Proportional Hydraulics Collection of Transparencies

Proportional
hydraulics
Collection of
Transparencies
095061 GB
Order no.: 095061
Designation: PROP.H.FOLIEN
Description: D:OT-TP701-GB
Edition: 10/2002
Author: Dr. Frank Ebel
Graphics: Thomas Ocker, Bärbel Böhland
Layout: 09.10.2002, Petra Schwarz, Wolfgang Schreiner
© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co., 73770 Denkendorf/Germany, 2002

Internet: www.festo.com/didactic
e-mail: did@festo.com
The copying, distribution and utilization of this document as well as the

communication of its contents to others without expressed authorization is
prohibited. Offenders will be held liable for the payment of damages. All rights
reserved, in particular the right to carry out patent, utility model or ornamental
design registration.
Foreword
This set of overhead transparencies has been designed for the basic level
technology package TP700. The set of overhead transparencies and the technology
package form part of the Learning System for Automation and Technology from
Festo Didactic GmbH & Co.
The 28 overhead transparencies which comprise this set have been designed in
accordance with dictactic and methodological principles. Each transparency is
accompanied by a short explanatory text, which gives the instructor a brief overview
of of the training content covered by the transparency.
Training contents • Fundamentals of proportional hydraulics

• Function and use of proportional hydraulic components
• Electronic components for the actuation of proportional valves
• Comparison with electro-hydraulic control systems
The text sheet includes a full illustration of the transparency, partly supplemented
by additional explanations and designations, which can be added to the
transparency by the instructor in the course of training.
The advantages of this concept are:

• The instructor can expand the transparencies step by step in the course of
training
• Lessons become more interesting
• The available explanatory texts reduce the amount of preparation required by the
instructor
New! The enclosed CD-ROM contains the entire overhead transparencies and
Electronic presentation accompanying text of this edition in an electronically presentable form in the files
„Prophydraulics_transparencies.pdf“ and „Prophydraulics_text.pdf“. In addition to
the screen presentation, which can be made in any order, the contents can be
printed out and text and graphics can be used for your own training preparations,
insofar as the functionality of the required Adobe® Acrobat® Reader permits this.
This freely distributable software is available on the CD-ROM in the currently valid
English Windows version for installation in the directory „Acrobat_Reader“. Please
start the file „*.exe“ and follow the subsequent dialogue.
© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. • Proportional hydraulics

Contents
Proportional hydraulic system ________________________________Transparency 1

Mobile hydraulics __________________________________________Transparency 2
Proportional valve activation _________________________________Transparency 3
Honing machine ___________________________________________Transparency 4
Electro-hydraulics __________________________________________Transparency 5
Proportional hydraulics______________________________________Transparency 6
Electro-mechanical transducers _______________________________Transparency 7
D.C. switching solenoid______________________________________Transparency 8
Proportional solenoid with intermediate ring ____________________Transparency 9
Proportional solenoid, stroke-controlled_______________________Transparency 10
Proportional solenoid, force-controlled ________________________Transparency 11
Proportional solenoid, components___________________________Transparency 12
Electronic activation _______________________________________Transparency 13
Proportional amplifier ______________________________________Transparency 14
Ramp shaper _____________________________________________Transparency 15
Minimum current – Maximum current _________________________Transparency 16
Output stage (V/I converter) ________________________________Transparency 17
Pulse duration modulation __________________________________Transparency 18
Hysteresis _______________________________________________Transparency 19
Flow characteristic curves___________________________________Transparency 20
Control edge patterns ______________________________________Transparency 21
Piston opening ratio _______________________________________Transparency 22
Piston overlap ____________________________________________Transparency 23
Pressure relief valve, piloted ________________________________Transparency 24
Pressure regulating valve, piloted ____________________________Transparency 25
Flow control valve _________________________________________Transparency 26
4/3-way valve ____________________________________________Transparency 27
4/3-way valve, piloted _____________________________________Transparency 28
© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. • Proportional hydraulics

1 Proportional hydraulics Festo Didactic
Title Proportional hydraulic system
Guide • Classification into signal control section and power section.
• Signal processing has been further enhanced by the provision of

setpoint value and current signal conversion.
• The multiple function of proportional valves reduces the number of

hydraulic components to a minimum.
• Proportional solenoids form the interface between the signal control

section and the power section.
Actuators
Signal Signal Setpoint Signal
input processing, generator amplification
control
A B
Proportional
valves
p PLC P T
Power supply
P Power section
M
Power supply ~
Power section
701-01-GB
Proportional hydraulics Festo Didactic
A B
p PLC P T
P
M
Energie- ~
versorgung Steuerteil
Proportional hydraulic system

