Q.

1 (a)

Figure Q.1 (a)

(i) Determine the total noise figure of the system.

(3 marks)

(ii) Determine the overall equivalent noise temperature.

(3 marks)

(iii) By swapping the components, suggest a new connection configuration

that will lead to the best noise performance. Justify your answer with
relevant mathematical analysis.
(5 marks)
(b) (i) Calculate the output noise voltage if the amplifier has a 5 dB noise figure
and has 2 kΩ resistor.
(6 marks)
 (ii) How would you further improve the performance of the above
amplifier?
(3 marks)

(c) Modulation is an important process in an electronic communication system

especially if wireless transmission is involved. Discuss TWO (2) benefits of
modulation in such a wireless communication system.
(5 marks)
Q.2 (a) Requirements like sampling and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) coding in
digital transmission system leads to wider system bandwidth. However, digital
systems are also known to be spectrum efficient. Discuss this.
(5 marks)

(b) Figure Q.2 (b) shows the block diagram of a binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
receiver. The input signal is sin ωct. The coherent carrier recovery circuit detects
and regenerates a carrier signal that is both frequency and phase coherent with
the original transmit carrier. The balanced modulator is a product detector.

(i) Write the mathematical representation of the outputs at points A and B.

(5 marks)
 (ii) If the input is changed now to –sin ωct, what is the output at point B.
(5 marks)

Figure Q.2 (b)

(c) Design a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) system that will accommodate
two 3200 bits/s synchronous digital inputs and an analog that has a bandwidth
of 2700 Hz. Assume that the analog input is sampled at 1.4815 times the Nyquist
rate and converted into 4-bit PCM words. Draw a block diagram for your design
and indicate the data rates of analog input, digital input, commutator output and
TDM output in your designed diagram. [Hint: include a PCM encoder].
(10 marks)
Q.3 (a) In amplitude modulation (AM), carrier’s amplitude is directly varied by the
modulating signal’s amplitude. An amplitude modulated signal, VAM (t) is given
as
𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) = 2.5(1 + 0.5 cos 1000𝜋𝑡 + 0.5 cos 2000𝜋𝑡) cos 10000𝜋𝑡

(i) Sketch the 𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) in frequency domain.

(3 marks)
 (ii) Determine the effective modulation index.
(2 marks)

(iii) Write the equation for AM envelope signal.

(2 marks)

(iv) Design a full AM transmitter to produce the 𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) signal above using
balanced modulator and other suitable components.
(4 marks)

(b) 𝑉𝐴𝑀(𝑆𝑆𝐵) (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 is fed into a demodulator circuit for detection
process using coherent detection method instead of an envelope detector.

(i) Draw a block diagram of coherent detector and derive the mathematical
expression of the detector’s output.
(5 marks)
(ii) If the local oscillator’s voltage defined by 𝑣𝐿𝑂 (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙).
Discuss the implication of the 𝜙 term through mathematical analysis.
(5 marks)

(iii) State why envelope detector is unsuitable to detect the VAM(SSB)(t) signal.
(2 marks)
 (iv) Discuss the advantages of the 𝑉𝐴𝑀(𝑆𝑆𝐵) (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 over the
conventional AM and double sideband suppressed carrier AM?
(2 marks)

Q.4 (a) Modulation involves changes in the carrier signal’s properties using frequency
modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM). Discuss ONE (1) advantage
and ONE (1) disadvantage of FM compared to AM.
(4 marks)

(b) A frequency spectrum shown in Figure Q.4 (b) is found at the output of an FM
modulator. The system utilizes a 20 Vrms carrier at 10 MHz frequency. The
system sensitivity, kf = 15 kHzV-1.

(i) Determine the modulation index of the modulated signal.

(3 marks)

(ii) Define whether the output is a narrowband FM or Wideband FM.

(1 mark)

(iii) Find the mathematical expression of the modulating signal, Vm(t) and the
modulated signal VFM(t). (4 marks)
 (iv) Determine the total transmitted power when the resistance is 50 Ω.
(2 marks)

(v) Find the power that can be saved if a bandpass filter is introduced at the
output if its center frequency is tuned at the carrier frequency and
bandwidth equals to 17 kHz. Discuss the effect to the signal quality.
(4 marks)

Figure Q.4 (b)

(c) You are required to design a wideband frequency modulator using Armstrong
method that is equipped with a crystal oscillator generating a 200 kHz signal
with modulation index, β equals to 0.2. The system needs to transmit 50 Hz to
15 kHz audio signals. The WBFM transmitter is supposed to transmit signal at
108 MHz frequency with maximum deviation, Δf of 75 kHz. Draw the WBFM
block diagram showing all related parameters as well as carrier frequencies and
deviation after each components. The chosen mixer frequency, fmix should be in
the range between 20 to 25 MHz and multiplier factors, n1 and n2 are integer
numbers in the range between 2 to 10.
(7 marks)

Frequency A B Frequency
NBFM
multiplier, n1 multiplier, n2
Q.5 (a) (i) Digital communication systems are becoming common in today’s
communication system. Discuss ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1)
disadvantage of using digital modulation systems
(4 marks)

(ii) Explain the difference between the European and the American voice
digital transmission for one Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) frame in
relation to number of voice channels, signaling information, bits/ frame.
(4 marks)
(b) A digital music transmission system is to be designed. The signal bandwidth is
in the range of 60 Hz to 16 KHz. Its amplitude is in the range of +/-2.5 Volt.

(i) Determine the Nyquist sampling frequency needed.

(2 marks)

(ii) If 12 bits/sample is being used, calculate the transmission rate required.

(2 marks)

(iii) Calculate the middle quantized values of the lowest and highest levels.
(4 marks)
 (iv) Determine the system’s signal to noise quantization ratio, SNRq.
(2 marks)

(v) Suggest on how to reduce the system’s quantization noise.

(2 marks)

(c) (i) Discuss the significance of companding technique that is normally

employed in the digital transmission process.
 (2 marks)
(ii) The input to the companding system with µ= 100 is a signal with a level
of 0 to 5 volt. Calculate the compander system output voltage for a signal
at 1.0 volt and 2.5 volt.
(3 marks)