Structures 20 (2019) 204–212

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Structures
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Effect of material of post-cooling pipes on temperature and thermal stress in T

mass concrete
⁎
Adek Tasria, , Anita Susilawatib
a
Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Andalas, Padang 25163, Indonesia
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this study, the effects of three different types of materials of post-cooling pipes on thermal stress and tem-
Post-cooling perature gradients in mass concrete were investigated numerically. It was found that, of the three types of
Cooling pipe material cooling pipe materials observed in this study, steel pipes caused the fastest cooling and the lowest concrete
Mass concrete temperature temperature, followed by polyethylene (PEX) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. The temperature difference
Thermal stress
only occurs at locations less than 100 m from the cooling water inlet. The concrete temperatures obtained using a
steel cooling pipe can reach temperatures 70% and 36% lower than those obtained using PVC and PEX cooling
pipes, respectively. Compare to PEX and PVC cooling pipes, the steel cooling pipe can reduce the risk of cracking
associated with the expansion of the core region and the shrinkage of the surface of the concrete. However, the
steel cooling pipe increases the risk of cracking near the cooling pipe, where the tensile stress that occurs due to
the use of steel pipes can reach values 25.3% and 12.7% higher than those occurring due to the use of PVC and
PEX pipes, respectively. In high temperature regions, expansion of PEX and PVC pipes causes an increase in
thermal stress, especially in the area near the cooling pipes.

1. Introduction
The heat released from chemical reactions between cement and
water, as already known, is trapped in the core region of concrete be-
cause of the poor thermal conductivity of the concrete, while the heat in
the region near the surface of the concrete is released into the en-
vironment. Thus, the core region of the concrete has a higher tem-
perature than the region near the surface. The core region expands
more than the surface region, so the core region experiences compres-
sive stress, while the surface experiences tensile stress.
In addition to the thermal stress problems, hydration heat also
causes damage to the concrete owing to delays in ettrengite
(C3A·3CaSO4·H32) formation. If the concrete temperature is above
70 °C, ettringite, formed early in the chemical reaction between water
and cement, decomposes into hydrate monosulphate that then releases
sulphate, as reported by Taylor et al. [1]. The sulphate ion is absorbed
by the C-S-H gel resulting from the hydration reaction. Several months
or years later, when the concrete hardens, monosulphate ions and
sulphates in wet conditions react to reform ettringite. This process is
known as delayed ettringite formation (DEF). As the ettringite volume
formed in this second process is much larger than the volume of the
reactants, cracks will occur in the concrete.
To avoid the cracks caused by DEF and thermal stress, the maximum
temperature of the concrete must be kept below 70 °C, and the tem-
perature difference inside the concrete must be less than 20 °C [2]. Both
conditions can be achieved by lowering the temperature of concrete-
forming components such as cement, water, and gravel before being
mixed to form concrete, or by running cold water through a pipe em-
bedded in the concrete. The second method is known as post-cooling.
Post-cooling was used for first time at the Owyhee Dam in Oregon in
1931 [3]. Post-cooling was then used at the Hoover Dam in 1936 [4].
Since then, the post-cooling system has gained much popularity, and it
is being used in several large concrete structures [5].
One of the earliest studies on post-cooling systems was reported by
the Bureau of Reclamation [6], where the concrete was modelled as a
series of cylinders with a cooling pipe placed at the cylinder axis, while
the outer sides of the cylinder were modelled as thermally isolated
boundaries. The temperature distribution on the cylinder was calcu-
lated on the late age period, i.e. the period in which the hydration re-
action has been completed. Recent research on hydration in mass
concrete was reported by Liu [7], who calculated the temperature field
of mass concrete cooled by post-cooling systems in the late age period.
Kim [8] used a finite element method for calculating the temperature
field inside a mass concrete where cooling pipes are modelled as a line

