TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i-iii
PREFACE v-vii
LIST OF TABLES xvi-xix
TABLE OF CASES xx-xxvi
LIST OF CHART xxvii
LIST OF DIAGRAM xxviii
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS xxix

1. Introduction 1
1.1.Introduction 1
1.2.Evolution of Marriage 1
1.3.Concept of Divorce 3
1.3.1. Marriage of per Hindu law 6
1.3.2. Marriage as per Muslim Law 7
1.3.3. Marriage of Per Parsi Law 7
1.3.4. Marriage as per Christian Law 9
1.4.Divorce Under Hindu Law 10
1.4.1. Position Before Hindu Marriage Act 1955 11
1.4.2. Position After Hindu Marriage Act 1955 13
1.4.3. Analytical View of Grounds for Divorce 13
1.4.3.1.Adultery 13
1.4.3.2.Cruelty 14
1.4.3.3.Desertion 15
1.4.3.4.Conversion 15
1.4.3.5.Mental Disorder 16
1.4.3.6.Leprosy 16
1.4.3.7.Venereal Diseases 16
1.4.3.8. Renunciation of World 16

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 1.4.3.9.Not heard alive for 7 years 16
1.4.3.10. No Resumption of Cohabitation 17
1.4.3.11. Mutual Consent 17

1.5. Divorce Under Muslim Law 18

1.5.1. Muslim Law & Divorce 18
1.5.1.1.Talaq-ul-Ahsan 19
1.5.1.2.Talaq-ul-Biddat 19

1.6.Christian Law Marriage & Divorce 20

1.6.1. Christian Law on Divorce 20

1.7. Parsi Law Marriage & Divorce 21

1.7.1. Parsi Law on Divorce 21

1.8.Object of the Study 22

1.9.Statement of Research Problem 23
1.10. Hypothesis of the study 23
1.10.1. Universe 24
1.10.2. Sampling Design 24
1.10.3. Area of Research 24
1.11. Review of Literature 25
1.12. Chapter Scheme 27
2. Comparative Study of Divorce Laws. 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Meaning of Marriage 29
2.2.1 Void Marriages 30
2.2.2 Comparative Study of Void, Voidable and Irregular
Marriages Under Various Personal Laws. 30
2.3 Divorce Under Personal Laws 33
2.3.1 Divorce Under Hindu Law 38
2.3.2 Hindu Marriage Act 1955 41
2.3.3 Grounds of Divorce 41
2.3.3.1 Fault Theory of Divorce 42

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 2.3.3.1.1 Adultery 43
2.3.3.1.2 Cruelly 43
2.3.3.1.3 Desertion 43
2.3.3.1.4 Ceased to be Hindu 43
2.3.3.1.5 Unsound Mind 43
2.3.3.1.6 Incurable Disease 44
2.3.3.1.7 Renounce the world 44
2.3.3.1.8 Presumption of Death 44
2.3.3.1.9 No presumption of cohabitation 44
2.3.3.1.10 Special ground for Wife 45
2.3.3.1.10.1 Bigamy 45
2.3.3.1.10.2 Option of Puberty 45
2.3.3.1.10.3 Rape of Sodomony of Rape
and Bestiality 46
2.3.3.1.10.4 Decree of Maintenance 46
2.3.3.2. Irretrievable Ground or Breakdown Theory 46
2.3.3.3. Theory of Mutual Consent 48

2.4 Divorce Under Muslim Law 49

2.4.1 Types of Divorce` 52
2.4.1.1 Divorce by Husband 52
2.4.1.1.1 Ila 55
2.4.1.1.2 Zihar 56
2.4.1.2 Talaq-a-Tafweez 56
2.4.2 Divorce by Mutual Consent 57
2.4.2.1 Khula 57
2.4.2.2 Mubarrat 58
2.4.3 By Judicial Pronouncent 58
2.4.3.1 Faskh 58
2.4.3.2 Lian 58
2.4.4 Women's Right under Dissolution of Muslim Marriage
Act 1939 59
2.4.5 The Muslim Women Protection of Rights on Marriage
(Amendment) Act-2019 60

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 2.5 Christian Law 60
2.5.1 Indian Divorce Act 1869 62
2.5.1.1 Grounds of Divorce Under Christian Law 64

2.6 Persian Law 67

2.6.1 Grounds of Divorce Under Persian Law 72

2.7 Special Marriage Act 1954 73

2.8 Comparative Ground of Divorce Under Personal Laws 74
2.8.1 Adultery 74
2.8.2 Cruelty 75
2.8.3 Desertion 76
2.8.4 Conversion 77
2.8.5 Leprosy 79
2.8.6 Venerable Disease 80
2.8.7 Unsound Mind 81
2.8.8 Presumed to be Dead or Missing for 7 Years 82
2.8.9 Non Resumption of Cohabitation after Decree of Judicial
Separation or Restitution of Conjugal Rights. 83
2.8.10 Special Ground of Wife 84
2.8.11 Mutual Consent 85

2.9 Domestic Violence Act 2005 87

2.10 Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 87
2.11 Family Court Act 1984 88
2.11.1 Table of cases Filed in Various Family Courts of
Delhi & NCR 90
2.12 Impact of Divorce 94
2.12.1 Positive Impact of Divorce 95
2.12.2 Negative Impact of Divorce 97

