation System.

“Ventilation air using natural forces to move the air, rather than mechanical systems,
can also be provided, greatly reducing the energy needed to move air. Passive
ventilation can be accomplished by using thermal chimney effect, whereby air
normally rises due to heating, including airflow in a generally vertical direction; or
Venturi effect, whereby air movement is included by the development of a low-
pressure zone created by wind flow.” (Charles J. Kibert, 2013, p. 256)

“An alternative way to warm the incoming air and thereby minimize the heat loss
inherent in ventilation systems is to use ‘supply-air windows’. These are double-
glazed windows with a third pane of glass on the outside with an inlet at the bottom of
the third pane and an outlet at the top of the double-glazed unit — so that incoming
air passes behind the third pane, gaining a little solar heat, and a little of the heat
leaving the house through the double glazing, and enters the house a bit warmer.”
(Tim Pullen, 2009)

But in many cases Windows cannot be the only one ventilation solution used in a
building because of Building Regulation requirements. Very important is to design the
ventilation right, because normally providing ventilation to the building means that by
using fans, dampers and control systems air from outside will be moved into the
building while at the same time exact same amount of air from inside is going to be
moved to the outside. With the drive to achieve zero-carbon building architect focuses
on making house as tight as possible, and then the need for controlled ventilation
comes.

A well-designed system will extract air from the right places and introduce the right
amount of fresh air. Get the design wrong and you have either a damp, stuffy house or
one that is cold and draughty. (Tim Pullen, 2009) Even having a smart ventilating
technology sometimes ventilation has to be increased just according to occupants’
needs, so an old simple way of letting the air into the building through the open
window must be kept in mind.

25
 Heating and cooling

Heating and cooling are very important to create a good indoor climate and
comfortable living conditions. In Sustainable Zero Energy House heating and cooling
can be done traditional ways: floor heating installation or radiators, or installing
heating and cooling systems together with mechanical ventilation system may be an
option.

The most important is how the energy is gained for the heating. When this decision is
made, it has to be in mind that heating and cooling system efficiency is dependent on
building envelopes’ construction and its tightness. Better building envelopes’ u-value
is – less energy will be wasted.

Right choice of windows (G-value) will also affect heating/cooling of the building.
Smart Heating Control System can also help to reduce energy usage for
heating/cooling by taking control of temperature of the building.

Passive Design

• Passive design is the key to sustainable building.

• It responds to local climate and site conditions to maximize building users’ comfort
and health while minimizing energy use.

• It achieves this by using free, renewable sources of energy such as sun and wind to
provide household heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting, thereby reducing or
removing the need for mechanical heating or cooling. Using passive design can
reduce temperature fluctuations, improve indoor air quality and make a home drier
and more enjoyable to live in.

• It can also reduce energy use and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas
emissions.

• Interest in passive design has grown, particularly in the last decade or so, as part of a
movement towards more comfortable and resource-efficient buildings.

Key features of passive design

• The key elements of passive design are: building location and orientation on the site;
building layout; window design; insulation (including window insulation); thermal
mass; shading; and ventilation. Each of these elements works with others to achieve
comfortable temperatures and good indoor air quality.

• The first step is to achieve the right amount of solar access – enough to provide
warmth during cooler months but prevent overheating in summer. This is done
through a combination of location and orientation, room layout, window design and
shading.

26
• Insulation and thermal mass help to maintain even temperatures, while ventilation
provides passive cooling as well as improving indoor air quality.

• All of these elements work alongside each other and therefore should be considered
holistically. For example, large windows that admit high levels of natural light might
also result in excessive heat gain, especially if they cast light on an area of thermal
mass. Similarly, opening windows that provide ventilation will also let in noise.

• Alongside passive design features, designers should also consider other factors such
as views, covenants and local authority restrictions, and building owners’ preferences.

Passive design in new and existing buildings

• It costs little or nothing to incorporate passive design into a new building. The
benefits are greatest when passive design principles are incorporated into the entire
design and build process, from site selection onwards. Simulation tools can provide
crucial help in assessing the impact of different design decisions and maximizing the
benefits of passive design.

• Once a building is completed, some passive design features can be incorporated

during later upgrades – for example, insulation can be improved, and it may be
possible to alter room layout to improve orientation and solar access.

● But it may be difficult to achieve the full benefits. For example, it will not be practical
to turn a completed house around on the site to take better advantage of sun or cooling
breezes

2.4.4 AGENCIES FOR GREEN BUILDING EVOLUTIONS

2.4.4.1 LEED -Leadership in energy and Environmental Design

LEED is a third party certification program and the nationally accepted benchmark for
the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings.
Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). In 2000 through a
consensus-based process, LEED serves as a tool for buildings of all types and sizes.
LEED certification offers third party validation of a project’s green features and
verifies that the building is operating exactly the way it was designed to.

