Professional Documents
Culture Documents
net/publication/281703588
CITATIONS READS
0 3,513
2 authors, including:
Kartik Basu
Multimedia University
62 PUBLICATIONS 415 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Elimination of inrush current in parallel transformers by sequential phase energization View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Kartik Basu on 30 November 2015.
Biographical notes: Kartik P. Basu received his BEE, MEE and PhD (Eng.)
degrees from the Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, in 1961, 1967 and 1974,
respectively. His research interests include power system operation, control,
protection and electric drives. He has authored and co-authored more than 100
journal and conference papers. Presently, he is working as a Professor in the
Multimedia University, Malaysia.
1 Introduction
2 Zigzag transformer
Figure 1 shows the winding connection of a zigzag transformer in detail on the limbs of
its core.
Fluxes produced by the currents Ia, Ib, and Ic are φa, φb, and φc, respectively. In each limb
of the core the fluxes produced by the two windings, having equal number of turns,
oppose each other.
2.1 Low zero sequence and high positive and negative sequence impedance
φa = aφ b = a 2 φc (1)
φa = a 2 φ b = aφc (2)
φa = φ b = φc (3)
Source voltages, having positive and negative sequence component of voltages E+ and E–
respectively, are:
VAN = E + + E − , VBN = a 2 E + + aE − , and VCN = aE + + a 2 E − (6)
Figure 3 Current distribution in transformer and load during single phasing condition
Zigzag transformer 271
From Figure 3:
I A = 0; IB = Ib − Ia ; IC = Ic − Ia ; Ia + I b + Ic (8)
I N = I n − 3Ia (9)
Ia, Ib, Ic are load currents per phase and In is neutral current of load.
For balanced load
Opening of any one phase increases the neutral current, IN. As a consequence voltage
drop in the open phase becomes higher.
The zigzag transformer offers a very low zero sequence impedance. Under normal
operating condition, even the presence of small zero sequence voltage in the supply,
produces large current through the zigzag transformer. Therefore, under normal operating
condition the neutral of zigzag transformer is kept disconnected from the supply neutral.
3.1 Combined AC-DC power flow through one transmission line (Basu and
Khan, 2001; Rahman and Khan, 2004, 2007, 2006; Basu and Rahman,
2005)
To keep a power system stable during transient disturbances long EHV AC lines are
loaded much below their thermal limit. They may be loaded to a very high value if DC
current superimposed with AC current flows through the same conductor. The added DC
power flow does not cause any transient instability.
Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram for the combined AC-DC power
transmission through the same transmission line. At the sending end a delta-zigzag-star
transformer is used to supply the power to a three-phase single circuit transmission
line. The receiving end load is connected through a zigzag-deltastar transformer.
The rectifier bridge provides DC power, which is fed to the neutral point of the zigzag
connected secondary of sending end transformer. At receiving end the inverter bridge
reconverts DC to AC again. The zigzag winding neutral point of the receiving end
transformer is connected to the inverter bridge. Both DC and three-phase AC power
are carried by the single transmission line. AC current, Ia, per conductor along with
one third of the total DC current is carried by each conductor of the line. The DC
flows through the ground to complete its path. Cancellation of flux produced
by DC current flowing through zigzag windings at both end of transmission line avoids
saturation of transformer core. Harmonics in DC current is reduced to a great extent by
using a high value of reactor Xd.
272 K.P. Basu and N.M. Hanoon
Figure 5 shows the equivalent circuit of the combined AC-DC scheme under steady state
operating condition with assumptions of
1 constant current control of rectifier
2 constant extinction angle control of inverter.
The return current path of AC is shown by dotted line in Figure 5. The total DC current,
Id, returns through the ground. One third of the DC current, Id / 3, superimposed with the
AC current Ia, flows through each conductor of the line. Ia is the RMS value of AC
current. Total RMS current per conductor at any point of the line is:
I = Ia2 + ( Id 3)
2
(11)
And
Zigzag transformer 273
PL ≅ 3I 2 R (12)
PL is the power loss of the line and R is the resistance per phase.
It is to be noted that Ia is much less than Ith, the conductor current rating indicating its
allowable temperature rise. To maintain the transient stability of the system, if Ia = x . Ith;
where x < 1, the maximum value of DC current is:
Id = 3 (1 − x 2 )I th (13)
The conductor current, I, is asymmetrical. If (Id / 3) < √2Ia, then two zero-crossings of
current wave in each cycle are observed.