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: adek.tasri@ft.unand.ac.id (A. Tasri).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.03.015
Received 27 November 2018; Received in revised form 24 March 2019; Accepted 26 March 2019
2352-0124/ © 2019 Institution of Structural Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Tasri and A. Susilawati
Fig. 1. (a) The concrete is modelled as a group of hexagonal cylinders.
(b) The dimensions of a hexagon cylinder used in this study.
element. The finite element governing equations for the line element
were derived from the conservation of energy in cooling fluid by
avoiding the viscous dissipation function. The line element is located at
the edge of an element of the concrete. This condition requires that the
concrete element not be smaller than the pipe diameter, and the surface
temperature of each pipe element must be assumed to be uniform.
Because there is no element between the inner surface and the outer
surface of the cooling pipe, the temperature between the two surfaces is
assumed to be the same, and this is only possible if the pipe material has
a high thermal conductivity value, such as copper or steel. A similar
approach is also used by Liu et al. [9] to calculate the temperature
inside mass concrete with a change, where the cooling pipes are mod-
elled as neighbour elements of concrete elements.
In designing a post-cooling system, there are many things to con-
sider. Among them are the cooling pipe diameter, cooling pipe thick-
ness, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the cooling pipe,
distance between cooling pipes, coefficient of convective heat transfer
from the cooling pipe to the cooling water, hydration heat, and hy-
dration time. The effect of some of these variables have examined by
several authors. Zhu [10] studied the effects of material, diameter, and
distance between cooling pipes on the average temperature of mass
concrete. In this calculation, the temperature of cooling water was as-
sumed to be constant. The effects of the properties of raw material on
the thermal characteristics of mass concrete were reported by Schackow
et al. [11]. Myers [12] calculated the effect of the distance between the
cooling pipes on the distribution of temperature inside mass concrete.
In the calculations, mass concrete was assumed to be an arrangement of
concrete cylinders with cooling pipes along their axes. The heat transfer
from concrete to cooling pipe was assumed as 1D in the radial direction
of the concrete cylinder. Similar to Kim [8], the temperature between
the inner and outer surface of the cooling pipe is assumed to be the
same. Yang et al. [13] used finite elements to calculate the effect of
double-layer heterogeneous cooling pipes on the distribution of tem-
peratures in mass concrete. Cooling pipes are treated as a solid element
with a negative heat source. The temperature obtained from the cal-
culation is the average temperature in the calculation domain, and the
temperature gradient in the calculation domain is not obtained. Zhang
et al. [14] studied thermal stress around the cooling pipe. Numerical
simulations are performed on a 2D surface perpendicular to the axis of
the cooling pipe. The cooling pipe thermal resistance is ignored. Qui
[15] also conducted numerical simulations to calculate thermal stress
caused by cooling pipes. The assumptions and methods used are the
similar to those used by Zang et al. [14]. Singh [16] conducted a nu-
merical simulation to study thermal stress on concrete cooled with
water flowed in the cooling pipe. It was found that a high thermal
205
Structures 20 (2019) 204–212
tension occurred around the cooling pipe.
Hitherto, post-cooling pipes are assumed to be made of steel, and
there is still little attention from researchers directed towards the use of
pipes from other materials, such as PEX or PVC. There is also little at-
tention from researchers to studying the effect of using cooling pipes on
thermal stress in concrete, especially in the area around the cooling
pipe, where a large temperature gradient occurs. In this study, the
temperature distribution and thermal stress in mass concrete due to the
use of three types of cooling pipes, i.e. steel, PVC, and PEX, were stu-
died numerically. The cooling water in this study is treated as an en-
vironment that receives heat from the surface of numerical elements
located on the inside surface of the cooling pipe. Thus, errors arising
from cooling pipe modelling as a set of line elements can be avoided.
A number of numerical elements are placed between the inner and
outer surfaces of the cooling pipe to avoid the assumption that the
temperatures inside and outside the pipe are the same, so that calcu-
lations are more accurate, especially for cooling pipes that have low
thermal conductivity.
The diameter of the cooling pipe, the distance between the cooling
pipes, and the cooling water flow rate used in the numerical simulations
are the values commonly used in practice, and therefore, the results
obtained from the numerical simulations are useful for the practical
application of the post-cooling system.
2. Model description
2.1. Physical model
In the post-cooling system, the cooling pipe is embedded in the
concrete in a hexagonal or rectangular arrangement. The hexagonal
arrangement, as shown in Fig. 1, is more widely used because it pro-
duces a better cooling effect [17]. In the hexagonal arrangement, re-
gions at the middle of two cooling pipes are thermally symmetric lo-
cations, as heat diffusion occurs from concrete towards the cooling pipe
and no heat passes through the middle of two cooling pipes. This as-
sumption is valid especially in the core region of mass concrete where
heat diffusion occurs equally in all directions. In the area near the
concrete surface, heat diffusion is not equal in all direction because of
the presence of heat convection from the surface to the environment,
thus assuming thermally symmetric locations are not satisfactory.
However, the effect of this convection can be neglected if the difference
in concrete surface temperature and ambient temperature is not too
large.
Thus, in the numerical calculation, the locations between the two
cooling pipes can be assumed as thermally isolated faces. As there are
A. Tasri and A. Susilawati Structures 20 (2019) 204–212

