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Shale Properties
SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO.
C. E. HOHMANN
HOUSTON, TEX.
R. K. JOHNSON SHELL OIL CO.
JUNIOR MEMBER A/ME NEW ORLEANS, LA.
S
S
S
A= .f..
~ PERFORATED PLATES D
KI~IIII WATER
FIG. I-SnIF:MATIC REPRESENTATION OF SHALE CO:\IPACTIO'i (AFTER TERZAGHI AND PECK, REF. 5).
.>~.
~
J: •
2000 .
~:
4000
I
...j:~r_.
~
4000
. ... I
6000
I
~ 6000
j
I
.::
... .
f-
tl.
W I
o 8000 f-
tl.
•.:.
W
o f- TOP OF OVER-
8000 PRESSURES
10,000
,
.
j
. 10,000
r- t
I
~.1
12,000 I
I
...
.~ .
I
12,000
14,000
50 100 200 500
I
.
Llt(Sh) , !LS/lt 14,000
50 .[00 150 200 2,[ 2.2
FIG. 2-SHALE THAVEL Tr:m: vs DUtiAL llJ:I'TIT Fon ;\IIOCENE A:'iD Cll(sh) , J.L sift Pb(sh)' 9 Icc
OLIGOCENE SHALES, UpPEn TEXAS AND SOETHEn" LOGISIANA
GULF COAST. FIG. 3-SHALE TRAVEL TIME AND BULK DE1'<SITY VS BURIAL DEPTH.
/ 0.50
\ -
4000 10.0
/ -
'\
0.60
6000 - 12.0
-J
:I: ~
.....
n. 0
Q: -
w ,~ 0.70 0
\
o 8000
-
/~
[4.0
-
0.80 0
I
~
10,000
- 160
/ -
0.900
12,000 TT .-!
I - I 8.0
"-
I : "-
' ...
14,000
II I !;,lil n
li/ tob
1.000
o 20 40 60
50 100 200 30C lilob(sh)_liln(sh)' I"s/ It
lil(sh),l"s/lt
FIG. 5 - RELATION BETWEEN SHALE ACOCSTlC
FIG. 4-SCHDIATIC PLOT OF SHALE TRAVEL Tnn: PARAMETER .!ltob (81l) -.!ltn('h) AND RESERVOIR
vs BCRIAL DEPTH. FunD PRESSCRE GRADIENT (FPG).
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I
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6
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I
I
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-- ----
0.5
"\. I0.0
I-
~ 8
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-
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---
l.L \ - I 2.0
~ \
g; 10
1\ -
\I~
0.7
z .~
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<t
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(f) - I 4.0
~
§? 12
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~\(
I- 0.8
i--
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I- - I 6.0
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~
• ~ '---- •
14
o -
16 iD AVERAGE OLIGOCENE-MIOCEN-
SW LA.
,
\
\
0.9
--- - I 80
R(sh)' OHM·METERS-
FIG. 7--REl.ATIO;'>i BETlI"EEN SHALE RESISTIVITY PAHA~IETER
FIG. 6-SHALE RESISTIVITY VS BURIAL DEPTH. Rn(,,,/Rob('h) AND RESERVOIR FU:lD PRESSCRE GRADIE:'iT (FPG).
8-T-TI
lL.
lL. lL. 8
o o
,
,
(f)
01 o ,I:
~ I0 --+--++J--t-~~--.:.-...j
z I
~ i i
~ ,-,-"
<l:
(f)
6 12 TEST,
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o 12 ---
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i--+----r1--1-+-+h-~I.-+--1
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t-
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Bl
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t-_
TEST A -
TEST B -
--t- B
Ali)
Ct!J-H~-i
t-
o..
w I I~\ • EST. FPG FROM
CI
~ :4 -- -I~ST~~~ OF O--VER- • EST. FPG FROM
°1 6 TOP OF OVER= SHALE RESISTIVITY
• MUD GRADIENT t PRESSURES
SHALE TRAVELTIME
, MUD GRADI ENT
8
1
0.2 0.4
IIIISUREIS
2.00.4
T ST
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 50 100 200
®PRESSURES FROM
0.4
TESTS
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
R(shl' ohm-m FPG, psi/ft 1I t(sh)' fLs/f t FPG, psi 1ft
(a)- (b) (a) (b)
FIG. 8 -EXAClIPLE OF ESTLlIA1T\G Pm:ssum:s FRO}I FIG. 9~ExA}lPLE OF ESTIMATING PRESSURES FROM
HESISTtVITY LOG. ACOUSTIC LOG.
eration of overpressures is primarily the result of com- for comparison. Excellent agreement is observed between
paction processes in response to the stress of overburden. the estimated pressure gradient and the measured pres-
APPLICATIONS sures.