701-01-GB
Title Mobile hydraulics
Guide • Origins of mobile hydraulics. Long hose connections between

control valves and hydraulic drive components.
• Ratio of hand lever movement to piston deflection is approximately

proportional.
• Control pattern: High-precision controllability at start of hand lever

displacement, large flow rate change during hand lever movements
at end deflection.
• In this instance, flow is not released until end deflection due to the
positive piston overlap.
A B
High-precision controllability
Piston B Flow
deflection rate [Q]
A B
Hand lever movement
Piston overlap
A
T B P A
701-02-GB
High-precision controllability
Piston B Flow
deflection rate [Q]
A B
Hand lever movement
Piston overlap
Mobile hydraulics
701-02-GB
Title Proportional valve activation
Guide • Setpoint values are converted into magnetic flux and amplified.
• By means of the proportional solenoid, magnetic flux is converted

into piston deflection within the hydraulic valve.
• Actuation of proportional directional, pressure and flow control valves.
Directional valves
Pressure valves
Proportional amplifier Proportional solenoid
Flow control
701-03-GB
Proportional valve activation

701-03-GB
Title Honing machine
Guide • Typical machine tool employing a proportional hydraulic control

system.
• Continuous path control on machine tools: Controlling of path,

speed and acceleration.
• Smooth transition of upward and downward stroke of honing

machine in accordance with time function.
Cyl. stroke
advanced 1
retracted 0
Time
701-04-GB
Cyl. stroke
advanced 1
retracted 0
Time
Honing machine
701-04-GB
Title Electro-hydraulics
Guide • Example for conventional electro-hydraulics:

Control of velocity stages.
• Use of parallel switching flow control valve for control of velocity

stages.
• Digital switching characteristics: only preset flow rates can be

invoked (example: flow control valve).
• Extensive hydraulic circuit requirement.
01 23
3
2
Cylinder stroke
Y4
Y3
1
0
Time [t]
Y1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Y1 Y2
Y2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Y3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Y4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
P
M
701-05-GB
01 23
3
2
Cylinder stroke
Y4
Y3
1
0
Time [t]
Y1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Y1 Y2
Y2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Y3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Y4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
P
M
Electro-hydraulics
701-05-GB
Title Proportional hydraulics
Guide • Example for proportional hydraulics:

Control of velocity stages.
• Hydraulic circuit requirement considerably reduced, electrical signal

control section extended.
• Additional requirements for commissioning: Setting of setpoint

values and ramp functions.
• Analogue valve cross section openings according to setpoint values

and thus different flow range, i.e. actuator speeds.
• Flexibility thanks to electrical control, e. g: an additional velocity

stage requires only one additional setpoint value.
01 2 3 4 IY1
Current
Time [t]
IY2
Cylinder
stroke 4
3
IY1 IY2
Y1 Y2
1
0
P
M Time [t]
Y1 Y2
701-06-GB
01 2 3 4 IY1
Current
Time [t]
IY2
Cylinder
stroke 4
3
IY1 IY2
Y1 Y2
1
0
P
M Time [t]
Y1 Y2
Proportional hydraulics
701-06-GB
Title Electro-mechanical transducers
Guide • Proportional solenoid: Further development of switching solenoid.

The magnetic flux causes a force which remains constant
throughout the stroke. The force acts only in one direction. The
extent of the magnetic force is proportional to the magnetic flux.
• Due to its force, the servo drive of the proportional solenoid is

particularly suitable for the direct actuation of standard proportional
valves.
• Plunger coil: Also an electro-dynamic principle, whereby a force acts

on a current carrying conductor in the magnetic field. Depending on
the direction of current the plunger coil is deflected up or down.
• Torque motor: The effects of the permanent and electro magnets

