DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

A
Seminar Report

Submitted by
RAJKUMAR ( Regd. No. 1601292209)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GANDHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
 BHUBANESWAR-752054
2016-2020

CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 OBJECTIVES

 BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE TRANSMITTER

SECTION

 BLOCK DESCRIPTION

 SCHEMATIC EXPLANATION OF THE PROJECT

 DIGITAL TACHOMETER SECTION

 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

ABSTRACT:

The Dynamic Speed Governor is a system that can be implemented

effectively for an efficient and perfectly controlled traffic system. This
system can limit the speed of a moving vehicle over an area where the speed
has to be restricted and retained within a predetermined value. The Dynamic
Speed Governor consists of mainly two parts, the Transmitter section and
the Receiver section. The transmitter section is mounted on the signal board,
on which the speed limit over that area is indicated. Receiver section is kept
inside the vehicle. The radio frequency signal from the transmitter is
transmitted and the receiver receives it. If the speed of the vehicle is greater
than the speed limit proposed for that particular area, which in turn is
transmitted by the transmitter section, the speed governor comes into action
and restricts the driver from going beyond that rated speed. If the system
detects that the speed of the vehicle has gone beyond the speed limit, a
signal is generated from the dynamic speed governor circuit. This signal in
turn is used to drive the mechanical part of the vehicle, which closes the fuel
nozzle of the vehicle thereby restricting the vehicle from going beyond that
speed. In this particular reproduction of the system, to indicate the signal
produced, the signal output from the circuit is used to trigger a mono-stable
multi-vibrator, which in turn sounds a buzzer.
 INTRODUCTION

The proposed mini project work is a Dynamic Speed Governor. Dynamic

speed governor is designed with the aim of dynamically limiting the speed
of the vehicle to a preset value, when the driver drives through an area that
has a preset speed limit, thereby encouraging safe driving and preventing
accidents. The main idea is to transmit the speed limit for the area to the
vehicle, as it approaches an area that has speed restriction, so that the driver
can be warned and the speed of the vehicle is automatically reduced. The
system is implemented with the help of a RF transmitter that transmits a
speed limit to the approaching vehicle, and an RF receiver inside the vehicle
that accepts the incoming signal and then feeds the speed limit as one of the
inputs to a comparator. The other input of the comparator comes from a
digital tachometer. When the comparator detects an input speed that is
greater than the speed limit received by the RF receiver, it will trigger off a
chain of reactions that induce the mechanical functioning of the vehicle to
automatically bring down the speed of the vehicle to a range in tandem with
the preset value and thus the desired results are obtained from the system.
 OBJECTIVES

The primary design criteria for this project work were as follows:

 Incorporate easily available components

 Use cheap and easily worked materials platform

 Minimize the weight of the unit

 Maintain a level of robustness

 Bring about solid design and construction features

 Limit the consumption of energy

 Modular design
 BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE TRANSMITTER
SECTION

The block diagram of RF Transmitter section is as shown below:

Class 1 Reference
Speed

Parallel
To
Serial
Encoder RF Transmitter Module

Class 2 Reference
Speed

Figure 1: RF Transmitter Section

 BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE RECIEVER &
TACHOMETER SECTION

The block diagram of RF receiver and digital tachometer section is as

shown below:

IR sensor
unit

Max.speed Speed
display Display
Tx
Rx

RF Receiver
Serial KMPH
To Comparator Converter
Parallel Counter
Decoder
Address Shaft
Alarm Section
Timing circuit
of

Figure 2: Receiver and Digital Tachometer section

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

1. RF Transmitter Unit
The RF Transmitter consists of:
a) Reference Speed Setting Circuit: -It allows the authorized body to
set the reference speed limit

b) Display Section: It will display the speed limit set by the

authorized body.

c) Parallel to Serial Encoder: It will encode the parallel input data to

serial data.

d) RF Transmitter Module: - It will transmit the encoded data.

2. RF Receiver Unit

It consists of:

a) RF Receiver: - which will receive the data sent by the Transmitter.

b) Serial to Parallel Decoder: -which will decode the serial encoddata.

c) Display Unit: which will display the reference speed RFtransmitter.

3. Digital tachometer
It consists of:
 a) A white dot on the shaft of the vehicle.
b) Sensor Unit:This consists of IR transmitter and IR receiver. It will
sense the number of times the white spot reflects the transmitted IR.
c) Counter: This will count the number of times the white spot has
been detected in a time interval.
d) Timing circuit: Which will provide a preset time limit over which
the counter counts the number of times white spot is detected by the
sensor.
e) Converter Unit: This will convert the pulses counted over a time
period to speed (km/h) and send this speed to the comparator for
comparing it with the received reference speed limit and also to a
display unit to display the speed of the vehicle.
f) Display Unit: This will display the speed of the vehicle.

4. Comparator:
It produces the speed governing signal that is fed to the mechanical drive of
the vehicle and subsequently reduces the speed to the preset limit.

