2

SKEE/U 3533
SECTION A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A)

Q.1 Communication system is a system model that describes a communication exchange

between transmitter and receiver. Modulation is a process of varying one or more
properties of carrier signal.
(a) State THREE (3) differences between analog modulation and digital modulation.
(6 marks)

Si
Ni Te1=105 K G2= 40 dB
G1= 20 dB F2= 7 dB
So=60 μW
No=0.5μW
Ne1 Ne2

Figure Q.1 (b)

(b) A repeater is formed by a two-stage amplifier as shown in Figure Q.1 (b).

(i) Derive the Friss’s Formula of the overall system noise factor.
(3 marks)
(ii) Using the equation in Q.1 (b-i), given that Ti is 290 K, calculate the noise
figure of the repeater. The repeater operates at a frequency range of (55 to
75) MHz.
(3 marks)
(iii) Determine the SNRdB at the input of the repeater.
(5 marks)
(iv) Elaborate the effects of increasing the bandwidth of a communication
system in terms of noise and signal quality.
(3 marks)

(c) The evolution of the communication technology has its impact to the human
social interaction, for example in life and relationships. Discuss the positive and
negative impacts of this evolution.
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SKEE/U 3533
(5 marks)
Q.2 Multiplexing is used in communication system to cater for the increase in both user
growth and amount of data that is being transmitted through a communication system.
(a) (i) Discuss TWO (2) positive impacts of multiplexing used in a communication
system.
(5 marks)
(ii) With the aid of suitable diagram, describe time division multiplexing (TDM)
technique that can be used for digital signals.
(5 marks)

(b) Three independent message signals of bandwidths of 4 kHz, 4 kHz and 8 kHz,
respectively are to be transmitted using TDM scheme. Determine;
(i) Speed of the commutator if all the signals are sampled at its Nyquist rate.
(2 marks)
(ii) Minimum transmission bandwidth.
(2 marks)
(iii) Sketch the connection of message signals to the commutator.
(3 marks)

(c) The output of the commutator in Q.2(b-i) is fed to a 4-bit Analog-to-Digital

converter (ADC) in order to be multiplexed with eight digital signals with each
signal is synchronized at a bit rate of 15,600 bps.
(i) Compute the total bit rate at the output of ADC.
(2 marks)
(ii) Describe the modification needed (if any) for each digital input signal before
being fed to the second commutator.
(2 marks)
(iii) Sketch the complete multiplexing diagram.
(4 marks)
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SKEE/U 3533

SECTION B (ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY FROM SECTION B)

Q.3 (a) State ONE (1) advantage of the following amplitude modulation (AM) variant.
(i) Double Side Band Full Carrier. (1 mark)
(ii) Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (1 mark)
(iii) Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier. (1 mark)

(b) Figure Q.3(b) shows a full AM waveform;

(i) Calculate modulation index, carrier frequency and modulating signal
frequency.
(6 marks)
(ii) Express mathematically the modulating and the carrier signals.

(4 marks)

(iii) Determine transmission efficiency of the AM signal.

(2 marks)
(iv) Sketch the frequency spectrum of the modulated signal.
(3 marks)

(c) With the aid of suitable block diagram, design a commercial superheterodyne AM
receiver. The received carrier signal frequency is 1.36 MHz and Intermediate
Frequency (IF) is 455 kHz. In your design, show the local oscillator’s frequency.
(5 Marks)
(i) Explain ONE (1) advantage of superheterodyne receiver.
(2 marks)
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SKEE/U 3533

Figure Q.3(b) AM signal

Q.4 (a) As an engineer in a telecommunication company, you are instructed to study

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SKEE/U 3533
several modulation techniques including frequency modulation (FM). A frequency
modulated signal is described by:
5 2 10 0.005 2 10
The modulator’s sensitivity is given as kf =10π rad/sec/volt.
(i) Find the modulating signal, .
(3 marks)
(ii) Calculate the maximum frequency deviation, maximum and minimum
instantaneous frequencies.
(6 marks)
(iii) Is a narrowband or a wideband signal? Justify your answer.
(2 marks)
(iv) Using , design (in the form of block diagram) an Armstrong FM
modulator to generate an FM signal with a carrier frequency of 120 MHz
and a frequency deviation of 100 kHz. Assume that the following are
available for the design:
• Frequency multipliers of any integer value
• A local oscillator whose frequency can be tuned to any value
between 50 MHz to 150 MHz
• An ideal bandpass filter with tunable center frequency and bandwidth.
Your block diagram design must clearly specify the carrier frequencies
and frequency deviations at all logical points, as well as the center
frequency and bandwidth of the bandpass filter.
(10 marks)

(b) For commercial FM broadcasting, there are common standards used by the
licensing authorities. Based on these standards, discuss the implication on the
wideband FM signal produced in part (b)(iv) in terms of frequency used and
bandwidth.
(4 marks)
Q.5 A digital transmission system allows an audio signal in the frequency range of 100 Hz to
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SKEE/U 3533
5 kHz to be transmitted. The analog audio signal’s amplitude is in the range of ± 2.5 Volt
with 3 bit PCM using folded binary code with uniform quantization where the Most
Significant Bit (MSB) is assigned as the sign bit. Based on these;
(a) (i) Calculate the Nyquist sampling frequency required.
(2 marks)
(ii) Discuss quantization noise and suggest how it can be minimized.
(4 marks)
(iii) Calculate the quantization level, quantization interval and transmission bit
rate.
(3 marks)
(iv) Create the digital signal representation comprising binary coding and
quantized value for all the levels.
(4 marks)

(b) A digital modulation system is being designed to transmit the digital bit stream of
01,10,00,11,11,10 etc. The frequency shift keying (FSK) is being proposed with the
carrier frequency of 1 MHz with frequency deviation of 2 kHz. The fundamental
frequency of the digital information signal is being set at 5 kHz. Based on the above
information;
(i) Calculate the total transmitted bandwidth required if the signal is sent up to
fifth harmonics.
(2 marks)
(ii) Using constellation diagram, propose how the digital transmission system can
be improved using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) technique. Use
sin ωot as the 0 degree reference.
(4 marks)

(c) An asynchronous FSK modulator was designed to be modulated by a digital signal

with carrier frequency of 15 MHz and the frequency deviation of 15 kHz with the
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SKEE/U 3533
bit rate of 200 bits/s. The peak of the carrier signal is 2.5 Volt and with the noise
power spectrum density of 2 band is 2x 10-4 volts2/Hz. Based on this information;
(i) Calculate the bit error rate (BER) for the system.
(2 marks)
(ii) Calculate the BER for the system if synchronous FSK system is used.
(2 marks)
(iii) Based on your answers in Q.5 (c-i,ii) , assess the performance of the
synchronous and asynchronous FSK systems.
(2 marks)

APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

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SKEE/U 3533

B) Other Formulas
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 vDSBSC (t )  Em cosmt cosct
cos 2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  Em
PAM
 m2 
 Pc 1    cosc  m t 
VSSBSC (t )   2
cos 2 x 
1
1  cos 2 x   2  E
 m cosc  m t 
2  2
1
sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
2  1 2 
PAM  Pc 1  meff  where meff  m1  m2  m3  ...
2 2 2 1/ 2
 
 2 
sin( x  y )  sin x cos y  cos x sin y Em1 Em2 E
m1  , m2  , m3  m3
cos( x  y )  cos x cos y  sin x sin y Ec Ec Ec
1
sin x sin y  cos( x  y)  cos( x  y ) vFM (t )  Ec cos(ct ) cos[ sin(mt )]  Ec sin(ct ) sin [ sin (mt )]
2

1
cos x cos y  cos( x  y )  cos( x  y ) cos sin mt   J 0    2 J 2n   cos 2n mt
2 n1
1
sin x cos y  sin( x  y )  sin( x  y ) sin sin t   2 J  sin(2n  1) t


2 m
n1
2 n 1 m

Pn  kTB , Vn  4 kTBR , 
vFM (t )  Ec  J n (  ) cos[(c  n m )t ]  i (t )  d c (t )   c  c t 
 dt
Si N i
F , Te  F 1Ti ,  t

So N o vFM t   Ec kos c t  k f  vm t dt 
 0   c (t )   c t  k p v m (t )
F  1  F3  1  ...  Fn  1
Ftot  F1  2  f
G1 G1G 2 G1G 2 ...G n 1  
v PM (t )  Ec kos[c t  k p vm (t )] m fm
Te 2 T Tn BWFM  2nf m  2  1 f m  2f  f m 
Tetot  Te1   e 3  ... 
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1 PT ( FM )  PJ  2PJ  PJ  PJ  ...  PJ 
0 1 2 3 n

V 2
V V VJ2 ( rms )
2
VJ2 ( rms ) 
2

 2 
J 0 ( rms ) J1 ( rms ) J 2 ( rms )
   3  ...  n
Pin 1 R  R R R R 
L  , LdB    
Pout G 2 2
E J E J
2 2 2 2
E J 2 2
E J E J 
2 2
 c 0  2 c 1  c 2  c 3  ...  c n 
2R  2R 2R 2R 2R 
v AM (t )  Ec  vm t  cosc t
Ec2  2 

  J 0  2 J n2 
m 
Em
RC 
1 m 
2 1/ 2

1 2R  n 1 
Ec mm m

SNRq = [1.76 + 6.02n] 1 Eb Ec T

2 Eb C BW
3 Pe  erfc Eb  
SNRq  10 log  6.02 n dB 2 4No 2 N o N fb
ln 1   2 , ,

V (t) = A cos (ct + [2m – 1] /4) , m = 1, 2, 3, 4..

QPSK
 10
SKEE/U 3533

1  log( Ax) 1
 1  log A for  x1
y A
Ax 1
 for 0 x
 1  log A A

log(1  x)
y
log1   

C) BESSEL TABLE

Modulation Coefficie Sidebands(Jalursisi) - Jn

index nt
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
 @ mf J0
0.25 0.98 0.12
0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06
3.0 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
4.0 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02
5.0 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02

D) ERRORFUNCTION TABLE

x erfc(x)
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SKEE/U 3533
2.2 0.00186285
2.4 0.00068851
2.6 0.00023603
2.8 7.5013E-05
3 2.209E-05
3.2 6.0258E-06
3.4 1.522E-06
3.6 3.5586E-07
3.8 7.7004E-08
4 1.5417E-08
4.2 2.8555E-09
4.4 4.8917E-10
4.6 7.7496E-11
4.8 1.1352E-11
5 1.5374E-12
Solution

Q1 Introduction and Noise

a) State THREE (3) differences between analog modulation and digital

modulation.

Digital Modulation Analog Modulation 6 marks

Larger bandwidth
Need synchronization circuit
More secure data transmission
Easier to be affected by noise
Use coding for error correction
Narrower bandwidth
Do not need synchronization circuit
Data transmission can be hack
Less affected by noise
Use error check for error

b) i) Derive the Friss’s Formula of the overall system noise factor.

3 marks

ii) Using the equation in Q.1 (b-i), given that Ti is 290 K, calculate the noise figure of
the repeater. The repeater operates at a frequency range of (55 to 75) MHz.

Te1 105
F1 = +1= +1 = 1.36 3 marks
Ti 290
F2 = 7db
7
= 10 10
=5
5-1
FT = 1.36 + = 1.4
100
NF = 10log1.4 = 1.46dB
iii) Determine the SNRdB at the input of the repeater.
Si
Ni
Si N o 5 marks
FT = ´
N i So
BW = 0.055- 0.075 = 0.02Hz
N i = KTi B

( )( )( )
= 1.38 ´10-23 290 0.02 = 8 ´10-23W
æS ö æ 60 ö
Si = FT çç o ÷÷ N i = 1.4 ç ÷ 8 ´10-23 = 1.3´10-20
è No ø è 0.5 ø
Si 1.3´10-20
= = 162.5 = 22.1dB
Ni 8 ´10-23 or
Si N o
F= ´
N i So
Si æS ö æ 60 ö
= F çç o ÷÷ = 1.4 ç ÷ = 168 = 22.2db
Ni è No ø è 0.5 ø

iv) Elaborate the effects of increasing the bandwidth of a communication 3 marks

system in terms of noise and signal quality.

N = KTB
Bandwidth is proportional to noise hence, increasing the BW will increase the noise
but by increasing the bandwidth will increase the quality of the signal.

v) The evolution of the communication technology has its impact to the

human social interaction, for example in life and relationships. Discuss the
5 marks
positive and negative impacts of this evolution.
+ve impact -ve impact
Communication devices have become more Less interact face-to-face with other
ubiquitous human
People able connect with friends and family Congest the wireless spectrum
members across the world more easily &
quickly
Provide seamless communication Less privacy to human life
Q2 Multiplexing

(a) (i) Discuss two positive impacts of multiplexing used in a communication

system.
(5 marks)
Solution:
(i) Cost: The cost for transmission line for long-range communication system
will be lower since many users will share same transmission line
(ii) Ease of Installation: Installation process will be easier since less
transmission line required.

(ii) With the aid of suitable diagram, describe a multiplexing technique that
can be used for multiplexing digital signals
(5 marks)

Solution:

TDM

• TDM is a technique used for transmitting several message signals over a

single communication channel by dividing the time frame into slots, one slot
for each message signal
• Several low-bit rate signals are multiplexed or combined to form one high bit
rate signal to be transmitted over high frequency medium

(b) Three independent message signals of bandwidths of 4KHz, 4KHz and 8KHz,
respectively are to be transmitted using TDM scheme. Determine
(i) Speed of the commutator if all the signals are sampled at its Nyquist
rate. (2 marks)
(ii) Minimum Transmission bandwidth.
(2 marks)
(iii) Draw the connection of message signals to the commutator
(3 marks)
Solution:
Total number of Samples to be transmitted per second = 32K samples/sec.
– Number of Commutator segments = 4
 (i) Speed of Commutator = 8000 rotations/sec (8KHz).
(ii) Transmission Bandwidth = Total Bit Rate/2= (8000 x 4)/2 = 16 KHz.
(iii)
BW of g1(t) & g2(t)= 2KHz &
BW of g3(t) = 4 kHz

(c) The output of the commutator in Q4(b) is fed to a 4-bit Analog-to-Digital

converter(ADC) in order to be multiplexed with eight digital signal with each
signal has synchronized at a bit rate of 15600 bps.
(i) Compute the total bit rate at the output of ADC.
(2 marks)
(ii) Describe the modification needed (if any) for each digital input signal
before being fed to the second commutator.
(2 marks)
(iii) Draw the complete multiplexing diagram
(4 marks)
Solution:
(i) Bit Rate= 32k x 4 = 128 kbps
(ii) Pulse stuffing is needed for each digital input signal to convert from 15600
bps to 16000 bps.
(iii)
Q3 Amplitude Modulation

Q.3 (a) State ONE (1) advantage of the following amplitude modulation (AM)
variant.
(i) Double Side Band Full Carrier. (1 mark)
Solution: Simplest circuit and most economic
(ii) Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (1 mark)
Solution: More power efficient than DSBFC and less complex than
SSB
(iii) Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier. (1 mark)
Solution: SSB most power and bandwidth efficient.

(b) Figure Q.3(b) shows a full AM waveform;

(i) Calculate modulation index, carrier frequency and modulating
signal frequency.
(6 marks)
Solution:
Vmax = 3V, Vmin = 0.5V
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 3 − 0.5
𝑚= = 3+ = 0.714
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.5

fc = 1/0.5x10-4 = 20 kHz
fm = 1/5x10-4 = 2 kHz

(ii) Express mathematically the modulating and the carrier signals.

(4 marks)
Solution:
Em = (Vmax – Vmin)/2 = 1.25V

Ec = (Vmax – Em) = 3 - 1.25 = 1.75V

Modulating signal, m(t) = Emcos2xfmt = 1.25cos4x103t

Carrier signal, c(t) = Eccos2xfct = 1.75cos40x103t

 (iii) Determine transmission efficiency of the AM signal.

(2 marks)
𝑚𝐸𝑐 2
( )
2
𝑃𝑆𝐵 2 𝑚2
Solution: = 2𝑅
𝐸2
= = 0.255
𝑃𝐶 𝑐 2
2𝑅

(iv) Sketch the frequency spectrum of the modulated signal.

(3 marks)
Solution:

(c) With the aid of suitable block diagram, design a commercial

superheterodyne AM receiver. The received carrier signal frequency is
1.36 MHz and Intermediate Frequency (IF) is 455 kHz. In your design,
show the local oscillator’s frequency.
(5 Marks)
Solution:
fLO= fc+fIF=
(i) Explain ONE (1) advantage of superheterodyne receiver.
(2 marks)
Solution:
1-It has greater flexibility to receive a range of carrier signals
2- Signals are processed at the detection part at one IF frequency, so
more practical and economic.
Question 4 (FM)
Question 5 (PCM dan Radio Digital Multiplexing)
 2
SKEE 3533

SECTION A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A)

Q.1 (a) Figure Q1.(a) shows a receiver with a gain of 8 dB and noise factor, F of 1. If the
input signal power is – 80 dBm, the system bandwidth is 200 kHz and the room
temperature is 17oC,

Si Receiver So
Ni No

Figure Q.1(a)

(i) determine the input signal to noise ratio, SNRi and output signal to noise
ratio, SNR0 in dB.
(4 marks)
(ii) explain the consequence of having noise factor of 1 on the receiver SNR
performance.
(1 marks)
(iii) Repeat Q.1(a)(i) if the receiver now has an internal noise of – 110 dBm.
(4 marks)
(iv) Compare and discuss the results in Q.1(a)(i) and Q.1(a)(iii) in terms of
Noise Factor and SNR
(2 marks)

(b) A system is comprised of three (3) sub-systems with the following

specifications.
G1 = 12 dB NF1 = 4dB
G2 = 12 dB NF2 = 2dB
G3 = 12dB NF3 = 8dB

(i) Determine the overall noise figure (dB).

(3 marks)
 3
SKEE 3533

(ii) Propose a new sub-system arrangement that results in lowest overall noise
figure. Explain your selection.
(3 marks)
(iii) Determine the overall noise figure in Q.1(b)(ii)
(3 marks)
(c) Technology and physical problems are among the main obstacles in designing an
efficient communication system. Describe what are three factors of technology
problems.
(5 marks)
 4
SKEE 3533

Q.2 Multiplexing scheme allows simultaneous transmission of data from multiple users
over a shared medium which results in higher link utilization.
(a) With the aid of suitable diagram, describe THREE (3) basic multiplexing
schemes in a communication system. In particular, explain how these schemes
can improve the utilization of transmission link.
(6 marks)

(b) A high speed broadband project as shown in Figure Q.2 (b) involves the
installation of communication links to five (5) areas that are connected over single
100 m cable to an exchange. Each area is given a specific frequency to support up
to 30 users per area. Each user is allocated a channel bit rate of 2 Mbps. A basic
frame in the above system is formed by allocating 30 channels for user
information and another two (2) channels of similar rate for synchronization and
signalling purpose.
(i) Identify TWO (2) multiplexing schemes that suit this project.
(2 marks)
(ii) Calculate the frame period, TF.
(2 marks)
(iii) Determine the aggregated data rate at the cable link.
(2 marks)

(iv) Cable options for this project are shown in Table Q.2 (b). Decide if both
cable types are suitable to support the speed broadband services based on
the answer in Q.2 (b-ii). Next, discuss the technological and financial
implications if the cable is extended from 100 m to 10 km.
(5 marks)

(c) A 3.2 Mbps aggregated data is formed by multiplexing six analog and eight
digitals signals. If eight digital sources are used at 160 kbps each, determine:
(i) The maximum bandwidth of each analog signal source if 8 bit quantization
is used and sampling frequency is equal to the Nyquist frequency.
(4 marks)
(ii) With the aid of suitable diagram, point out the suitable multiplexing
arrangement, showing the input bit rate from each channel, the commutator
frequency (in rotations per second), and the output bit rate.
(4 marks)
 5
SKEE 3533

Figure Q.2 (b)

Table Q.2 (b)

Cable Type Cat 6 Copper Single Mode Fiber

Maximum Cable Length 100 meters 80,000 meters

Data Rate 1 Gbps 1 Gbps

Cost (Price/meter) RM 7.00 RM15.00

 6
SKEE 3533

SECTION B (ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY FROM SECTION B)

Q.3 (a) An Amplitude Modulation (AM) transmitter is modulated with a signal given by

v m (t )  10 cos 2 1000 t  15 cos( 2 4000 )t  5 cos 2 6000 t

If the amplitude of the carrier signal E c is 40 Volt and frequency of carrier is

100 kHz,

(i) Formulate the overall modulated Double Side Band Full Carrier (DSBFC)
signal equation.
(3 marks)
(ii) Draw the spectrum and find the modulation index (m) and the total power
transmitted (W) (you can assume: R = 1 )
(4 marks)
(b) Balanced modulator is a circuit that can generate or detect a DSBFC, Double Side
Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) or Single Side Band (SSB) signal. The output
of a balanced modulator can be further processed by filtering. Using the concept
of balanced modulator, filter, local oscillator and amplifier.