are superimposed. The magnetic force causes a torque to the right
or the left.
• The servo drive, plunger coil and torque motor have a high natural
frequency, which makes them suitable for the indirect actuation of
highly dynamic proportional and servo valves.
N N
S S
F x x
Proportional soleonid Plunger coil Torque motor
Power consumption [W] 5 - 40 0.2 - 5 0.02 - 4
Working stroke [Nmm] 20 - 1000 8 - 80 2 - 40
Linear deviation (%) 0.5 - 6 1-7 1-2
Critical frequency [Hz] 10 - 150 100 - 200 100 - 300
701-07-GB
N N
S S
F x x
Proportional solenoid Plunger coil Torque motor
Power consumption [W]
Working stroke [Nmm]
Linear deviation (%)
Critical frequency [Hz]
Electro-mechanical transducers
701-07-GB
Title D.C. switching solenoid
Guide • Magnetic field lines of a coil.
• Existence of a homogenous magnetic field within a coil without

magnet core or armature.
• Radial air gap and axial air gap form different “resistances” in the
magnetic field.
• The magnetic force acts on the armature mainly via the radial air
gap, since in this case the gap between the core and armature
remains small.
Radial air gap
Homogenous magnetic field
Magnetic field lines Axial air gap
701-08-GB
D.C. switching solenoid

701-08-GB
Title Proportional solenoid with intermediate ring
Guide • Different magnetic forces act on the armature via the axial air gap.
• Reducing the magnetic field lines via the radial air gap by means of
installing a non-magnetisable intermediate ring.
• The new distribution of the magnetic field line leads to a virtually

constant magnetic force pattern within the working stroke range.
• 1 = Magnetic force characteristic in the axial air gap

2 = Magnetic force characteristic in the radial air gap
3 = Summation characteristic curve
Radial
air gap
Axial air gap
Magnetic a
force [N]
b
6 c
3 3
2
1 = Magnetic force characteristic in the axial 1

air gap 0
2 = Magnetic force characteristic in the radial Piston
Working stroke position
air gap a b ≈ 1mm c
3 = Summation characteristic curve
701-09-GB
Magnetic a
force [N]
b
60 c
30
0
Piston
position
Proportional solenoid with intermediate ring

701-09-GB
Title Proportional solenoid, stroke controlled
Guide • The solenoid force is proportional to the electrical input signal.
• Poppet principle: The valve cone is pressed against the valve seat
via a spring; the valve opens as soon as the hydraulic force on the
valve cone exceeds the pilot force, whereby the entire spring/
plunger system is moved back.
• Spool principle: the valve piston is pushed against the spring, the
stroke movement ceases when the magnetic force and the spring
force are in equilibrium.
• Force/stroke characteristic curves:

Magnetic force with specified current values in relation to plunger
position; characteristic curve of a pressure loaded spring.
Poppet principle
Characteristic force/stroke curves
Magnetic Characteristic
force [N] spring
curve
6
Spool principle
3
0
Piston
Working stroke Idle stroke position
701-10-GB
Characteristic force/stroke curves
Magnetic
force [N]
60
30
0
Piston
position
Proportional solenoid, stroke controlled

701-10-GB
Title Proportional solenoid, force controlled
Guide • The solenoid force is proportional to the electrical input signal.
• Only poppet type valves can be operated via force controlled

solenoids.
• This valve is used as a pilot pressure valve for directional or

pressure control valves because of the reduced flow rates.
Force/current characteristic curve P
Magnetic T
force
F [N]
Poppet principle (only)
F~I
Magnetic flux I [A] T
701-11-GB
Magnetic T
force
F [N]
Magnetic flux I [A]
Proportional solenoid, force controlled

701-11-GB
12
Title Proportional solenoid, components
Guide • Construction of proportional solenoids.
• D.C. solenoid group.
• Representation of the most important components of a

proportional solenoid.
• Electro-mechanical transducer: the electrical input signal is

converted into a mechanical output signal.
Electrical connection
Non-magnetisable Venting screw

inner ring
Control cone
Compensating
spring
Core magnet
Plain bearing
Guide rod (stem)
Housing
Stop/Guide disc
Barrel magnet
Exciting coil Armature
701-12-GB
Proportional solenoid, components

701-12-GB
13
Title Electronic activation
Guide • Control stages of a proportional amplifier for magnetic flux

generation.
• The input signal is set by means of ramp time, minimum or

maximum current and pulse duration modulation.
• Both the amplification of the signal and the conversion by means

of a V/I converter take place during the output stage.
• Proportional solenoid valves are to be actuated via an adjustable