5 Major Categories:

1. Sustainable Site Development.

2. Water Savings.

3. Energy Efficiency.

4. Materials Selection.

5. Indoor Air Quality.

27
 The number of points the project earns determines the level of LEED Certification the
project receives. LEED certification is available in four progressive levels according
to the following scale:

▪ Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of rating systems for
the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, homes, and
neighborhoods.

▪ Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED helps building
owners and operators be environmentally responsible and use resources efficiently.
Proposals to modify the LEED standards are offered and publicly reviewed by
USGBC's member organizations, which number almost 20,000.

▪ Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has licensed the LEED Green Building
Standard from the USGBC. IGBC facilitates Indian green structures to become one of
the green buildings.

▪ Unlike model building codes, such as the International Building Code, only members
of the USGBC and specific "in-house" committees may add, subtract, or edit the
standard, subject to an internal review
process. Model Building Codes are voted on
by members and "in-house" committees, but
allow for comments and testimony from the
general public during each and every code
development cycle at Public Review
hearings, generally held multiple times a
year.

▪ From 1994 to 2006, LEED grew from one

standard for new construction to a
comprehensive system of interrelated
standards covering all aspects of the
development and construction process. LEED
Figure 21: Costs of LEED
also has grown from six volunteers on one
committee to more than 200 volunteers on nearly 20 committees and nearly 150
professional staff.

▪ LEED standards have been applied to more than 7,000 projects in the United States
and 30 countries, covering more than 1.5 billion square feet (140 km²) .

2.4.4.2 GRIHA - Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

GRIHA is India’s National Rating System for Green buildings.
It has been developed by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) and is endorsed
by the MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy).

It is based on nationally accepted energy and environmental principles, and seeks to

strike a balance between established practices and emerging concepts, both national
and international.

28
 GRIHA attempts to minimize a building’s resource consumption, waste generation,
and overall ecological/environmental impact by comparing them to certain nationally
acceptable limits / benchmarks.

It does so, adopting the five ‘R’ philosophy of sustainable development, namely
1. Refuse - To blindly adopt international trends, material, technologies, products, etc.
Especially in areas as where local substitutes/equivalents are available
2. Reduce-The dependence on high energy products, systems, processes, etc.
3. Reuse - Materials, products, traditional technologies, so as to reduce the cost
incurred in designing buildings as well as in operating them
4. Recycle - All possible wastes generated from the building site, during construction,
operation and demolition

5. Reinvent – Engineering systems, designs, and practices such that India creates
global examples that the world can follow rather than us following international
examples

Site planning

Building envelope design

Building system design ((HVAC) heating ventilation and air conditioning, lighting,
electrical, and water heating)

Integration of renewable energy sources to generate energy onsite.

Water and waste management

Selection of ecologically sustainable materials (with high recycled content, rapidly

renewable resources with low emission potential, etc.).
Indoor environmental quality (maintains indoor thermal and visual comfort and air
quality)

Going by the old adage ‘what gets measured, gets managed, GRIHA attempts to
quantify aspects, such as:

● Energy / power consumption (in terms of electricity consumed in kWh per square
meter per year)
● Water consumption (in terms of litres per person per day)
● Waste generation (in terms of kilograms per day, or litres per day)
● Renewable energy integration (in terms of kW of connected load)
So as to manage, control and reduce
/optimize the same to the best possible
extent

GRIHA assesses a building out of 34

criteria and awards points on a scale of
100.
In order to qualify for GRIHA
29
certification, a project must achieve at least 50 points.

Why should you get your building rated?

Some of the benefits of a green design to a building owner, user, and the society as a
whole are as follows:
1. Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort levels (lower
operational costs)
2. Reduced water consumption
3. Reduced system sizes (HVAC, transformers, cabling, etc.) for optimal performance
at local conditions.
4. Reduced investment (lifecycle cost)
5. Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats biodiversity, reduced soil loss from
erosion etc.
6. Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits)
7. Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse
8. Reduced pollution loads
9. Increased user productivity

10. Enhanced image and marketability

Sustainable site planning

C1 Site selection
C2 Preserve and protect landscape during construction
C3 Soil Conservation.
C4 Design to include existing site features
C5 Reduce hard paving on site
C7 Plan utilities efficiently and optimize onsite circulation efficiency

Water Management

C10 Reduce landscape water requirement

C11 Reduce building water use

C12 Efficient water use during construction

C20 Waste water treatment

C21 Water re-cycle and re-use

Waste Management
C22 Reduction in waste during construction
C23 Efficient waste segregation
C24 Storage and disposal of waste
C25 Resource recovery from waste

Sustainable Building Materials

30
C15 Utilization of fly ash in building structure

C16 Reduce volume, weight and time of construction by adopting efficient

technology (e.g. pre-cast systems, ready-mix concrete, etc.)

C17 Use low-energy material in interiors

Health and well being

C8 Provide, at least, minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for construction

workers
C9 Reduce air pollution during construction

C26 Use of low VOC paints/ adhesives/ sealants.