Fig. 2. (a) Sample of numerical mesh in the hexagon domain.

(b) Numerical mesh around the cooling pipe. Region between the red lines is the cooling pipe. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

six cooling pipes around each of the cooling pipes, each pipe is assumed Table 2
to be surrounded by six thermally isolated faces, so that mass concrete Thermal and mechanical properties of concrete.
can be modelled as a cluster of hexagon cylinders with a cooling pipe at Concrete [18,19]
the centre of the cylinder, as shown in Fig. 1b. A similar simplification
was also used by Zhu [10,17]. Thermal conductivity [J/(ms°C)] 0.002(1500–150r)(1.1–0.1r)
The dimension of the cross-section of the hexagon cylinder is de- Specific heat [J/(kg·°C)] 1500 − 150r
Density [kg/m3] 2420
termined by the distance between the two cooling pipes. The distance Coefficient of thermal expansion [1/°C] 1.4E–05
between the two cooling pipes in this study is 1 m, while the length of Young's modulus [Pa] 3.7E+10((r − 0.25)/0.75)0.62
the hexagon cylinder is 100 m. The diameter of the cooling pipe is Poisson's ratio [−] 0.18sin(πr/2)+ 0.5exp(−10r)
1 inch. These dimensions are the same as the dimensions commonly Compressive ultimate strength [Pa] 3.2E+07((r − 0.25)/0.75)1.40
Tensile ultimate strength [Pa] 2.1E+06((r − 0.25)/0.75)0.88
used in practical applications.
To meet the requirements of numerical solutions, 250.000 hexahe-
dral cells are generated inside the hexagon cylinder, as shown in Fig. 2. t
1
Each hexahedral cell is defined as a cell-centred control volume in the r (t ) =
Qmax
∫ q (t ) dt
thermal calculation, and is defined as a 20-nodal solid element in the 0 (1)
stress calculation.
A grid refinement test was conducted in order to make sure that the In the above equation, q(t) is the heat of hydration released at time t,
solutions are not grid dependent. while Qmax is the total heat of hydration released at the end of the
reaction. The equation of r (t) used in this study is obtained from the
regression of Schutter's experimental data [19], as shown in Eq. (2).
2.2. Properties of concrete and cooling pipe
r (t ) = (1 − Exp (−0.027t ))1.86 (2)
The effect of the three cooling pipe materials commonly used in
post-cooling on temperature and thermal stress in mass concrete is
observed in this study. The pipe materials are steel, PVC and PEX. The 2.3. Solution procedure
thermal properties of the three types of material are shown in Table 1.
The concrete used in this numerical simulation is similar to that 2.3.1. Governing equation and numerical model
used by Schutter [18,19], where the concrete composition per m3 The numerical simulation to calculate the effect of cooling pipe
consists of 300 kg of cement B III/320, 150 kg of water, 670 kg of sand, materials on temperature and thermal stress in mass concrete is done in
and 1280 kg of gravel 4/14. two steps. In the first step, the temperature distribution inside the
According to Schutter [19], the mechanical properties of the con- concrete is calculated using commercial numerical software, i.e. Ansys
crete can be formulated based on the degree of reaction, as shown in Fluent. In the second step, the temperature distribution resulting from
Table 2. The degree of reaction at t hours after mixing of the concrete- the first step is used to calculate the thermal stress using commercial
forming component is defined as the amount of hydration heat released software, i.e. Ansys Static Structure.
at time t, divided by the total hydration heat released at the end of the Ansys Fluent calculates temperature distribution in the concrete by
reaction. solving an energy equation in a solid region using finite volume
methods [20]. The energy equation is shown in Eq. (3).
Table 1
Thermal and mechanical properties of cooling pipes. ∂T
ρCP = ∇⋅k∇T + Sh
∂t (3)
Steel PVC PEX