(i) Draw the suitable block diagram for generating the DSBFC, DSBSC and
SSB signal. Show the output based on mathematical concept.
(6 marks)
(ii) If the balanced modulator has been used for the circuit detection of
DSBFC, DSBSC and SSB, implement this concept in the receiver circuit.
Using mathematical concept, show how the modulating signal can be
obtained.
(6 marks)

(iii) Using mathematical analysis, discuss the effect of phase shift of  and
frequency shift of f on the detection DSBSC and SSB signals.
(6 marks)
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SKEE 3533

Q.4 (a) Phase Modulation (PM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) are often collectively
known as angle modulation. To determine whether a given angle modulated signal
is FM or PM, a bandwidth (BW) test using sinusoidal signal, 𝑣 𝑡
𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓 𝑡, is conducted. The resulting approximate bandwidths of the angle
modulated signal are tabulated below:

Table Q.4(a)
𝑓 10 kHz 15 kHz 30 kHz
𝐸 3V 1V 3V
BW 540 kHz 180 kHz 540 kHz

The test is conducted on the same system. Categorize if the system is narrowband
or wideband, and FM or PM, by giving proper reasons for your conclusions.
(6 marks)

(b) A magnitude spectrum of a (cosine) tone modulated FM signal is shown in Figure

Q.4(b). The carrier signal is given as 𝑣 𝑡 20𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔 𝑡. Based on the information
given, determine the following:

Figure Q.4(b)

(i) The modulation index

(2 marks)
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SKEE 3533

(ii) The time domain expression for the FM signal

(3 marks)

(iii) The maximum frequency deviation, maximum and minimum instantaneous

frequencies
(3 marks)
(iv) The time domain expression for the modulating signal, 𝑣 𝑡 given kf =
8π krad/sec/volt
(4 marks)
(v) Explain why FM is used for high-quality sound broadcasting.
(2 marks)

(c) With the aid of block diagrams, illustrate a superheterodyne FM receiver to receive
the frequency band of 1 to 30 MHz with an Intermediate Frequency (IF) of 8 MHz.
State clearly the required range of oscillator frequencies.
(5 marks)
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SKEE 3533

Q.5 (a) Radio digital modulation technique enables the transportation of digital pulses over
analog carrier. The three basic radio digital modulation techniques are known as
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying
(PSK).
(i) Explain the general principles of the FSK technique.
(2 marks)
(ii) Sketch the time domain representation of FSK signal for pulses 010010111.
(2 marks)
(b) Consider an synchronous FSK system is modulated by a digital signal and
operates at 10 MHz. The frequency deviation is 850 Hz and bit rate is 110 bit/s.
The peak to peak carrier signal is 2 V and noise power spectrum density (2 bands)
is 1 x 10-4 volts2/Hz. Calculate the BER for the system.
(5 marks)
(c) An analog signal with bandwidth of 3kHz and amplitude of mp, is sampled at 33.33%
more than Nyquist rate. The acceptable quantization error is 0.5% from the maximum
peak amplitude and sampled using binary code. Determine the followings:
(i) Sampling frequency

(2 marks)
(ii) Suitable level, L

(3 marks)
(iii) Bit rate
(2 marks)
(iv) Signal-to Noise (SNR) quantization noise in dB
(2 marks)
(v) What is the bandwidth for this PCM signal if the Manchester line coding is
utilized in this system?
(2 marks)
(vi) Elaborate reasons on why PCM is better than PAM.
(3 marks)
(vii) According to the Nyquist theorem, explain why sampling frequency, f s , need

to be more than 2 f m .
(2 marks)
 10
SKEE 3533

APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

B) Other Formulas
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 vDSBSC (t )  Em cosmt cosct
cos 2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  Em
 m2 
PAM  Pc 1    cosc  m t 
1 VSSBSC (t )   2
cos 2 x  1  cos 2 x   2   m cosc  m t 
E
2  2
1
sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
2  1 2 
PAM  Pc 1  meff 
 where meff  m1  m2  m3  ...
2 2 2 1/ 2

 2 
sin( x  y )  sin x cos y  cos x sin y E E E
m1  m1 , m2  m2 , m3  m3
cos( x  y )  cos x cos y  sin x sin y Ec Ec Ec
1
sin x sin y  cos( x  y )  cos( x  y ) v (t )  E cos( t ) cos[ sin( t )]  E sin( t ) sin [ sin ( t )]
2 FM c c m c c m

1
cos x cos y  cos( x  y )  cos( x  y ) cos sin mt   J 0    2 J 2n   cos 2n mt
2 n1
1
sin x cos y  sin( x  y )  sin( x  y ) sin sin t   2 J  sin(2n  1) t


2 m
n1
2 n 1 m

Pn  kTB , Vn  4 kTBR , 
vFM (t )  Ec  J n (  ) cos[(c  n m )t ]  i (t )  d c (t )   c  c t 
 dt
F  i i , Te  F 1Ti ,
S N
 t

So N o vFM t   Ec kos c t  k f  vm t dt 
 0   c (t )   c t  k p v m (t )
F  1  F3  1  ...  Fn  1
Ftot  F1  2  f
G1 G1G 2 G1G 2 ...G n 1  
v PM (t )  Ec kos[c t  k p vm (t )] m fm
Te 2 T Tn BWFM  2nf m  2  1 f m  2f  f m 
Tetot  Te1   e 3  ... 
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1 PT ( FM )  PJ  2PJ  PJ  PJ  ...  PJ 
0 1 2 3 n

VJ20 ( rms )  VJ2 ( rms ) VJ22 ( rms ) VJ23 ( rms ) VJ2 ( rms ) 
P 1
L  in  , LdB     2 1    ...  n 
R  R R R R 
Pout G  
Ec2 J 02  E2J 2 E2J 2 E2J 2 E2J 2 
v AM (t )  Ec  vm t  cosc t   2 c 1  c 2  c 3  ...  c n 
2R  2R 2R 2R 2R 

E
m  m RC 
1 m 
2 1/ 2

1 E 
2 

 c  J 02  2 J n2 
Ec mm m 2R  n 1 
 11
SKEE 3533

SNRq = [1.76 + 6.02n]

3 1 Eb 2
SNRq  10 log  6.02 n dB Pe  Ec T Eb C BW

ln 1   2 2
erfc
4No Eb 
2 N o N fb
, ,

V (t) = A cos (ct + [2m – 1] /4) , m = 1, 2, 3, 4..

1  log( Ax) 1 QPSK
 1  log A for  x1
y A
Ax 1
 for 0 x 
 1  log A A

log(1  x)
y
log1   

C) BESSEL TABLE

Modulation Coefficie Sidebands(Jalursisi) - Jn

index nt
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
 @ mf J0
0.25 0.98 0.12
0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06
3.0 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
4.0 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02
5.0 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02
 12
SKEE 3533

D) ERROR FUNCTION TABLE

x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x)
0.01 9.89 x 10-1 2.10 2.98 x 10-3 3.10 1.17 x 10-5
0.05 9.44 x 10-1 2.15 2.36 x 10-3 3.15 8.41 x 10-6
0.10 8.88 x 10-1 2.20 1.86 x 10-3 3.20 6.03 x 10-6
0.11 8.76 x 10-1 2.25 1.46 x 10-3 3.25 4.31 x 10-6
0.12 8.56 x 10-1 2.26 1.39 x 10-3 3.30 3.06 x 10-6
0.13 8.54 x 10-1 2.27 1.33 x 10-3 3.35 2.17 x 10-6
0.14 8.43 x 10-1 2.28 1.26 x 10-3 3.40 1.52 x 10-6
0.15 8.32 x 10-1 2.29 1.20 x 10-3 3.45 1.07 x 10-6
0.17 8.10 x 10-1 2.30 1.14 x 10-3 3.50 7.44 x 10-7
0.20 7.77 x 10-1 2.31 1.08 x 10-3 3.54 5.55 x 10-7
0.21 7.66 x 10-1 2.32 1.03 x 10-3 3.55 5.16 x 10-7
0.25 7.24 x 10-1 2.34 9.35 x 10-4 3.60 3.56 x 10-7
0.30 6.71 x 10-1 2.35 8.89 x 10-4 3.61 3.31 x 10-7
0.35 6.21 x 10-1 2.36 8.45 x 10-4 3.62 3.07 x 10-7
0.40 5.72 x 10-1 2.37 8.03 x 10-4 3.63 2.85 x 10-7
0.45 5.25 x 10-1 2.38 7.63 x 10-4 3.65 2.45 x 10-7
0.50 4.79 x 10-1 2.39 7.25 x 10-4 3.66 2.27 x 10-7
0.55 4.37 x 10-1 2.40 6.89 x 10-4 3.67 2.11 x 10-7
0.60 3.96 x 10-1 2.41 6.53 x 10-4 3.68 1.95 x 10-7
0.65 3.58 x 10-1 2.42 6.21 x 10-4 3.69 1.81 x 10-7
0.70 3.22 x 10-1 2.43 5.89 x 10-4 3.70 1.67 x 10-7
0.75 2.89 x 10-1 2.44 5.59 x 10-4 3.75 1.14 x 10-7
0.80 2.58 x 10-1 2.45 5.31 x 10-4 3.80 7.72 x 10-8
0.85 2.29 x 10-1 2.46 5.03 x 10-4 3.85 5.20 x 10-8
0.90 2.03 x 10-1 2.50 4.07 x 10-4 3.90 3.49 x 10-8
0.95 1.79 x 10-1 2.55 3.11 x 10-4 3.95 2.33 x 10-8
1.00 1.57 x 10-1 2.60 2.36 x 10-4 4.00 1.50 x 10-8
1.05 1.38 x 10-1 2.61 2.23 x 10-4 4.05 1.02 x 10-8
1.10 1.20 x 10-1 2.62 2.11 x 10-4 4.10 6.72 x 10-9
1.15 1.01 x 10-1 2.63 2.00 x 10-4 4.11 6.18 x 10-9
1.20 8.90 x 10-2 2.64 1.89 x 10-4 4.12 5.68 x 10-9
1.25 7.71 x 10-2 2.65 1.79 x 10-4 4.13 5.21 x 10-9
1.30 6.60 x 10-2 2.66 1.69 x 10-4 4.14 4.79 x 10-9
1.35 5.62 x 10-2 2.67 1.59 x 10-4 4.15 4.40 x 10-9
1.40 4.77 x 10-2 2.68 1.51 x 10-4 4.16 4.04 x 10-9
1.45 4.03 x 10-2 2.69 1.42 x 10-4 4.20 2.87 x 10-9
1.50 3.39 x 10-2 2.70 1.34 x 10-4 4.25 1.86 x 10-9
1.51 3.27 x 10-2 2.75 1.01 x 10-4 4.30 1.20 x 10-9
1.52 3.16 x 10-2 2.76 9.50 x 10-5 4.31 1.10 x 10-9
1.53 3.05 x 10-2 2.77 8.96 x 10-5 4.32 1.00 x 10-9
1.54 2.94 x 10-2 2.78 8.44 x 10-5 4.33 9.19 x 10-10
1.55 2.84 x 10-2 2.79 7.96 x 10-5 4.34 8.41 x 10-10
1.56 2.73 x 10-2 2.80 7.50 x 10-5 4.35 7.69 x 10-10
1.57 2.64 x 10-2 2.85 5.57 x 10-5 4.36 7.03 x 10-10
1.58 2.55 x 10-2 2.90 4.11 x 10-5 4.37 6.43 x 10-10
1.59 2.45 x 10-2 2.95 3.02 x 10-5 4.38 5.88 x 10-10
1.60 2.37 x 10-2 2.96 2.84 x 10-5 4.40 4.91 x 10-10
1.65 1.96 x 10-2 2.97 2.67 x 10-5 4.45 3.12 x 10-10
1.70 1.62 x 10-2 2.98 2.51 x 10-5 4.50 1.98 x 10-10
1.75 1.33 x 10-2 2.99 2.35 x 10-5 4.55 1.24 x10-10
1.76 1.28 x 10-2 3.00 2.21 x 10-5 4.60 7.75 x 10-11
1.77 1.23 x 10-2 3.01 2.08 x 10-5 4.65 4.83 x 10-11
1.78 1.18 x 10-2 3.02 1.95 x 10-5 4.70 3.00 x 10-11
1.79 1.14 x 10-2 3.03 1.83 x 10-5 4.75 1.85 x 10-11
1.80 1.09 x 10-2 3.04 1.72 x 10-5 4.77 1.52 x 10-11
1.85 8.89 x 10-3 3.05 1.61 x 10-5 4.80 1.14 x 10-11
1.90 7.21 x 10-3 3.06 1.52 x 10-5 4.85 6.94 x 10-12
1.95 5.82 x 10-3 3.07 1.42 x 10-5 4.90 4.22 x 10-12
2.00 4.88 x 10-3 3.08 1.30 x 10-5 4.95 2.55 x 10-12
2.05 3.74 x 10-3 3.09 1.24 x 10-5 5.00 1.54 x 10-12
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SKEE 3533
 4
SKEE 3533

Skema Q1

(a)
Ni = 10 log (kTB) = -150.97 dB = -120.97 dBm
SNRi = -80 – (-120.97) = 40.97 dB
F=1; NF=10log1=0dB
NF=SNRi – SNRo
SNRo = 40.97 dB

(ii) F=1 means the receiver is noise free, no internal noise therefore SNRo is equal to SNRi.
(iii) No = GNi + Na = 10 0.8 x 10 -15.097 + 10 -14 = 1.505 x 10 -14 = -138.2 dB
SNRi = -80 – (-120.97) = 40.97 dB
SNRo = So (dB) – No (dB) = GSi – No = 10 log(10 0.8 x 10 -11) – (-138.2)
= -102 + 138.2 = 36.2 dB
(iv) For the same SNRi, SNRo in (iii) is lower than (i) by 4.77 dB since noise factor in (iii) is 3 compared to F=1
in (i) due t the existance of internal noise
NF = 40.97 – 36.2 = 4.77 dB
F = 10 0.477 = 3

(b)
(i) FT = F1 + (F2-1)/G1 + (F3-1)/G1G2 = 2.512+0.0369+0.0211 = 2.57

(ii)
The first element should have the lowest NF, which is G2 followed by G1 since second lower NF and finally G3
that has the highest NF.

(iii) FT = F2 + (F1-1)/G2 + (F3-1)/G2G1 = 1.549 + 0.0954 + 0.0211 = 1.7014

(c) Technology Problem

– Hardware
- Trade off between complexity and cost
– Economy
- produce lower cost equipments
– Law and Regulation
- obey law and regulation set by international and local authorities.
 2
SKEE 3533
SECTION A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A)

Q.2 Multiplexing scheme allows simultaneous transmission of data from multiple users over
a shared medium which results in higher link utilization.
(a) With the aid of suitable diagram, describe THREE (3) basic multiplexing schemes
in a communication system. In particular, explain how these schemes can improve
the utilization of transmission link.
(6 marks)
Solution:
-The three basic multiplexing schemes are TDM, FDM and SDM.
In TDM, users are allocated different time slot but at the same transmission frequency.
In FDM, users are assigned different sub-carrier frequency.
3 marks
In SDM, multiplexing is done in spatial domain such as combining
multiple cables in one duct.

1 mark
 3
SKEE 3533
The transmission link utilization can be improved by aggregating
2 marks
lower rate user data sources to a much higher rate that can effectively
fill the transmission medium’s typically high rate.
(b) A high speed broadband project as shown in Figure Q.2 (b) involves the
installation of communication links to FIVE (5) areas that are connected over
single 100 m cable to an exchange. Each area is given a specific frequency to
support up to 30 users per area. Each user is allocated a channel bit rate of 2 Mbps.
A basic frame in the above system is formed by allocating 30 channels for user
information and another two channels of similar rate for synchronization and
signalling purpose.
(i) State TWO (2) multiplexing schemes that suit this project.
(2 marks)
Solution: Time Division Multiplexing and Frequency Division Multiplexing
(ii) Calculate the frame period, TF.
(2 marks)
Solution:
Frame rate = 32 channels x 2 Mbps = 64 Mbps
Frame period = 1/ frame rate = 15.625 ns.
(iii) Determine the aggregated data rate at the cable link.
(2 marks)
Solution:
Aggregated rate = Area data rate x No of areas = 32 x 2 Mbps x 5 =320 Mbps

(iv) Cable options for this project are shown in Table Q.2 (b). Decide if both
cable types are suitable to support the speed broadband services based on the
answer in Q.2 (b-ii). Next, discuss the technological and financial
implications if the cable is extended from 100 m to 10 km.
(5 marks)
Solution:
Both cables can be used since the aggregated rate 320 Mbps is
lower than supported link rate, 1 Gbps. 1 mark
When cable is extended from 100m, the copper link rate drops
significantly due to high cable loss compared to fiber. At 10 km, signal
transmission can only be supported using fiber link without any
data rate reduction. 2 marks
In terms of financial implication, higher cost incurs when using
fiber cable as the cost of fiber cable nearly 2 times the copper
cable’s cost. 2 marks
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SKEE 3533
(c) A 3.2 Mbps aggregated data is formed by multiplexing six analog and eight
digitals signals. If eight digital sources are used at 160 kbps each, determine:
(i) The maximum bandwidth of each analog signal source if 8 bit quantization is
used and sampling frequency is equal to the Nyquist frequency.
(4 marks)
Solution:
Total digital rate = 160 kbps x 8 digital channels = 1280 kbps
Total digitally converted analog source rate = 3200 kbps – 1280 kbps = 1920 kbps
Nfb = 6fb = 1920 kbps, so fb = 320 kbps
For each digitally converted analog source:
fb = nfs = n x 2 x fmax = 320 kbps;
Max bandwidth of each analog source = fmax = 320 kbps/16 =20 kHz.
(ii) With the aid of suitable diagram, design the suitable multiplexing arrangement,
showing the input bit rate from each channel, the commutator frequency (in
rotations per second), and the output bit rate.
(4 marks)
Solution:
 5
SKEE 3533

Figure Q.2 (b)

Table Q.2 (b)

Cable Type Cat 6 Copper Single Mode Fiber

Maximum Cable Length 1000 meters 80,000 meters

Data Rate 1 Gbps 1 Gbps

*drop 100 Mbps after every

100 meters
Cost (Price/meter) RM 7.00 RM15.00
Question AM

(a) An AM transmitter is modulated with a signal given by

vm (t )  10 cos 2 1000   15 cos( 2 4000 )t  5 cos 2 6000 

If the amplitude of the carrier signal Ec is 40 Volt and frequency of carrier is 100 kHz

(i) State the overall modulated DSB-Full Carrier signal equation

(3 marks)

(ii) Draw the spectrum and find the modulation index (m) and the total power
transmitted (W) (you can assume: R = 1 ) (4 marks)

Solutions

(i) Given
vm (t )  10 cos 2 1000   15 cos( 2 4000 )t  5 cos 2 6000 
vc(t) = 40 cos (2100 x103)t
fm1 = 1kHz, fm2 = 4 kHz, fm3 = 6kHz, fc = 100 kHz
For AM signal
vAM(t) = [Ec + vm(t) ] cos ct (1 marks)
= [40 + 10 cos(21000)t + 15 cos (24000t) + 5 cos (26000)t]cos (2100x103)t
= 40[1+0.25 cosm1t + 0.375 cos m2t + 0.125 cos m3t] cos ct (1 marks)
= 40 cos ct +5 [cos (c+m1)t + cos (c-m1)t] + 7.5 [cos(c+m2)t + cos (c-m2)t]
+ 2.5 [cos (c+m3)t + cos (c-wm3)t]
The overall amplitude modulation AM or DSBFC is given below
= 40 cos ct +5 [cos (c+m1)t + cos (c-m1)t] + 7.5 [cos(c+m2)t + cos (c-
m2)t] + 2.5 [cos (c+m3)t + cos (c-wm3)t] (1 marks)

(ii) The spectrum is shown in figure below

 (2 marks)
The total power = PT = (Pc + meff2/2)
meff2 = m12 + m22 + m32
= 0.252 + 0.3752 + 0.1252 = 0.0625 + 0.140625 + 0.015625
= 0.21875 (1 marks)
Pc = Ec2/2R = 402/2(1) = 800 Watt
PT = 800 (1+0.21875/2) = 887.5 Watt (1 marks)

(b) Balanced modulator is a circuit that can generate or detect a DSBFC, DSBSC or SSB
signal. The output of a balanced modulator can be further processed by filtering.
Using the concept of balanced modulator, filter, local oscillator and amplifier

(i) Draw the suitable block diagram for generating the DSBFC, DSBSC and SSB
signal. Show the output based on mathematical concept
(6 marks)

(3 marks)
Given information is vm(t) carrier is vc(t)= cos ct
After balance modulator the output = vm(t) x cos c(t)
For DSBDFC after amplifier = Ec cos ct
After adder = Ec cos ct + vm(t) cos ct = [Ec+ vm(t)]cos ct this is the DSBFC
(1 marks)
In order to get the DSBSC
The output after the balanced modulator will pass through the filter with 2fm which is
vm(t) cos c(t) this is the DSBSC
(1 marks)
For SSB signal the output after modulator will pass through the USB or Lower
sideband filter which is equal to ½ cos (c+m)t or ½ cos (c- m)t
(1 marks)

(ii) If the balance mixer has been used for the circuit detection of DSBFC, DSBSC
and SSB, implement this concept in the receiver circuit. Using mathematical
concept, show how the modulating signal can be obtained. (6 marks)

Balance


Modulator Low Pass Filter
vo(t)’ (LPF) Output vo(t)
vAM(t)

vC(t)

If the input is DSBFC

vAM(t) = [Ec+vm(t)]cos ct

vc(t) = cos ct
The output after balance modulator = vo(t) = vAM(t) x vc(t) = [Ec + vm(t)]cos ct x cosct
½ [Ec+vm(t)] [cos 2ct +1]
 ½ Ec cos 2ct + ½ vm(t) cos 2ct + ½ vm(t)
After the Low Pass filter the output is
vo(t) = ½ vm(t) (2 marks)

If the input is DSBSC

VDSBSC(t) = vm(t) cos ct

vc(t) = cos ct
The output after balance modulator = vo(t)’ = vDSBSC(t) x vc(t) = [vm(t) cos ct ]x cosct
vo(t)’ = vm(t) cos2ct = 1/2vm(t) [cos2ct +1]
After the Low Pass filter the output is
vo(t) = ½ vm(t) (2 marks)

If the input is SSBSC

vSSB(t) = ½ cos (c+ m)t or ½ cos (c-m)t
vc(t) = cos ct
The output after balance modulator = vo(t)’ = 1/2cos(c+mt) x cos ct
vo(t)’ = ¼ cos (2c + m)t + ¼ cos mt

After Low pass filter vo(t) = ¼ cos mt (2 marks)

(iii) Determine the information of the signal for DSBFC, DSBSC and SSB signal if
the local oscillator has a phase shift of  and frequency shift of f. (6 marks)

If the input is DSBFC and DSBSC

v AM t   [ Ec  vm t ] cos c t

vo t   v AM t   vc t   [ Ec  vm t ]cos  c t  cos( c t   )  [ Ec  vm t ][cos(2 c   )  cos ]

1
2
 E c cos2 c     E c cos  vm t cos2 c     vm t cos
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
After LPF, v LPF  dc block  vm t cos  original inf ormation signal
1
2
From the above result it shows that the output of the AM signal can be maximum or minimum.
If  = 0 the output is maximum. Is  = 90o there is no output and when  = 180o the output has
negative value
If the frequency is being shifted by f no effect on the output slightly change in the frequency
(3 marks)
AM without the broadcast carrier. 3marks)
If the input is SBB ½ cos (c+m)t and the local oscillator has a phase change of 
The ouput after balanced modulator
= ½ cos(c+m)t x cos ( ct +)= ¼ cos [(2 ct + m)t + ] + ¼ cos (mt-)
And after filter
vo(t) = ¼ cos (mt-)
The same thing if there is a change of f the output after filter is ¼ cos (m-f)t slight change
in frequency (3 marks)
 SKEE 3533

Q.4
(a) Phase Modulation (PM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) are often collectively
known as angle modulation. To determine whether a given angle modulated signal
is FM or PM, a bandwidth (BW) test using sinusoidal signal, 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) =
𝐸𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡, is conducted. The resulting approximate bandwidths of the angle
modulated signal are tabulated below:
𝑓𝑚 10 kHz 15 kHz 30 kHz
𝐸𝑚 3V 1V 3V
BW 540 kHz 180 kHz 540 kHz

The test is conducted on the same system. Justify the system as narrowband or
wideband, and FM or PM, by giving proper reasons for your conclusions.
(6 marks)
Wideband – note that the measured BW is several times that of the BW of vm(t) in all
cases
FM - note that the change in the amplitude of vm(t) is directly reflected in
(approximately) proportionate change in the BW of the angle-modulated signal.
However, the change in frequency of vm(t) does not have any effect on the BW.
Explanation:
For FM: 𝐵𝑊 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 2(𝑘𝑓 𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 + 𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑑
For PM: 𝐵𝑊 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 2 (𝑘𝑝 | 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

From the BW formulas, even though change in amplitude will affect both FM and PM,
change in frequency will affect only PM while FM is relatively insensitive to it.

