EIM ASSIGNMENT

Name: HIMANSHU SINGH

Section: D
Roll Number: 2K18/EC/082

SENSORS:
Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to
electrical or optical signals. A sensor converts the physical parameter (for
example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which
can be measured electrically.
Some examples of commonly used sensors are:
• Temperature Sensor
• Pressure Sensor
• Proximity Sensor
• Accelerometer and Gyroscope Sensor
• IR Sensor
• Optical Sensor
• Gas Sensor
• Smoke Sensor
• Motion Sensor
• humidity sensor
• gravity sensor
• touch sensor
• microphone sound sensor
• level sensor
• FORCE SENSOR

MOTION SENSOR
A motion sensor is a device that detects physical movement on a device or within an
environment. It has the ability to detect and capture physical and/or kinetic
movements in real time.
TYPES OF MOTION SENSOR
 • Active Motion Sensors - are also known as Radar-based motion sensors.
The active detector sensors emit the radio waves/ microwaves across a room
or other place, which strike on nearby objects and reflect it back to the sensor
detector. When an object moves in motion sensor controlled area at this time,
the sensor looks for a Doppler (frequency) shift in the wave when it returns to
the sensor detector, which would indicate that the wave has hit a moving
object.
• Passive Motion Sensors - It simply detects the infrared energy. Infrared
(heat) energy levels are sensed by passive detectors. Passive sensors scan
the room or area, it is installed for infrared heat that is radiated from living
beings.
• Combined motion sensor - is a combination of both active and passive
sensors. It activates light or alarm only in such a case when motion is detected
by both active and passive sensors.
APPLICATION OF MOTION SENSOR

• Intruder alarms
• Automatic ticket gates
• Entryway lighting
• Security lighting
• Hand dryers
• Automatic doors
• Ultrasonic motion sensors are used for triggering the security camera at home
and for wildlife photography.
• Active infrared motion sensors used to indicate the presence of products on
conveyor belts.

ADVANTAGES OF MOTION SENSOR

• It can be used in very harse environment having irregular heat cycles (Active
Motion Sensor).
• It has more lifespan which is about 100000 Hrs (Active type).
• It detects motion in light and dark conditions reliably in indoors. (Passive
motion sensor)
• It helps in providing security by detecting suspicious movement.
• It is easy to install motion sensors.

DISADVANTAGES OF MOTION SENSOR

• Radio frequency at high power is harmful for humans (active type).

• Radio frequency in microwave range do not penetrate metal objects (active
type).
• Passive motion sensors do not operate above temperature of 35 0C.
 • Passive sensor type works in LOS (Line of Sight) and does not work in non-
LOS regions.
• Passive type is insensitive to very slow motion of the object.
• Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor can detect human being within approx. 10
meters range. Any kind of moving object can trigger the PIR sensor type.

HEAT SENSOR

A heat detector is a device that detects the changes in the fire or heat. Any change
in the heat that exceeds the range of heat sensor ratings is sensed by using the heat
sensor.

TYPES OF HEAT SENSOR

• Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors – This work when the element that is
sensitive to heat reaches the threshold value.
• The Rate of Rising Heat Detectors - This work on the rapid increase in the
element temperature of around 12°F – 15°F per minute. This rise in temperature
does not depend on the initial temperature. ROR heat detectors work on the
principle of thermistors or thermocouples.

APPLICATION OF HEAT SENSOR

• Used as fire alarm system in residential buildings, factories, indoor complexes,

etc.
• A heat detector is usually used in rooms where there is excessive dust or fumes
– for instance, a garage or cellar – which a smoke alarm can mistake for dust,
soot or combustible elements in the atmosphere.
• It’s also used in rooms where highly-flammable chemicals are stored. (Chemical
Industries/factories)

ADVANTAGES OF HEAT SENSOR

Fixed Heat Sensor: -

• Lower cost than smoke detector units
• More reliable than smoke detector units
• Not affected by dusty or dirty environments
 • Minimal maintenance

Rate of Rising Heat Sensor: -

• Responds faster than the fixed temperature detector
• Not affected by dusty or dirty environments
• More reliable than smoke detector units
• Less expensive than smoke detector units
• Minimal maintenance

DISADVANTAGES OF HEAT SENSOR

• Slower to respond than smoke detectors

• Will not detect products of combustion
• Only suitable for protection of property

PROXIMITY SENSOR
Proximity sensors are used across a broad range of industrial and manufacturing
applications. They’re used to sense the presence of objects or materials and then
either initiate some action or simply flag their presence or absence. Key to their
operation is that they don’t require physical contact with the target or object being
sensed. This is why they’re often called non-contact sensors.