D.C. current of 0 to 800 mA.
A B
V
I P T
Y1 Y2
V
I
Setting
Setpoint Ramp of Pulse-duration V/I-converter Proportional
specification setting amplifier modulation valve
characteristic
701-13-GB
A B
V
I P T
Y1 Y2
V
I
Electronic activation
701-13-GB
14
Title Proportional amplifier
Guide • Control panel of a setpoint and amplifier card.
• W1 - W8: Input of up to 8 setpoint values.
• R1 - R4: Setting of ramps. TIME = Ramp time.
• IA - IB: Setting of initial, jump and maximum current.
• 24V, 0V: Supply voltage.
• Liquid crystal display for representation of all parameters.
+24V +24V +24V +24V
W1 A
I1
I2
R1 W1 W2 OUT W2 FUNCTION B
IA IA BASIC
R2 W3 IB IB BASIC
R3 W4 W1 IA JUMP
I3 R4 W5 W2 IB JUMP
INT W1 OE A
TIME W6 INT W1 IA MAX
INT W2 IB MAX
FUNCTION W7
D/E OUT W8 INT W2 D/E DITHERFREQ. OE B
CONTRAST
CONTRAST
0V 0V 0V 0V
701-14-GB
+24V +24V +24V +24V
W1 A
I1
I2
R1 W1 W2 OUT W2 FUNCTION B
IA IA BASIC
R2 W3 IB IB BASIC
R3 W4 W1 IA JUMP
I3 R4 W5 W2 IB JUMP
INT W1 OE A
TIME W6 INT W1 IA MAX
INT W2 IB MAX
FUNCTION W7
D/E OUT W8 INT W2 D/E DITHERFREQ. OE B
CONTRAST
CONTRAST
0V 0V 0V 0V
Proportional amplifier
701-14-GB
15
Title Ramp shaper
Guide • Left: Signal transmission in switching hydraulics.

Right: Signal transmission in proportional hydraulics with ramp shaper.
• Use of ramps for adjustable acceleration or delay of hydraulic drive

components.
• Angular setting: The ramp angle determines the adjustable speed of

the valve piston.
• Elimination of pressure peaks and switching impacts in the hydraulic

system.
• Displacement positions:
0: Retracted end position
1: Acceleration completed
2: Delay initiated (signal generator)
3: Forward end position
Displacement Displacement
Signal generator
3 3
0 3
2 0 1 23
Cylinder
1
0 0
t0 t 3 Time [t] t0 t1 t2 t3 Time [t]
Y1
100%
Control
signal Y1 Y2
0%
t0 t1 t2 t3 Time [t]
Y1
1 1
Input
Y1 Y2 signal Signal generator
0 0
t0 Time [t] t0 t2 Time [t]
701-15-GB
Displacement Displacement
3 3
0 3
2 0 1 23
1
0 0
t0 t 3 Time [t] t0 t1 t2 t3 Time [t]
Y1
100%
Y1 Y2
0%
t0 t1 t2 t3 Time [t]
Y1
1 1
Y1 Y2
0 0
t0 Time [t] t0 t2 Time [t]
Ramp shaper
701-15-GB
16
Title Minimum current – Maximum current
Guide • Setting of minimum and maximum current for adjustment of

proportional directional control valve to flow rate of hydraulic pump.
• Minimum current for adjustment of jump current to control edge.
• Maximum current or adjustment of maximum cross section of the

opening in relation to flow rate QPump.
• A linear characteristic curve runs between minimum and maximum

current.
[mA]I
80
0
Imax Setting
Amplifier
characteristic
Setting I min
0 Setpoint value 10 Volt
∆Q ≈ 0 ∆Q ≈ max.
∆s = min. ∆s = max.
701-16-GB
I [mA]
800
0 Setpoint value 10 Volt
Minimum current – Maximum current

701-16-GB
17
Title Output stage (V/I converter)
Guide • The setpoint voltage is converted into a magnetic flux in the output
stage.
• Closed-loop control of magnetic flux through comparison of setpoint

value and actual value on the measuring shunt RM.
• The closed control loop is created by means of connecting the

actual value via the feedback resistor RR.
• The closed control loop eliminates the effects resulting from

operating voltage fluctuations and/or the effects resulting from
proportional solenoid heating.
• The solenoid coil has an ohmic resistor RS and an inductive resistor

LS.
VI Input signal VV Power supply voltage
R I Input resistance RS Coil: Ohmic resistor

LS Coil: Inductive resistor
Solenoid coil
RS
RR Feedback resistor
LS
RM Measuring shunt
701-17-GB
VI VV
RI
RS
RR
LS
RM
Output stage (V/I converter)