C27 Minimize Ozone depleting substances
C28 Ensure water quality
C29 Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels

C30 Tobacco and smoke control

C31 Universal Accessibility

Energy Optimization

C6 Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency and use RE system for meeting
outdoor lighting requirement
C13 Optimise building design to reduce conventional energy demand
C14 Optimise energy performance of building within specified comfort
C18 Renewable energy utilization
C19 Renewable energy based hot water system

Building Operation and Maintenance

C32 Energy audit and validation

C33 Operations and Maintenance protocol for electrical and mechanical equipment

Innovations

C34 Innovation (Beyond 100)

GRIHA is a guiding and performance-oriented system where points are earned for
meeting the design and performance intent of the criteria. Each criterion has a number
of points assigned to it. It means that a project intending to meet the criterion would
qualify for the points. The points related to these criteria are awarded provisionally
while certifying and are converted to firm points through monitoring, validation, and
documents/photographs to support the award of point.

GRIHA has a 100 point system consisting of some core points, which are mandatory
to be met while the rest are optional points, which can be earned by complying with
the commitment of the criterion for which the point is allocated. The innovation
31
points are available over and above the 100 point system. Different levels of
certification are awarded based on the number of points earned.

32
 CHAPTER 3

CASE STUDY

3.1 THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE(TERI), BANGALORE

The Energy and Resources Institute, Bangalore is among South India’s first energy-
efficient and environmentally sustainable campuses. It houses work spaces for the
staff, conference rooms, a library, a laboratory and a guest house.

Dining and recreational facilities are shared between the offices and the guest house.
It has the potential to serve as a model for future development in similar geographical
and climatic conditions.

ARCHITECT: AR. SANJAY MOHE

3.1.1 LOCATION, ORIENTATION AND CLIMATE

• The site is located at Domlur, about 3km from Bangalore airport.

• It is a long and narrow site with roads on the eastern and western sides, the former
being the major road.

• The western side has an open ground and on the southern side is an open drain about
9m wide.

• The buildings are aligned along the east-west axis and entry into the site is from the
road on the northern side which is relatively less busy.

• The office block is kept towards the east, close to the main road for high visibility and
the guest house is located towards the quieter western side.

• In a moderate climate zone like Bangalore where temperature is not very high, a good
ventilation system can easily provide comfortable living conditions.

Figure 23: THE OFFICE BLOCKS ARE PLACES TOWARDS THE MAIN ROAD WHILE
THE GUEST HOUSE IS LOCATED ON THE QUIETER WEST SIDE.

33
 Figure 24 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Figure 25 SECOND FLOOR PLAN

3.1.2 DAYLIGHT AND VENTILATION

• Openings have been designed such that requirement of artificial lighting is minimal
throughout the day when the building is under maximum usage.

• By creating atrium spaces with skylights, the section of the building is such that
natural light enters into the interiors of the building, considerably reducing the
dependence on artificial lighting.

• A blank wall towards the south (facing the drain) allows the breeze to flow over the
building. This creates a negative pressure which pulls fresh air from the north into the
building.

• The sections are designed such that hot air rises to the top and makes the building
breathe.

• Air in the cavity in the south wall on the south creates negative pressures, thereby
enhancing the convection currents in the building.

34
 Figure 23: Natural Lighting
Figure 22: Ventilation designed to deflect the foul smell

3.1.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY

• A 5-kW peak solar photovoltaic systems integrated with the roof skylights provides
day-light and also generates electricity.

• A solar water heating systems meets the hot water requirements of the kitchen and the
guest rooms.

• Other energy conservation systems include an effective waste and water management
system, a centralised uninterrupted power supply and a kitchen that reduces internal
heat.

Figure 28: Roofing Material

3.1.4 TERRACE GARDENING

• Roof top gardens are also beneficial in reducing rain runoff. A roof garden can delay
run off; reduce the rate and volume of run off.

• Plants have the ability to reduce the overall heat absorption of the building which then
reduces energy consumption.

• The building has been designed with landscaped courts at various levels. These courts
help to enliven the working environment as well as enhance the micro climate within
the structure.

35
• The various levels of terraces also have been landscaped which reduces the heat
exchange and heat flow between the structure and the outside environment hence act
as good insulation devices.

• Having this ground cover on the roof further reduces the impact on the environment
through photosynthesis.

Figure 29: Section

3.1.5 WATER MANAGEMENT

• An efficient rain water harvesting system preserves water to the maximum possible
extent.

• Water run off from the roofs and from the paved area is collected and stored in a
collection sump below the amphitheatre.

• This water is used for various purposes including landscaping and flushing toilet.

Figure 30: Rainwater harvesting

3.1.6 USE OF COST EFFICIENT MATERIALS IN THE BUILDING

3.1.6.1 EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING

• Minimum 25% replacement of cement by weight of fly ash or ground-granulated blast
furnace slag in absolute volume of structural concrete used in the overall structure,
meeting the equivalent strength requirements.