3. Effect of Divorce on Society 101

3.1 Introduction 101
3.2 Hindu Law 103

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 3.2.1 Adultery 103
3.2.2 Cruelty 106
3.2.2.1 Physical Cruelty 107
3.2.2.2 Mental Cruelty 108
3.2.3 Desertion 116
3.2.4 Conversion 122
3.2.5 Insanity 123
3.2.6 Leprosy &Veneral Disease 125
3.2.7 Renunciation of World 126
3.2.8 Presumption of Death 127
3.2.9 Non Resumption of Cohabitation 128
3.2.10 Wife Grounds 130
3.2.10.1 Pre-Act Polygamous Marriage 130
3.2.10.2 Rape Sodomy and Bestiality 131
3.2.10.3 Non resumption of cohabitation after resumption 132
3.2.10.4 Repudiation of Marriage 133

3.2.11 Alternate Relief 134

3.2.12 Judicial Response on Mutual Consent Theory 135
3.2.13 Judicial Response to irretrievable Breakdown theory 139

3.3 Muslim Law 147

3.3.1 Forms of Divorce 148
3.3.1.1 By Death 148
3.3.1.2 Talaq-ul-Sunnat 148
3.3.1.2.1 Talaq-Ahsan 148
3.3.1.2.2 Talaq-Hasan 148
3.3.1.2.3 Talaq-ul-Biddat 150
3.3.1.3 Ila 153
3.3.1.4 Zihar 154
3.3.1.5 Talaq By Wife (Talaq-Tajweez) 154
3.3.2 Talaq By Mutual Consent 154
3.3.2.1 Khula 155
3.3.2.2 Mubarat 155

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 3.3.2.3 Wife Right of Divorce 156
3.3.3 Wife Right of Divorce 157

3.4 Christian Law on Divorce 158

3.4.1 Ground for Husband 159
3.4.2 Grounds for Wife 159
3.4.3 Divorce by Mutual Consent 160

3.5 Parsi Law 162

3.5.1 Pregnancy other than husband 163
3.5.1.1 Adultery 164
3.5.1.2 Fornication 164
3.5.1.3 Bigamy 164
3.5.1.4 Rape 164
3.5.1.5 Unnatural offence 164
3.5.1.6 Cruelly 164
3.5.1.7 Grievous Hurt 165
3.5.1.8 Veneral Disease 165
3.5.1.9 Prostitution 165
3.5.1.10 Imprisonment 166
3.5.2 Desertion 166
3.5.3 Order for Separate Maintenance 166
3.5.4 Ceased to be a Parsi 167

4. Classification Interpretation And Analysis of Data. 169

4.1 Introduction 169
4.2 Empirical Research 169
4.3 Problem Selection 170
4.4 Hypothesis of the study 170
4.5 Area of Study 171
4.6 Stratified Random Sampling Method 172
4.7 Collection of Data 172
4.7.1 Primary Data. 172
4.7.2 Secondary Data 172

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 4.7.3 Tertiary Data 172
4.8 Classification of Data 173
4.9 Profile of Respondents 174
4.10 Chart presentation for the profile of Respondents. 174
4.11 Analysis and Interpretation of Data collected from the Respondents.175
4.11.1 Analysis of General Public & Married Women. 175
4.11.2 Analysis of NGO's 226
4.11.3 Analysis of Advocates and Judges 244
4.12 Conclusion 299
4.12.1 Responses of General Public and Married Women. 301
4.12.2 Responses of NGO’s. 303
4.12.3 Responses of Advocates & Judges. 303

5. Conclusion & Suggestions 308

5.1 Conclusion 308
5.2 Testing of Hypothesis 312
5.2.1 Society is satisfied with the provisions of divorce 312
5.2.2 The provisions related to divorce are not being misused by
the society 313
5.2.3 Divorce Laws are properly applied by the judiciary 313
5.2.4 The concept of Divorce under the Laws has changed
progressively 313
5.3 Fulfillment of Objectives 314
5.3.1 To Analyse the laws made for divorce by the legislature 314
5.3.2 The laws related to divorce were to be well known in
society 314
5.3.3 Divorce is an appropriate remedy in matrimonial dispute
cases. 314
5.3.4 To study the procedure followed by the courts related to
divorce cases. 314
5.3.5 To analyse the reasons for increasing ratio of divorce in
past decades. 315
5.3.6 To analyse the judicial trends relating to divorce. 315

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 5.3.7 To study the present scenario of divorce for society with
the ancient period. 315

5.4 Suggestions 315

5.4.1 General Suggestion 316
5.4.2 Specific Suggestion 323

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX
1. APPENDIX-1
 ANNEXURE-A-QUESTIONNAIRE FOR GENERAL PUBLIC AND
MARRIED WOMEN
 ANNEXURE-B-QUESTIONNAIRE FOR NGO's
 ANNEXURE-C-QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ADVOCATES AND JUDGES

2. APPENDIX-2
 LIST OF PAPER PUBLISHED

3. APPENDIX-3
 SUPERVISOR'S PROFILE

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