5.Alarm Unit:

It will alert the driver if the speed of the vehicle is greater than the reference
speed

SCHEMATIC EXPLANATION OF THE PROJECT

The main sections of the dynamic speed governor are:

1) RF Transmitter Unit
2) RF Receiver Unit
3) Digital Tachometer Unit
4) Comparator Unit
5) Alarm Unit

RF TRANSMITTER UNIT

Transmitter is divided into two sections.

I. SENSOR UNIT
II. TRANSMITTING UNIT

SENSOR UNIT
The circuit diagram of the sensor unit is shown below in Figure3.

Figure 3: Sensor unit

The first section consists of a sensor, a monostable multi-vibrator and an

astable multi-vibrator. The main aim of the sensor unit is to sense the
presence of a vehicle using IR sensor The sensor unit requires that the LDR
impedance should be high (200k) when there is no vehicle and its
impedance should be low (1K) when the sensor is cut.
The sensor is actually a combination of photodiode and a LDR (Light
Detector Resistor). When light falls on LDR, its resistance will be
approximately 1k. When light is not falling, resistance will be greater than
200k. When light falls, the impedance of the LDR becomes low. Thus, a
voltage drop occurs. This voltage drop will be greater than 1/3V cc.At that
time, the monostable is triggered.

When a vehicle approaches, it cuts the light beam, at that time the output at
the third pin of the monostable will become high. This output is given to the
Vcc of the 2nd 555 timer (which is the astable multi-vibrator) and given to
the NOT gate (7404). The output of the NOT gate is provided as the reset of
the CD 4017.When the output of the NOT gate becomes low, it acts as a
clock to the CD 4017.The latch enable of CD 4017 is always working.

When the reset pin is set low, the output is stored in CD 4017.First, the
output is obtained at the 2nd pin i.e., bit 1 is obtained at pin2. When the 2 nd
vehicle is passed, the output is obtained at the pin7, i.e., bit 3is obtained at
pin 7.Usually a guard bit is provided to avoid distortion. Here bit 2 is
provided as the guard bit.
II.TRANSMITTER UNIT

Figure 4: Transmitter Unit

It requires a parallel to serial encoder, which will convert the parallel input
data to serial output data. It consists of two transmitter IC’s and an
enoder.ie.it will encode the serial input data to parallel output data.
Transmitter module will transmit the encoded data. Transmitter module is a
crystal oscillator chip. The transmitting frequency is 434MHz.

RF RECEIVER UNIT
The RF receiver unit consists of a receiver section and a display section.

Figure 5: Receiver Unit

 Figure 6: Display Unit

In the receiver unit, receiver module receives the transmitted signal.

Receiver module contains crystal oscillator. Frequency of receiver module is
434MHz.Receiver module does not contain any antenna. But it has dipoles,
which can act as antenna leads. Receiver module receives the serial data. We
want to convert the serial data into parallel form. So the serial data is given
to HT 648 IC.IT is a serial to parallel encoder, which converts serial data
into parallel form for proper use. This parallel data is given to 4511 IC.4511
is a Seven segment display encoder, which converts the data into digital
form. The transmitted speed is displayed in the BCD to 7-segment display
unit.
It will display the reference speed sent by the transmitter. The displayed
speed is actually the designed speed limit for each vehicle.
DIGITAL TACHOMETER SECTION

This section consists of a sensor part, 555Timer circuits counter ICs and
display unit. There is a motor, which is connected to a shaft and is placed
in relation with the sensor circuit. The rotation of the motor can generate
pulses, which can be converted into speed in km/hr.

NUMBER OF PULSES TO SPEED (KM/HR) CONVERSION

Speed in km/hr = distance traveled in km in 1 hr.

Also, speed in km/hr = distance traveled in km in (1/a) hr×a

Where ‘a’ is the scaling factor and (1/a) hr is the measuring time.

Now, distance travelled in (1/a) hr = number of rotations in (1/a) hr×2π ×

radius of wheel.

Counter value = D1hr = D (1/a) hr×a

=2Nr× π ×r×a

But counter value = number of pulses counted = Np

Hence Np = 2Nr× π ×r ×a.
Np/Nr = 2 π ×r×a.

We take Np/Nr = 1 i.e. no scaling which means that sensor output is

directly coupled to counter.

Therefore, 1 = 2π ×r×a
a = 1/ (2π ×r).

Here we take the radius of the wheel as,

22.5cm = 22.5×10-5km.
Value of a = 1/(2π ×r) = 707.7
Hence measuring time = (1/a) hr
=3600sec/707.7
=5.08 sec
Therefore the measuring time is approximately taken as 5 seconds

Figure 7: Digital Tachometer Unit

In the steady state conditions motor will not rotate, high impedance occurs
and the voltage drop becomes greater than 1/3Vcc of 555 timer. This is the
first 555 timer in the digital tachometer section as shown in the figure. It is
designed as 0.693(R+R’) C = 5 seconds.