Thermal conductivity [J/(ms°C)] 69 0.175 0.35 In Eq. (3), ρ, T, k and Sh are the density, temperature, thermal
Specific heat [J/(kg·°C)] 669 920 1930 conductivity, and hydration heat per unit of volume, respectively.
Density [kg/m3] 7800 1400 930 The hydration heat of the cement CEM III/B, used in this study, was
Coefficient thermal expansion[1/°C] 1.2E−05 5.2E−05 1.4E−04
based on the experiment done by Schutter [21] where the heat of hy-
Young's modulus [Pa] 2.02E+11 2.8E+09 8.0E+08
Poisson's ratio [−] 0.3 0.4 0.42 dration is defined as a function of the degree of reaction of cement
components, as shown in Eq. (4).

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A. Tasri and A. Susilawati
45 1 1 20 °C. This temperature is the same as the temperature of river water,
Sh (t ) = 13.661[sin(rp π )]0.667 exp(−3. 5rp + ( − )) +
R 293 273 + T
80 1 1 countries in Southeast Asia. The cooling water flow rate must be high
1.06(sin(rs π ))0.667 exp ( ( − ))
R 293 273 + T
T, R, rp and rs in Eq. (4) are concrete temperature, the universal gas
constant, the degrees of reaction of the Portland and slag components of
cement CEM III/B, respectively. The equation of rp and rs is obtained
from the regression of the Schutter's experimental data [19]. The
equations for rp and rs are shown as Eqs. (5) and (6):
rP (t ) = [1 − Exp ( −0.025t )]1.68
rs (t ) = [1 − Exp ( −0.16(t − 26))]7.6 26 ≤ t < 34
rs (t ) = 0 elsewhere
The heat of hydration (Eq. (4)) is then written in C++ code and
read by numerical software Fluent as a user-defined function, to be used
as a source term in the finite volume solution of the energy equation,
i.e. the Eq. (3).
The thermal stresses are calculated using the minimum potential
energy principle for elastic bodies, which states that the actual dis-
placement solution of a total potential energy function of a structure is
that which renders the total potential energy minimum. The total po-
tential energy is a summation of strain energy and energy of external
force:
EP = ES + (−Ex )
In the above, EP is the potential energy, ES is the strain energy, and
Ex is the energy of external force applied to the bodies. The strain en-
ergy is the elastic energy stored in the deformed structure, and is
computed by integrating the strain energy density over the entire vo-
lume of the structure.
ES = ∫ 12 [[D]{ε}2] dΩ − ∫Ω [D] ({εcr } + {εT }) dΩ
Ω (8)
[D], {ε}, {εcr} and {εT} are the stiffness, total strain, creep strain,
and thermal strain respectively.
The energy caused by external forces is the product of multiplication
of the applied force and displacement vector, as shown in Eq. (9).
Ex = {F }{d}
{F} and {d} are the applied force and displacement vector, respec-
tively. Substituting ES and Ex in Eq. (7) with Eq. (8) and Eq. (9) and
minimizing the value of EP results in the following equation:
∫ [B]T [D][B] dΩ {d } = {F } + ∫ [B]T [D]{ε cr } dΩ + ∫ [B]T [D] εT dΩ
Ω Ω Ω
(10)
In Eq. (10), [B] is strain displacement matrix. Eq. (10) is then solved
to get the displacement vector. By using the displacement vector, stress
is calculated using the stress-strain relation in Eq. (11).
{σ } = [D] ({ε } − {εcr } − {εT }) (11)
{ε} in Eq. (11) is a derivation of displacement vector {d}.
2.3.2. Boundary and initial conditions
Concrete cooling is performed directly after adding water to the
concrete-forming components. Numerical simulations to calculate the
concrete temperature are also conducted immediately after the addition
of water. However, thermal stress began to be calculated after strength
development occurred. Based on the experimental data of Schutter
[19], development of strength began to occur at the degree of reaction
of 0.25, which is 23.5 h after the addition of water.
The initial temperature of the concrete used in this study is 30 °C.
These temperatures are temperatures commonly found in practical
applications in Southeast Asia.
The temperature of cooling water at the inlet of cooling pipe is
Structures 20 (2019) 204–212
which is generally used as a cooler in the post-cooling system in many
(4) enough so that the flow is in the turbulent region, to obtain a high
convection coefficient. The rate of 2 gal per minute was used in this