701-17-GB
18
Title Pulse duration modulation
Guide • Recording of pulsed voltage signals and the associated magnetic

flux.
• The output voltage is maintained at a constant level. The switch-on/

switch-off ratio (pulse duration) within a time period T influences the
size of the effective magnetic flux.
• Clean-switching operations prevent excessive heating of the output

stage and power dissipation is kept to a minimum.
• An oscillating output current is obtained thanks to pulse duration

modulation. Sliding friction prevails at the plunger thanks to this
dither effect and the hysteresis is improved.
Solenoid V T = Duty cycle

voltage 24 V
I eff = Effective
magnetising current
0
Time
V T
24 V
I eff
0
Time
V T
24 V
I eff
0
Time
701-18-GB
V T = Periodendauer
24 V -
I eff
0-
Time
V T
24 V -
I eff
0-
Time
V T
24 V -
I eff
0-
Time
Pulse duration modulation

701-18-GB
19
Title Hysteresis
Guide • The friction of the valve piston spool causes a resistance to

directional movement.
• Hysteresis: Differential current during approach of a pressure or

flow rate value from different directions.
• Pulse duration modulation: Reduction of hysteresis by means of

continuous slight oscillating movement of the piston spool (sliding
friction).
• Avoidance of pressure peaks in the hydraulic system.
p [bar] ∆I
50
40
30
20
Pulse duration
modulation 10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 I [mA]
701-19-GB
p [bar]
50
40
30
20
Pulse duration
modulation 10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 I [mA]
Hysteresis
701-19-GB
20
Title Flow characteristic curves
Guide • Representation of control piston with different control notches;

Representation of the corresponding flow characteristic curves.
• Delta control edge pattern: Precision controllability for small volu-

metric flow rates, clear changes within the range of large volumetric
flow rates.
• The stroke travel of a piston with control notches corresponds to the

maximum length of the notch opening.
Q
[l/min] 8
0
100 400 700 I [mA]
Q
[l/min] 8
0
100 400 700 I [mA]
701-20-GB
Q
[l/min] 8
0
100 400 700 I [mA]
Q
[l/min] 8
0
100 400 700 I [mA]
Flow characteristic curves

701-20-GB
Title Control edge patterns
Guide • Control edge pattern for the purpose of determining the flow
behaviour of the valve.
• The adjustment of flow behaviour is linear, progressive, degressive

or generally according to the task.
• Number of precision control openings on the periphery of the control

piston depending on valve function.
• The sleeve system is easier to produce in terms of production

technology.
701-21-GB
Control edge patterns

701-21-GB
Title Piston opening ratio
Guide • Example: Actuation of a 2:1 cylinder.
• The ratio of the valve flow cross sections is adjusted to the cylinder
inlet and outlet by means of control edge pattern.
Cylinder 2:1
A B
T P T
701-22-GB
Piston opening ratio

701-22-GB
Title Piston overlap
Guide • Representation of positive, negative and zero overlap.
• Alternative designations: Overlap, underlap and zero intersection.
• The opening of the valve port is dependent on the notched opening

in relation to the control edge.
• The flow rate is also adjusted by means of the throttle opening ratio
of the control piston. The number of radially configured notches on
the control piston.
QA QL
positive
X X
QB
>0
QA QL
zero
X X
QB QL
=0
QA
negative
X X
QB
<0
701-23-GB
QA QL
X X
QB
QA QL
X X
QB QL
QA
X X
QB
Piston overlap
701-23-GB
Title Pressure relief valve, piloted
Guide • Sectional view of a pressure relief valve.
• The mode of operation corresponds to that of a conventional,

piloted pressure relief valve.
• Piloted stage: the force set for the proportional solenoid is trans-
ferred to the pilot poppet via the spring.
• As soon as the pressure acting on the pilot valve exceeds the value
set, the poppet valve opens. The venting control flow generates a
pressure drop at the main stage, whereby this opens.
p [bar]
5
4
3
2 T
P
1
TY
P
0 20 40 I [mA]
701-24-GB
p [bar]
50
40
30
20 T
P
10
TY
P
0 200 400 I [mA]
Pressure relief valve, piloted

701-24-GB
Title Pressure regulating valve, piloted
Guide • Sectional view of a piloted pressure regulating valve.
• Reduction of system pressure to a specific value.
• Application for subranges within a hydraulic system.
A
P
PY
A
701-25-GB
PY
Pressure regulating valve, piloted