There are a number of common sensing techniques employed in proximity sensors.

These techniques serve to categorize sensor types in addition to other ways such
as the material to be detected or the environmental conditions best suited for that
sensor type.

The most common types of proximity sensors are briefly described below:
Capacitive – as the name indicates, these sensors operate by noting a change in the
capacitance, capacitance being a function of both electrical charge and voltage
between two surfaces with either an air gap or some other material between them,
which is the dielectric constant. When an object to be detected enters the field of
the sensor, it effects the dielectric and thus changes the capacitance, which is
sensed as a change.

Inductive – these types of sensors are based on changing inductance, which is a

measure of the ability of inducing a voltage in a conductor as a result of a changing
current in a different conductor. Inductive sensors work with metallic objects
because these have inductive properties, so can’t be used to detect plastic, for
instance.

Also, the type of material sensed will influence the sensing distance. For example,
ferromagnetic materials like steel generally have the longest sensing distances,
whereas other metals such as aluminum or copper have much shorter sensing
distances.

Photoelectric – these sensors operate on the basis of light, dependent on a change

in the amount of light available to a detector in the sensor. There are two basic
types of photoelectric sensor; reflective, and through-beam. Reflective sensors
work by emitting a beam of light that strikes the object and is reflected back to the
detector, usually in the same physical housing as the emitter beam. Through-beam
sensors, on the other hand, have two separate units, an emitter or source of light
and a separate receiver or detector. When an object breaks the light beam, the
detector registers this break.

Ultrasonic – these sensors use sound waves to detect objects. They emit a high
frequency sound wave (higher than human ears can detect) and when it strikes an
object it’s reflected back to the sensor where the distance of the object can be
calculated based on the time required for it to return. They’re used in applications
to measure distance of objects, such as in automotive park-assist functions, and in
bottling and filling applications to detect fluid levels.

Applications:
● Parking sensors, systems mounted on car bumpers that sense distance to
nearby cars for parking
● Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety
● Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery[citation needed]
● Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines.
● Sheet break sensing in paper machine.
● Anti-aircraft warfare
● Roller coasters
● Conveyor systems
● Beverage and food can making lines
● Mobile devices
● Touch screens that come in close proximity to the face
● Attenuating radio power in close proximity to the body, in order to reduce

Advantages and Disadvantages of Proximity Sensors

Optical Sensors:
Electro-optical sensors are electronic detectors that convert light, or a
change in light, into an electronic signal.They are used in many industrial
and consumer.

Applications, for example:

● Lamps that turn on automatically in response to darkness

● Position sensors that activate when an object interrupts a light beam

● Flash detection, to synchronize one photographic flash to another

● Photoelectric sensors that detect the distance, absence, or presence

of an object

Function: An optical sensor converts light rays into electronic signals. It

measures the physical quantity of light and then translates it into a form
that is readable by an instrument. An optical sensor is generally part of a
larger system tha integrates a source of light, a measuring device and the
optical sensor. This is often connected to an electrical trigger. The trigger
reacts to a change in the signal within the light sensor. An optical sensor can
measure the changes from one or several light beams. When a change
occurs, the light sensor operates as a photoelectric trigger and therefore
either increases or decreases the electricaloutput. An optical switch enables
signals in optical fibres or integrated optical circuits to be switched
selectively from one circuit to another.

An optical switch can operate by mechanical means or by electro-optic

effects, magneto-optic effects as well as by other methods. Optical switches
are optoelectronic devices

which can be integrated with integrated or discrete microelectronic circuits.

Applications:

There are many different kinds of optical sensors, the most common types
are:

● Photoconductive devices convert a change of incident light into a

change of resistance.

● Photovoltaics, commonly known as solar cells, convert an amount of

incident light into an output voltage.

● Photodiodes convert an amount of incident light into an output

current.

● Phototransistors are a type of bipolar transistor where the base-

collector junction is exposed to light. This results in the same behaviour
of a photodiode, but with an internal gain.

● Optical Switches are usually used in optical fibers, where the electro-
optic effect is used to switch one circuit to another. These switches can
be implemented with, for example, microelectromechanical systems or
piezoelectric systems.

Disadvantages of Optical Sensor:

➨Susceptible to interference from environmental effects

➨Can be costly
➨Susceptible to physical damage