study.
There are two types of boundary on the calculation domain (Fig. 2),
the inner surfaces of the cooling pipes and the outer surfaces of the
hexagon domain. The inner surfaces of cooling pipes are convective
boundaries, while the outer surfaces of the hexagon domain are ther-
(5) mally isolated boundaries.
At the convective boundaries, the temperature of cooling water at
the inlet, mass flow rate of cooling water, temperature of cooling water
(6) next to the surfaces of a control volume located on the inner surface of
the cooling pipe, and heat transfer coefficient are needed in the nu-
merical calculation.
During the cooling process, heat moves from the surfaces of the
control volume that are located on the inner surface of the cooling pipe
to the cooling water, through a convection process. The amount of
convective heat that moves from surfaces of control volumes between
locations P–1 and point P, is calculated by Newton's law of cooling:
TP − 1 + TP T + TW
q = hA ⎛ − W −1 ⎞
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ (12)
h and A in Eq. (12) are the convective heat transfer coefficient and
(7)
the surface area between points P–1 and point P, respectively. TP is the
average temperature of the finite volume faces P that are located on the
inner surface of the cooling pipe and have the same distance from the
inlet of cooling water, as shown in Fig. 3. Similar to TP, TP−1 is the
average temperature of the control volume faces located upstream of
faces P. TW and TW−1 are temperatures of cooling water at points W and
W–1. The convection heat is the same as the increase in the sensible
heat of the cooling water between points W–1 and W:
̇ W − mCT
q = mCT ̇ W −1 (13)
ṁ and C in Eq. (13) are mass flow rate of cooling water and specific
heat capacity of cooling water repectively.
The cooling water temperature at point W is obtained from Eqs. (12)
and (13).
(9)
̇ − hA/2) TW − 1 + hA/2(TP − 1 + TP )
(mC
Tw =
(mĊ + hA/2) (14)
The convective heat transfer coefficients for laminar and turbulent
flow are given in Eqs. (15) and (16), respectively [22].
Fig. 3. Cooling water flow and finite volume faces on inner surface of cooling
pipe.
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A. Tasri and A. Susilawati
Fig. 4. Temperature of cooling water along cooling pipe at different time:
(a) t = 10 h; (b) t = 70 h; (c) t = 120 h.
Fig. 5. Temperature of cooling water at three different locations from the inlet of cooling water:
(a) 0.5 m; (b) 50 m; (c) 99.5 m.
k 3. Result
h = 4.36
D (15)
h = 0.023(Re)0.8 (Pr)0.3 (16)
In Eqs. (15) and (16), k, D, Re, and Pr are the thermal conductivity
of cooling water, the diameter of the cooling pipe, and the Reynolds
number and Prandtl number, respectively.
The cooling water temperature function, Eq. (14), was then written
in C++ code and read by Fluent as a user-defined function.
In the thermal stress calculations, the concrete is assumed to not
experience restrain stress, result from external limitation of deforma-
tion, on its surface. So that the surface of the hexagon cylinder can be
modelled as a free-moving surface, as also used by Zang [14] and Qiu
[15].
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Structures 20 (2019) 204–212
Fig. 4 shows the temperature of the cooling water along the cooling
pipe. It is seen that the steel pipes produce the highest water tem-
perature, followed by PEX and PVC. The temperature rises with in-
creasing time and then drops after reaching the maximum values, as
shown in Fig. 5. The decrease in temperature occurs because the rate of
heat production by hydration reaction is smaller than the heat ab-
sorption rate by the cooling water.
The change of concrete temperature over time at three different
locations along the cooling pipe, i.e. 0.5 m, 50 m, and 99.5 m from the
inlet of cooling water, is shown in Fig. 6. It is shown that the highest
difference in concrete temperatures occurs in locations adjacent to
cooling pipe and 0.5 m from the cooling water inlet, where the concrete
temperature obtained using steel cooling pipe is 70% and 36% lower
A. Tasri and A. Susilawati Structures 20 (2019) 204–212