Knowledge of the reservoir pressure is of considerable
engineering value. Such knowledge will provide the means CONCLUSIONS
for improving drilling techniques and designing better The degree of compaction of a shale in response to an
casing programs and completion methods. From data axial component of total stress S depends upon several
gathered from surrounding wells, it is possible to predict variables. The fluid pressure can be related to the degree
the probable pressure profile that will be encountered by of compaction and burial depth. The degree of compac-
a drilling well. In addition, this pressure information will tion can be ascertained from techniques which utilize
enable the reservoir engineer to make more accurate re- various logging data; thus, fluid pressures of isolated
serve estimates and performance predictions. reservoir rock can be estimated from adjacent shale
EXAMPLE compaction data.
To illustrate the techniques of estimating formation Shale acoustic and resistivity log data have been ex-
pressures from shale properties, we have selected a well tensively and successfully used to estimate reservoir for-
drilled in Cameron Parish, La. This well penetrated sev- mation pressures. The acoustic log and resistivity methods
eral thousand feet of overpressured sediments, and there have an accuracy of fluid pressure predictions of approxi-
are three actual bottom-hole pressure measurements to mately ± 0.04 psi/ft. The standard deviations for the
verify the accuracy of the methods. resistivity and acoustic methods are 0.022 and 0.020
In Fig. 8 (a), shale resistivity is plotted against depth psi/ft, respectively.
on semilog grid. The average normal resistivity trend, The examples presented in this paper are from the
fitted to the data as discussed in the preceding sections, Gulf Coast, but the principles of the techniques presented
is shown. The top of overpressures occurs at approxi- here will apply equally well to other Tertiary sedimentary
mately 10,400 ft, as can be determined by the departure basins in which the principal stress has been the result
of the observed shale resistivity points from the normal of overburden weight.
trend. The ratio of the observed resistivity to the "normal Knowledge of the first occurrence of overpressures,
trend resistivity" at the same depth is determined at num- and indeed of the precise pressure-depth relationship in
erous levels. From Fig. 7, the fluid pressure gradient a geologic province, enables improvements in drilling
at each level is determined; these data are plotted in techniques, casing programs, completion methods and res-
Fig. 8 (b). For comparison, the mud column pressure ervoir evaluations. From data gathered from surrounding
gradient used while the well was being drilled is shown. wells, we can predict the probable pressure profile that
Also, three bottom-hole pressure readings were obtained will be encountered by a drilling well.
from tests at 12,700, 13,500 and 13,900 ft, respectively.
The calculated pressure gradients are within 0.04 psi/ft REFERENCES
of the measured gradients. 1. Dickinson, G.: "Geological Aspects of Abnormal Reservoir
Observed shale travel times are plotted against depth Pressures in the Gulf Coast Region of Louisiana, U.S.A.",
in Fig. 9(a). A straight line is drawn through the shal- Proc., Third World Petroleum Cong., The Hague (951) 1.
low shale compaction trend. The deviation of observed 2. Thomeer. J. H. M. A. and Bottema, J. A.: "Increasing Occur·
points from the normal compaction trend occurs at ap- rences of Abnormally High Reservoir Pressures in Boreholes and
Drilling Problems Resulting Therefrom", Bull., AAP'G (1961)
proximately 10,400 ft and designates the top of over- 45, No. 10, 1721, 1730.
pressured formation. The departure of the observed shale 3. Mullins, John D.: "Some Problems of Superhigh-Pressure Gas
transit times from the trend line is measured at numerous Reservoirs in the Gulf Coast Area", Jour. Pet. Tech. (Sept.,
levels, and the corresponding pressure gradient is ob- 1962) 935.
tained from Fig. 5. The resultant trend of pressure grad- 4. Hubbert, M. King and Rubey, W. W.: "Role of Fluid Pressure
ient with depth is plotted in Fig. 9 (b). As above, the in Mechanics of Overthrust Faulting, Part I", Bull., GSA (Feb.,
1959) 70.
mud column hydrostatic gradient and the measured pres- 5. Terzaghi, Karl and Peck, R. B.: Soil Mechanics in Engineering
sure gradients from tests of the formations are shown Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N. Y. (948) 566. ***
722 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY