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0.2
Inrush due to switching-on
0.0
Initial magnetizing due to switching a transformer on is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Time
(cycles)
considered the most severe case of an inrush. When a
Figure 1: Sample inrush current (a) and its second harmonic
transformer is de-energized, the magnetizing voltage is
ratio (b).
Im 1 α
sin(( n + 1)α ) + sin(( n − 1)α ) − 2 cos sin( nα )
1
An =
π n + 1 n− 1 n
0.8
(1)
0.6
Figure 3 presents the frequency spectrum of the signal
shown in Figure 2 calculated with the use of (1) for
α =60, 90 and 120 degrees, respectively. As seen from 0.4
the figure, the second harmonic always dominates be-
cause of a large dc component. However, the amount of 0.2
the second harmonic may drop below 20%. The mini- α = 120 o
mum content of the second harmonic depends mainly on 0
2
α = 90o
the knee-point of the magnetizing characteristic of the 3 4 5 6 7 α = 60o
core. The lower the saturation flux density, the higher 8 9 10
the amount of the second harmonic.
Phase
First Harmonic
0.4
Second Harmonic
cases:
0.2 • both wye-delta and wye-wye connections have been
taken into account,
0 • energization from both wye and delta windings has
been considered,
-0.2
• energization onto an internal fault has been consid-
ered,
• variety of inrush factors have been taken into ac-
-0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x
count (weak and strong energizing systems, random
1
residual magnetism, random point-on-wave when
Inrush Current
(b) energizing, etc.).
First and Second
Harmonics are in
The performed analysis has showed improved discrimi-
First Harmonic Phase nation ability of the new algorithm comparing with the
0.5
traditional second harmonic restraint.
MAGNITUDE
( ) ( )
2 nd
I DIFF (4)
I 21 = 1st
∠ angle I DIFF
2 nd
− 2 ⋅angle I DIFF
1st
I DIFF
I2
where all the involved currents are rotating vectors.
1 (im
ag
ina )
ry) real
Depending on the definition of the phasors, the attribute I 21 (
of the fundamental frequency component and the second
harmonic being “in phase” during inrush conditions
should be understood as follows:
(a) If the cosine function is a base for the real part of (b)
the phasor, then the angle between the first and sec-
ond harmonics is 0 or 180 degrees during inrush
conditions.
(b) If the sine function is a base for the real part of the
phasor, then the angle between the first and second
harmonics is either +90 degrees or –90 degrees
during inrush conditions.
In this paper, convention (b) is followed.
Analysis similar to the one depicted in Figure 4 has
been carried out for the waveform model that included a I2
decaying dc component with the time constant varied
1 (im
ag
ina )
over a wide range. Again, an analytical proof has been ry) real
obtained that the phase angle difference between the I 21 (
second and first harmonics defined as (b) above is close
to ±90 degrees regardless of the ratio of amplitudes.
Figure 5: Internal fault (a) and inrush (b) patterns.
the figure, the values of the complex second harmonic 90
ratio cluster along the ±90-degree lines 120 60
I 21
plane
Thus, there is significant separation between the internal 0.3
time
0.1
Operate/Restraint regions
180 OPERATE
0 0
Taking the statistical difference of Figure 5 into account
the operating region for the new decision quantity I21
has been shaped as shown in Figure 6.
time
The following applies to the operate/restraint regions 210 330
(Figure 6):
• the operating region stretches between approxi- 240 300
mately ±20% for angles close to 0 and 180 degrees 270
(traditional second harmonic restraint),
• for angles close to ±90 degrees the operating region Figure 6: Operating characteristic for the new
is cut with two lens-like shapes ensuring blocking decision quantity.
for low values of the second harmonic,
• the lens-like cut-offs are not stationary, but are made REFERENCES
functions of time — initially, the cut-offs are very 1. Karsai K, Kerenyi D, Kiss L, 1987, “Large Power Transformers”,
deep, but after several cycles they disappear leaving Elsevier, New York, USA.
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As a result of the dynamic restraint, one obtains a time- Protection using Numerical Relays”, IEEE Computer Applica-
tions in Power, 11/4, 39-45.
dependent operating characteristic for the complex sec- 3. Giuliante T, Clough G, “Advances in the Design of Differential
ond harmonic ratio. The time required to unblock the Protection for Power Transformers”, 1995, Texas A&M Univer-
relay (i.e. the time after which the magnetizing inrush sity Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station,
restraint is taken out) is a function of I21. If the latter Texas, USA.
does not change in time, the stationary t–I21 relation 4. Inagaki K, Higaki M, Matsui Y, Kurita K, Suzuki M, Yoshida K,
may be derived as shown in Figure 7. The obtained Maeda T, “Digital Protection Method for Power Transformers
Based on an Equivalent Circuit Composed of Inverse Inductance”,
characteristic has the following distinctive features: 1988, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 3/4, 1501-1508.
• if the angle of I21 is close to 0 or 180 degrees, the in- 5. Sidu T S, Sachdev M S, Wood H C, “Detecting Transformer
rush restraint is removed immediately regardless of Winding Faults using Non-Linear Models of Transformers”,
1989, 4th International Conference Developments in Power Sys-
the magnitude of the second harmonic, tem Protection, IEE Publication No.302, 70-74.
• if the angle is close to ±90 degrees the delay before 6. Yabe K, “Power Differential Method for Discrimination between
removing the restraint depends on the amount of the Fault and Magnetizing Inrush Current in Transformers”, 1997,
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 12/3, 1109-1118.
second harmonic: for low ratios of the second har- 7. Thorp J S, Phadke AG, “A New Computer Based Flux Restrained
monic, the delay is very short; while for ratios close Current Differential Relay for Power Transformer Protection”,
to 20% is rises to 5-6 cycles; this is enough to pre- 1983, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-
vent maloperation due to low values of the second 102/11, 3624-3629.
harmonic during inrush conditions. 8. Pozzuoli M P, “Meeting the Challenges of the New Millennium:
The Universal Relay”, 1999, Texas A&M University Conference
for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, Texas, April 5-8,
CONCLUSIONS 1999.