Fig. 6. The change of concrete temperature over time at three different locations along the cooling pipe i.e. (a) 0.5 m (b) 50 m (c) 99.5 m from inlet of cooling water.
For each of these locations the temperature distributions are plotted at three radial positions i.e. adjacent to cooling pipe, 0.257 m and 0.5 m from cooling pipe.

than that obtained from using PVC and PEX cooling pipe, respectively. section of the concrete in Fig. 7. At the location of 99.5 m from the
The temperature differences are reduced towards the downstream of cooling water inlet and 0.5 m from the cooling pipe, there was no sig-
the cooling water flow and away from the cooling pipe. These condi- nificant difference in temperature produced by the three types of
tions are also seen at the curve of average temperature of the cross- cooling pipes. It is also shown that the highest concrete temperature

209
A. Tasri and A. Susilawati Structures 20 (2019) 204–212

Fig. 7. Average temperature on concrete cross-section located at three different locations from inlet of cooling water; (a) 0.5 m; (b) 50 m; (c) 99.5 m.

Fig. 8. Temperatures along the radius (line ab in Fig. 1) of the hexagon cylinder at 70 h after water addition to concrete components. The temperatures are shown at
three different locations along the cooling pipe i.e. (a) 0.5 m; (b) 50 m; (c) 99.5 m from inlet of cooling water.