• Use of ready mix concrete or high volume flyash concrete for construction
(commercially avilable by L&T, ACC) or PPC concrete for construction
(commercially available by ACC suraksha, Lafarge cement, L&T cement, Jaypee
Buniyad, Prism Champion etc, PPC must meet the requirements of IS 1489: 1991 )

• Light weight aggregates/autoclaved concrete, demolish concrete as secondary

material.
36
• Use of industrial waste based bricks/blocks (for e.g. fal-G stabilized mud blocks, fly
ash-sand lime bricks, lato blocks, non load bearing precast solid/hollow flyash based
concrete blocks, flyash based light weight aerated concrete walling blocks etc), which
utilize a minimum 15% of industrial waste such as fly ash, blast furnace slag etc by
absolute volume, for 100% nonstructural infill wall system.

• Precast walling technologies such as composite ferrocement system, extruded

structural clay joist and filler blocks, zipbloc system, alker system.

3.1.6.2 RESOURCE EFFICIENT INTERIORS OF THE BUILDING

• Minimum 50% of the total quantity of all interior finishes and products used in each
of the category should be low energy finishes/materials/products which minimize
wood as natural resource or utilize industrial waste by using composite wood
products, rapidly renewable materials/products or resource efficient finishes

i. Sub-assembly/internal partitions

ii. Interior wood finishes/panelling/false ceiling

iii. Flooring

iv. Doors/windows, frames

v. In-built furniture/cabinetry

• Use composite wood products such as hardboards, blockboards, lumber-core

plywood, veneered panels, particleboards, medium/low density fibreboards, made
from recycled wood scrap from sawmill dusts or furniture industry bonded with glue
or resin under heat and pressure.

• Fibrous gypsum wall boards.

• Demountable Systems.

• Terrazzo/finished concrete flooring.

• 100% post industrial recycled content product.

• Used for partitioning and non-structural interior use, which allows changes to internal
plans without significant demolition and resource wastage.

• 60% recycled content, sizing flexibility, adhesives used should be non toxic, non voc
emitting

3.1.6.3 LOW VOC FINISHES

• Zero/Low VOC paints - Use only low VOC paints,100% of all paints used in the
interior of the building must be certified as containing zero or less than 150
grams/litre of VOCs per gallon.

37
• Environmental impact - Wide varieties of volatiles are released through oxidation
by both solvent- based and water-based paints which can be injurious to lung health
and can be odorous.

• Best practices - Water based acrylics (Asian paints) should be preferred over
solvent based oil paints Latex paints are available with r recycled content but not in
much use in India.

3.1.7 PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES

• Passive cooling techniques are least expensive means of cooling a home which
maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without any use of mechanical
devices.

• It rely on natural heat sinks to remove heat from the building. They derive cooling
directly from evaporation, convection, and radiation without using any intermediate
electrical devices.

• All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature and relative
humidity.

• The design strategies reduce heat gains to internal spaces.

3.1.7.1 THERMAL CHIMNEY

The thermal chimney is used to create updrafts and remove heated air. It is built on
the sunny side of the building. A black metal heat absorbing panel is used to create
even more heated air that will naturally rise. This pulls the air up and out.

Figure 31: Concept of Thermal Chimney

3.1.7.2 NATURAL VENTILATION

• Outdoor breezes creates air movement through the housse interior by the ‘push-pull’
effect of positive air pressure on the windward side and negative pressure (suction) on
the leeward side.

• Opening are placed at opposite pressure zone.

• With openings near the top of stacks, warm air can escape whereas cooler air enters
the building from openings near the ground.

• The windows play a dominant role in inducing indoor ventilation due to wind forces.
38
 Figure 32: Double Ventilation

3.1.7.3 SHADING
• Solar control is a critical requirement for both cooling-load dominated and passively
solar-heated buildings.

• The most effective method of cooling used is to shade windows, walls and roof of the
building from direct solar radiation.

• Heavily insulated walls and roofs need less shading.

• used overhangs on outside façade of the building.

• The building has extended the overhangs beyond the sides of the window to prevent
solar gain from the sides.

• Used slatted and louvered shades to allow more daylight to enter, while shading
windows from direct sunlight.

• Reduced solar heat gain by recessing windows into the wall.

3.1.7.4 WIND TOWERS

• The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air movement.

• During the night, cooler ambient air comes in contact with the bottom of the tower
through rooms.

• The tower walls absorb heat during daytime and release it at night, warming the cool
night air in the tower.

• Warm air moves up, creating an upward draft, and draws cool night air through the
doors and windows into the building.

• The system works effectively in hot and dry climate where fluctuations are high.

3.1.7.5 COURTYARD EFFECT

• Due to incident solar radiation in a courtyard, the air gets warmer and rises.

• Cool air from the ground level flows through the louvered openings of rooms
surrounding a courtyard, thus production air flow.

• At night, the warm roof surfaces get cooled by convection and radiation.

39
• If this heat exchange reduces roof surface temperature to wet bulb temperature of air,
condensation of atmospheric moisture occurs on the roof and the gain due to
condensation limits further cooling.