(b) A magnitude spectrum of a (cosine) tone modulated FM signal is shown in Figure

Q.4(b). The carrier signal is given as 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡. Based on the
information given, determine the following:
 SKEE 3533

|VFM| (volt)

Figure Q.4(b)
(i) The modulation index
(2 marks)
J 0 EC  4.4 J 1 EC  11.6 J 2 Ec  7
J 0 (20)  4.4 J 1 (20)  11.6 J 2 (20)  7
J 0  0.22 J 1  0.58 J 2  0.35

J 3 EC  2.6 J 4 E c  0.6
J 3 (20)  2.6 J 4 (20)  0.6
J 3  0.13 J 4  0.03

From Bassel table   2

(ii) The time domain expression for the FM signal
(3 marks)
𝐵𝑊𝐵𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 2𝑛𝑓𝑚 = (80.048 − 79.952)𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 0.096 𝑀𝐻𝑧
At n = 4, 0.096 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 2(4)𝑓𝑚 → 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑓𝑚 = 0.012 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑜𝑟 12 𝑘𝐻𝑧
∴ 𝑣𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋80𝑥106 𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋12𝑥103 𝑡)
(iii) The maximum frequency deviation, maximum and minimum instantaneous
frequencies
(3 marks)
∆𝑓 = 𝛽𝑓𝑚 = 2(12 𝑘𝐻𝑧) = 24 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓 = 80𝑥106 + 24𝑥103 = 80.024 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑓 = 80𝑥106 − 24𝑥103 = 79.976 𝑀𝐻𝑧
 SKEE 3533

(iv) The time domain expression for the modulating signal, 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) given kf = 8π
krad/sec/volt
(4 marks)
𝑣𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐸𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡)
𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋12𝑥103 𝑡
2 𝑑 2(2𝜋12𝑥103 )
𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋12𝑥103 𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋12𝑥103 𝑡
𝑘𝑓 𝑑𝑡 8𝜋𝑥103
= 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋12𝑥103 𝑡

(v) Explain why FM is used for high-quality sound broadcasting.

(2 marks)
FM is used for high quality sound broadcasting because it has a large range of β
values which provides a larger dynamic range than AM can cope with as well as
its immunity to noise.

(c) With the aid of block diagrams, design a superheterodyne FM receiver to receive
the frequency band of 1 to 30 MHz with an Intermediate Frequency (IF) of 8 MHz.
State clearly the required range of oscillator frequencies.
(5 marks)

fLO = (1 + 8) MHz = 9 MHz

fLO = (30 + 8) MHz = 38 MHz

Hence, range of oscillator freqs = [9, 38] MHz

 Solution final Q5 18192

Q5a.

i) In FSK, binary 0 and 1 are transmitted by RF pulses waveforms. Such

waveform may be considered to be two interleaved ASK waves.

ii)

Q5b.

E p p 2.0
Ec    1.0 volts
2 2
1 1
T   0.008s
f b 120

Eb 
EcT 1 0.008

  
2 2
3
 4 10 Joule
No
 1104 volts 2 / Hz
2
N o  2 104 volts 2 / Hz
1 4 103 1
Pe  BER  erfc  erfc2.23
2 4 2 10 4
2 
according to erfc table =0.00161

0.00161
Pe   8.05104
2
Q5b.

i. fNyquist= 2 x 3 kHz = 6 kHz

fs=1.33 x 6 kHz = 7.98 kHz         
ii.
v
 0.005m p
2
1 2m p
 0.005m p
2 L
 L  200
Nearest binary number, n  8  L  256

iii. bit rate = fb= nfs=8 x 7.98 kHz = 63.84 kHz. ( 2 marks)

iv. SNRuniform quatization= (1.76 + 6n) dB= [1.76 + 6(8)]= 49.76 dB ( 2 marks)

v. R = (8 ksamples/sec)(8 bits/sample) = 64 kbs.  B = R = 64 kHz

(Manchester).
( 2 marks)
vi. PAM will require a bigger bandwidth than the original analog waveform
and noise performance can never be better than the original analog
waveform. PCM is a fully digital signal where DSP can be done to improve
noise performance, encryption, coding etc.

PAM is a sampling technique which converts an analog signal into a

discrete signal where as PCM is an analog-to-digital conversion
technique which is sampling and quantization. PCM process has
encoding and decoding,thus it is secure. PCM involves repeaters and it
is more immune to noise
( 3 marks)

vii. By using nonuniform quantizing, DPCM (sending the difference between

successive samples) ( 2 marks)
viii. The main reason is to have guardband and to avoid alising between channels
( 2 marks)
 2
SKEE/U 3533

SECTION A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A)

Q.1 (a) Figure Q.1 (a) shows a three stage receiver system that consists of a
preamplifier, short cable and an amplifier. G1, G2, F1 and F2 refer to the gain
and the noise figure parameters of the first and second amplifier, respectively.
Meanwhile, L2 is the cable loss.

(i) Determine the total noise figure of the system.

(3 marks)
(ii) Determine the overall equivalent noise temperature.
(3 marks)
(iii) By swapping the components, suggest a new connection configuration
that will lead to the best noise performance. Justify your answer with
relevant mathematical analysis.
(5 marks)

Figure Q.1 (a)

 3
SKEE/U 3533

(b) (i) An amplifier has a bandwidth of 10 MHz and a voltage gain of 100 at
ambient temperature (27oC). Assume that external noise can be
neglected and a signal of 1 mV is fed into the amplifier. Calculate the
output noise voltage if the amplifier has a 5 dB noise figure and has 2
kΩ resistor.
(6 marks)
(ii) How would you further improve the performance of the above
amplifier?
(3 marks)

(c) Modulation is an important process in an electronic communication system

especially if wireless transmission is involved. Discuss TWO (2) benefits of
modulation in such a wireless communication system.
(5 marks)
 4
SKEE/U 3533

Q.2 (a) Requirements like sampling and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) coding in
digital transmission system leads to wider system bandwidth. However, digital
systems are also known to be spectrum efficient. Discuss this.
(5 marks)

(b) Figure Q.2 (b) shows the block diagram of a binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
receiver. The input signal is sin ωct. The coherent carrier recovery circuit detects
and regenerates a carrier signal that is both frequency and phase coherent with
the original transmit carrier. The balanced modulator is a product detector.

(i) Write the mathematical representation of the outputs at points A and B.

(5 marks)

(ii) If the input is changed now to –sin ωct, what is the output at point B.
(5 marks)

Figure Q.2 (b)

(c) Design a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) system that will accommodate
two 3200 bits/s synchronous digital inputs and an analog that has a bandwidth
of 2700 Hz. Assume that the analog input is sampled at 1.4815 times the Nyquist
rate and converted into 4-bit PCM words. Draw a block diagram for your design
and indicate the data rates of analog input, digital input, commutator output and
TDM output in your designed diagram. [Hint: include a PCM encoder].
(10 marks)
 5
SKEE/U 3533

SECTION B (ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY FROM SECTION B)

Q.3 (a) In amplitude modulation (AM), carrier’s amplitude is directly varied by the
modulating signal’s amplitude. An amplitude modulated signal, VAM (t) is given
as
𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) = 2.5(1 + 0.5 cos 1000𝜋𝑡 + 0.5 cos 2000𝜋𝑡) cos 10000𝜋𝑡

(i) Sketch the 𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) in frequency domain.

(3 marks)
(ii) Determine the effective modulation index.
(2 marks)
(iii) Write the equation for AM envelope signal.
(2 marks)
(iv) Design a full AM transmitter to produce the 𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) signal above using
balanced modulator and other suitable components.
(4 marks)

(b) 𝑉𝐴𝑀(𝑆𝑆𝐵) (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 is fed into a demodulator circuit for detection
process using coherent detection method instead of an envelope detector.

(i) Draw a block diagram of coherent detector and derive the mathematical
expression of the detector’s output.
(5 marks)
(ii) If the local oscillator’s voltage defined by 𝑣𝐿𝑂 (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙).
Discuss the implication of the 𝜙 term through mathematical analysis.
(5 marks)
(iii) State why envelope detector is unsuitable to detect the VAM(SSB)(t) signal.
(2 marks)
(iv) Discuss the advantages of the 𝑉𝐴𝑀(𝑆𝑆𝐵) (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 over the
conventional AM and double sideband suppressed carrier AM?
(2 marks)
 6
SKEE/U 3533

Q.4 (a) Modulation involves changes in the carrier signal’s properties using frequency
modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM). Discuss ONE (1) advantage
and ONE (1) disadvantage of FM compared to AM.
(4 marks)

(b) A frequency spectrum shown in Figure Q.4 (b) is found at the output of an FM
modulator. The system utilizes a 20 Vrms carrier at 10 MHz frequency. The
system sensitivity, kf = 15 kHzV-1.

(i) Determine the modulation index of the modulated signal.

(3 marks)
(ii) Define whether the output is a narrowband FM or Wideband FM.
(1 mark)
(iii) Find the mathematical expression of the modulating signal, Vm(t) and the
modulated signal VFM(t). (4 marks)

(iv) Determine the total transmitted power when the resistance is 50 Ω.

(2 marks)
(v) Find the power that can be saved if a bandpass filter is introduced at the
output if its center frequency is tuned at the carrier frequency and
bandwidth equals to 17 kHz. Discuss the effect to the signal quality.
(4 marks)

Figure Q.4 (b)

 7
SKEE/U 3533

(c) You are required to design a wideband frequency modulator using Armstrong
method that is equipped with a crystal oscillator generating a 200 kHz signal
with modulation index, β equals to 0.2. The system needs to transmit 50 Hz to
15 kHz audio signals. The WBFM transmitter is supposed to transmit signal at
108 MHz frequency with maximum deviation, Δf of 75 kHz. Draw the WBFM
block diagram showing all related parameters as well as carrier frequencies and
deviation after each components. The chosen mixer frequency, fmix should be in
the range between 20 to 25 MHz and multiplier factors, n1 and n2 are integer
numbers in the range between 2 to 10.
(7 marks)
 8
SKEE/U 3533

Q.5 (a) (i) Digital communication systems are becoming common in today’s
communication system. Discuss ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1)
disadvantage of using digital modulation systems
(4 marks)
(ii) Explain the difference between the European and the American voice
digital transmission for one Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) frame in
relation to number of voice channels, signaling information, bits/ frame.
(4 marks)

(b) A digital music transmission system is to be designed. The signal bandwidth is

in the range of 60 Hz to 16 KHz. Its amplitude is in the range of +/-2.5 Volt.

(i) Determine the Nyquist sampling frequency needed.

(2 marks)
(ii) If 12 bits/sample is being used, calculate the transmission rate required.
(2 marks)
(iii) Calculate the middle quantized values of the lowest and highest levels.
(4 marks)

(iv) Determine the system’s signal to noise quantization ratio, SNRq.

(2 marks)
(v) Suggest on how to reduce the system’s quantization noise.
(2 marks)

(c) (i) Discuss the significance of companding technique that is normally

employed in the digital transmission process.
(2 marks)
(ii) The input to the companding system with µ= 100 is a signal with a level
of 0 to 5 volt. Calculate the compander system output voltage for a signal
at 1.0 volt and 2.5 volt.
(3 marks)
 9
SKEE/U 3533

APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

B) Others
sin 2 x  cos2 x  1 vDSBSC (t )  Em cosmt cosct
cos2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  Em
 m2 
PAM  Pc 1    cos c   m t 
VSSBSC (t )   2
cos2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
 2   m cos c   m t 
E
2  2
sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
2  1 

PAM  Pc 1  meff2  where meff  m12  m22  m32  ...
1/ 2

 2 
sin( x  y )  sin x cos y  cos x sin y E E E
m1  m1 , m2  m 2 , m3  m3
cos(x  y )  cos x cos y  sin x sin y Ec Ec Ec

sin x sin y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y ) vFM (t )  Ec cos(ct ) cos[ sin( mt )]  Ec sin(ct ) sin [  sin (mt )]
1
2 

cos x cos y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )

1 cos   sin  m t   J 0     2 J 2 n   cos 2n m t
2 n 1

sin x cos y  sin( x  y )  sin( x  y ) sin  sin  m t   2 J 2 n 1  sin( 2n  1) m t
1
2 n 1

Pn  kTB , Vn  4kTBR , 
vFM (t )  Ec  J n (  ) cos[(c  nm )t ]  (t )  dc (t )     t 
i c c
 dt
, Te  F  1Ti ,
Si N i  
F
t

So N o vFM t   Ec kos  ct  k f  vm t dt 

 0   c (t )  c t  k p vm (t )
F  1  F3  1  ...  Fn  1
Ftot  F1  2  f
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1  
vPM (t )  Ec kos[ct  k p vm (t )] m fm
Tetot  Te1 
Te 2 T
 e3  ... 
Tn BWFM  2nf m  2  1 f m  2f  f m 
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1 PT ( FM )  PJ  2PJ  PJ  PJ  ...  PJ 
0 1 2 3 n

V 2
V V 2
VJ23 ( rms) 2
VJ2n ( rms) 
 2 
J 0 ( rms)
 
J1 ( rms)
 ... 
J 2 ( rms)

L
Pin 1
 , LdB   R  R R R R 
 
Pout G
E2J 2  E2J 2 E2J 2 E2J 2 E2J 2 
 c 0  2 c 1  c 2  c 3  ...  c n 
v AM (t )  Ec  vm t  cosc t 2R  2R 2R 2R 2R 
Ec2  2 

E
m m RC 
1  m 
2 1/ 2

1 
2R 
 J 0  2 J n2 
Ec mm m n 1 
 10
SKEE/U 3533

1 Eb 2 Eb C BW
SNRq = [1.76 + 6.02n] Pe  erfc E T
Eb  c 
3 2 4No 2 , No N fb
SNRq  10 log  6.02 n dB ,
ln 1   2
V (t) = A cos (ct + [2m – 1] /4) , m = 1, 2, 3, 4..
QPSK

1  log( Ax ) 1
 1  log A for  x1
y A
Ax 1
 for 0 x
 1  log A A

log(1  x)
y
log 1   

C) BESSEL TABLE
Modulation index Coefficient Sidebands(Jalursisi) - Jn
 @ mf J0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

0.25 0.98 0.12

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06
3.0 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
4.0 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02
5.0 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02
Q.1 (a)

Figure Q.1 (a)

(i) Determine the total noise figure of the system.

(3 marks)

(ii) Determine the overall equivalent noise temperature.

(3 marks)

(iii) By swapping the components, suggest a new connection configuration

that will lead to the best noise performance. Justify your answer with
relevant mathematical analysis.
(5 marks)
(b) (i) Calculate the output noise voltage if the amplifier has a 5 dB noise figure
and has 2 kΩ resistor.
(6 marks)
 (ii) How would you further improve the performance of the above
amplifier?
(3 marks)

(c) Modulation is an important process in an electronic communication system

especially if wireless transmission is involved. Discuss TWO (2) benefits of
modulation in such a wireless communication system.
(5 marks)
Q.2 (a) Requirements like sampling and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) coding in
digital transmission system leads to wider system bandwidth. However, digital
systems are also known to be spectrum efficient. Discuss this.
(5 marks)

(b) Figure Q.2 (b) shows the block diagram of a binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
receiver. The input signal is sin ωct. The coherent carrier recovery circuit detects
and regenerates a carrier signal that is both frequency and phase coherent with
the original transmit carrier. The balanced modulator is a product detector.

(i) Write the mathematical representation of the outputs at points A and B.

(5 marks)
 (ii) If the input is changed now to –sin ωct, what is the output at point B.
(5 marks)

Figure Q.2 (b)

(c) Design a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) system that will accommodate
two 3200 bits/s synchronous digital inputs and an analog that has a bandwidth
of 2700 Hz. Assume that the analog input is sampled at 1.4815 times the Nyquist
rate and converted into 4-bit PCM words. Draw a block diagram for your design
and indicate the data rates of analog input, digital input, commutator output and
TDM output in your designed diagram. [Hint: include a PCM encoder].
(10 marks)
Q.3 (a) In amplitude modulation (AM), carrier’s amplitude is directly varied by the
modulating signal’s amplitude. An amplitude modulated signal, VAM (t) is given
as
𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) = 2.5(1 + 0.5 cos 1000𝜋𝑡 + 0.5 cos 2000𝜋𝑡) cos 10000𝜋𝑡

(i) Sketch the 𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) in frequency domain.

(3 marks)
 (ii) Determine the effective modulation index.
(2 marks)

(iii) Write the equation for AM envelope signal.

(2 marks)

(iv) Design a full AM transmitter to produce the 𝑉𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) signal above using
balanced modulator and other suitable components.
(4 marks)

(b) 𝑉𝐴𝑀(𝑆𝑆𝐵) (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 is fed into a demodulator circuit for detection
process using coherent detection method instead of an envelope detector.

(i) Draw a block diagram of coherent detector and derive the mathematical
expression of the detector’s output.
(5 marks)
(ii) If the local oscillator’s voltage defined by 𝑣𝐿𝑂 (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙).
Discuss the implication of the 𝜙 term through mathematical analysis.
(5 marks)

(iii) State why envelope detector is unsuitable to detect the VAM(SSB)(t) signal.
(2 marks)
 (iv) Discuss the advantages of the 𝑉𝐴𝑀(𝑆𝑆𝐵) (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 over the
conventional AM and double sideband suppressed carrier AM?
(2 marks)

Q.4 (a) Modulation involves changes in the carrier signal’s properties using frequency
modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM). Discuss ONE (1) advantage
and ONE (1) disadvantage of FM compared to AM.
(4 marks)

(b) A frequency spectrum shown in Figure Q.4 (b) is found at the output of an FM
modulator. The system utilizes a 20 Vrms carrier at 10 MHz frequency. The
system sensitivity, kf = 15 kHzV-1.

(i) Determine the modulation index of the modulated signal.

(3 marks)

(ii) Define whether the output is a narrowband FM or Wideband FM.

(1 mark)

(iii) Find the mathematical expression of the modulating signal, Vm(t) and the
modulated signal VFM(t). (4 marks)
 (iv) Determine the total transmitted power when the resistance is 50 Ω.
(2 marks)

(v) Find the power that can be saved if a bandpass filter is introduced at the
output if its center frequency is tuned at the carrier frequency and
bandwidth equals to 17 kHz. Discuss the effect to the signal quality.
(4 marks)

Figure Q.4 (b)

(c) You are required to design a wideband frequency modulator using Armstrong
method that is equipped with a crystal oscillator generating a 200 kHz signal
with modulation index, β equals to 0.2. The system needs to transmit 50 Hz to
15 kHz audio signals. The WBFM transmitter is supposed to transmit signal at
108 MHz frequency with maximum deviation, Δf of 75 kHz. Draw the WBFM
block diagram showing all related parameters as well as carrier frequencies and
deviation after each components. The chosen mixer frequency, fmix should be in
the range between 20 to 25 MHz and multiplier factors, n1 and n2 are integer
numbers in the range between 2 to 10.
(7 marks)

Frequency A B Frequency
NBFM
multiplier, n1 multiplier, n2
Q.5 (a) (i) Digital communication systems are becoming common in today’s
communication system. Discuss ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1)
disadvantage of using digital modulation systems
(4 marks)

(ii) Explain the difference between the European and the American voice
digital transmission for one Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) frame in
relation to number of voice channels, signaling information, bits/ frame.
(4 marks)
(b) A digital music transmission system is to be designed. The signal bandwidth is
in the range of 60 Hz to 16 KHz. Its amplitude is in the range of +/-2.5 Volt.

(i) Determine the Nyquist sampling frequency needed.

(2 marks)

(ii) If 12 bits/sample is being used, calculate the transmission rate required.

(2 marks)

(iii) Calculate the middle quantized values of the lowest and highest levels.
(4 marks)
 (iv) Determine the system’s signal to noise quantization ratio, SNRq.
(2 marks)

(v) Suggest on how to reduce the system’s quantization noise.

(2 marks)

(c) (i) Discuss the significance of companding technique that is normally

employed in the digital transmission process.
 (2 marks)
(ii) The input to the companding system with µ= 100 is a signal with a level
of 0 to 5 volt. Calculate the compander system output voltage for a signal
at 1.0 volt and 2.5 volt.
(3 marks)
 SKEE 3533
Solution
1. (a) Simplex : One way transmission
Example : Radio broadcasting, TV broadcasting

Half-Duplex : Two way transmission but only one user can transmit
the signal at one time.
Example : Walkie-Talkie, CB Radio

Full-Duplex : Two way transmission, both users can transmit the

signal at the same time.
Example - : Cellular Telephone

(b) From social aspect:

Allow people to communicate easily without much physical restriction.
Reduce the gap between people from different geographical areas, gap
between rural and cities.
Economic:
People can do business and make decision faster. Allow access to information
and market easier.
Wireless communication becomes an important industry with many spill over
effects from manufacturing, service to sales.

(c) Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise, Johnson noise, or Nyquist noise) is the
electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of the charge carriers
(usually the electrons) inside an electrical conductor at equilibrium, which
happens regardless of any applied voltage

Shot noise or Poisson noise is a type of electronic noise which can be modeled
by a Poisson process. In electronics shot noise originates from the discrete
nature of electric charge. Shot noise also occurs in photon counting in optical
devices, where shot noise is associated with the particle nature of light.

(d) (i) FTP = 100.8 = 6.31 dan Fconverter = 100.6 = 3.98

(ii) F = F1 + (F2-1)/G1 + (F3-1)/G1G2 + (F4-1)/G1G2G3 + (F5-1)/G1G2G3G4
= 100.1 + (100.8 – 1)10 + (100.5 – 1)/(10x10-0.8) + (100.6 – 1)/(10x10-
0.8
x101.2) + (100.6 – 1)/(10x10-0.8x101.2x100.6)
= 1.26 + 0.53 + 1.35 + 0.12 + 0.47
= 3.73
NF = 10 log F = 5.72 dB
Te = (F-1)290 = 792 K
 SKEE 3533
(iii)
Si / N i S N S N
F  i  o  i  o
So / N o Ni So Ni GT Si
So
dimana GT   G1G2G3G4G5  10  8  12  6  20  28dB
Si
No
F , N o  F  Ni  GT
Ni  GT
12
N o  3.73 1.38 1023  290  200 103 102.8  1.88 10 W
N o  Vn2 / R
Vn  1.88 1012  300  23.8V

Q2.

Figure xx below shows a QPSK receiver. If the input QPSK signal is -sin ct + cos ct,
determine the expression of the signals at points A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. What is the
output of the QPSK receiver?

