TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

SUPERVISER CERTIFICATE i

DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

ABBREVIATIONS viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1-10

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2. HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN SMUGGLING 2
1.3 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 4
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 8
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 8
1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 9
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 9
1.8 CHAPTERIZATION 9

CHAPTER II MEANING, CONCEPT AND GROWTH OF HUMAN

TRAFFICKING 11-35

2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 HUMAN TRAFFICKING: DEFINITION 13
2.3 FORMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 15
2.3.1 Sexual Exploitation 15
2.3.2 Forced Labour or Services 16
2.3.3 Slavery, Practices Similar to Slavery, or Servitude 16

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 2.3.4 The Removal of Organs 19
2.3.5 Other Forms of Trafficking in Persons 20
2.4 GROWTH OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 21
2.4.1 Demand for Human Trafficking 23
2.4.2 Globalization 24
2.4.3 Decline of Borders and Globalization 25
2.4.4 Crises and Unequal Economic Development 27
2.4.5 Rise of the Illicit Global Economy and Corruption 28
2.4.6 Political Factors 29
2.4.6.1 End of the Cold War 29
2.4.6.2 Regional Conflicts and Trafficking 30
2.4.7 Rural to Urban Migration 31
2.4.8 Gender and Ethnic Discrimination 32
2.4.9 Public Health causes 33
2.5 CONCLUSION 34

CHAPTER III HUMAN TRAFFICKING: A HISTORICAL

PERSPECTIVE 36-46
3.1 INTRODUCTION 36
3.2 HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN PRE-INDEPENDENCE ERA 38
3.2.1 Human Trafficking in Ancient India 38
3.2.2 Human Trafficking in Medieval India 39
3.2.3 Human Trafficking in British India 41
3.3 RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE 43
3.4 CONCLUSION 46

CHAPTER IV STATUTORY PROVISIONS AND HUMAN

TRAFFICKING 47-74
4.1 INTRODUCTION 47
4.2 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO 48
4.2.1 Trafficking in Europe 48
4.2.2 Trafficking in the United States 51

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 4.2.3 Human Trafficking in Latin America and Africa 53
4.3 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIVE RESPONSES 54
4.3.1 Slavery Convention, 1926 55
4.3.2 Forced Labour or Compulsory Labour 55
4.3.3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 56
4.3.4 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 57
4.3.5 ICESC 57
4.3.6 United Nations Convention against Torture,1984 58
4.3.7 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 1989 58
4.3.8 Convention on Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers
and their Families, 1990 59
4.3.9 Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 60
4.4 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO COUNTER HUMAN
TRAFFICKING 61
4.4.1 The Constitution of India, 1949 61
4.4.2 The Indian Penal Code, 1860 63
4.4.2.1 Kidnapping and Abduction 63
4.4.2.2 Kidnapping from India 64
4.4.2.3 Kidnapping from lawful guardianship 64
4.4.2.4 Kidnapping, Abducting or inducing women 66
4.4.2.5 Procuration of minor girl 67
4.4.2.6 Selling minor for purposes of prostitution 69
4.4.3 The Foreigner’s Act 1946 70
4.4.4 Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 70
4.4.5 The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Act, 1989 71
4.4.6 Immigration (Carrier’s Liability) Act, 2000 72
4.4.7 Goa Children’s Act, 2003 72
4.5 CONCLUSION 73

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 CHAPTER V HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND INDIAN JUDICIARY
75-90

5.1 INTRODUCTION 75
5.2 TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION 76
5.3 TRAFFICKING AND EXPLOITATIVE LABOR 83
5.4 TRAFFICKING AND ADOPTION 87
5.5 CONCLUSION 88

CHAPTER VI CHILD TRAFFICKING IN MOGA DISTRICT OF

PUNJAB: A STUDY 90-104
6.1 INTRODUCTION 90
6.2 THE CONCEPT OF CHILD TRAFFICKING 91
6.2.1 Child Prostitution and Related Activity 93
6.2.2 Child Labour 94
6.2.3 Warfare 95
6.3 CHILD TRAFFICKING IN MOGA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB 95
6.3.1 Case Studies of the trafficked victims 98
6.3.2 Interview with officials 99
6.3.3 Causes for the prevalence 101
6.3.4 Observations of Researcher 101
6.4 CONCLUSION 102

CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION 104-108

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 ABBREVIATIONS

AHTC: Anti Human Trafficking Cell

AIR: All India Reporters

CARA: Central Adoption Resource Agency

COE: Council of Europe

CRC: Convention on the Rights of the Child

CWC: Child Welfare Committee

ICCPR: International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights

ILO: International Labour Organization

IMF: International Monetary Fund

IPC: Indian Penal Code

ISS: Institute of Social Science

ITPA: Immoral Traffic Prevention Act

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement

NHRC: National Human Right Commission

PIL: Public Interest Litigation

TVPA: Trafficking Victims Protection Act

UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UN: United Nations

UNGA: United Nations General Assembly

USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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