• If the roof surfaces are sloped

towards the internal courtyards,

the cooled air sinks into the courts

and enters the living space through

Low-level openings, gets warmed up,

and leaves the room through higher-
Figure 24: Courtyard effect
level openings.

3.1.7.6 EARTH AIR TUNNELS (EAT)

• Daily and annual temperature fluctuation decrease with the increase in depth below
the ground surface.

• At the depth of about 4m below ground, the temperature inside the earth remains
nearly constant round the year and is nearly equal to the annual average temperature
of the place.

• A tunnel in the form of a pipe or otherwise embedded at a depth of about 4m below

the ground will acquire the same temperature as the surrounding earth at its surface.

• Therefore, the ambient air ventilated through this tunnel will get cooled in summer
and warmed in winter and this air can be used for cooling in summer and heating in
winter.

• Two blowers installed in the tunnels speed up the

process.

• However, the cooler air underground needs to be

circulated in the living space. Each room in the south
block has a solar chimney; warm air rises and escapes
through the chimney, which creates an air current for the
cooler air from the underground tunnels to replace the
warm air.
Figure 25: Earth Air Tunnel
• The same mechanism supplies warm air from the tunnel
during winter.

40
 3.1.7.7 EVAPOURATIVE COOLING
• Evaporative cooling lowers indoor air temperature by evaporating water.

• It is effective in hot and dry climate where the atmospheric humidity is low.

• In evaporative cooling, the sensible heat of air is used to evaporate water, thereby
cooling the air, which, in turn, cools the living space of the building.

• Increase in contact between water and

air increases the rate of evaporation.

• The presence of a water body such as a

pond, lake, and sea near the building or
a foundation in a courtyard can provide
a cooling effect.

• The most commonly used system is a

desert cooler, which comprises water,
evaporative pads, a fan, and pump,
Figure 26: Evaporative cooling

3.1.8 PROJECT OUTPUT

The project output has been based on TERI’s interventions in the proposed complex
in several aspects of the green design. TERI’s role, as energy consultant and GRIHA
facilitator, encompasses specific role in advisory capacity for each stage of the
construction process, ensuring compliance with GRIHA criteria:

- Recommendations on the sustainable site planning aspect related to landscape

preservation, storm water management, mitigating urban heat island effect,
sustainable landscape planning, safety and hygiene of site, and so on.
- Recommendations on optimizing water utilization in building and landscape,
rainwater harvesting and reuse potential
- Recommendation on waste water management, treatment, and recycling potential
- Recommendations on sustainable building design process by using passive solar-
design techniques, optimizing electrical demand, utilizing onsite energy resources,
efficient artificial lighting design and HVAC design, thermal comfort analysis of
spaces, and so on
- Recommendations on preliminary systems design for solar PV and solar thermal
systems
- Recommendations on selection of appropriate materials with respect to local
availability, rapidly renewable materials, and materials with low-emission potential
- Recommendations regarding adequate thermal and visual comfort for indoor
environment quality
- TERI has given recommendations on solid waste management with respect to
quantification of generation, collection, and disposal strategies, resource recovery
potential, and its compliance with Indian standards.

41
Development of environmental building regulations and guidelines to achieve
energy efficiency in Bangalore city

3.2 HAWAII GATEWAY ENERGY CENTER, KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII

ARCHITECT/INTERIOR DESIGNER: Ferraro Choi and Associates
LANDSCAPE: LP&D Hawaii
ENGINEERS: Libbey Heywood (structural); Lincolne Scott (MEP); R.M. Towill
(civil)
COMMISSIONING AGENT: Engineering Economics environmental

ENERGYCONSULTANT: Lincolne Scott

SPACE FRAMES: Triodetic Space Frames
LEED MANAGEMENT: RMI/ENSAR
PHOTOVOLTAICS: Hawaii Electric Light Company
GENERAL CONTRACTOR: Bolton

LOCATION: BIG ISLAND OF HAWAII, WESTERN SHORE

GROSS SQUARE FOOTAGE: 3,600 SQ FT. (335 SQ M.)
COST: $3.5 MILLION

LEED Level: Platinum

Designers/Manufacturers of Record:

GLASS: PPG, Azurlite Aqua-Blue

CEILINGS: Tectum acoustic ceiling planks
FLOORING: Tajima Free-Lay Vinyl tile with 100 percent post-consumer recycled
content
CARPET: Interface tile with 50 percent recycled content and Paintbox series
SPECIAL SURFACING: Yemm & Hart, Origins, polyethylene sheet of 100 percent
post-consumer recycled resin

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
The 3,600-square-foot center consists of two buildings side by side- a conference and
educational center and a smaller administrative space. But what overwhelms the
building, appearing like a technological interloper in a natural ecosystem, is a white
steel truss system supporting several sets of photovoltaic panels—some of them
pointing up into the sky from the roof of the building, some of them shading the
project’s front patio entrance and steps from the parking area. Altogether, the 20-
kilowatt grid-tied system is currently providing 10 percent more energy than the
building needs.