Figure xx. QPSK receiver

At A: -sin ct + cos ct ……………..(1 mark)

B: -sin ct + cos ct ……………..(1 mark)
C: sin ct ……………..(1 mark)
D: cos ct ……………..(1 mark)
E:
 SKEE 3533

……………..(2 marks)
F:

……………..(2 marks)
G: - ½ V (logic 0) ……………..(1 mark)
H: ½ V (logic 1) ……………..(1 mark)
Output of QPSK receiver: 1,0. ……………..(2 marks)

A PCM system multiplexes 30 audio channels and 2 control channels. Transmission rate
for each channel is 64,000 bits per second. Each channels is an output from a 256-level
quantizer. Each frame transmitted has a sample from each channel.

a. Find the transmission rate for the system and time period for one bit.
b. Calculate the number of bits for each frame.
c. Sketch the frame structure, showing a suitable location for the control channels.
d. Two advantages of a mux PCM system

Solution:
a. fb = (32)(64) = 2.048 Mbps. t = 0.488 μs.
b. bits per frame = (32)(8) = 256 bits
c.
C1 1 2 3 ........ 15 C2 16 ........ 29 30

d. 1. Allow high capacity link to be shared by lower bit rate users which allow cost to be
distributed by many.
2. Technology: PCM system has better system performance e.g. noise than previous
technology such as PAM
 SKEE 3533
Q.3 (a) In general, the modulation index describes by how much the modulated variable
of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. Define the modulation
index in Amplitude Modulation (AM) technique and discuss how its influences
the transmission performance.

(5 marks)
Important point:
𝐸𝑚
AM modulation index, 𝑚 =
𝐸𝑐

m2
It can affect the efficiency of AM, h =
2 + m2

(b) AM modulated signal can be represented by the following mathematical

equation:
𝑣𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) = 10 sin(2𝜋106 𝑡) + [2 sin(6250𝑡) + 2 sin(12560𝑡)] sin(2𝜋106 𝑡)

(i) Obtain the modulation index. Discuss performance of this system based
on the obtained modulation index value.
(4 marks)
Em1 2
m1 = = = 0.2
Ec 10
Em2 2
m2 = = = 0.2
Ec 10

meff = ( m1 ) + ( m2 ) = 0.04 + 0.04 = 0.28

2 2

The system is inefficient.

( 0.28) = 0.0784 = 0.48

2
m2
h= =
2 + m 2 + ( 0.28) 2 2 + 0.0784
2

(ii) Illustrate graphical spectrum of the modulated signal.

(5 marks)
From expansion of the AM modulated signal equation, the AM spectra
can be sketched as below:
 SKEE 3533

(iii) Find the average power, the sideband average power. Assume resistive
load = 1 .
(5 marks)
The average power,
Pave = Pc + PSB
(V )
2

Pave = rms
R
æ Ec ö
2 ìïæ E ö2 æ E ö2 üï
Pave = ç ÷ + 2 íç SB1 ÷ + ç SB2 ÷ ý
è 2ø ïîè 2 ø è 2 ø þï
æ 10 ö
2
ïìæ 1 ö2 æ 1 ö2 ïü
Pave = ç ÷ + 2 íç ÷ +ç ÷ý
è 2ø ïîè 2 ø è 2 ø ïþ
Pave = 50 + 2 {0.5 + 0.5}
Pave = 52W

The sideband power,

ìïæ E ö2 æ E ö2 üï
PSB = 2 íç SB1 ÷ + ç SB 2 ÷ ý
ïîè 2 ø è 2 ø ïþ
ìïæ 1 ö2 æ 1 ö2 üï
PSB = 2 íç ÷ +ç ÷ ý
îïè 2 ø è 2 ø þï
PSB = 2 {0.5 + 0.5}
PSB = 2W

(iv) Calculate power efficiency of this system. Then, discuss how to improve
efficiency of this system.
(3 marks)
 SKEE 3533
Power efficiency:
PSB 2
h= ´100 = ´100 = 3.8%
PTOTAL 52

The efficiency of this system can be improved by suppressed the carrier

component.

(c) Recommendation ITU-R BS.640 specifies a maximum of 4.5 kHz necessary

bandwidth for Single Sideband AM (AM-SSB) broadcasting (Band 7 (HF)).
Based on the standard, calculate number of message channels can be transmitted
using this technique if the allocated bandwidth is 20kHz?
(3 marks)

Number of channel = 20kHz / 4.5kHz = 4.4  4 channels

Q.4 (a) Angle Modulation technique is an alternative way of modulating an information

signal at the transmitting end of a communication system. Discuss TWO
advantages of Angle Modulation over Amplitude Modulation technique.

(5 marks)
The advantages of FM over AM systems are:

 The amplitude of an FM wave remains constant. This provides

the system designers an opportunity to remove the noise from the
received signal.
 Most of the power in an FM signal is carried by the side bands.
For higher values of the modulation index, mF, the major portion
of the total power is contained is side bands, and the carrier
signal contains less power. In contrast, in an AM system, only
one third of the total power is carried by the side bands and two
thirds of the total power is lost in the form of carrier power.
Therefore, the power usage is optimum in an FM system.
 In an AM system, the only method of reducing noise is to
increase the transmitted power of the signal. This operation
increases the cost of the AM system. In an FM system, you can
increase the frequency deviation in the carrier signal to reduce
the noise.
 SKEE 3533
(b) Frequency Modulation (FM) is one form of Angle Modulation technique. Let
say, the FM modulated signal is given by:
XFM (t) = 10 cos[2p (108 )t + 4 sin ( 400p t ) ]

(i) Identify type of the FM signal. Justify your answer.

(2 marks)
Modulation index, b = 4 .
 WBFM.

(ii) Write equation of the instantaneous frequency fi (t) and determine the
frequency deviation (Hz).
(4 marks)
d
fi (t) =
dt
( 2p 108 t + 4sin ( 400p t ))
fi (t) = 2p 108 - 4(400p )cos(400p t)
fi (t) = 2p 108 -1600p cos(400p t)

Frequency deviation:
Df k f Em
b= = =4
fm fm
400p
Df = b fm = 4( ) = 800Hz
2p
(ii) Estimate the number of sidebands, n transmitted if 98% of the average
power is used for the transmission.
(2 marks)
n=7

(iii) Calculate the average power used for the FM transmission.

(3 marks)
 SKEE 3533
æE ö
{( J ) + 2éë( J ) + ( J ) + ( J ) + ( J ) + ( J ) + ( J ) + ( J ) ùû}
2

Pave = ç c ÷
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
o
è 2ø
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2ì é( 0.07) 2 + ( 0.36) 2 + ( 0.43) 2 + ( 0.28) 2 + ( 0.13) 2 ùüï

æ 10 ö ï
Pave = ç ÷ í( 0.4) + 2 ê úý
2

è 2ø ï ê+ ( 0.05) 2 + ( 0.02 ) 2 úï
î ë ûþ
ìï é( 0.0049) + ( 0.1296) + ( 0.1849) + ( 0.3584) + ( 0.0169 )ùüï
Pave = 50 í( 0.16) + 2 ê úý
îï êë+ ( 0.0025) + ( 0.0004) úûþï
= 50 {( 0.16) + 2 [ 0.6976 ]} = 77.76W

(iv) Determine bandwidth of the FM modulated signal using Bessel function

and Carson’s rule bandwidth requirement.
(4 marks)
BW using Bessel function:
From table: n = 7 for b = 4
BW = 2nfm = 2(7)(200) = 2800Hz

BW using carson’s rule:

BW = 2 ( b +1) fm = 2 ( 4 +1) 200 = 2000Hz

(c) Narrow-band FM (NBFM) signal with fc = 200kHz and frequency deviation of

15 Hz is used to generate a Wide-band FM (WBFM) signal for IKIM FM radio
broadcasting station. The WBFM frequency for IKIM FM in Johor Bahru is
106.2 MHz with frequency deviation of 75 kHz. For generation of WBFM, the
NBFM signal is fed into a multiplier and a mixer with suitable values of fLO .
Draw an Armstrong FM generation block diagram that is used to generate the
above-mentioned signal. Clearly state value of the multiplier, N and fLO .
(5 marks)
 SKEE 3533

∆𝑓2 75𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑁 = = = 5000
∆𝑓1 15𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝐶2 = 𝑓𝐶1 × 5000 = 200𝑘𝐻𝑧 × 5000 = 1𝐺𝐻𝑧

To calculate the 𝑓𝐿𝑂

𝑓𝑐𝑜 = 𝑓𝑐2 ± 𝑓𝐿𝑂
Since the 𝑓𝑐𝑜 < 𝑓𝑐2 => the mixer downconvert the 𝑓𝑐2
𝑓𝑐𝑜 = 𝑓𝑐2 − 𝑓𝐿𝑂
Therefore
𝑓𝐿𝑂 = 𝑓𝑐2 − 𝑓𝑐𝑜 = 1𝐺𝐻𝑧 − 106.2𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 893.8𝑀𝐻𝑧

Q5.
a. With the help of suitable diagrams, explain:

Aliasing
The side frequencies from one harmonic fold over into the sideband of another harmonic. The
frequency that folds over is an alias of the input signal (hence the names “aliasing” or
“foldover distortion”). If an alias side frequency from the first harmonic folds over into the
audio spectrum, it cannot be removed through filtering or any other technique.

Granular noise
Granular noise occurs when the analog signal is a straight line or almost a straight line, and
the output of the ADC are consecutives 0's and 1's.
 SKEE 3533

Slope overload noise

Slope overload noise occurs when the analog signal is changing too fast for the step size to
follow.

b i.
An analog information signal has continuously variable signal of  10 mV, with Vpp = 20
mV. Design a suitable uniform quantization scheme with 8 steps and 8 codes.

Binary No Quantized Voltage

111 +8.75
110 +6.25
101 +3.75
100 +1.25
011 -1.25
010 -3.75
001 -6.25
000 -8.75

Small signals means the amplitude of these signals are low. Most signals are of this type;
seldom there are signals of high amplitudes. However, a quantizer for an analog-to-digital
converter needs to process both types of signals. Elaborate on two techniques so that both
signals can be processed correctly. Your explanation must include suitable diagrams.

b ii. Calculate the signal to quantization error of your design.

Quantization interval,  = 20/8 = 2.5 mV.

Quantization noise, Qn = /2 = 2.5/2 = 1.25 mV.
SNRq = (1.76 + 6.02n) = 1.76 + 6.02(3) = 19.82  20 dB.

c.
Nonuniform quantization and Companding

Nonuniform quantization is where the quantization step size is not uniform; smaller at the
bottom and increases at it goes to the top. This increases the accuracy for the smaller-
amplitude signals.
 SKEE 3533

Companding is the process of compressing and expanding. With companded systems, the
higher-amplitude analog signals are compressed (amplified less than the lower-amplitude
signals) prior to transmission and then expanded (amplified more than the lower-amplitude
signals) in the receiver. Companding improves the dynamic range of a communication
system.
 2
SKEE 3533

SECTION A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A)

Q.1 (a) Recently, the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FKE) UTM has decided to
develop a complete radio campus system. As part of this project’s team, you are
instructed to investigate two modulation techniques; Amplitude modulation
(AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM).
(i) Compare AM and FM techniques in terms of bandwidth, power distributions
and modulation index. (6 marks)

(ii) In your opinion, which modulation technique is the most suitable for the radio
campus project and justify your answer.
(3 marks)

(b) A carrier wave is frequency modulated using a message signal with frequency,
fm = 1 kHz and and an increasing amplitude, Em (starting from 0 volts). It is found
that the relative amplitude of the FM signal’s carrier component = 0.22 for the
first time when the Em is 5 V. What is the frequency sensitivity of the modulator?
(3 marks)

(c) A message signal, vs(t) (refer to Figure Q.1 (c-i)) modulates a carrier signal
vc(t) = Ec cos 2π103t with a maximum frequency deviation, Δf of 1kHz. This
signal is fed to A (refer to Figure Q.1 (c-ii) to obtain a frequency modulated
signal, vout(t). Determine;
(i) The function of block A (2 marks)
(ii) Formulate the mathematical expression of vout(t) in terms of vs(t) and draw
its waveform. (5 Marks)
(iii) If the resulting FM signal in Figure Q.1 (c-ii) is to be demodulated by using
a phase-lock loop (PLL), draw a block diagram of the PLL and briefly
explain how the PLL can be used for demodulating an FM wave.
(6 Marks)
 3
SKEE 3533

Q.2 In order to cope with the growing bandwidth demand, your organization has instructed
its engineers to explore the potential of multi-level shift keying modulation techniques
and multiplexing schemes.

(a) Discuss how bandwidth utilization can be improved through the use of:
(i) Multi-level shift keying modulation techniques and (2 marks)
(ii) Multiplexing schemes (2 marks)

(b) (i) Define bit rate and baud rate, and (2 marks)
(ii) Explain the relationship between bit rate and baud rate using Quadrature
Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and 8-PSK as examples. Given baud rate at 120
ksymbols/s.
(4 marks)
(c) With reference to Figure Q.2 (c), show through mathematical analysis the
detection of a QPSK symbol that is represented by equation –cos ωct - sin ωct and
identify outputs at points X and Y.
(5 marks)
(d) Design a suitable bit-by-bit time division multiplexing (TDM) arrangement of the
following signals:
i) An analog signal, m1(t) that is band-limited to 4 kHz
ii) Three analog signals, m2(t), m3(t), and m4(t) that are band-limited
to 2 kHz each, and
iii) Two digital signals with bit rate of 7.4 kbps.

The analog signals are sampled twice the Nyquist rate and binary coded using
256 levels (L = 256). In your design, show the input bit rate from each channel,
the commutator frequency (in rotations per second), and the output bit rate.
(10 marks)
 4
SKEE 3533

t (s)

-1

Figure Q.1 (c-i)

Vs(t) Integrator
Vout(t)
 A

Figure Q.1 (c-ii)

Figure Q.2 (c)

 5
SKEE 3533

SECTION B (ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY FROM SECTION B)

Q.3
(a) Thermal noise presents in all electronic components and communications
systems. It is uniformly distributed across the entire electromagnetic frequency
spectrum, and often referred to as white noise. Thermal noise is associated with
the rapid and random movement of electrons within a conductor due to thermal
agitation. Is it possible to eliminate thermal noise? If possible, how can it be done?
(3 Marks)

(b) Johor FM radio broadcasting station operates at the frequency of 101.9 MHz with
audio signals up to 30 kHz. Based on this information, describe the following
terms; Modulation, Modulating Signal and Modulated Signal. (6 Marks)

(c) Figure Q.3(c) shows a front end of a receiver consisting of a low noise amplifier
(LNA), a frequency conversion (consists of a mixer and a local oscillator (LO))
and the first stage of Intermediate Frequency amplifier (IF Amp).
(i) Calculate the total noise figure (in dB) (4 marks)
(ii) Calculate the total noise figure (in dB) if the positions of LNA and
frequency conversion are swapped. (4 marks)
(iii) Compare and discuss between the results in c(i) and c(ii)
(3 marks)
(iv) Low cost, cheap receivers usually do not have the LNA component. Based
on Figure Q.3 (c), calculate the total noise figure (in dB) of such systems
i.e. [Hint: Calculate the total noise figure in Figure Q1 without the LNA].
(3 marks)
(v) Analyze the results obtained in Q.3(c-iv). (2 marks)

Figure Q.3 (c)

 6
SKEE 3533

Q.4 Amplitude Modulation (AM) radio broadcasting was used mainly during the first
world war. Basically, a full AM modulator is a simple circuit as shown in Figure Q.4
(a). A modulating signal, m(t) should modulate a carrier to form a modulated signal.
The modulated signal is transmitted down the channel and an ideal envelope detector
can be used to recover the modulating signal.
(a) There are several types of Amplitude Modulation. Name three AM types and
identify the modulation types used in Figure Q.4 (a).
(4 marks)
(b) Considering m(t) as shown in Figure Q.4 (b) is used to modulate a carrier signal
with amplitude, Ec equals to 3 volts and frequency of 10 kHz;
(i) Write the mathematical expressions at the output of the balanced
modulator, r(t) and the modulated signal, s(t).
(4 marks)
(ii) Determine the modulation index, m. (2 marks)
(iii) Find the transmitted power of s(t) and the efficiency of the system.
Assume that the transmitter’s resistance is 50 Ohm.
(4 marks)

(c) A full AM modulated signal can be demodulated by using an envelope detector

that detects the envelope of the modulated signal.
(i) Design an envelope detector circuit that is consists of resistors,
capacitors and diode.
(3 marks)
(ii) Give a reason why envelope detector cannot be used as a demodulator
for other than Full AM signal?
(2 marks)
(iii) Time constant, =RC (where R is the resistance and C is the capacitance)
is critical parameter of an envelope detector. What happens to the output
message signal if the time constant is either too large or too small?
Suggest an optimum value of  based on the m(t) given in Figure Q.4
(b).
(6 marks)
 7
SKEE 3533

Modulator Demodulator

m(t) r(t) s(t) m(t)

Balanced Envelope
Modulator + Channel
Detector

E
cos c(t)

Figure Q.4 (a)

m(t) (v)

t (ms)

Figure Q.4 (b)

 8
SKEE 3533

Q.5 The modern day’s telecommunication world has benefited from the emergence of
digital technology. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a standard method used to
digitally represent sampled analog signals.
(a) Figure Q.5 (a) shows a block diagram of a PCM transmitter which consists of
three main stages. As shown in the figure, a triangle signal with values ranging
from 0 to 5 Volts is used as the input signal of the transmitter. The signal is
sampled at 1.5 millions samples per minute and the samples are quantized to 64
evenly spaced levels.
(i) Name the three stages (A, B and C) and explain their functions. (6 marks)

(ii) Sketch the output signals of part A and B. (4 marks)

(iii) Determine the maximum frequency of the input signal. (2 marks)

(iv) Calculate the quantization interval, V. (2 marks)

(v) Determine the bandwidth required. (2 marks)

(vi) Explain why non-uniform quantization is better than uniform quantization.

(4 marks)

(b) A digital communication system is used to carry a Hi-Fi music signal using
linearly quantized PCM. The signal has a bandwidth of 20 kHz and the signal to
quantization noise ratio (SNRq) is to be kept at 55 dB.
(i) Determine the PCM bit rate. (2 marks)

(ii) Recommend one way to improve the SNRq and determine the new
quantization levels that can contribute for a 5 dB SNRq improvement.
(3 marks)

5V

A B C

Figure Q.5 (a)

 9
SKEE 3533

APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

B) Others


cos sin  m t   J 0    2 J 2 n   cos 2n m t
n 1 sin( x  y )  sin x cos y  cos x sin y

cos(x  y )  cos x cos y  sin x sin y
sin  sin  m t   2 J 2 n 1  sin( 2n  1) m t
sin x sin y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )
n 1 1
2
sin 2 x  cos2 x  1
cos x cos y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )
1
cos2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x 2
sin x cos y  sin( x  y )  sin( x  y )
1
cos2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
2 2

sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
2

RC 
1  m  2 1/ 2

1
mm m

C) BESSEL TABLE
Modulation index Coefficient Sidebands(Jalursisi) - Jn
 @ mf J0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

0.25 0.98 0.12

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06
3.0 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
4.0 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02
5.0 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02
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SOLUTION

PART A

Q.1
(a-i) Compare AM and FM techniques in terms of bandwidth, power distributions and modulation index.
(6 marks)

(a-ii) In your opinion, which modulation technique is the most suitable for the radio campus project and justify
your answer. (3 marks)

Solution:
AM FM
Bandwidth = 2fm Bandwidth is proportional to the modulation
1
index β 1
Power consumed depends on the modulation Power consumed is fixed, does not depend on
index, m 1 modulation index 1
Modulation index depends on amplitude of Modulation index depends on frequency of
information signal, information signal,
1 1

(ii) FM is the most suitable technique

Reasons:
-it is less susceptible to interference, noise and has better quality. 3
-AM is not available in many phones and MP3 players
-AM is less popular among the younger generations as contents mostly news and talks

(b) A carrier wave is frequency modulated using a message signal with frequency, fm = 1 kHz and and
an increasing amplitude, Em (starting from 0 volts). It is found that the relative amplitude of the FM signal’s
carrier component = 0.2 for the first time when the Em is 5 V. What is the frequency sensitivity of the
modulator? (3 marks)

Solution:
When Jo is 0.22, β= 2.0, Given fm = 1kHz,

1
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Δf = 2 x 1 kHz = 2 kHz, 2
kf = Δf/Em = 2000Hz /5 = 400 Hz/V

(c) A message signal vs(t) (refer Figure 1) modulates a carrier signal vc(t) = Ec cos (20π103(t)) with ΔF =
1kHz. This signal is fed to A (refer Figure 2) to obtain a frequency modulated signal Vout(t), determine;

t
-1

Figure 1

Vs(t) Integrator
Vout(t)
 A

Figure 2

i) Block A (2 marks)
Solution:
PM Modulator

ii) State the mathematical expression of Vout(t) in terms of Vs(t) and sketch its waveform.
(5 Marks)
Solution:

(iii) If the resulting FM

signal in Figure Q.1
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(c-ii) is to be demodulated by using a phase-lock loop (PLL), draw a block diagram of the PLL and
briefly explain how the PLL can be used for demodulating an FM wave.

Solution:

Given

And 0.5

Therefore

0.5

After LPF;

0.5

therefore;

0.5
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0.5

0.5

Output PLL;

0.5

Therefore

0.5

Q.2
(a) Discuss how bandwidth utilization can be improved through the use of:
(i) multi-level shift keying modulation techniques and
(ii) multiplexing schemes.
(4 marks)
Bandwidth performance can be improved by having more than one bits
2
represented by a symbol in the multi-level shift keying technique
Multiplexing scheme can be improve bandwidth by having more than one users
sharing the same resources like time slot or bandwidth. 2
(b) (i) Define bit rate and baud rate, and
(ii) Explain the relationship between bit rate and baud rate using Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK) and 8-PSK as examples. Given baud rate of 120 ksymbols/s.
(6 marks)
1 1
Bit rate is the number of binary signals (1 or 0 ) that are transmitted per second. Baud rate is
the number of symbols transmitted per second. A symbol can represent more than one bits.
Relationship between them: Baud rate = bit rate/n, where n is the number of bits per symbol.
Number of symbols, M is given as 2n.
Example if bit rate = 120 kbps. 2
With QPSK that uses 2 bits per symbol, baud rate is = 120 kbps/2 = 60 k symbols/sec,
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2
For 8-PSK, n = 3, then baud rate = 120 kbps/3 = 40 ksymbols/sec.

Next, with reference to Figure Q.2, show the detection of a QPSK symbol –cos ωct - sin ωct
(c)
through mathematical analysis and identify outputs at points X and Y.
(5 marks)
Analysis:
I channel
1
(cos ωct) (-cos ωct - sin ωct) = -cos2 ωc- cos ωct sin ωct
= -(1/2 + 1/2 cos 2ωct + 1/2 sin 2ωct+ ½ sin 0) = -1/2
1
Q channel
(sin ωct) (-cos ωct-sin ωct) 1
1
= -(1/2 + 1/2 sin 2ωct + 1/2 sin 2ωct+ ½ sin 0) = -1/2
Output x =-1/2, y = -1/2 1
Both negative voltages represent bit 0, so the translated output is 00.

(d) Show a suitable bit-by-bit time division multiplexing (TDM) arrangement of the following
signals:
i) An analog signal, m1(t) that is band-limited to 4 kHz
ii) Three analog signals, m2(t), m3(t), and m4(t) that are band-limited to 2 kHz
each, and
iii) A digital signal with bit rate of 7.4 kbps.
The analog signals are sampled twice the Nyquist rate and binary coded using 256 levels (L =
256). In your design, show the input bit rate from each channel, the commutator frequency (in
rotations per second), and the output bit rate.
(10 marks)
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SKEE3533

PART B

Q3. a)
Either: Yes, if we can achieve absolute temperature (0 K)
Or: No, it is impossible to achieve absolute temperature (0 K) [3 marks]

b)
i) Audio signal with max frequency of 30 kHz is shifted over much higher FM broadcasting frequency at
101.9 MHz, suitable for the air broadcasting medium [2 marks]
ii) Modulating signal is the audio signal, that modulates the carrier signal’s frequency. [2 marks]
iii) The signal after the modulation process, at center frequency of 101.9 MHz. This signal is transmitted
over a channel to the receiver. [2 marks]

c)
G1 = 12 dB = 15.8489 G2 = -6 dB = 0.25 G3 = 20 dB = 100
NF1 = 1 dB = 1.2589 NF2 = 6 dB = 3.98 NF3 = 6.5 dB = 4.4668

Using Friss' Formula:

i) NFtotal = 1.2589 + 2.98/15.8489 + 3.4668/15.8489*0.25 = 1.51 = 1.77 dB .[4 marks]

ii) NFnew = 3.98 + 0.2589/0.25 + 3.4668/0.25*15.8489 = 224.8 = 23.5 dB. [4 marks]
iii) The new NF is higher than the previous value. Putting a noisier element (mixer) at the front of
the cascaded circuit has increased the NF. [3 marks]

iv) NF = 3.98 + 3.4668/0.25 = 17.85 = 12.5 dB .[3 marks]

Putting a LNA infront of the mixer reduced the total NF. Thus, the better receiver installed an LNA to
reduce noise and improve signal detection. [2 marks]

Q4. (a) AM types: Full AM, DSBSC, SSB, vestigial sideband. The one in figure is Full AM
(4 marks)

(b) Considering m(t) as shown in Figure Q.4 (b) is used to modulate a carrier signal with
amplitude, Ec equals to 3 volts and frequency of 10 kHz;
(i) Write the mathematical expressions at the output of the balanced modulator, r(t) and
the modulated signal, s(t).
(4 marks)
m(t)= 2 cos (2πx103t)
r(t) = m(t)cos (2πx104t) =2 cos (2πx103t) cos (2πx104t) 2
s(t) = 2 cos (2πx10t) cos (2πx104t) + 3 cos (2πx104t)
= (3+2 cos (2πx103t)) cos (2πx104t) 2

(ii) Determine the modulation index, m. (2 marks)

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m=Es/Ec = 2/3 = 66%
(iii) Find the transmitted power of s(t) and the efficiency of the system. Assume that the
transmitter’s resistance is 50 Ohm.
(4 marks)
Pt = Pc + PSB = Pc ( 1 + (m2/2) = Ec2/2R ( 1+(m2/2)) = 0.1 Watt
= PSB/Pt = m2/(2+ m2) = 0.662 / (2+0.662) = 17%

(c) A full AM modulated signal can be demodulated by using an envelope detector that detects
the envelope of the modulated signal.
(i) Design an envelope detector circuit that is consists of resistors, capacitors and diode.
(3 marks)

(ii) (2 marks)
The envelope of the other AM signal such as SSBSC and DSBSC are not similar to
the original modulating signal.

(iii) (6 marks)
If RC is too large, the voltage drop is too slow that causes diagonal clipping where
part of the input peak voltages can not be detected at the output. 2

If RC is too small, the output voltage from the capacitor will contain many ripple and
the desired message signal will be distorted. 2

RC 
1  m  2 1/ 2

1
Ideal value within the range of
mm m is acceptable 2

Question 5
(a)(i)
Sampling: converts a continuous-time signal to discrete. (2 marks)
Quantization: segments a sampled signal into different voltage levels where each levels
corresponding to a different binary number. (2 marks)
Encoding: converts quantized amplitudes into a sequence binary pulse patterns.
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(2 marks)

(ii) 2
2

(4 marks)

(iii) fs =1.5 x106/60 sample/s = 25000 sample/s = 25 kHz

fm =fs/2 = 12.5 kHz (2 marks)

(iv) V= 5/64 =78.125 mV (2 marks)

(v) BW = nfs = 6x25 kHz = 150 kHz (2 marks)

(vi)
Non-uniform quantization improves SNRq of lower level amplitude.
More levels is available for low level amplitudes compared to high amplitude.
Increase SNR for low level amplitude and decrease SNR for higher amplitudes.
(4 marks)
(b) (i)
SNRq = 1.76 + 6.02n
n = (55 -1.76)/6.02 = 8.8
n =9 bits/sample
fs = 2fm = 40 kHz
Bit rate = nfs = 9 x 40k = 360 kbit/s (2 marks)

(ii) SNRq can be improved by increasing the no of levels of PCM bits

60 = 1.76 + 6.02n
n = 10, L= 210= 1024. (3 marks)
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SKEE 3533

SECTION A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A)

Q.1 (a) Figure Q.1 (a) shows a superheterodyne front-end receiver that is consists of a
transmission line, Radio Frequency amplifier (RF Amp), frequency converter
and Intermediate Frequency amplifier (IF Amp). The room temperature of the
receiver is set at 17oC and the characteristics of the individual receiver
subsystems are shown in Table Q.1 (a).

(i) Determine the Noise Figure of Transmission Line (NFTL) and the Noise
Figure of Frequency converter (NFFC). (2 marks)

(ii) Calculate the overall noise factor, F of the receiver subsystems as shown
in Figure Q.1 (a). (4 marks)

(iii) Modify and evaluate the new connection configuration to give a better
overall noise factor (hint: swap position of existing components/device).
(6 marks)

(iv) Compare and discuss the results in (ii) and (iii). (4 marks)

(v) If the system bandwidth is set at 200 kHz, determine the input and
output noise powers (Ni and No).
(4 marks)

(b) Technological and physical problems are among the main obstacles in designing
an efficient communication system. Discuss TWO (2) issues related to the
technological problem. (5 marks)

Table Q.1 (a) Subsystem Parameters

Device Gain Noise Figure
Transmission Line -8 dB NFTL
RF Amplifier 12 dB 2 dB
Frequency Converter -6 dB NFFC
IF Amplifier 20 dB 8 dB

Si Transmission RF Frequency IF So
Ni Line Amp Converter Amp No

Figure Q.1 (a)

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Q.2 (a) The use of radio digital modulation is a standard practice in a carrier-modulated
transmission such as wireless communication system. Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) are three
basic radio digital modulation techniques.

(i) Compare bit error rate (BER) performance and bandwidth requirement
of ASK, FSK and PSK. (4 marks)

(ii) ASK method can be used in a simple remote control car key/alarm
system with operating radio frequency (RF) around 400 MHz. With the
aid of block diagram, design a simple ASK transmitter for this
application and describe how it operates. (6 marks)

(iii) Discuss TWO (2) main impacts of RF based remote control on human
life. You may view from various perspectives such as practicality,
health, economy, social or workplace and compare with other
technology such as Infrared Frequency (IF) based remote control
system. (5 marks)

(b) Figure Q.2 (b) shows a part of a radio broadcasting transmission where vmn(t)
and fcn refers to the nth message signal and carrier frequency, respectively where
n is the total number of users in the system. Assume that Full Amplitude
Modulation (AM) is used at all the channels’ transmitters and no guardband is
used.

(i) Identify block ‘x’ in the diagram and state its importance in a Frequency
Division Multilplexing (FDM) system.
(2 marks)

(ii) If maximum frequency for each message signal, vm(t) is 7.5 kHz for n
equals to 8, find the total bandwidth used for this FDM system.
(3 marks)

(iii) Design a frequency spectrum plan for this system showing subcarriers
and bandwidth for all the eight channels. You may refer to Table Q.2 (b)
as a as a guidance for your design, starting with the lowest possible value
of the carrier frequency.
(5 marks)
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SKEE 3533

Figure Q.2 (b)

Table Q.2 (b) Radio Frequency Source

RF Source Operating Frequency

AM towers 540 – 1600 kHz
FM towers 88 – 108 MHz
TV towers 180 – 220 MHz
Cell towers 800, 900, 1800 MHz
WiFi 2.4 – 2.5 GHz
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SKEE 3533

SECTION B (ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY FROM SECTION B)

Q.3 (a) Communication system devices are used in the process of transmitting and
receiving signals. Signals are transformed into a suitable transmission form
which may involve amplitude modulation (AM).

(i) Name THREE (3) types of amplitude modulation. Discuss ONE

advantage and disadvantage for each type. (9 marks)

(ii) A Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) AM signal, VDSBSC(t)

= 𝐸𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ) cos(𝜔𝑚 𝑡) is applied to the input of a coherent detector,
as shown in Figure Q.3 (a). The local oscillator’s voltage at the coherent
detector is defined by 𝑣𝐿𝑂 (𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙). Derive the mathematical
expression of the low pass filter’s output and explain the implication of
the 𝜙 term.
(6 marks)

(b) Frequency conversion is used to convert Radio Frequency (RF) signal into a
more suitable frequency. For an amplitude modulation (AM) superheterodyne
receiver which has local oscillator frequency of 1455 kHz, RF signal carrier,
upper and lower sideband frequencies of 1000 kHz, 1010 kHz and 990 kHz,
respectively,

(i) Determine the intermediate frequency, fIF, the upper and lower sideband
frequencies fIF(usb) and fIF(lsb). (4 marks)

(ii) Propose a suitable block diagram for the superheterodyne receiver

system using the values in Q.3 (b-ii). (6 marks)

Figure Q.3 (a)

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Q.4 (a) State TWO (2) advantages/disadvantages of Angle Modulation versus

Amplitude Modulation. (4 marks)

(b) An angle modulated radio frequency (RF) waveform is given by the equation
500 cos(c t  20 cos( m t )) where the modulating frequency, fm is set at 1 kHz
and the carrier frequency, fc equals to 100 MHz.

(i) If the phase deviation constant, 𝐾𝑝 = 100 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑣, find the expression
for the corresponding modulating signal, 𝑉𝑚 (𝑡). What are the values of
its amplitude and frequency? (4 marks)

(ii) If the frequency deviation constant, 𝐾𝑓 = 106 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠. 𝑣, find the expres-
sion for the corresponding modulating signal, 𝑉𝑚 (𝑡). What are the values
of its amplitude and frequency? (4 marks)

(iii) If the RF waveform appears across a 50 Ω load, determine the total

transmitted power. (3 marks)

(c) You are required to design a Wideband FM (WBFM) transmitter that will
operate at 100 MHz with maximum deviation frequency, Δf of 75 kHz and local
oscillator’s frequency, fLO at 10 MHz. The Narrowband FM (NBFM) signal,
input to the WBFM transmitter can be produced by the Armstrong method with
initial parameter as follows:
 The frequency of baseband signal, fm is 100Hz.
 Narrowband Armstrong modulator with carrier frequency
of 100 kHz and index modulation, β is 0.1831

(i) Determine suitable value for the frequency multipliers if only frequency
doublers are allowed in the WBFM design. (6 marks)
(ii) Draw a block diagram of the Wideband FM transmitter. (4 marks)
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SKEE 3533

Q.5 (a) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a digital scheme for transmitting analogue
signal. Sampling, Quantizing and Encoding are the three main processes in
PCM transmitter to convert an analogue signal to digital signal. Consider an
audio signal with spectral components limited to the frequency band of 300 to
3400 Hz with the frequency spectrum as shown in Figure Q.5 (a). The signal is
linearly quantized and converted to a PCM signal. The required average signal
to quantization noise ratio is 30 dB.

(i) Define what is meant by Nyquist sampling theorem and explain why this
theorem has to be complied in the sampling process (2 marks)

(ii) Determine the minimum sampling rate and sketch the spectrum of the
sampled signal. (4 marks)

(iii) The sampling rate used in the telephone system E1 line CEPT standard
is 8000 samples per second. Sketch spectrum of the sampled signal
using this sampling frequency. Next, compare your answer with the
answer in part (ii). (4 marks)

(iv) Determine the number of bits per sample and the number of uniform
quantization levels needed based on the minimum sampling rate.
(4 marks)

(v) Determine the symbol rate if the PCM signal is to be transmitted over
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) system? (2 marks)

(vi) Compare and discuss the advantage of using QPSK over Binary Phase
Shift Keying (BPSK) in terms of bandwidth required to transmit the
PCM signal. (4 marks)

(b) A Delta Modulation (DM) is an alternative analog-to-digital signal conversion

technique used for transmission of analogue signal where quality is not of
primary importance.

(i) Explain the main advantage of DM over PCM. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain what the slope overload noise is and how to minimise it.
(3 marks)
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SKEE 3533

Amplitude(v)

10

f (Hz)
300 3400
Figure Q.5 (a)
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APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

B) Others
sin 2 x  cos2 x  1 vDSBSC (t )  Em cosmt cosct
cos2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  Em
PAM
 m2 
 Pc 1    cos c   m t 
cos2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1  2  VSSBSC (t )   2
 m cos c   m t 
E
2  2

sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
2  1 

PAM  Pc 1  meff2  where meff  m12  m22  m32  ...
1/ 2

 2 
sin( x  y )  sin x cos y  cos x sin y E E
m1  m1 , m2  m 2 , m3  m3
E
cos(x  y )  cos x cos y  sin x sin y Ec Ec Ec

sin x sin y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )

1 vFM (t )  Ec cos(ct ) cos[ sin( mt )]  Ec sin(ct ) sin [  sin (mt )]
2 
cos sin  m t   J 0    2 J 2 n   cos 2n m t
cos x cos y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )
1
n 1
2


sin x cos y  sin( x  y )  sin( x  y )

1 sin  sin  m t   2 J 2 n 1  sin( 2n  1) m t
2 n 1

Pn  kTB , Vn  4kTBR , vFM (t )  Ec  J n (  ) cos[(c  nm )t ]  (t )  dc (t )     t 
i c c
 dt
F  i i , Te  F  1Ti ,  
S N t

So N o vFM t   Ec kos  ct  k f  vm t dt 

 0   c (t )  c t  k p vm (t )
Ftot  F1 
F2  1  F3  1  ...  Fn  1  f
 
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1 vPM (t )  Ec kos[ct  k p vm (t )] m fm
Te 2 T Tn BWFM  2nf m  2  1 f m  2f  f m 
Tetot  Te1   e3  ... 
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1 
PT ( FM )  PJ 0  2 PJ1  PJ 2  PJ 3  ...  PJ n 
 VJ2 ( rms) VJ22 ( rms) VJ23 ( rms)
VJ20 ( rms) VJ2 ( rms) 
  2 1    ...  n 
Pin 1 R  R R R R 
L  , LdB    
Pout G 2 2
E J E J2 2 2 2
E J 2 2
E J E J 
2 2
 c 0  2 c 1  c 2  c 3  ...  c n 
v AM (t )  Ec  vm t  cosc t 2R  2R 2R 2R 2R 
Ec2  2 

Em 1  m 
2 1/ 2
1   J 0  2 J n2 
m RC   2R  n 1 
Ec mm m
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SKEE 3533

1 Eb 2 Eb C BW
SNRq = [1.76 + 6.02n] Pe  erfc E T
Eb  c 
3 2 4No 2 , No N fb
SNRq  10 log  6.02 n dB ,
ln 1   2
V (t) = A cos (ct + [2m – 1] /4) , m = 1, 2, 3, 4..
QPSK

C) BESSEL TABLE
Modulation index Coefficient Sidebands(Jalursisi) - Jn
 @ mf J0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

0.25 0.98 0.12

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06
3.0 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
4.0 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02
5.0 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02
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SKEE 3533

Question One (Intro & Noise)

Q 1 (a)
Device Gain/Loss Noise Figure
Transmission Line -8 dB NFTL
RF Amplifier 12 dB 2 dB
Frequency Converter -6 dB NFFC
IF Amplifier 20 dB 8 dB

Si Transmission RF Freq IF So
Ni Line Amp Converter Amp No

Figure Q1

(i) NFTL = 8dB and NFFC = 6 dB (2 marks)

F2  1 F3  1 F4  1

(ii)
Ftot  F1   
G1 G1G2 G1G2 G3

Ftot  10 0.8 
10 0.2
1   10 0.6
1 

10 0.8  1  6.31  3.69  1.19  8.42  19.61
 0.8
10 10 0.8101.2 10 0.8101.210 0.6

(iii) The first element should have the lowest NF, which is RF Amp followed by TL, Freq. converter and IF
Amp.
New overall noise factor,

Ftot  10 0.2 
10 0.8
1  10 0.6
1

 
10 0.8  1 
 1.58  0.34  1.19  8.42  11.53
10 1.2
10 0.8101.2 10 0.8101.210 0.6
(6 marks)

(iv) (iii) is lower than (ii) since the first element in (iii) has the lowest NF. (4 marks)

(v)
Pn  N i  kTi B
N i  10 log(1.38  10 -23  290  200  10 3 )  151dB

N 0  FT  GT  N i  11.53  101.8  (1.38  10 -23  290  200  10 3 )  5.82  10 13

N 0  122 dB

(4 marks)
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SKEE 3533

(b) Technology and physical problems are among the main obstacles in designing an efficient
communication system. Describe what are three factors of technology problems. (5 marks)

Technology Problem
Hardware: Trade off between complexity and cost
Economy: produce lower cost equipments
Law and Regulation: obey law and regulation set by international and local authorities.

Question Two (Radio Digital & Multiplexing)

(a)
(i) Compare bandwidth and bit error rate (BER) performances of ASK, FSK and
PSK.
(4 marks)
BER ASK is worst,, followed by FSK and PSK since signal’s amplitude is
affected more by noise.
Bandwidth FSK is the largest compared to ASK and PSK as it needs to
include the frequency deviation between two frequency carriers.

(ii) ASK method can be used in a simple remote control system for automobile
application with operating radio frequency (RF) around 400 MHz. With the
aid of block diagram, design a suitable transmitter for a remote control car
application and describe how it operates. (6 marks)

Input to remote control basically has two states whether to lock or unlock the
car remotely. It can be designed using an ON and OFF switch that controls
the transmission of the RF frequency at 400MHz. A signal transmitted may
refer to the request alternate instruction for car being locked or unlocked in
turn.

(iii) Discuss TWO main impacts of RF based remote control on human life. You
may view from various perspectives such as practicality, health, economy,
social or workplace and compare with other technology such as Infrared
Frequency (IF) based remote control system. (5 marks)
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SKEE 3533

Positive impact – User friendly, safety and practical system as people do not
have to go to the car to lock the car manually, easier to find car in crowded
parking space, and RF based does not have to maintain line of sight
transmission, unlike IR based remote control system.
Negative impact-People will walk/exercise less which is bad for health.

(b)
(i) Identify block ‘x’ in the diagram and state its importance in a Frequency
Division Multilplexing (FDM) system.
(2 marks)
x is band pass filter. Its role is to limit the information signal bandwidth so
that it will not cause crosstalks with other neighboring channels. Very
important as normally AM does not use guard band.

(ii) If maximum frequency for each message signal, vm(t) is 7.5 kHz for n
=1,2,3,…,8, find the total bandwidth used for this FDM system.
(3 marks)
With Full AM, each channel bandwidth is equal to 2fmax = 15 kHz .
Total FDM bandwidth = 8 x 15 kHz = 120 kHz.

(iii) Design a frequency spectrum plan for this system showing subcarriers and
bandwidth for all the eight channels. You may refer to Table Q.2 (b) as a as a
guidance for your design, starting with the lowest possible value of the carrier
frequency.
(5 marks)
Using AM, the operating RF frequencies are in the range of 540 to 1600 kHz.
Each channel requires 15 kHz.
If the spectrum plan starts from the beginning, the first subcarrier will have
frequency of 547.5 kHz (bandwith from 540 to 555 kHz)
-2nd subcarrier frequency at 562.5 kHz
-3rd subcarrier frequency at 577.5 kHz
-4th subcarrier frequency at 592.5 kHz
-5th subcarrier frequency at 607.5 kHz
-6th subcarrier frequency at 622.5 kHz
-7th subcarrier frequency at 637.5 kHz
-8th subcarrier frequency at 652.5 kHz
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SKEE 3533

Question Three (AM)

(a)
(i) Name THREE (3) types of amplitude modulation. Discuss ONE advantage and
disadvantage for each type. (9 marks)

1- Full AM: Advantage: simpler receiver circuit using envelope detector,

disadvantage: inefficient power and bandwidth usage
2- DBSC: Advantage: More power efficient than Full AM, disadvantage:
more complex receiver as need to use coherent detection
3- SSB: : Advantage: Most power and bandwidth efficient, disadvantage:
more complex receiver than DSBSC as need to use coherent detection
and strict filtering requirement

(ii) (6 marks)
Let m(t) = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
Then the output, x(t )  Ec cos(2fct )m(t ) x cos[(2fct )   ]
Using identity cos A cos B = ½ (cos (A+B) + cos (A-B))
1 1
x(t )  Ec m(t ) cos(2f ct ) cos(2f ct   ) = Ec m(t ) cos( )  m(t ) cos(4f ct   )
2 2
1 1
 Ec cos(2f mt ) cos( )  cos(2f mt ) cos(4f ct   )
2 2
After LPF, only the  1 Ec cos(2f mt ) cos( ) remains.
2

Significance of the 𝜙 term

The output has a factor of cos( ) and thus can distort the signal’s amplitude.
Worst case if φ equals to 90o, the factor cos( ) =0 and output will be loss.

(b) Frequency conversion is used to convert Radio Frequency (RF) signal into a more
suitable frequency. For an amplitude modulation (AM) superheterodyne receiver which
has local oscillator frequency of 1455 kHz, RF signal carrier, upper and lower sideband
frequencies of 1000 kHz, 1010 kHz and 990 kHz, respectively,
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SKEE 3533

(i) Determine the intermediate frequency, fIF, the upper and lower sideband
frequencies fIF(usb) and fIF(lsb). (4 marks)

fIF = fLO -fRF = 1455 - 1000 = 455 KHz

Based on the RF lower and upper sideband frequencies, fm = 10kHz
Thus fIF(usb) and fIF(lsb) = 465 and 445 kHz, respectively.

