NAME : MUHAMMAD CHOIRIL ATHO’

CLASS : EK-3A
NIM : 3.32.17.0.17

INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION 3
RESISTOR

Hai guys, Good Morning. I’m standing here to tell you about my topic, that are the resistors.
I will describe about resistors, that are meaning of resistors, symbol and types of resistors, material
of resistors, function and characteristic of resistors, and last is application of resistors in the
electronics circuit.

1. Meaning of Resistor
Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses

2. Symbols and Types of Resistor

The symbol used in schematic and electrical drawings for a Resistor can either be a “zig-
zag” type line or a rectangular box.
Symbols used to represent resistors vary with different standards. Different countries have
set different standards for themselves. However the most popular and commonly used are
American Standards. Another commonly used standard is IEC (International Electrotechnical
Commission). We have added a graphic of resistor symbols used in both standards.
From operating conditions point of view, resistors can be classified into two type.
a. Fixed resistors
Fixed resistors are by far the most widely used type of resistor. They are used in
electronics circuits to set the right conditions in a circuit. Their values are determined during
the design phase of the circuit, and they should never need to be changed to "adjust" the circuit.
There are many different types of resistor which can be used in different circumstances and
these different types of resistor are described in further detail below.
b. Variable resistors
For circuits requiring a resistance that can be adjusted while it remains connected in the
circuit (for eg: volume control on radio), variable resistors are required. They usually have 3
lead two fixed and one movable.
3. Material of Resistor
Resistors are produced with a wide variety of materials and manufacturing processes. Each
resistor material has its typical properties and specific areas of use. The main types that are used
in electrical engineering are summed below.

a. Wirewound (WW)
These types are made by winding resistance wire in a spiral around a non-conductive
core.. The spiral winding has capacitive and inductive effects that makes it not suitable for
applications higher than 50 kHz. Often other winding techniques are used to reduce the
undesired high frequency effects. Wirewound resistors are essentially produced for high
precision or for high power applications. They have low noise, are robust, and are temperature
stable. Resistance values are available from 0.1 up to 100 kW, with accuracies between 0.001
and 20%.
b. Carbon Composition (CCR)
The resistive element is made from a mixture of fine carbon particles and a non-
conductive ceramic material. The substance is pressed in a cylindrical shape and baked. The
resistance value depends on the dimensions of the body and the ratio between carbon and
ceramic material. More carbon means a lower resistance. However, their ability to withstand
high energy pulses and their high reliability makes them still useful for certain applications.
Examples are power supplies and welding controls.
c. Carbon Film
A thin, pure carbon film is deposited on an insulating cylindrical core. A spiral cut is
made in the film to increase the resistive path. This increases the resistance value and is also a
way to control the resistance value more precise. Values from 1Ω up to 10 M Ω are available.
The accuracy is a significant improvement compared to carbon composition, but metal and
metal oxide film have overall better properties and gained therefore more popularity. In
applications that require high pulse stability, special carbon film resistors are used.
d. Metal Film
Metal film resistors are usually made of Nichrome, but also other materials such as
tantalum nitride is used. The resistive material is a combination of a Ceramic material and a
Metal, and therefore these resistors are also referred to as Cermet. The stability, temperature
coefficient and tolerance are better than for carbon film. Typical tolerances are between 0.5%
and 2% with a temperature coefficient between 50 and 100 ppm/K. Stability is lower than for
wirewound, but the high frequency properties are better.
e. Metal Oxide Film
They are similar to metal film with the difference that the resistive material is a metal
oxide, such as tin oxide. These durable resistors feature a better reliability and stability than
metal film resistors. Furthermore the operating temperature is higher. Therefore they are more
used in applications requiring a high endurance.
4. Function and Characteristic of Resistor
Resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.
V-I Characteristics of a resistor are the relation between the applied voltages and the current
flowing through it. From Ohm’s law, we know that when the voltage applied across the resistor
increases, the current flowing through it also increases i.e. the voltage applied is directly
proportional to current. The V-I characteristics graph can be determined from the following circuit.
The graph corresponding to the circuit for the function v(t) = R i(t) which is in the form of y
= mx is as shown below. To plot the graph, the values of voltage (V) are taken on the y-axis and
the values of current (I) are taken on the x-axis. From the graph it is clear that V-I characteristics
of a resistor are linear and the value of the resistance at any instance can be determined by the
slope of the curve at that instance.
The above specifications are valid in case of a pure resistance i.e. ideal resistor and the
temperature is constant. In practical conditions, these values may vary depending on the operating
environment and the characteristics might be different from the ideal linear values.

5. Aplication of Resistor
One simple use of a Light Dependent Resistor, is as a light sensitive switch. This basic light
sensor circuit is of a relay output light activated switch. A potential divider circuit is formed
between the photoresistor, LDR and the resistor R1. When no light is present ie in darkness, the
resistance of the LDR is very high in the Megaohms (MΩ’s) range so zero base bias is applied to
the transistor TR1 and the relay is de-energised or “OFF”.
As the light level increases the resistance of the LDR starts to decrease causing the base bias
voltage at V1 to rise. At some point determined by the potential divider network formed with
resistor R1, the base bias voltage is high enough to turn the transistor TR1 “ON” and thus activate
the relay which in turn is used to control some external circuitry. As the light level falls back to
darkness again the resistance of the LDR increases causing the base voltage of the transistor to
decrease, turning the transistor and relay “OFF” at a fixed light level determined again by the
potential divider network.