There is a white spot on the shaft of this motor. When the sensor is passed,
i.e. when the motor rotates, the light from the LED will get completely
reflected by the white spot and is detected by the photo detector, resulting in
the generation of photons. Now, the voltage drop becomes less than 1/3 V cc
of the 555 timer and so the timer will be triggered. During the rotation of the
motor multiple edges can come. To avoid that we use 555 timer so that the
output will consist of perfect pulses. Here this 555 timer is designed for
40Hz. Therefore the noise signals, which is in kHz, can be avoided.

The output pulse from the555 timer will act as a clock for the dual counter
CD4518. CD4518 will count the rotation of the shaft.11, 12, 13, 14 pins act
as lower section of the counting and 3, 4, 5, 6 pins act as upper section of
counting. 7,15 are the reset pins. For the counter CD 4518 to work, the reset
pins ie.7 and 15 should be in low state. The clock signal to the pin 2 is taken
from pin 14.The output from CD 4518 is connected to the 7 th pin of
CD4017.CD 4017 is a Johnson ring counter.
 Figure 8: Display Unit

Measured values from CD4518 are first displayed. Then it should remain
there sometime. For that a low bit should be given at 5 th pin for latch
enabling. We give this from the output of NOT gate. Now to measure and
store the new speed value (as the vehicle is moving continuously) we need
to reset the counter CD 4518.The new value is measured, stored and reseted,
and the process continuous.
COMPARATOR UNIT

A0 B0 C0 D0 A1 B1 C1 D1 E0 F0 G0 H0 E1 F1 G1 H1

10 7 2 15 11 9 1 14 10 7 2 15 11 9 1 14
5 12 5
CD 4585 CD 4585 8
8 3 6
4 16 6 4 16 13

+5V +5V +5V X

Figure 10.Comparator Section

A comparator unit compares the received set reference speed or the speed
set for that particular zone with the actual speed of the user vehicle. If the
speed of the user vehicle is greater than that of the reference speed received,
the comparator pin 13 outputs goes high and this high output is used to
trigger the alarm section. The comparator unit is realized by using CD 4585,
which is a 4-bit comparator. However the speed of the vehicle and the
received speed limit exceeds 4 bits when converted into the binary system.
Hence two CD 4585 comparator IC’s are cascaded so as to implement an 8-
bit comparator. Comparator IC’s in 2 steps does comparison. The Ist IC
compares the most significant output and the output from the Ist is then fed
to the 2ndIC.The 2nd IC then compares the lower 4 bits and the output from
this IC is used to drive the alarm unit. A high in pin 13 indicates A>B, high
in pin 3 indicates A=B, and A<B, when pin 12is high.

5) ALARM UNIT

Figure 11.Alarm Section

The aim of the project is to warn the user when he is exceeding the speed
limit of the zone. Here, we make use of a buzzer that will sound an alarm
when the user vehicle is exceeding the set speed limit. The output from the
comparator pin received set speed limit. This output is then given to a 555
timer IC that is connected in the monostable mode of operation through a
7404 IC (NOT gate).

Whenever the output from the comparator is low the input to the 555 will be
high and hence it out operate. However when the output at the comparator
IC goes high it will appear as a zero at the pin2 of the 555 timer IC i.e., less
than 1/3Vcc.The zero input to the IC being less than 1/3Vcc will trigger the
monoshot and a square pulse of the preset period 5 seconds will be obtained
at the output pin. The square pulse will trigger the buzzer which will
produce a warning signal for 5 seconds thereby warning the over speeding
users. The use of a monoshot in between the buzzer and the comparator IC
prevents the continuous ringing of the buzzer thereby avoiding distraction
and promoting safe warning for the users.

CONCLUSION:

The Dynamic Speed Governor is a system that can be implemented

effectively for an efficient and perfectly controlled traffic system. This
system can limit the speed of a moving vehicle over an area where the speed
has to be restricted and retained within a predetermined value. The Dynamic
Speed Governor consists of mainly two parts, the Transmitter section and
the Receiver section. The transmitter section is mounted on the signal board,
on which the speed limit over that area is indicated. Receiver section is kept
inside the vehicle. The radio frequency signal from the transmitter is
transmitted and the receiver receives it. If the speed of the vehicle is greater
than the speed limit proposed for that particular area, which in turn is
transmitted by the transmitter section, the speed governor comes into action
and restricts the driver from going beyond that rated speed. If the system
detects that the speed of the vehicle has gone beyond the speed limit, a
signal is generated from the dynamic speed governor circuit. This signal in
turn is used to drive the mechanical part of the vehicle, which closes the fuel
nozle of the vehicle and restricting the vehicle from going beyond the speed.
REFERENCES

[1] Development of Electronic Governor and Simulator for the Generating

Diesel Engine by Sung HoonKo, Hyeong Soon Moon, Jong Cheol Kim,
ByeongYeol Lee, Si Eun Cho, SeungHyupRyu, ICROS – SICE International
Joint Conference 2009, Japan

[2] Comparison and Conversion of Dynamic Models of Speed Governor for

Transient Stability Analysis by Li Lin, Kun Zhang, Feng Sun, Qunju Li

[3] US Patent 6,167,979, Jan. 2, 2001: Dynamic Speed Governing of a

Vehicle by Dennis O. Taylor and G. George Zhu