(ii) Show a suitable block diagram for the superheterodyne receiver system using
the values in Q.3 (b-ii). (6 marks)
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SKEE 3533

Question Four (FM)

(a) Give TWO (2) advantages/disadvantages of Angle Modulation versus Amplitude

Modulation. (4 marks)

Advantages
(i) Noise Immunity
(ii) SNR improvement
(iii) Power utilization and efficiency
Disadvantages
(i) Bandwidth
(ii) Circuit complexity and cost

(b) An angle modulated radio frequency (RF) waveform is given by the equation
500 cos( c t  20 cos(1t ) where 1  2f1 , f1  1kHz and f c  100 MHz .

(i) If the phase deviation constant, 𝐾𝑝 = 100 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑣. Find the expression
for the corresponding modulation signal, 𝑉𝑚 (𝑡). What is its peak value
and its frequency? (4 marks)

VPM  Ec cos(c t  k p vm (t ))
 (t )  k p vm (t )  20 cosi t
k p  100rad / V
20 cosi t
Vm (t )   0.2 cosi t
100
Vm (t )  0.2 cos(2000t )
Vm (t ) peak  0.2V and f m (t )  1kHz

(ii) 106 𝑟𝑎𝑑

If the frequency deviation constant, 𝐾𝑓 = , find the expression for
𝑣.𝑠𝑒𝑐
the corresponding modulating signal 𝑉𝑚 (𝑡). What is its peak value and
its frequency? (4 marks)

(ii) VFM  Ec cos(c t  k f  vm (t )dt)

 (t )  k f  vm (t )dt  20 cosi t
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SKEE 3533

20 cosi t
v m (t )dt 
kf

d  20 cosi t  20
vm (t )   (2 1000 sin( 2 1000 )t )
dt  k f  1x10 6

vm (t )  0.126 sin( 2000t )
vm (t ) peak  0.126V and f m (t )  1kHz

(iii) If the RF waveform appears across a 50 load, determine the average power.
(3 marks)

Ec2 (500) 2
Pave    2.5kW
2 R 2(50)

(c)
(i) Determine suitable value for the frequency multipliers if only frequency
doublers are allowed in the WBFM design.
(6 marks)
f awal  f m  0.183  100 Hz

75kHz
n1n2   4096
18.31kHz

n1n2  4096  2 N  212

n2 (n1 f c  f L 0 )  100 MHz

n2  30.96  2 5

n1  2 7

(ii) Draw a block diagram of the Wideband FM transmitter. (4 marks)

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SKEE 3533

NBFM n1 BPF n2 FM

f LO

Question Five (PCM)

a) (i)
Shannon/Nyquist sampling theorem states that the sampling frequency must at least twice maximum
frequency of modulating signal or fs  2fm

A bandlimited signal that has a maximum frequency, f max can be regenerated from the sampled signal if
it is sampled at a rate of at least 2fmax .
The original signal cannot be reconstructed from the samples if the sampling frequency is less than the
Nyquist frequency.

(4 marks)
(ii) Minimum sampling rate, fs = 2fm =2x3400=6800 samples/second

(2 marks)
(iii)

For (ii), ideal LPF is required to detect the sample signal, however in (iii) the sampled signal can be detected
easily since there is a guardband.

(iv)
SNRq = 1.76 + 6.02n = 30
n = 4.7
the number of bits per sample, n = 5 of bits per sample
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SKEE 3533

L = 2n = 25= 32 quatization level

1.76 + 6.02x4 = 25.84 dB

(v)

Bit rate = n x fs = 5 bit/symbol x 6800 symbol/second = 34000 bits/second

Symbol rate for QPSK = 34000/2 = 17000 baud

(vi)
BPSK Bit Rate = 34000 bits/second
QPSK baud rate = 17000 baud
Using QPSK, bandwidth required is half of BPSK bandwidth.
(4 marks)

(b)
(i) DM only uses 1 bit per samples whereas PCM uses n bits per sample

(ii) With consecutive or a string of 1s or 0s, slope of ADC output is less than slope of the analogue signal.
To overcome: Step size is automatically reduced or increased, depending on the amplitude of the analogue
signal.
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SKEE 3533
SECTION A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A)

Q.1
Frequ mo
(a) Frequency Modulation (FM) has found wide application in the area of radio
broadcasting, replacing the early Amplitude Modulation (AM) radio.
(i) Provide one advantage and disadvantage of using FM instead of AM in this
context. (2 marks)
(ii) State the main drawback of using stereo instead of mono FM transmission.
(2 marks)
(iii) With the help of suitable diagrams describe the operation of an FM stereo
transmitter. (6 marks)

(b) A telemetry FM transmitter that is placed on the back of an animal can be used to
track its location. The characteristics of such a modulator are shown in Figure
Q.1. Using information from the figure, solve the followings:
(i) Modulation index (3 marks)
(ii) Maximum frequency deviation (2 marks)
(iii) Modulated signal, VFM(t) (2 marks)
(iv) Modulating signal, Vm(t) (2 marks)
(v) Carson Bandwidth of the modulated signal before the BPF (2 marks)
(vi) Resonant frequency and bandwidth of the BPF based on the output
spectrum given in Figure Q1. (2 marks)
(vii) Average power of the transmitted signal if bandwidth of the modulated
signal is changed to 32 kHz. (2 marks)

Amplitude

15.8 15.8
14.4
FM Modulator
6.5 6.5
Vm(t) Ec=20 Vrms
BPF 1.7 1.7
fc=10 MHz
Frequency
Kf=1500 rad/s/volt
9.076MHz 10 10.024MHz

Figure Q.1
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SKEE 3533
Q.2 The improvement of a communication system’s capacity can be realized with the
utilization of various multilevel modulation techniques and multiplexing schemes.
(a) Using binary Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and multilevel PSK, as examples, explain
baud rate.
(5 marks)
(b) With reference to Figure Q.2, conduct a mathematical analysis of the QPSK
receiver if the input is given as -sin ωct + cos ωct. Determine the output at points a,
b, c, d, e, f, g, and h.
(10 marks)
(c) A signal m1(t) is band-limited to 3.6 kHz, and three other signals, m2(t), m3(t), and
m4(t) are band-limited to 1.2 kHz each. These signals are sampled at the Nyquist
rate and binary coded using 512 levels (L = 512). Design with a figure, a suitable
bit-by-bit multiplexing arrangement, showing the input bit rate from each channel,
the commutator frequency (in rotations per second), and the output bit rate.
(10 marks)

Input
QPSK Product d
a LPF f
signal detector

sin ωct
Power Carrier
BPF recovery
splitter Received
(sin ωct) Q I h
binary data
Phase
shifter
o
(+90 )

b Product e g
LPF
detector

Figure Q.2
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SKEE 3533
SECTION B (ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY FROM SECTION B)

Q.3
(a) Communication systems are normally made up of various component systems.
What are the basic components required for any kind of communication system to
work?
(3 marks)
(b) Identify the main differences between thermal (Johnson) and external noise. Next,
select the type of noise that has more influence to the communication system and
justify your answer.
(4 marks)
(c) A receiver antenna can detect a signal up to 200 MHz bandwidth. The antenna is
matched at 50 ohms resistance. If the noise level at full bandwidth is measured as
-121 dBW, find the followings:
(i) Determine the antenna temperature in Kelvin (2 marks)
(ii) Find the noise voltage (2 marks)
(iii) If the antenna temperature is increased by 20% from Q3.b(i), what is the
new noise level in dB. Discuss your finding.
(4 marks)

(d) Four amplifiers, ABCD, are connected in series. The noise figures and power
gains of each amplifier are given below. If the signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the
input was 35 dB higher than at the output, calculate:

Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB, FA = 3 dB
Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB, FB = 5 dB
Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB, FC = 10 dB
Amplifier D : GD = 5 dB, FD = 10 dB

(i) The total noise factor (5 marks)

(ii) The SNR at the output (5 marks)
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SKEE 3533
Q.4
(a) Double Side Band Full Carrier (DSBFC), Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC), Single Side Band (SSB) and Vestigial Side Band (VSB) are four
variants of amplitude modulation technique. Describe briefly one advantage and
disadvantage of each technique.
(4 marks)
(b) As a communication engineer, you are requested to design an indirect DSBSC
signal generation utilizing two DSBFC signals. Propose a suitable design with the
help of a block diagram and prove it using mathematical analysis.
(6 marks)
(c) A synchronous detector or coherent detector is used to demodulate a DSBSC and
SSB signals.
(i) Justify using mathematical analysis why an envelope detector cannot be
used to demodulate the DSBSC and SSB signal. (4 marks)

(ii) Identify the main element that needs to be used in coherent detector but not
available in an envelope detector? (2 marks)

(d) Figure Q.4(a) shows the modulating signal that will be fed to a DSBFC
modulator. The modulating signal frequency, fm is 10 kHz and the carrier
frequency, fc is 10 times greater than fm. The amplitude of the sinusoidal carrier
signal, Ec is given as 30V. In the demodulation process, the original signal can be
extracted by using the detector circuit as shown in Figure Q.4(b). Sketch clearly
the signal waveforms at point a, b, c and d and describe briefly the principle
operation of the detector.
(9 marks)
 6

Amplitude
SKEE 3533
(V)

10

t (ms)
10 20 30

Figure Q.4(a) Modulating Signal

C1 C2
R1 R2

Figure Q.4(b) Detector Circuit

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SKEE 3533
Q.5
(a) The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) has 128
characters, which are binary coded. If a certain computer generates 100,000
characters per second, determine:
(i) The number of bits (binary digits) required per character (2 marks)

(ii) The number of bits per second required to transmit the computer output
(2 marks)

(iii) The minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal (2 marks)

(iv) For error-detection capability, an additional bit (parity bit) is added to the
code of each character. Repeat your answers in parts (i) and (ii) in view of
this new information.
(2 marks)

(b) An analog voice-frequency signal occupies a spectrum from 300 to 3400 Hz. This
signal is oversampled at 8 kHz and encoded into 8 bits including parity bit.
(i) What would be the minimum sampling rate? (2 marks)

(ii) How many samples per second is generated by using the oversampled
frequency? (2 marks)

(iii) What is the quantization interval if a uniform quantizer is used for a 10-V
range? (2 marks)

(iv) What is the bandwidth for this PCM signal if the Manchester line coding is
utilized in this system? (2 marks)

(v) Explain why PCM is better than PAM. (2 marks)

(vi) How would you improve the performance of this PCM system? (2 marks)

(vii) Delta Modulation is a relatively inexpensive variation of PCM. Explain

this. (2 marks)
(viii) Explain slope overload noise. (3 marks)
 8
SKEE 3533
APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

B) Trigonometry Identities


cos sin  m t   J 0    2 J 2 n   cos 2n m t
n 1

sin  sin  m t   2 J 2 n 1  sin( 2n  1) m t
n 1

sin x  cos x  1
2 2

cos2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x

cos2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
2
sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
2
sin( x  y )  sin x cos y  cos x sin y
cos(x  y )  cos x cos y  sin x sin y

sin x sin y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )

1
2
cos x cos y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )
1
2
sin x cos y  sin( x  y )  sin( x  y )
1
2

C) BESSEL TABLE
Modulation index Coefficient Sidebands(Jalursisi) - Jn
 @ mf J0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

0.25 0.98 0.12

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06
3.0 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
4.0 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02
5.0 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02
 SOLUTION
SECTION A

Q1(a) (i) Advantage FM: Immune to AM noise riding on its carrier frequency. Affected much
less by static caused by adverse weather.
Disadvantage FM : Requires wider bandwidth for transmission 2 marks

(ii) Impose bandwidth limitation for the modulating signal compared to the mono FM as
Stereo needs to accommodate the 38 kHz DSBSC subcarrier and 19kHz pilot tone in
Its baseband spectrum. 2 marks

(iii) Stereo transmitter

3 marks

-Information signal is divided into left and right sources which will then mixed into
summers and preemphasizers.
- The lower bandwidth part (L-R) will next be modulated using DSBSC modulator
using pilot tone 19 KHZ.
-This whole spectrum will become input to the stereo FM modulator.
3 marks

(b) (i) Based from figure Q1

J 0 Ec  14.4 J 1 Ec  15.8 J 2 E c  6.5

J 0 (20 2 )  14.4 J 1 (20 2 )  15.8 J 2 (20 2 )  6.5
14.4 15.8 6.5
J0   0.51 J1   0.56 J2   0.23
20 2 20 2 20 2

From the Bessel Table   1.5 3 marks

(10.024  10) MHz

(ii) fm   8kHz
3
 Maximum frequency deviation f max  f m  1.5(8kHz)  12kHz 2 marks

(iii) Modulated signal v FM (t )  Ec cos( c t   cos m t ) 2 marks

vFM (t )  20 2 cos(2  10 7 t  1.5 cos 2  8000t )

(iv) Modulating signal k f  v m (t )dt  1.5 cos(2  8000 t ) 2 marks

1.5
vm (t )   (2  8000 ) sin( 2  8000t )
1500

vm (t )  50.3 sin( 2  8000 t )

(v) BW  2(   1) f m  2(1.5  1)(8k )  40kHz. 2 marks

(vi) Tune Frequency 10MHz and BW = 48kHz 2 marks

(vii) Average power if BW 32kHz 2 marks

PT 
Ec2 2
2R

J 0  2 J 12  2 J 22 

PT 
1
2
 
14.4 2  2(15.8) 2  2(6.5) 2  395.57W

Q2
(a)
Baud refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission medium after encoding and
modulation have occurred. Hence, baud is a unit of transmission rate, modulation rate, or symbol
rate and, therefore, the terms symbols per second and baud are often used interchangeably.
Mathematically, baud is the reciprocal of the time of one output signaling element, and a
signaling element may represent several information bits. Baud is expressed as baud = 1/ts
where baud = symbol rate (baud per second), 
ts = time of one signaling element (seconds)

A signaling element is sometimes called a symbol and could be encoded as a change in the
amplitude, frequency, or phase. For example, binary signals are generally encoded and
transmitted one bit at a time in the form of discrete voltage levels representing logic 1s (highs)
and logic 0s (lows). A baud is also transmitted one at a time; however, a baud may represent
more than one information bit. Thus, the baud of a data communications system may be
considerably less than the bit rate. In binary systems (such as binary FSK and bi- nary PSK),
baud and bits per second are equal. However, in higher-level systems (such as QPSK and 8-
PSK), bps is always greater than baud. 5 marks

(b)

Received data is 10

10 marks

(c)

10 marks
SECTION B

Q3

(a) All communication systems must have at least 3 components in order to work:

mtx(t) mrx (t)

Input Comm Output
s(t) r(t)
Transducer System Transducer

Every communication system must the capability for sending an information signal from
one point to another:

transmission (source)
medium (eg. Fiber, air)
receiving (eg. photodiode)
processing (eg. data capture software) (3 marks)

(b) Johnson noise is the noise generated from the thermal agitation of charge carriers
(electrons) inside an electrical conductor in equilibrium, which happens regardless of any
applied voltage. Movement of electrons in the conductor will form kinetic energy, which
is related to the temperature of the conductor. When the temperature increases, the
movement of free electrons increases, and a noise current flows through the conductor.
This also creates a noise voltage (and hence a noise power). Johnson noise is also referred
to as thermal noise. (1 mark)

External noise is from man-made noise and natural resources, for example:

• lightning
• solar noise
• ignition
• crosstalk (1 mark)

Thermal noise normally has more influence to the communication system as it is intrinsic to
the system, more difficult to be avoided than the external noise (2 marks).

(c) (i) Pn=kTB

T=Pn/(kB)=10-12.1/(1.38x10-23(200x106)) = 287.8 K (2 marks)

 (ii) Vn = (kTBR)-1/2 = ((1.38x10-23(287.8)(200x106)(50)) = 6.3 x 10-6 (2 marks)

(iii) New T = 287.8 + (0.2x287.8) = 345.36 K

Pn=kTB = 1.38x10-23(345.36)(200x106) = 9.53 x 10 -13 W --------

-120.2 dB (2 marks)

The noise level is increased with the increment of the temperature. When the
temperature increases the movements of the free electrons will increases and the
current flows through the conductor. (2 marks)

(d) (i)
students should use Friss formula to solve this problem:

Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB FA = 3 dB
Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB FB = 5 dB
Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB FC = 10 dB
Amplifier D : GD = 5 dB FD = 10 dB

F2  1 F3  1 F4  1
F  F1   
G1 G1G2 G1G2G3

3 10 10 5 / 10 1 10  1 10  1
 10   
100 100  10 100  10  3.16

 2.03
 therefore total noise figure = 10 logF = 3.08 dB (5 marks)

(ii) SNR out – SNR in = F dB

35 – 3.08 = 31.92 dB (5 marks)

Q4

(a)

Modulation Advantage Disadvantage

Type
DSB-FC Simple to demodulate/detect - Poor power efficiency /Large
power consumption OR
- Large bandwidth utilized

DSBSC High Power Efficiency Requires a coherent detector;

This results in increased
complexity in the detector

SSB Good bandwidth utilization Exact filter design and coherent

(message signal bandwidth =
modulated signal bandwidth)
VSB compromise between SSB and
DSB-SC
- Easy to generate.
demodulation are required
Bandwidth is only ~ 25%
greater than SSB signals.

4 marks

(b)

 Using 2 full AM modulators

 The input signal are the same with different polarity
 Same carrier frequency
 ½vm(t) Full AM (Ec+½vm(t))cos
modulato  t
+
Eccosct + vm(t)cosct
- (DSBSC
- Full AM
Signal)
modulato (Ec -
½v (t)
½v (t))cos t
 (Ec+ ½vm(t))cos ct - (Ec- 

½vm(t))cos ct = vm(t)cos ct 

6 marks

c)

(i) Since envelope of the modulated signal is different from the modulating or message signal,
m(t), the envelope detector cannot be used to demodulate DSBSC and SSB signals. 4 marks

(ii) Local oscillator 2 marks

d) Waveform A is being received by the receiver. During the negative half-cycle of the input, the
diode is forward-biased, results the waveform B at the output of the diode. Capacitor C is
charged up rapidly to the peak value of the input signal. As the input signal falls below its
maximum, the diode turns off. This followed by a slow discharge of the C through resistor R
until the next negative half-cycle, when the input signals become greater than the capacitor
voltage and the diode turn ON again. The C charges to the new peak value and the processes are
repeated. Waveform C shows the high frequency content is filtered out at output of RC circuit.
Another capacitor, C is used to block DC component as shown in waveform D, which is the
original modulating signal.
Cycle for carrier
should be 10
times cycle of the
information signal

9 marks
Q5a.

i. No of bits per character is seven. 128 = 27 (2 marks)

ii. For 100,000 characters per second, we need 700 kbits/sec (2 marks)
iii. Minimum bandwidth = B/2 = 350 KHz. (2 marks)
iv. With additional parity bit, no of bits =8 bits /character. Thus, no of bits per second
= 800 kbits/sec. (2 marks)

Q5b.

i. f smin = 2 ´ 3.4kHz = 6.8kHz ( 2 marks)

8ksamples
ii. f s = 8kHz = ( 2 marks)
sec
iii. n = 8  L = 2n = 256  L = 10/256 = 0.00391 V = 3.91 mV. ( 2 marks)
iv. R = (8 ksamples/sec)(8 bits/sample) = 64 kbs.  B = R = 64 kHz (Manchester).
( 2 marks)
v. PAM will require a bigger bandwidth than the original analog waveform and noise
performance can never be better than the original analog waveform. PCM is a fully
digital signal where DSP can be done to improve noise performance, encryption,
coding etc. ( 2 marks)
vi. By using nonuniform quantizing, DPCM (sending the difference between
successive samples) ( 2 marks)
vii. DM does not need ADC and DAC circuits. Cost is further reduced if the predictor
is replaced by a simple RC circuit. ( 2 marks)
viii. Slope overload noise occurs when the step size is too small for the accumulator
output to follow quick changes in the input waveform. ( 3 marks)
 2
SKEE 3533
SECTION A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A)

Q.1
Frequ mo
(a) A military equipment uses Frequency Modulated (FM) module in of its
communication boards. The transponder’s carrier signal, Vc(t) is set at 100 cos(2π
x 105t) while the tone signal, Vm(t) is set at 2.5 cos(4π x 103t). The datasheet
reveals that for this modulator, a tone signal of 2 volt will result in 0.3 kHz
frequency deviation. Based on the above information, you as a researcher in the
military’s R&D unit are required to determine the followings:

(i) The modulator sensitivity, Kf . (3 marks)

(ii) The maximum frequency deviation, Δf. (3 marks)
(iii) Identify the type of modulated signal (narrowband or wideband FM)
through mathematical analysis.
(3 marks)
(iv) The mathematical expression for the FM modulated signal.
(3 marks)
(v) Carson’s bandwidth. (3 marks)

(b) An engineer who is responsible in the design of an FM transmitter approaches

you for a consultation. The operating frequency is 104 MHz and the maximum
frequency deviation is 75 kHz.
(i) Given the available components as provided in Table Q.1, draw a block
diagram of the FM transmitter and show the value of each component.
(8 marks)
(ii) The engineer suggests adding another FM transmitter that works at 104.1
MHz. Discuss the possible effects that can occur when both transmitters
operate simultaneously.
(2 marks)

Table Q.1 List of Components

Component Quantity
Bandpass filter 1
Frequency Multiplier 1
Oscillator 1
Mixer 1
 3
SKEE 3533
Q.2 (a) Radio digital modulation technique enables the transportation of digital pulses over
analog carrier. The three basic radio digital modulation techniques are known as
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (ASK) and Phase Shift
Keying (PSK).
(i) Explain the general principles of the FSK technique.
(2 marks)
ii) Sketch the time domain representation of ASK signal for pulses 010010111.
(2 marks)

(b) MediaPrima Berhad uses Frequency Division Multiplexed (FDM) technology for
its radio broadcasting services. Based on the specifications below, you are asked to
determine:
Maximum Information Frequency – 15kHz
First Carrier frequency – 80 MHz
Last Carrier Frequency – 107 MHz
Number of Channel – 75 Channels
Frequency Modulation (FM) technique with channel bandwidth (BW) of 150 kHz.
(i) Show a labeled block diagram of the multiplexing process. (5 marks)
(ii) Calculate the total bandwidth of this system. (2 marks)
(iii) Find how many more channels can be fit into this system. (3 marks)

(c) An audio signal with frequency 0-4 kHz is sampled at Nyquist rate and coded in 8-
bit Pulse Modulation (PCM). The signal is multiplexed with other 29 signals that
have the same range of frequency and form one frame of Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM).
(i) Draw the block diagram for PCM TDM system.
(5 marks)
(ii) Determine the bit rate for one channel transmission of the PCM signal.
(2 marks)
(iii) Find the bit rate at the output of TDM. (2 marks)
(iv) If a cable with bandwidth of 5MHz is used, calculate the maximum number
of channels that can be sent simultaneously through this cycle.
(2 marks)
 4
SKEE 3533
SECTION B (ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY FROM SECTION B)

Q.3
(a) Explain thermal noise that is also known as white or Johnson noise. Next, discuss
the relationship between noise power, noise temperature and bandwidth.
(7 marks)

(b) Figure Q.3 shows a cascade of three amplifiers with input noise temperature,
Ti=100K. Assuming that the noise figure of Amplifier 2 and noise factor of
Amplifier 3 are given, determine the following:

(i) Total noise figure of the system, NFTotal.