701-25-GB
Title Flow control valve
Guide • Sectional view of a flow control valve.
• Normal position: all ports are closed.
• Depending on the piston deflection, control cross sections (holes in

the piston, control sleeve) and thus the flow are changed.
AB
PT
Q
l Flow characteristic curve
[ ]
A B min
8
6
4
2
P T 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 I [mA]
701-26-GB
AB
PT
Q
l
[ ]
min
8
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 I [mA]
Flow control valve

701-26-GB
Title 4/3-way valve
Guide • Essential functional components: Proportional solenoids, main spool,

reset spring.
• Multiple functions: Directional control, speed control, hydraulic

clamping of power components (throttle opening ratio).
AB
PT
T B P A
701-27-GB
AB
PT
4/3-way valve
701-27-GB
Title 4/3-way valve, piloted
Guide • Pressure relief valves for pilot control of a 4/3 proportional

directional control valve.
• Electrical signal to one of the two proportional solenoids increases

the pressure inside the control chamber of the main spool to a
specified value (relief pressure).
• The control piston is moved up to the equilibrium position with the

opposing spring action.
• High control force due to minimum control pressure of 25 bar

eliminates sensitivity to disturbance factors. This is however
associated with continuous control oil consumption.
• Without an electrical signal, the control piston is centred by means

of the springs.
AB
PT
P P
T T
Actuation B Actuation A
T A P B
701-28-GB
AB
PT
P P
T T
T A P B
4/3-way valve, piloted

701-28-GB

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© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co., 73770 Denkendorf/Germany, 2002

The copying, distribution and utilization of this document as well as the

Training contents • Fundamentals of proportional hydraulics

The advantages of this concept are:

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. • Proportional hydraulics

Proportional hydraulic system ________________________________Transparency 1

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. • Proportional hydraulics

Title Proportional hydraulic system

Guide • Classification into signal control section and power section.

• Signal processing has been further enhanced by the provision of

• The multiple function of proportional valves reduces the number of

• Proportional solenoids form the interface between the signal control

Proportional hydraulic system

Title Mobile hydraulics

Guide • Origins of mobile hydraulics. Long hose connections between

• Ratio of hand lever movement to piston deflection is approximately

• Control pattern: High-precision controllability at start of hand lever

Hand lever movement

Hand lever movement

Title Proportional valve activation

• By means of the proportional solenoid, magnetic flux is converted

• Actuation of proportional directional, pressure and flow control valves.

Proportional amplifier Proportional solenoid

Proportional valve activation

Title Honing machine

Guide • Typical machine tool employing a proportional hydraulic control

• Continuous path control on machine tools: Controlling of path,

• Smooth transition of upward and downward stroke of honing

Guide • Example for conventional electro-hydraulics:

• Use of parallel switching flow control valve for control of velocity

• Digital switching characteristics: only preset flow rates can be

• Extensive hydraulic circuit requirement.

Title Proportional hydraulics

Guide • Example for proportional hydraulics:

• Hydraulic circuit requirement considerably reduced, electrical signal

• Additional requirements for commissioning: Setting of setpoint

• Analogue valve cross section openings according to setpoint values

• Flexibility thanks to electrical control, e. g: an additional velocity

Title Electro-mechanical transducers

Guide • Proportional solenoid: Further development of switching solenoid.

• Due to its force, the servo drive of the proportional solenoid is

• Plunger coil: Also an electro-dynamic principle, whereby a force acts

• Torque motor: The effects of the permanent and electro magnets

Proportional soleonid Plunger coil Torque motor

Power consumption [W] 5 - 40 0.2 - 5 0.02 - 4

Working stroke [Nmm] 20 - 1000 8 - 80 2 - 40

Linear deviation (%) 0.5 - 6 1-7 1-2

Critical frequency [Hz] 10 - 150 100 - 200 100 - 300

Proportional solenoid Plunger coil Torque motor

Power consumption [W]

Working stroke [Nmm]

Linear deviation (%)

Critical frequency [Hz]

Title D.C. switching solenoid

Guide • Magnetic field lines of a coil.

• Existence of a homogenous magnetic field within a coil without

Radial air gap

Homogenous magnetic field

Magnetic field lines Axial air gap

D.C. switching solenoid

Title Proportional solenoid with intermediate ring

• The new distribution of the magnetic field line leads to a virtually