occurs approximately 70 h after the mixing of concrete components.
The concrete temperature along the radial directions 70 h after
water addition to concrete components is shown in Fig. 8. It is shown
that, approximately 100 m from the cooling water inlet, there are no
significant differences in the temperature of the concrete in the use of
the three types of cooling pipes.
The low concrete temperatures in the use of steel cooling pipes re-
duces the temperature difference between the core and the surface of
the concrete, thus reducing the risk of cracking caused by expansion of
the core region and shrinkage of the surface of the concrete. Besides the
fast cooling process, there are a number of disadvantages of using steel
cooling pipes. The steel cooling pipes cause a higher gradient of con-
crete temperature, especially near the cooling pipes, as shown in Fig. 8.
The temperature gradient causes thermal stress in the concrete. The
thermal stresses related to the temperature distribution in Fig. 8 are
shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 10 shows changes in thermal stress at three locations along the
cooling pipe. The thermal stresses look to increase with time, and de-
creases after reaching its maximum value. This is owing to a decrease in
the temperature gradient around the cooling pipe caused by a decrease
in the amount of heat produced by the hydration reaction. Fig. 10
shows that the highest tensile stress is produced by steel pipes at 0.5 m
downstream of the cooling water inlet, where the tensile stress that has
a value 1.66E+07 Pa. The tensile stress is 25.3% and 12.7% higher
than the maximal tensile stress generated by the use of PVC and PEX,
respectively.
Thermal stress that is higher than the tensile strength in this si-
mulation is caused by the large difference in the temperature of the
concrete with the temperature of the cooling water. In practical ap-
plications this high temperature difference occurs in the core area of the
mass concrete. Meanwhile, in areas near the surface of the concrete, the
high temperature difference may not occur because the regions get
additional cooling in the form of heat convection into the environment.
Compared to the thermal expansion coefficient of concrete, the
thermal expansion coefficients of PEX and PVC pipes are higher, while
the thermal expansion coefficients of steel pipes are slightly lower. At
high temperatures, PEX and PVC pipes expand more than concrete,
whereas the opposite occurs in steel pipes. Expansion of PEX and PVC
pipes produces pressure on the concrete surface. This pressure causes an
increase in thermal stress in the area near the cooling pipe. In high-

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Fig. 9. Maximal principal stresses along the radius (line ab in Fig. 1) of the hexagon cross-section, 70 h after water addition to concrete components, at three
difference locations along the cooling pipe i.e. (a) 0.5 m; (b) 50 m; (c) 99.5 m from inlet of cooling water.

Fig. 10. Maximal principal stresses in the concrete at the position adjacent to cooling pipe located.
(a) 0.5 m, (b) 50 m and (c) 99.5 m form the inlet cooling water.

temperature areas, thermal stress generated from the use of PEX pipes
even matches the thermal stress of steel pipe usage, although the
temperature gradient in the use of PEX pipes is lower than that in the
use of steel pipes. Thermal stress generated by the use of steel pipes,
PEX and PVC in high temperature areas is shown in Fig. 10c.
4. Conclusion
Numerical simulations have been performed on concrete at an early
age that is cooled by a post-cooling system to determine the effect of the
type of material of the cooling pipe on the temperature and thermal
stress in the concrete. Based on the thermal properties, mechanical
properties, initial temperature of the concrete, and cooling water tem-
perature used in this study, several conclusions can be drawn:
1. Of the three types of cooling pipes observed in this study, steel pipes
produced the fastest cooling and the lowest concrete temperature,
followed by PEX and PVC. The difference in concrete temperature
only occurs at locations less than 100 m from the cooling water inlet.
At a location of more than 100 m from the cooling water inlet, there
is no difference in the concrete temperatures in the use of the three
types of cooling pipe.
2. The largest temperature difference occurs in the region adjacent to
the cooling pipe, located near the inlet of cooling water, where the
temperature of the concrete that occurs in the use of steel cooling
pipes is 70% and 36% lower than those obtained in the use of PVC
and PEX pipes, respectively.
3. The largest tensile stress difference occurs in the region adjacent to
the cooling pipe, located near the inlet of cooling water, where the
tensile stress that occurs in the use of steel pipes is 25.3% and 12.7%
higher, respectively, than those obtained in the use of PVC and PEX
pipes.
4. Compare to PVC and PEX pipes, the steel cooling pipe can reduce
the risk of cracking caused by expansion of the core region and
shrinkage of the surface of the concrete. However, the steel cooling
pipe increases the risk of cracking near the cooling pipe, because the
steel cooling pipe causes a high tensile stress at those locations.
5. In high temperature regions, expansion of PEX and PVC pipes causes

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an increase in thermal stress, especially in the area near the cooling concrete. J Constr Eng Manag 1997;125(1):61–8.
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[12] Myers TG, Fowkes ND, Ballim Y. Modeling the cooling of concrete by piped water. J
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