(7 marks)
(ii) Input Signal to Noise Ratio, SNRIN.
(6 marks)
(iii) Input signal, Si if bandwidth is equal to 10 MHz.
(5 marks)

Antenna

S o  100mW , N o  100W
1 2 3
Ti  100K

G1  20dB g 2  10 g 3  100
Te1  160K NF2  6dB F3  4

Figure Q.3
 5
SKEE 3533
Q.4
(a) Discuss how the inefficient utilization of transmitted power and bandwidth can
occur in the amplitude modulation (AM) system. Describe how to solve this
phenomenon.
(5 marks)

(b) With the aid of suitable diagram and mathematical equations, explain how to
produce the following amplitude modulated signals
(i) Double Sideband With Carrier (DSB-WC)
(4 marks)
(ii) Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
(4 marks)

(c) A carrier signal, Vc(t) = 3 sin (2π x 106t) has been modulated by a modulating
signal, Vm(t) =2 sin(2π x 103t) to produce an AM signal. Assume the transmitter’s
resistance of 1 Ohm, obtain:
(i) The mathematical expression of the AM signal.

(3 marks)

(ii) Sketch the AM waveform in both time and frequency domains.

(4 marks)

(iii) Write down the equation for the AM envelope.

(3 marks)

(iv) Calculate the total transmitted power.

(2 marks)
 6
SKEE 3533
Q.5
(a) Sampling is one of the important parts in the Analog-to-Digital Conversion
(ADC) process. A sample can be under- or over-sampled. Explain oversampling.
(2 marks)

(b) Using a suitable analog waveform, sketch the resulting Pulse Amplitude
Modulation (PAM), Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) and Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM).
(6 marks)

(b) The signal in Figure Q.5 is sampled using a uniform pulse train at the following
sampling frequencies; 10, 20 and 40 kHz. For each sampling frequency:

(i) Sketch the spectrum of the sampled signal. (6 marks)

(ii) Comment on the sampling condition of each case.

(3 marks)

(iii) If the sampled signals are passed through a perfect low pass filter (LPF)
with a bandwidth of 10 kHz (range of 0 to 10 kHz), explain the output of
the LPF with the aid of diagram.
(6 marks)

(iv) Which case is the most suitable for signal transmission and justify your
reason (s).
(2 marks)

Figure Q.5
 7
SKEE 3533
APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

B) Trigonometry Identities


cos sin  m t   J 0    2 J 2 n   cos 2n m t
n 1

sin  sin  m t   2 J 2 n 1  sin( 2n  1) m t
n 1

sin x  cos x  1
2 2

cos2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x

cos2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
2
sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
1
2
sin( x  y )  sin x cos y  cos x sin y
cos(x  y )  cos x cos y  sin x sin y

sin x sin y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )

1
2
cos x cos y  cos(x  y )  cos(x  y )
1
2
sin x cos y  sin( x  y )  sin( x  y )
1
2

C) BESSEL TABLE
Modulation index Coefficient Sidebands(Jalursisi) - Jn
 @ mf J0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

0.25 0.98 0.12

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06
3.0 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
4.0 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02
5.0 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02
 SOLUTION

SECTION A

Q1.
Q2

(a) i) Explain the general principles of the technique called Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK). (2 marks)

In FSK, binary 0 and 1 are transmitted by RF pulses waveforms. Such waveform may be
considered to be two interleaved ASK waves.

ii) Sketch the time domain Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) signal form of the
digital signal 01001011. (2 marks)

(b) The specification of a Frequency Division Multiplexed (FDM) link are:

Maximum Information Frequency – 15kHz

First Carrier frequency – 80 MHz

Last Carrier Frequency – 107 MHz

Number of Channel – 75 Channels

(i) Draw a labeled block diagram of the multiplexing process. ( 5 marks)

 vm1(t) BPF

fc1
vm2(t) BPF vFDM(t)
fc2

vm3(t) BPF

fc3

FDM block diagram

(ii) What is the total bandwidth of the system? (2 marks)

BW = 75 x 15k = 1125kHz

(iii) How many more channels can be put into this system? (3 marks)

107M-1125k=105875k

105875k/15k=7058k more channels can be added to the system.

(c) An audio signal with frequency 0-4kHz is sampled at Nyquist rate and coded in 8-
bit Pulse Modulation (PCM). The signal is multiplexed with other 29 signals that
have the same range of frequency and form one frame of Time Division Multiplexing
(TDM).

(i) Draw the block diagram for PCM TDM system. (5 marks)
 PCM TDM Block diagram

(ii) Determine the bit rate for one channel transmission after coding into PCM.

(2 marks)

The bit rate = 2 ´ 4 ´8bits = 64kbits / s

(iii) Find the bit rate at the output of TDM. (2 marks)

The bit rate for TDM = 2 ´ 4 ´8´30channels =1920kbits / s

(iv) If a cable with bandwidth of 5MHz has been used, calculate the maximum
number of channel that can be sent simultaneously through this circle.

(2 marks)

If the bandwidth is 5Mhz, the maximum number of channel = 5000/64 = 74 Channels

SECTION B

Q3.
Q4
Q5
 2
SEE3533

Q1. (a) The fundamental purpose of an electronic communication system is to transfer

information from one place to another.
(i) Explain briefly functions of the three primary components of an electronic
communication system. (3 marks)
(ii) Explain TWO parameters to measure the communication system efficiency.
(2 marks)
(i) Describe the differences between simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex transmission
modes. (3 marks)

(b) (i) Define what noise is and state the TWO effects of noise in a communication
system. (3 marks)
(ii) A signal is added some noise and fed through the input of the amplifier A. Input
and output SNR of an amplifier are measured to be 20 dB and 10 dB, respectively.
Determine the effective noise temperature of the amplifier under inspection at
room temperature (290°K). (4 marks)
(iii) Using the obtained effective noise temperature, determine the noise power in dBm
if bandwidth is 10 kHz. (2 marks)
(iv) If another amplifier B is connected in cascade to the amplifier in Q1(b-ii), what
would be the noise figure for the entire system?

F = 5 dB
Gain = 10 dB

Amplifier B
(a) For sequence A-B (3 marks)
(b) For sequence B-A (3 marks)
(c) Which sequence is better to be used in a communication system and why?
(2 marks)
 3
SEE3533

Q2. (a) Voice frequency spectrum is in the frequency range between 300 Hz to 3400 Hz. If the
carrier frequency is represented by vc(t)=2cos2π100kt, sketch the spectrum frequency for
the different types of amplituded modoulated signal given below:
(i) Full-Amplitude Modulated signal(AM) (1Mark)
(ii) Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) (1Mark)
(iii) Single sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC) (1Mark)
(iv) Vestigial Sideband (VSB) (1Mark)

(b) A DSBSC signal with a transmitted power of 13 dBm is transmited through an antenna
with an impedance of 50 ohm. The carrier’s amplitude and frequency are 2 V and 105
kHz, respectively. The modulating frequency is 5 kHz.
(i) Calculate the transmitted power in Watt. (1 mark)
(ii) Express the equation for the modulated signal (2 marks)
(iii) Sketch the spectrum of the modulated signal . (2 marks)
(iv) Draw the modulated signal in time domain. (2 marks)
(v) If the above system used the amplitude modulated with Full-AM, determine the
new transmitted power. (2 marks)

(c) Balance Modulator can be used as a detector circuit for Full AM, DSB- and SSB-SC.

(i) Draw the block diagram for a Full AM detector using a balanced modulator.
(3 marks)
(ii) Using mathematical concept, show how the modulating signal can be obtained at
the output of the detector, for the three modulated signals describe above.
(6 marks)
(iii) Discuss the significance of phase change in the carrier signal of the local oscillator
for three modulated signal describe above (3 marks)
 4
SEE3533

Q3. (a) A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz and amplitude of 5V is frequency modulated by a
sinusoidal wave with amplitude 20 V and frequency 100 kHz. The frequency sensitivity
of the modulator, kf is 2.5 kHz per volt.
(i) Write an expression of the FM signal (2 marks)
(ii) Determine the bandwidth using Carson’s Rule (2 marks)
(iii) Calculate for bandwidth and modulation index assuming the amplitude of the
modulating signal is doubled (2 marks)
(iv) Discuss the significance of changing the amplitude and frequency of the
modulating signal towards modulation index and bandwidth (2 marks)

(b) A carrier wave is frequency modulated using a sinusoidal signal of frequency, fm and
amplitude, Em.
(i) Determine the first value of the modulation index, β for which the carrier
component of the FM signal is reduced to zero. (2 marks)
(ii) In a certain experiment conducted with fm = 1 kHz and increasing Em (starting
from 0 volts), it is found that the carrier component of the FM signal is reduced to
zero for the first time when Em = 2 V. What is the frequency sensitivity of the
modulator? (2 marks)
(iii) What is the value of Em for which the carrier component is reduced to zero for the
second time? (3 marks)
(iv) If the FM signal in Q3(b-ii) is transmitted through an ideal BPF with a center
frequency of 15 MHz and bandwidth of 6 kHz, sketch the spectrum frequency of
this signal and determine the percentage of the power transmitted.
(5 marks)

(c) In the Armstrong indirect transmitter, the phase of the carrier is directly modulated to
produce indirect frequency modulation. Draw a basic Armstrong indirect WBFM
transmitter block diagram. Clearly indicate the crystal oscillators, combining network,
mixer and down-converter, frequency multiplier and band pass filter.
(5 marks)
 5
SEE3533

Q4. (a) The transmission of analog signal over digital transmission system requires it to undergo
the analog to digital (ADC) conversion process. Discuss the important aspects that are
involved in the ADC sampling, quantizing, and encoding procedures.
(6 marks)

(b) An analog voice-frequency signal occupies a spectrum from 300 to 3400 Hz. This signal
is oversampled at 8 kHz and encoded into 7 information bits plus 1 parity bit.

(i) What would be the minimum sampling rate? (2 marks)

(ii) How many samples per second are generated by using the oversampled frequency?
(2 marks)
(iii) What is the quantization interval if a uniform quantizer is used for a 10-V range?
(2 marks)
(iv) What is the bandwidth for this Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) signal?
(2 marks)
(v) Explain why PCM is better than Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM).
(3 marks)
(vi) How would you improve the performance of this PCM system? (3 marks)
(vii) Delta Modulation is a relatively inexpensive variation of PCM. Explain this.
(3 marks)
(viii) Explain how slope overload noise occurs in the Delta Modulation process.
(2 marks)
 6
SEE3533

Q5. (a) (i) What are the main differences between the analogue amplitude modulation (AM)
and amplitude shift keying (ASK) techniques, in terms of the information signal
used and bandwidth performance? (4 Marks)
(ii) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) can be generated by using two ASK waveforms.
Show the FSK gen
generation
eration block diagram based on the method. (4 Marks)
(iii) If the original input pulse stream for the circuit in Q5 (a
(a-ii)
ii) is 100101, sketch the
suitable
le signals to represent the binary digital inputs and the FSK output.
(4 Marks)

(b) AM/ FM radio broadcasting stations such as the BBC radios, IKIM FM and Hot FM
use frequency division multiplexing (FDM) in its communication system.
(i) What are the TWO main reasons to deploy FDM in radio broadcasting?
(4 Marks)
(ii) Figure 5 shows a 16 channel
channel-FDM
FDM frequency spectrum. If the information
frequency band is up to 4 kHz, show the related FDM block diagram, from the
source modulators to the multiplexer. Assume that a Double Sideband Suppressed
Carrier AM (DSB
SBSC) is used at the modulator. (4 Marks)
(iii) What is the total bandwidth for the system in Q5 (b-ii)
ii) if the guard bands between
neighbouring channels are set at 2 kHz? (2 Marks)
(iv) Next, if SSB-SC
SC mo
modulation is used instead of DSBSC,
SC, what is the percentage of
channel increment? (3 Marks)

Figure 5 FDM Frequency Spectrum

 7
SEE3533

APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

B) Trigonometry Identities
∞
cos(β sin ω m t ) = J 0 (β ) + 2∑ J 2 n (β ) cos 2nω m t
n =1
∞
sin(β sin ω m t ) = 2∑ J 2 n+1 (β )sin(2n + 1)ω m t
n =1

sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
cos 2 x − sin 2 x = cos 2 x
1
cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x )
2
1
sin 2 x = (1 − cos 2 x )
2
sin( x ± y ) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
cos( x ± y ) = cos x cos y m sin x sin y
1
sin x sin y = [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]
2
1
cos x cos y = [cos( x − y ) + cos( x + y )]
2
1
sin x cos y = [sin( x − y ) + sin( x + y )]
2
 8
SEE3533

C) BESSEL GRAPH
 9
SEE3533

SOLUTION:
Q1
(a)

i) Briefly explain the function of the three primary components of a communication

system.
[3 marks]

Transmitter – converts the information signal into a form that is more suitable for
transmission over a particular transmission medium
Channel – medium that transport signals between a transmitter and receiver
Receiver -accepts the transmitted signals from the transmission medium and
converts those signals back to their original form.

ii) Explain TWO parameters to measure the communication system efficiency

[2 marks]
We can measure the level of efficiency of communication system through several
ways (any TWO are accepted)
– How close the received signal to the transmitted input signal?
• s(t), r(t) ; Needs high quality of transmission.
• s(t) Analog – Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
• s(t) Digital – Bit Error rate (BER).
– How much power needed to transmit modulated signal?
• Low power; Lifespan of a battery is longer.
• High power; Lifespan of a battery is shorter.
– How much Bandwidth, BW is needed to transmit the modulated signal?
•
• Low BW means more users can share the communication medium.
– How much signal or signal size needs to transmit?
• Analog system depends on s(t) BW.
• Digital system depends on bit rate, bit/s.

iii) Describe the differences between simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex tranmission
modes [3 marks]

Simplex – all signal can flow in only one direction

Half-duplex – two way transmission but only one user can transmit the signal at
one time
Full-duplex – two way transmission, both users can transmit the signal at one time

(b)
i) Define what noise is and state TWO effects of noise [3 marks]
 10
SEE3533

Noise – a disturbance that affects a signal and may distort the information carried
by the signal
Noise effect (any two are accepted)
-Degrade system performance for both analog and digital systems.
-The receiver cannot understand the original signal.
-The receiver cannot function as it should be.
-Reduce the efficiency of communication system.

ii) A signal is added some noise and fed through the input of the amplifier A. Input
and output SNR of an amplifier are measured to be 20 dB and 10 dB respectively.
Determine the effective noise temperature of the amplifier under inspection at
room temperature (290°K). [4 marks]


Noise factor,  1 
,


SNR (input), 10 log   20 , therefore   100,
SNR (output), 10 log   10 , therefore   10,
T = 290K

Therefore; 1

 
Effective noise temperature, Te = 2610K

iii) Using the obtained effective noise temperature, determine the noise power in dBm
if bandwidth is 10kHz. [2 marks]

Noise power,     1. 38 10!" 2610 10 10" ,

$   3.602 10!%

&'(  10 log )*  +124.43dBm
 

iv)
(a) for sequence AB [3 marks]
FA = 100
GA = 3
FB,dB = 10 log FB, FB = 3.162
GB,dB = 10 log GB, GB = 10
/0 !
-  -.   10.73
12
(b) for sequence B-A [3 marks]
/ !
-  -'  2  4.062
10

(c) which sequence is better to be use in communication system and why.

[2 marks]
Sequence B-A, due to low F
 11
SEE3533

Q2.

(a)

each 1 mark

(b) Given the modulated signal is DSBSC with PT = 13 dBm, R = 50 ohm, Ec = 2 V, fc = 105
kHz, fm = 5 kHz

The equation for DSBSC can be written as

 12
SEE3533

v DSBSC (t ) = v m (t )E c cos ω c t
Em Ec
= E m E m cos ω m t cos ω c t = [cos(ω c + ω m )t + cos(ω c − ω m )t ]
2

(i) Since the PT = 13 dBm, in Watts

PT
in dBm = 10 log = 13dBm PT = 101..3 mW = 19.95mW
1mW
[1 mark]

(ii) The modulated signal can be written as

v DSBSC (t ) = v m (t )E c cos ω c t
Em Ec
= E m E m cos ω m t cos ω c t = [cos(ω c + ω m )t + cos(ω c − ω m )t ]
2

From power

E 2 (Ec Em )
2
PT = = = 0.01995
2R 2 × 50
[1 mark]

(EcEm)2 = 1.995, EcEm = 1.4124, Since Ec = 2 Volt, Em = 0.71 Volt

( ) (
= (0.71)(2) cos 2π × 5 × 103 t cos 2π × 105 × 103 t )
[
= 0.71 cos 2π (110) × 10 t + cos 2π (100) × 10 t
3 3
] [1 mark]

(iii) Spectrum of modulated signal

 13
SEE3533

[2 mark]

(iv) Time domain signal

[2 mark]

(v) If the above system is changed to AM signal, the total power transmitted is PT

 m2 
PT = Pc 1 + 
 2 

From the above result vm(t) = 0.71 cosmt. vc(t) = 2 cos ct

m = Em/Ec = 0.71/2 = 0.355

Pc = Ec2/2R = 22/100 = 0.04 Watt [1 mark]

 0.355 2 
PT = 0.041 + 
 2 

= 0.04252 Watt = 42.52 mW [1 mark]

 14
SEE3533

(c) (i)

LPF - Low Pass filter

LO - Local oscillator

Vin(t) = AM, the vout(t) is the original signal vm(t)

[3 marks]

(ii) If the input signal is vAM(t)

v AM = [Ec + Em cos ωm t ]cos ωc t × cos ωc t

vo = v AM (t ) ⋅ vc (t ) = [Ec + Em cos ωm t ]cos ωc t (cos ωc t ) = vm (t ) cos 2 ωc t
1 1 
= [Ec + Em cos ωmt ] + cos ωc t 
2 2 
1
After LPF and dc block, vout (t ) = vm (t ) ⇒ original inf ormation signal
2

If the input is DSBSC [2 marks]

 15
SEE3533

v DSBSC = vm (t )cos ωc t
vo = v DSBSC ⋅ vc = vm (t )cos ωc t (cos ω c t ) = vm (t )cos 2 ω c t
1 1 
= vm (t ) + cos ωc t 
2 2 
1
After LPF, v LPF = vm (t ) ⇒ original inf ormation signal
2 [2 marks]

If the input signal is SSBSC

vSSBSC −USB = cos(ω c + ω m )t with amplitud equal to 1

1
vo = vSSBSC ⋅ vc = cos(ω c + ω m )t (cos ωc t ) = [cos(2ωc + ω m )t + cos ω mt ]
2
1
After LPF, v LPF = cos ω m t ⇒ Original information signal
2 [2 marks]

(iii) If the local oscillator for the carrier has phase change as below

vc(t) = Ec cos (ωct +∆φ) where ∆φ is the phase change in the LO

For AM signal, when the phase change to 90o, there is no output and for maximum is
when ∆φ = 0 [1 mark]

For DSBSC signal, the similar result with AM signal where when the phase change to
90o, there is no output power [1 mark]

For SSBSC signal, the phase change will not affect the output, the output will have
different phase only [1 mark]
 16
SEE3533

Q3.

(a) (i) The expression of FM signal is

VFM (t ) = Ec cos (ω c t + β sin ωmt )

[2 marks]
6
or, Ec = 5 V, ωc = 2πfc = 2π x 100 x10 , ωm = 2πx 100 kHz

(ii) From Carson’s Rule BW = 2 (∆f + fm) = 2(50 + 100) = 300 kHz [2 marks]

(iii) If the amplitude of modulating signal is doubled to 40 V

The deviation = ∆f = Kf x Em = 2.5 x 40 = 100 kHz [1 mark]

β = ∆f/fm = 100/100 = 1

Bandwidth = 2 (∆f + fm) = 2(100 + 100) = 400 kHz [1 mark]

(iv) Changing the amplitude of the modulating signal will change the deviation. The BW is
wider if the amplitude is higher. If the amplitude is lower the BW will also
narrower. If the amplitude is double the modulation index will also doubled.
Changing the frequency of the modulating signal will change the BW of the system
without changing the deviation frequency but the modulation index will be
changed. If the frequency is doubled the modulation index will become half of the
original modulation index [2 marks]

(b) (i) From the Bessel function graph the carrier component of the FM signal is reduced
to ZERO when β = 2.40

(It depend on the student approximation The value should be (between 2.3 < β < 2.5)

The second ZERO occur when β is between 5.5 < β < 5.7 [2 marks]

(ii) When β = 2.4, β = ∆f/ fm, ∆f = β x fm = 2.4 x 1 = 2.4 kHz (1 marks)

∆f = Kf x Em, Kf = ∆f/Em = 2.4/2 = 1.2 kHz/V (1 marks)

 17
SEE3533

(The answer should be between 1.15 < Kf < 1.25 )

(iii) From the graph the carrier components is reduced to zero for the second time is when β =
5.6 (1 mark)

When β = 5.6, ∆f = β x fm = 5.6 x 1 = 5.6 kHz (1 mark)

∆f = Kf x Em, Em = ∆f/Kf = 5.6/1.2 = 4.7 Volt (1 marks)

(The answer should depend on the value of β and Kf chosen from the first question (b)(i)
and (ii))

(iv) From the graph when β = 2.4, There is no carrier component but number of sidebands are

5. The spectrum can be sketched as below before the filter

(2 marks)

If the bandpass filter with BW = 6 fm is used and the center frequency of 15 MHz, the
spectrum of the signal is shown in figure below
 18
SEE3533

(2 marks)

The percentage of the power is

∞ 2

PT = [J o ( β )] + 2 ∑ [J n ( β ) ]
2

n =1

PT = 2 (0.52 + 0.42 + 0.152) = 0.865

%PT = 0.865 x 100% = 86.5% [1 mark]

(c)

[5 marks]
 19
SEE3533

Q4. Sampling – is the first step in analog to digital conversion. Sampling is done using the
3
sample-and-hold circuit. This will produce flat-topped PAM. Sampling is done at least at the
Nyquist rate, which is twice of the maximum frequency of the baseband signal.