In a reversal from the typical effort to reflect heat away from roofs, this building’s
curved copper roof is designed as a heat collector. The sun heats air in a plenum under
the roof, inducing stack-effect ventilation. The hot air rises out of a set of thermal
chimneys, siphoning fresh air into the building at a rate of 12 to 15 air changes per
hour through an underfloor plenum. That air enters the building through a small
exterior structure that houses coils containing 45°F seawater pumped from 3,000 feet

42
 below the ocean’s surface. The coils cool and dehumidify the air. Water that
condenses on the coils drips into a collection system and is used to flush toilets and
irrigate plants.

The engineer embraced the design of multiple chimneys, each three feet in diameter,
which, with the angularity, helped improve the system’s functionality. Although the
truss system appears ready-made for the photovoltaic panels it holds, it was originally
designed to support long chimneys. When the plenum under the roof became part of
the thermal chimney, computer simulations showed the chimneys did not need to
protrude far enough to warrant the trusses. Meanwhile, the client had arranged with
the local utility to provide the photovoltaic array and the trusses again had a use.

Figure 36: Space frame

Figure 37: Space frame

3.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

• HGEC is designed as a thermal chimney, capturing heat and creating air movement
using only building form and thermodynamic principles. Outside air is moved through
the building at a rate of 10 to 15 air changes per hour without the use of a mechanical
system.

• The copper roof radiates heat from the sun into a ceiling plenum; the heated air rises
and is exhausted through stacks on the building's north face. As the hot air is
exhausted, fresh outside air is pulled into the occupied space from a vented underfloor
plenum. Incoming air is drawn across cooling coils filled with 45°F seawater and
cooled to 72°F. Condensation collected below the seawater cooling coils is used for
flushing toilets and irrigating deep-rooted landscaping.

• The building orientation and configuration allow daylighting to eliminate the need for
electric lighting during daylight hours. All glazing is shaded to prevent direct solar
gain.

• The building was designed with an onsite, 20-kilowatt photovoltaic array. When the
building was constructed, this provided about half of the total energy needed to run
the seawater pumps, lights, and other electrical equipment. A pump adjustment in
2006 means that the photovoltaic system now provides all of the energy needed on
site.

43
 3.2.3 PROCESS

3.2.3.1 PREDESIGN
• The initial request for proposals for the Hawaii Gateway Energy Center called for a
zero-net-energy facility that would incorporate green building strategies and
demonstrate the unique resources and mission of the Natural Energy Laboratory of
Hawaii Authority (NELHA).

• In the predesign phase, the design team established strategies to put the principles into
practice and defined the degree of innovation that NELHA would consider. While
making these decisions, the team shifted from imagining a vague idea of sustainability
to targeting state-of-the-art green design. At this point, the team agreed to attempt
LEED(r) Platinum certification even though LEED certification was not a
requirement of the initial request for proposals.

• With the support of the client, the architecture and engineering team envisioned a
facility that would merit national and international recognition while contributing to
the local community. The client played an integral part in planning and imaging
sessions and fully supported the team's decision to pursue unconventional passive
design strategies.

• During the predesign phase, the client established beneficial partnerships with the
local electric utility (Hawaii Electric Light Company) and land-use planning
authority, both of whom took extraordinary interest in the long-term implications of
the renewable energy, energy distribution, and water conservation technologies that
HGEC would demonstrate.

3.2.3.2 DESIGN
• The unconventional design phase utilized a "whole design process," which differed
from a "linear design process" in that the architect and the consultants worked in
concert from the beginning, evolving the design as a team.

• This approach was critical to the successful integration of the passive design
strategies, including daylighting, induced ventilation, passive cooling, and
condensation irrigation.

• The project team envisioned designing the building as a thermal chimney to induce
ventilation.

• The team identified solar radiation as the "engine" that, simply by the laws of
thermodynamics, would move ventilation air without need for electric fans. Cold,
deep seawater available on the site would provide free cooling (except for the pump
energy needed to circulate the seawater through the cooling coils).

44
• To ensure that the building would function passively as an effective thermal chimney,
the team performed sophisticated computer modeling. This established the building
geometry and free area requirements along the ventilation pathway from the exterior
inlets, below-floor plenum, ceiling plenum, and chimney outlets that were maintained
throughout the design. Computer analysis also verified the effectiveness of
daylighting and shading design strategies.

Figure 38: Section of space frame structure

Figure 39: Hawaii gateway energy center

3.2.3.3 CONSTRUCTION
• A waste management plan and indoor air quality management plan were implemented
during construction. Additionally, site disruption and erosion were minimized.

• The extensive use of passive design and low-maintenance materials have result in
minimal maintenance requirements.

• In 2006, refinements to seawater pump flow and pressure have resulted in substantial
improvements in building performance; the building is now a net-exporter of energy.

