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8086 Microprocessor PDF
8086 Microprocessor PDF
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana Deshmukh
aaradhana-deshmukh.in
Some Questions
• 1. 8086 is how many bit processor?
• 2. 16 bit means?
• 3. What is the size of data bus?
• 4. How many bits can be read from memory and write
into memory ? Why?
• 5. What is the size of address bus? It can acess how
many ports?
• 6. Is 8086 possible to perform bit? Byte? Word? Block
operations?
• Is 8086 supports multiprogramming?
• Long form of Intel?Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Software architecture of the INTEL
8086
Memory segmentation and addressing
Block diagram of 8086
Address space & Data organization
Data Types
Registers
Stack
I/O space
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Memory segmentation and addressing
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Segmented Memory
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Memory Address Generation
• The BIU has a dedicated adder for determining
physical memory addresses.
Offset Value (16 bits)
Adder
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Segment : Offset Address
• Logical Address is specified as segment:offset
• Physical address is obtained by shifting the segment
address 4 bits to the left and adding the offset address.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Segments, Segment Registers & Offset
Registers
• Segment Size = 64KB
• Maximum number of segments possible = 14
• Logical Address – 16 bits
• Physical Address – 20 bits
• 2 Logical Addresses for each Segments.
– Base Address (16 bits)
– Offset Address (16 bits)
• Segment registers are used to store the Base address of
the segment.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Segments, Segment Registers & Offset
Registers
• 4 Segments in 8086
– Code Segment (CS)
– Data Segment (DS) SEGMENT SEGMENT OFFSET REGISTER
REGISTER
– Stack Segment (SS) Instruction Pointer
Code Segment CSR
(IP)
– Extra Segment (ES)
Data Segment DSR Source Index (SI)
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Block diagram of 8086
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Block diagram of 8086
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Pipelined architecture of the 8086
microprocessors
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Execution and bus interface units
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Software Model of the 8086 Microprocessors
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Microprocessor Architecture
Day 5
Prof. Aaradhana Deshmukh
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Address space & Data organization
SP
BH BL
BX
SI
CH CL
DI
CX
DH DL
DX Segment
CS
Flags DS
IP ES
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
General Purpose Registers
AX - the Accumulator
BX - the Base Register
CX - the Count Register
DX - the Data Register
• BX
– Base Register
– Also serves as an address register
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
General Purpose Registers
• CX
– Count register
– Used as a loop counter
– Used in shift and rotate operations
• DX
– Data register
– Used in multiplication and division
– Also used in I/O operations
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Pointer and Index Registers
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Flag Register
Overflow Carry
Direction Parity
EU registers AX AH AL Accumulator
BX BH BL Base Register
CX CH CL Count Register
DX DH DL Data Register
SP Stack Pointer
BP Base Pointer
SI Source Index Register
DI Destination Index Register
FLAGS
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
The Stack
• The stack is used for temporary storage of information
such as data or addresses.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
8086
5 th Day
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana Deshmukh
aaradhana-deshmukh.in
Hardware Architecture
of
INTEL 8086
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh, SKNCOE,
Comp
Hardware Architecture of INTEL 8086
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
INTEL 8086 - Pin Diagram
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
INTEL 8086 - Pin Details
Power Supply
5V 10%
Ground
Reset
Registers, seg
regs, flags
CS: FFFFH, IP:
0000H
If high for
minimum 4
Clock clks
Duty cycle: 33%
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
INTEL 8086 - Pin Details
Address/Data Bus:
Contains address Address Latch Enable:
bits A15-A0 when ALE
is 1 & data bits D15 – When high,
D0 when ALE is 0. multiplexed
address/data bus
contains address
information.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
INTEL 8086 - Pin Details
INTERRUPT
Non - maskable
interrupt
Interrupt
acknowledge
Interrupt request
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
INTEL 8086 - Pin Details
Direct
Memory
Access
Hold
Hold
acknowledge
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
INTEL 8086 - Pin Details
Address/Status Bus
Address bits A19 –
A16 & Status bits S6
– S3
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
INTEL 8086 - Pin Details
1,1: No selection
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
INTEL 8086 - Pin Details
Min/Max mode
Minimum Mode: +5V
Maximum Mode: 0V
Maximum Mode
Pins
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Minimum Mode- Pin Details
Read Signal
Write Signal
Memory or I/0
Data
Transmit/Receive
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Maximum Mode - Pin Details
S2 S1 S0
000: INTA
001: read I/O port
010: write I/O port
011: halt
100: code access Status Signal
101: read memory
110: write memory Inputs to 8288 to
111: none -passive generate eliminated
signals due to max
mode.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Maximum Mode - Pin Details
Lock Output
Used to lock peripherals
off the system
DMA
Activated by using the Request/Grant
LOCK: prefix on any
instruction
Lock Output
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Maximum Mode - Pin Details
QS1 QS0
00: Queue is idle
01: First byte of opcode
10: Queue is empty
11: Subsequent byte of
opcode
Queue Status
Used by numeric
coprocessor (8087)
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Maximum Mode
• When more than one 8086 CPU is
to be used in microcomputer
system.
• The control signals generated with
the help of external bus controller.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Minimum Mode 8086 System
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Minimum Mode 8086 System
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Maximum Mode 8086 System
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Maximum Mode 8086 System
• Here, either a numeric coprocessor of the type 8087 or another
processor is interfaced with 8086.
• The three status outputs S0*, S1*, S2* from the processor are
input to 8788.
• The outputs of the bus controller are the Control Signals, namely
DEN, DT/R*, IORC*, IOWTC*, MWTC*, MRDC*, ALE etc.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
8086 Interrupts
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
8086 Interrupts Procedure
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
8086 External Interrupts
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
8086 Control Signals
1. ALE
2. BHE
3. M/IO
4. DT/R
5. RD
6. WR
7. DEN
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Coprocessor and Multiprocessor
configuration
• Multiprocessor Systems refer to the use of multiple
processors that executes instructions simultaneously
and communicate with each other using mail boxes and
Semaphores.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Coprocessor / Closely Coupled
Configuration
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
TEST pin of 8086
• Used in conjunction with the WAIT instruction in
multiprocessing environments.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Coprocessor Execution Example
Coprocessor cannot take control of the bus, it does everything through the CPU
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Closely Coupled Execution Example
• Closely Coupled
processor may take
control of the bus
independently.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Loosely Coupled Configuration
• has shared system bus, system memory, and system
I/O.
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Minimum Mode System Memory Circuitry
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp
Maximum Mode System Memory Circuitry
Prof.Ms.Aaradhana A. Deshmukh,
SKNCOE, Comp