Quantization – is the process of assigning the sampled values to the nearest predetermined levels.
Number of levels can be 8, 16, 32 or more, or 2n; depending on the performance of the system.
4
Quantization process introduces quantization noise or error. Higher number of levels means less
quantization error. Voice signals usually employ nonuniform quantizing. This has better
performance for small amplitude signals and reduced the granular noise.
3
Encoding – is the process of assigning each quantized level to a specific binary code words. An
example of a coding technique is the Gray code. The number of bits generated will determined
the bandwidth of the PCM signal. To reduce bandwidth, multilevel signal may be employed.

(b).

i. f smin = 2 × 3.4kHz = 6.8kHz

8ksamples
ii. f s = 8kHz =
sec
iii. n = 8
L = 2n = 256 ∴ L = 10/256 = 0.00391 V = 3.91 mV.
iv. R = (8 ksamples/sec)(8 bits/sample) = 64 kbs. ∴ B = R/2 = 32 kHz.
v. PAM will require a bigger bandwidth than the original analog waveform and noise
performance can never be better than the original analog waveform. PCM is a fully
digital signal where DSP can be done to improve noise performance, encryption,
coding etc.
vi. By using nonuniform quantizing, DPCM (sending the difference between successive
samples)
vii. DM does not need ADC and DAC circuits. Cost is further reduced if the predictor is
replaced by a simple RC circuit.
viii. Slope overload noise occurs when the step size is too small for the accumulator
output to follow quick changes in the input waveform.
 20
SEE3533

Q5. (a) (i) In AM, the information signal used is in the analogue form, while ASK uses
2 Marks
digital information signal.
In terms of bandwidth performance, normally ASK will require more bandwidth
2 Marks
than AM since its information signal that is in a square wave shape include higher
harmonics.
(ii)
4 Marks

(iii) 4 Marks
 21
SEE3533

(b) (i) 1-All

All radio broadcasting stations will use common band for audio and voice
information normally made up of e.g. up to 5 kHz, to avoid frequency interference, 4 Marks

they need to transmit at different transmission frequencies. So FDM is a solution to

this.
2-FDM
FDM allows a better utilization of bandwidth/frequency band resources. Many
users/stations can share the same medium, depending on the maximum channel
allowed.
FDM should be less complex, more practical and cheaper than the other
3-FDM
multiplexing techniques
hniques such as TDM or SDM.
(ii)

4 Marks

(iii) BW for 16 channels = 2fm x 16 = (4 kHz x 2) 16 = 128 kHz. 2 Marks

BW for guardbands = 15 x 2 kHz= 30 kHz.
Total = 158 kHz.
(iv) Channel increment for SSB
3 Marks
BW allocation each channel with guardband = fm + 2 kHz = 6 kHz
Total channel = 158 kHz/6kHz = 26.33 = 26 channels
% channel increment = (26
(26-16)/16 *100 = 62.5%
 2
SEE3533

Q1. (a) The fundamental purpose of an electronic communication system is to transfer

information from one place to another.
(i) Explain briefly functions of the three primary components of an electronic
communication system. (3 marks)
(ii) Explain TWO parameters to measure the communication system efficiency.
(2 marks)
(i) Describe the differences between simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex transmission
modes. (3 marks)

(b) (i) Define what noise is and state the TWO effects of noise in a communication
system. (3 marks)
(ii) A signal is added some noise and fed through the input of the amplifier A. Input
and output SNR of an amplifier are measured to be 20 dB and 10 dB, respectively.
Determine the effective noise temperature of the amplifier under inspection at
room temperature (290°K). (4 marks)
(iii) Using the obtained effective noise temperature, determine the noise power in dBm
if bandwidth is 10 kHz. (2 marks)
(iv) If another amplifier B is connected in cascade to the amplifier in Q1(b-ii), what
would be the noise figure for the entire system?

F = 5 dB
Gain = 10 dB

Amplifier B
(a) For sequence A-B (3 marks)
(b) For sequence B-A (3 marks)
(c) Which sequence is better to be used in a communication system and why?
(2 marks)
 3
SEE3533

Q2. (a) Voice frequency spectrum is in the frequency range between 300 Hz to 3400 Hz. If the
carrier frequency is represented by vc(t)=2cos2π100kt, sketch the spectrum frequency for
the different types of amplituded modoulated signal given below:
(i) Full-Amplitude Modulated signal(AM) (1Mark)
(ii) Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) (1Mark)
(iii) Single sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC) (1Mark)
(iv) Vestigial Sideband (VSB) (1Mark)

(b) A DSBSC signal with a transmitted power of 13 dBm is transmited through an antenna
with an impedance of 50 ohm. The carrier’s amplitude and frequency are 2 V and 105
kHz, respectively. The modulating frequency is 5 kHz.
(i) Calculate the transmitted power in Watt. (1 mark)
(ii) Express the equation for the modulated signal (2 marks)
(iii) Sketch the spectrum of the modulated signal . (2 marks)
(iv) Draw the modulated signal in time domain. (2 marks)
(v) If the above system used the amplitude modulated with Full-AM, determine the
new transmitted power. (2 marks)

(c) Balance Modulator can be used as a detector circuit for Full AM, DSB- and SSB-SC.

(i) Draw the block diagram for a Full AM detector using a balanced modulator.
(3 marks)
(ii) Using mathematical concept, show how the modulating signal can be obtained at
the output of the detector, for the three modulated signals describe above.
(6 marks)
(iii) Discuss the significance of phase change in the carrier signal of the local oscillator
for three modulated signal describe above (3 marks)
 4
SEE3533

Q3. (a) A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz and amplitude of 5V is frequency modulated by a
sinusoidal wave with amplitude 20 V and frequency 100 kHz. The frequency sensitivity
of the modulator, kf is 2.5 kHz per volt.
(i) Write an expression of the FM signal (2 marks)
(ii) Determine the bandwidth using Carson’s Rule (2 marks)
(iii) Calculate for bandwidth and modulation index assuming the amplitude of the
modulating signal is doubled (2 marks)
(iv) Discuss the significance of changing the amplitude and frequency of the
modulating signal towards modulation index and bandwidth (2 marks)

(b) A carrier wave is frequency modulated using a sinusoidal signal of frequency, fm and
amplitude, Em.
(i) Determine the first value of the modulation index, β for which the carrier
component of the FM signal is reduced to zero. (2 marks)
(ii) In a certain experiment conducted with fm = 1 kHz and increasing Em (starting
from 0 volts), it is found that the carrier component of the FM signal is reduced to
zero for the first time when Em = 2 V. What is the frequency sensitivity of the
modulator? (2 marks)
(iii) What is the value of Em for which the carrier component is reduced to zero for the
second time? (3 marks)
(iv) If the FM signal in Q3(b-ii) is transmitted through an ideal BPF with a center
frequency of 15 MHz and bandwidth of 6 kHz, sketch the spectrum frequency of
this signal and determine the percentage of the power transmitted.
(5 marks)

(c) In the Armstrong indirect transmitter, the phase of the carrier is directly modulated to
produce indirect frequency modulation. Draw a basic Armstrong indirect WBFM
transmitter block diagram. Clearly indicate the crystal oscillators, combining network,
mixer and down-converter, frequency multiplier and band pass filter.
(5 marks)
 5
SEE3533

Q4. (a) The transmission of analog signal over digital transmission system requires it to undergo
the analog to digital (ADC) conversion process. Discuss the important aspects that are
involved in the ADC sampling, quantizing, and encoding procedures.
(6 marks)

(b) An analog voice-frequency signal occupies a spectrum from 300 to 3400 Hz. This signal
is oversampled at 8 kHz and encoded into 7 information bits plus 1 parity bit.

(i) What would be the minimum sampling rate? (2 marks)

(ii) How many samples per second are generated by using the oversampled frequency?
(2 marks)
(iii) What is the quantization interval if a uniform quantizer is used for a 10-V range?
(2 marks)
(iv) What is the bandwidth for this Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) signal?
(2 marks)
(v) Explain why PCM is better than Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM).
(3 marks)
(vi) How would you improve the performance of this PCM system? (3 marks)
(vii) Delta Modulation is a relatively inexpensive variation of PCM. Explain this.
(3 marks)
(viii) Explain how slope overload noise occurs in the Delta Modulation process.
(2 marks)
 6
SEE3533

Q5. (a) (i) What are the main differences between the analogue amplitude modulation (AM)
and amplitude shift keying (ASK) techniques, in terms of the information signal
used and bandwidth performance? (4 Marks)
(ii) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) can be generated by using two ASK waveforms.
Show the FSK gen
generation
eration block diagram based on the method. (4 Marks)
(iii) If the original input pulse stream for the circuit in Q5 (a
(a-ii)
ii) is 100101, sketch the
suitable
le signals to represent the binary digital inputs and the FSK output.
(4 Marks)

(b) AM/ FM radio broadcasting stations such as the BBC radios, IKIM FM and Hot FM
use frequency division multiplexing (FDM) in its communication system.
(i) What are the TWO main reasons to deploy FDM in radio broadcasting?
(4 Marks)
(ii) Figure 5 shows a 16 channel
channel-FDM
FDM frequency spectrum. If the information
frequency band is up to 4 kHz, show the related FDM block diagram, from the
source modulators to the multiplexer. Assume that a Double Sideband Suppressed
Carrier AM (DSB
SBSC) is used at the modulator. (4 Marks)
(iii) What is the total bandwidth for the system in Q5 (b-ii)
ii) if the guard bands between
neighbouring channels are set at 2 kHz? (2 Marks)
(iv) Next, if SSB-SC
SC mo
modulation is used instead of DSBSC,
SC, what is the percentage of
channel increment? (3 Marks)

Figure 5 FDM Frequency Spectrum

 7
SEE3533

APPENDICES

A) Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

B) Trigonometry Identities
∞
cos(β sin ω m t ) = J 0 (β ) + 2∑ J 2 n (β ) cos 2nω m t
n =1
∞
sin(β sin ω m t ) = 2∑ J 2 n+1 (β )sin(2n + 1)ω m t
n =1

sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
cos 2 x − sin 2 x = cos 2 x
1
cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x )
2
1
sin 2 x = (1 − cos 2 x )
2
sin( x ± y ) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
cos( x ± y ) = cos x cos y m sin x sin y
1
sin x sin y = [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]
2
1
cos x cos y = [cos( x − y ) + cos( x + y )]
2
1
sin x cos y = [sin( x − y ) + sin( x + y )]
2
 8
SEE3533

C) BESSEL GRAPH
 9
SEE3533

SOLUTION:
Q1
(a)

i) Briefly explain the function of the three primary components of a communication

system.
[3 marks]

Transmitter – converts the information signal into a form that is more suitable for
transmission over a particular transmission medium
Channel – medium that transport signals between a transmitter and receiver
Receiver -accepts the transmitted signals from the transmission medium and
converts those signals back to their original form.

ii) Explain TWO parameters to measure the communication system efficiency

[2 marks]
We can measure the level of efficiency of communication system through several
ways (any TWO are accepted)
– How close the received signal to the transmitted input signal?
• s(t), r(t) ; Needs high quality of transmission.
• s(t) Analog – Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
• s(t) Digital – Bit Error rate (BER).
– How much power needed to transmit modulated signal?
• Low power; Lifespan of a battery is longer.
• High power; Lifespan of a battery is shorter.
– How much Bandwidth, BW is needed to transmit the modulated signal?
•
• Low BW means more users can share the communication medium.
– How much signal or signal size needs to transmit?
• Analog system depends on s(t) BW.
• Digital system depends on bit rate, bit/s.

iii) Describe the differences between simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex tranmission
modes [3 marks]

Simplex – all signal can flow in only one direction

Half-duplex – two way transmission but only one user can transmit the signal at
one time
Full-duplex – two way transmission, both users can transmit the signal at one time

(b)
i) Define what noise is and state TWO effects of noise [3 marks]
 10
SEE3533

Noise – a disturbance that affects a signal and may distort the information carried
by the signal
Noise effect (any two are accepted)
-Degrade system performance for both analog and digital systems.
-The receiver cannot understand the original signal.
-The receiver cannot function as it should be.
-Reduce the efficiency of communication system.

ii) A signal is added some noise and fed through the input of the amplifier A. Input
and output SNR of an amplifier are measured to be 20 dB and 10 dB respectively.
Determine the effective noise temperature of the amplifier under inspection at
room temperature (290°K). [4 marks]


Noise factor,  1 
,


SNR (input), 10 log   20 , therefore   100,
SNR (output), 10 log   10 , therefore   10,
T = 290K

Therefore; 1

 
Effective noise temperature, Te = 2610K

iii) Using the obtained effective noise temperature, determine the noise power in dBm
if bandwidth is 10kHz. [2 marks]

Noise power,     1. 38 10!" 2610 10 10" ,

$   3.602 10!%

&'(  10 log )*  +124.43dBm
 

iv)
(a) for sequence AB [3 marks]
FA = 100
GA = 3
FB,dB = 10 log FB, FB = 3.162
GB,dB = 10 log GB, GB = 10
/0 !
-  -.   10.73
12
(b) for sequence B-A [3 marks]
/ !
-  -'  2  4.062
10

(c) which sequence is better to be use in communication system and why.

[2 marks]
Sequence B-A, due to low F
 11
SEE3533

Q2.

(a)

each 1 mark

(b) Given the modulated signal is DSBSC with PT = 13 dBm, R = 50 ohm, Ec = 2 V, fc = 105
kHz, fm = 5 kHz

The equation for DSBSC can be written as

 12
SEE3533

v DSBSC (t ) = v m (t )E c cos ω c t
Em Ec
= E m E m cos ω m t cos ω c t = [cos(ω c + ω m )t + cos(ω c − ω m )t ]
2

(i) Since the PT = 13 dBm, in Watts

PT
in dBm = 10 log = 13dBm PT = 101..3 mW = 19.95mW
1mW
[1 mark]

(ii) The modulated signal can be written as

v DSBSC (t ) = v m (t )E c cos ω c t
Em Ec
= E m E m cos ω m t cos ω c t = [cos(ω c + ω m )t + cos(ω c − ω m )t ]
2

From power

E 2 (Ec Em )
2
PT = = = 0.01995
2R 2 × 50
[1 mark]

(EcEm)2 = 1.995, EcEm = 1.4124, Since Ec = 2 Volt, Em = 0.71 Volt

( ) (
= (0.71)(2) cos 2π × 5 × 103 t cos 2π × 105 × 103 t )
[
= 0.71 cos 2π (110) × 10 t + cos 2π (100) × 10 t
3 3
] [1 mark]

(iii) Spectrum of modulated signal

 13
SEE3533

[2 mark]

(iv) Time domain signal

[2 mark]

(v) If the above system is changed to AM signal, the total power transmitted is PT

 m2 
PT = Pc 1 + 
 2 

From the above result vm(t) = 0.71 cosmt. vc(t) = 2 cos ct

m = Em/Ec = 0.71/2 = 0.355

Pc = Ec2/2R = 22/100 = 0.04 Watt [1 mark]

 0.355 2 
PT = 0.041 + 
 2 

= 0.04252 Watt = 42.52 mW [1 mark]

 14
SEE3533

(c) (i)

LPF - Low Pass filter

LO - Local oscillator

Vin(t) = AM, the vout(t) is the original signal vm(t)

[3 marks]

(ii) If the input signal is vAM(t)

v AM = [Ec + Em cos ωm t ]cos ωc t × cos ωc t

vo = v AM (t ) ⋅ vc (t ) = [Ec + Em cos ωm t ]cos ωc t (cos ωc t ) = vm (t ) cos 2 ωc t
1 1 
= [Ec + Em cos ωmt ] + cos ωc t 
2 2 
1
After LPF and dc block, vout (t ) = vm (t ) ⇒ original inf ormation signal
2

If the input is DSBSC [2 marks]

 15
SEE3533

v DSBSC = vm (t )cos ωc t
vo = v DSBSC ⋅ vc = vm (t )cos ωc t (cos ω c t ) = vm (t )cos 2 ω c t
1 1 
= vm (t ) + cos ωc t 
2 2 
1
After LPF, v LPF = vm (t ) ⇒ original inf ormation signal
2 [2 marks]

If the input signal is SSBSC

vSSBSC −USB = cos(ω c + ω m )t with amplitud equal to 1

1
vo = vSSBSC ⋅ vc = cos(ω c + ω m )t (cos ωc t ) = [cos(2ωc + ω m )t + cos ω mt ]
2
1
After LPF, v LPF = cos ω m t ⇒ Original information signal
2 [2 marks]

(iii) If the local oscillator for the carrier has phase change as below

vc(t) = Ec cos (ωct +∆φ) where ∆φ is the phase change in the LO

For AM signal, when the phase change to 90o, there is no output and for maximum is
when ∆φ = 0 [1 mark]

For DSBSC signal, the similar result with AM signal where when the phase change to
90o, there is no output power [1 mark]

For SSBSC signal, the phase change will not affect the output, the output will have
different phase only [1 mark]
 16
SEE3533

Q3.

(a) (i) The expression of FM signal is

VFM (t ) = Ec cos (ω c t + β sin ωmt )

[2 marks]
6
or, Ec = 5 V, ωc = 2πfc = 2π x 100 x10 , ωm = 2πx 100 kHz

(ii) From Carson’s Rule BW = 2 (∆f + fm) = 2(50 + 100) = 300 kHz [2 marks]

(iii) If the amplitude of modulating signal is doubled to 40 V

The deviation = ∆f = Kf x Em = 2.5 x 40 = 100 kHz [1 mark]

β = ∆f/fm = 100/100 = 1

Bandwidth = 2 (∆f + fm) = 2(100 + 100) = 400 kHz [1 mark]

(iv) Changing the amplitude of the modulating signal will change the deviation. The BW is
wider if the amplitude is higher. If the amplitude is lower the BW will also
narrower. If the amplitude is double the modulation index will also doubled.
Changing the frequency of the modulating signal will change the BW of the system
without changing the deviation frequency but the modulation index will be
changed. If the frequency is doubled the modulation index will become half of the
original modulation index [2 marks]

(b) (i) From the Bessel function graph the carrier component of the FM signal is reduced
to ZERO when β = 2.40

(It depend on the student approximation The value should be (between 2.3 < β < 2.5)

The second ZERO occur when β is between 5.5 < β < 5.7 [2 marks]

(ii) When β = 2.4, β = ∆f/ fm, ∆f = β x fm = 2.4 x 1 = 2.4 kHz (1 marks)

∆f = Kf x Em, Kf = ∆f/Em = 2.4/2 = 1.2 kHz/V (1 marks)

 17
SEE3533

(The answer should be between 1.15 < Kf < 1.25 )

(iii) From the graph the carrier components is reduced to zero for the second time is when β =
5.6 (1 mark)

When β = 5.6, ∆f = β x fm = 5.6 x 1 = 5.6 kHz (1 mark)

∆f = Kf x Em, Em = ∆f/Kf = 5.6/1.2 = 4.7 Volt (1 marks)

(The answer should depend on the value of β and Kf chosen from the first question (b)(i)
and (ii))

(iv) From the graph when β = 2.4, There is no carrier component but number of sidebands are

5. The spectrum can be sketched as below before the filter

(2 marks)

If the bandpass filter with BW = 6 fm is used and the center frequency of 15 MHz, the
spectrum of the signal is shown in figure below
 18
SEE3533

(2 marks)

The percentage of the power is

∞ 2

PT = [J o ( β )] + 2 ∑ [J n ( β ) ]
2

n =1

PT = 2 (0.52 + 0.42 + 0.152) = 0.865

%PT = 0.865 x 100% = 86.5% [1 mark]

(c)

[5 marks]
 19
SEE3533

Q4. Sampling – is the first step in analog to digital conversion. Sampling is done using the
3
sample-and-hold circuit. This will produce flat-topped PAM. Sampling is done at least at the
Nyquist rate, which is twice of the maximum frequency of the baseband signal.

Quantization – is the process of assigning the sampled values to the nearest predetermined levels.
Number of levels can be 8, 16, 32 or more, or 2n; depending on the performance of the system.
4
Quantization process introduces quantization noise or error. Higher number of levels means less
quantization error. Voice signals usually employ nonuniform quantizing. This has better
performance for small amplitude signals and reduced the granular noise.
3
Encoding – is the process of assigning each quantized level to a specific binary code words. An
example of a coding technique is the Gray code. The number of bits generated will determined
the bandwidth of the PCM signal. To reduce bandwidth, multilevel signal may be employed.

(b).

i. f smin = 2 × 3.4kHz = 6.8kHz

8ksamples
ii. f s = 8kHz =
sec
iii. n = 8
L = 2n = 256 ∴ L = 10/256 = 0.00391 V = 3.91 mV.
iv. R = (8 ksamples/sec)(8 bits/sample) = 64 kbs. ∴ B = R/2 = 32 kHz.
v. PAM will require a bigger bandwidth than the original analog waveform and noise
performance can never be better than the original analog waveform. PCM is a fully
digital signal where DSP can be done to improve noise performance, encryption,
coding etc.
vi. By using nonuniform quantizing, DPCM (sending the difference between successive
samples)
vii. DM does not need ADC and DAC circuits. Cost is further reduced if the predictor is
replaced by a simple RC circuit.
viii. Slope overload noise occurs when the step size is too small for the accumulator
output to follow quick changes in the input waveform.
 20
SEE3533

Q5. (a) (i) In AM, the information signal used is in the analogue form, while ASK uses
2 Marks
digital information signal.
In terms of bandwidth performance, normally ASK will require more bandwidth
2 Marks
than AM since its information signal that is in a square wave shape include higher
harmonics.
(ii)
4 Marks

(iii) 4 Marks
 21
SEE3533

(b) (i) 1-All

All radio broadcasting stations will use common band for audio and voice
information normally made up of e.g. up to 5 kHz, to avoid frequency interference, 4 Marks

they need to transmit at different transmission frequencies. So FDM is a solution to

this.
2-FDM
FDM allows a better utilization of bandwidth/frequency band resources. Many
users/stations can share the same medium, depending on the maximum channel
allowed.
FDM should be less complex, more practical and cheaper than the other
3-FDM
multiplexing techniques
hniques such as TDM or SDM.
(ii)

4 Marks

(iii) BW for 16 channels = 2fm x 16 = (4 kHz x 2) 16 = 128 kHz. 2 Marks

BW for guardbands = 15 x 2 kHz= 30 kHz.
Total = 158 kHz.
(iv) Channel increment for SSB
3 Marks
BW allocation each channel with guardband = fm + 2 kHz = 6 kHz
Total channel = 158 kHz/6kHz = 26.33 = 26 channels
% channel increment = (26
(26-16)/16 *100 = 62.5%
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Q3 a) i) A
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The advantage of angle modulation over AM is noise immunity
Most noise results in rinwanted amplitude variations in the modulated signal. 'L

Angle modulation receivers inciude limiter that removes the unwanted amplitude variation.

AM receiver cannot use limiter because the information is also contained in amplitude variation

High quaiity Angle modulation produces many side frequencies, thus need much wider
bandwidth than AM transmission.

BW for AM is smaller. ,ffi F+ rid-U*..-\s t a.,

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