• The passive conditioning system was made possible by the availability of cold
seawater, offered by the state to the renewable energy campus and adjoining
aquaculture facilities for $0.32 per thousand gallons. A pump circulates the seawater
as needed through the cooling coils, representing the only moving part and only
electricity use in the space-conditioning system.

• Experience with the facility has shown that in a south wind, which is most common,
the thermal chimneys work well. The air exchange rate is too low in a north wind,
however. The photovoltaic panels, not originally present in computer modeling,
deflect the north wind into the chimneys, counteracting their draw. The designers are
working on modifications to resolve this problem. The airflow rate also decreases
under cloudy skies, but so does the need for cooling.

3.2.4 GREEN STRATEGIES

• Development Impacts

• Minimize development impact area

• Minimize building footprint

45
• Waterless Fixtures

• Specify waterless urinals

• Runoff Reduction

• Use planted swales instead of curbs and gutters

• Landscape Plantings

• Landscape with indigenous vegetation

• Plant trees to shade parked vehicles

• Managing Stormwater

• Utilize sheet flow

• Construction Impacts

• Minimize soil erosion from construction activities

• Integration with Site Resources

• Integrate on-site wastewater treatment system with landscape design

• Site Planning

• Protect and celebrate a site’s uniqueness

3.2.5 MATERIALS & RESOURCES

Locally manufactured construction materials used for HGEC include lava rock,
concrete, and concrete masonry units. Although these materials did not meet LEED
credit criteria for local materials, the production plants are located within 25 miles of
the project, significantly reducing the energy embedded in their transportation. These
materials are also inherently durable and should require no regular maintenance.

Construction materials with post-industrial or post-consumer recycled content include

steel, thermoplastic olefin (TPO) roofing, copper roofing, thermal and acoustic
insulation, gypsum board, carpet, resilient flooring, and countertops.

Indoor finishes emit low or no volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Carpet tile was
used in lieu of glue-down carpet in the multipurpose space, and gravity-laid resilient
flooring was used in the administrative areas.

A glass, paper, plastic, and metal recycling program is followed in the building.

3.2.5.1 DESIGN FOR ADAPTABILITY TO FUTURE USES

• HGEC is a small facility designed for ultimate flexibility. Predicted service life of the
project is 50 years.

• The multipurpose space supports a variety of activities, including exhibits,

conferences, outreach, education, seminars, and community meetings. Raised-access
46
 flooring allows users to change the location of floor outlets and communications and
data devices to suit various activities.

• The administration area, which also features raised-access flooring, can be furnished
with up to four workstations that can be rearranged.

3.2.5.2 COST EFFICIENT MATERIAL STRATEGY USED

• Recyclable Materials

• Specify carpet from manufacturers who will recycle used carpet

• Plan for Materials Longevity

• Use materials and systems with low maintenance requirements

• Job Site Recycling

• Require a waste management plan from the contractor

• Set up labelled bins to keep recyclable materials separate

• Require that subcontractors keep their wastes separate

• Recycling by Occupants

• Specify recycling receptacles that are accessible to the occupants

• Post-Consumer Recycled Materials

• Specify carpet tiles made with recycled-content backing

• Pre-Consumer Recycled Materials

• Specify floor tiles with recycled content

• Use recycled-content rubber flooring

• Transportation of Materials

• Prefer materials that are sourced and manufactured within the local area

3.2.6 INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

The quality of HGEC's indoor environment stems from excellent daylighting, views,
ventilation, and thermal comfort.

During daytime hours, daylighting provides all necessary lighting. All of the occupied
spaces offer substantial views, as virtually all of the south and north elevations feature
glass, and all of this glass is shaded from direct sun. A translucent window treatment
provides room darkening or privacy when desired.

Windows are fixed, as operable windows would interfere with the chimney effect.
The ventilation design is based on stack ventilation. Cross ventilation was considered
undesirable, as it would have introduced noise, wind, and dust.
47
 The thermal chimney responds to interior and exterior heat gain, maintaining thermal
comfort: when temperatures rise, the chimney effect strengthens and introduces more
cool air to the building. The building maintains temperatures between 72°F and 76°F
without mechanical controls. Ventilation rates range from 8 to 15 air changes per hour
(ACH), exceeding health code requirements of 3 to 4 ACH. Ventilation is always
100% outside air. Outside air with 65% to 75% humidity loses moisture as it is drawn
across the deep seawater cooling coils. Indoor humidity is maintained between 55%
and 65%.

The contractor implemented an indoor air quality management plan during

construction, and materials were selected for their low emissions of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).

3.2.6.1 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY STRATEGIES USED

• Visual Comfort and The Building Envelope

• Orient the floor plan on an east-west axis for best control of daylighting

• Use large exterior windows and high ceilings to increase daylighting

• Choose interior and exterior glazing to maximize daylight transmission

• Visual Comfort and Interior Design

• Select only white to midrange finishes to maximize reflectance of light

• Acoustics and Occupant Noise

• Specify acoustically absorbent materials to lower reflected noise levels

• Reduction of Indoor Pollutants

• Specify zero-VOC interior latex paints

• Pollutant Management During Construction

• Store gypsum board during construction in a well-ventilated area

• Ventilation During Construction

• Provide adequate ventilation whenever construction activities are occurring in

confined space

• Building Commissioning for IEQ

• Use a comprehensive commissioning process to ensure that design intent is realized

• Facility Policies for IEQ

• Recommend a non-smoking policy for the building

48
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 BENEFITS OF GREEN DESIGN

Buildings have an enormous impact on the environment, human health, and the
economy. The successful adoption of green building strategies can maximize both the
economic and environmental performance of buildings.
4.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS:
▪ Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems.
▪ Improve air and water quality.
▪ Reduce waste streams.
▪ Conserve and restore natural resources.
4.1.2 ECONOMICAL BENEFITS:
▪ Reduce operating costs.
▪ Create, expand, and shape markets for green product and services.
▪ Improve occupant productivity.
▪ Optimize life-cycle economic performance.

4.1.3 SOCIAL BENEFITS:

▪ Enhance occupant comfort and health.
▪ Heighten aesthetic qualities.
▪ Minimize strain on local infrastructure.
▪ Improve overall quality of life.
4.1.4 HOW DO BUILDINGS AFFECT CLIMATE CHANGE?
▪ The energy used to heat and power our buildings leads to the consumption of large
amounts of energy, mainly from burning fossil fuels - oil, natural gas and coal - which
generate significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), the most widespread
greenhouse gas.
▪ Reducing the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions produced by buildings is
therefore fundamental to the effort to slow the pace of global climate change.
Buildings may be associated with the release of greenhouse gases in other ways, for
example, construction and demolition debris that degrades in landfills may generate
methane, and the extraction and manufacturing of building materials may also
generate greenhouse gas emissions.
Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is the most important goal of
sustainable architecture. Architects use many different passive and active techniques
to reduce the energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or
generate their own energy. One of the keys to exploit local environmental resources

49
and influence energy-related factors such as daylight, solar heat gains and ventilation
is the use of site analysis.

CHAPTER 5

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

To reduce solar penetration in this hot climate, the project team oriented the energy
center on an east-west axis. Day lighting provides all of the building’s lighting needs
during business hours, with overhangs blocking direct sunlight. Occupancy and
daylight sensors control the lights, which never come on during daytime. Located on
the barren landscape of Hawaii’s pahoehoe lava, the building does not disturb the site
beyond its footprint. For irrigation of native plantings, the project again uses the
thermal energy of the cold seawater. The plants are watered with vapor that has
condensed on cold-seawater pipes running over the ground like a drip irrigation
system but with

With the center fully booked with educational sessions, the attention garnered by its
architecture has also brought attention to the need for renewable power in Hawaii.

50
 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

http://www.slideshare.net/LauraPasquini/sustainability-101-24946239?qid=99fcb362-
751b-4c18-a2cc-b7a51f745504&v=&b=&from_search=1

http://www.slideshare.net/pthuyduong/introduction-to-sustainability-
36578822?qid=b8cb7204-693f-431b-983a-4e2ebdd68cd9&v=&b=&from_search=2

http://www.usgbc.org/articles/what-green-building

http://www.architecture-student.com/sustainable-design/importance-of-sustainable-
architecture-in-21st-century/

HISTORY

http://www.slideshare.net/LauraPasquini/sustainability-101-24946239?qid=99fcb362-
751b-4c18-a2cc-b7a51f745504&v=&b=&from_search=1

LITERATURE REVIEW

www.surfcoast.vic.gov.au/.../14_appendix_surf_coast_sustainable_design_book.pdf

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture

METHODS FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/ARCHdesIntro.pdf

BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDING

http://www.lennoxcommercial.com/green-building/benefits-of-green-
building.asp

INDEX FOR CONSIDERATION

http://www.slideshare.net/pulkitshukl/green-building-materials-30035938

http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/ARCHsbmIntro.pdf

AGENCIES FOR GREEN BUILDING EVOLUTION

www.usgbc.org/leed

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http://www.slideshare.net/sanjeevjain/green-building-9509285

http://mnre.gov.in/file-
manager/UserFiles/national_rating_system_green_buildings_GRIHA.pdf

http://www.grihaindia.org/static/Griha%20Rating%20Booklet_Dec12.pdf

CASE STUDY

i. THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE(TERI), BANGALORE

http://www.slideshare.net/thincdesign/teri-13480414

http://www.slideshare.net/rupeshchaurasia39/teri-bangalore-solar-passive-techniquesrupesh

http://builditbackgreen.org/bushfires/interactive-green-building-guide.aspx

http://builditbackgreen.org/bushfires/interactive-green-building-guide.aspx

ii. HAWAII GATEWAY ENERGY CENTER, KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII

http://www.aiatopten.org/node/142

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