With respect to ground the peak value of each conductor voltage is:
where RZ = resistance of the zigzag transformer per phase and RG = ground resistance
offered to Id. Resistance of the DC line conductor is assumed to be equal to the resistance
′ . Thus, the
per phase of the AC line. For a long line, 2RZ < R, and PLdc is less than PLdc
combined AC-DC power flow is more energy efficient.
274 K.P. Basu and N.M. Hanoon
Figure 6 Schematic diagram of combined AC-DC transmission through converted double circuit
ac line
The idea of combined AC-DC power transmission may also be extended to double circuit
EHV AC transmission line. The DC current flows from sending to receiving end from
one line and returns back through the other line. The drawback of ground return of DC
current in single circuit AC line is eliminated. The basic scheme of double circuit AC-DC
transmission with double circuit AC line is shown in Figure 6. All the four transformers
connected to the two transmission lines at the sending and receiving ends have zigzag
windings to interface DC power supply with AC power line.
Power losses in the combined AC-DC power transmission system through
double-circuit three-phase AC line may be compared with a system having a
double-circuit three-phase line transmitting only AC power operating in parallel with a
bi-polar DC line having grounded mid-point and transmitting DC power. AC power loss
remains equal in both the systems. DC power losses are:
Zigzag transformer 275
Thus, the combined AC-DC power flow is more energy efficient for long lines.
Figure 7 Zigzag transformer with fast switching arrangement for power transfer
With no disturbance in the system the loads get the three-phase supply directly from the
source. The neutral point of zigzag transformer is kept open.
LG fault may cause power interruption or voltage sag in any one phase. Sensing low
voltage at any one phase, a voltage sensitive relay may be programmed to open the
supply of the faulty phase by opening the corresponding ‘Ta’ contact and simultaneously
closing the ‘Tn’ contact (refer Figure 7). So, the zigzag transformer is now connected
across a two-phase supply and rebuilds the three-phase voltage across the load. As the
zero sequence impedance of the zigzag transformer is very low the magnitude of open
phase voltage does not differ too much from that of the healthy phases particularly with
low values of ground resistance. Approximately balanced three-phase supply is available
across the adjustable speed drive (ASD). Rated power of the zigzag transformer is same
as that of the three-phase load. It has very short time rating as the voltage disturbance
persists for a short period. So, the transformer cost becomes low.
A static switching device is used to open contact ‘Ta’ and to close contact ‘Tn’. Thus,
the power failure time is reduced to 0.02 second or only one cycle.
276 K.P. Basu and N.M. Hanoon
The capacitors across the DC load and the inverter of the ASD must have the ride
through capability to maintain the voltage for 0.02 sec. For any single-phase AC load
there will be a power failure of 0.02 second only.
When phase ‘A’ opens, currents in phases ‘B’ and ‘C’ become √3 times (each) of the
normal. The voltage disturbance period is very short and the system is expected to carry
this current without excessive overheating.
When power interruption occurs in one phase, the current in two healthy phases become
Iph (each) and the neutral current is also Iph.
Output power = 2Vph I ph cosφ; Input power = 2Vph I ph cosφ + 3I ph 2 R (20)
I A = 0, I B = IC = √ 3I ph and I N = 3I ph (21)
Therefore, the energy efficiency of the converted system is less than that of the two-phase
system for any load during LTPI.
278 K.P. Basu and N.M. Hanoon
4 Experimental verification
Simple laboratory experiments were conducted in a power system lab to verify the
validity of the simultaneous AC-DC power transmission and maintenance of three-phase
voltage during the interruption of power in any one phase of three-phase supply.
Notes: Ratings: supply (G) – three-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz; transformers (TR1, TR2)
each – three-phase, 1.5 kVA, 400 V/400 V, delta-zigzag, 50 Hz; transmission
line (represented by reactance X) – three-phase, 400 V, 20 mH/phase;
load – three-phase induction motor – star connected, 400 V, 50 Hz, 1.17 A,
0.37 kW, 1,400 rpm; DC supply – 120 V battery; DC load – 100 Ω resistor;
DC reactor – XD – 100 mH.
The experimental result showed that there was no saturation of TR1 and TR2 with the
DC current of 1.2 A flowing through the 100 Ω resistor. The induction motor current was
0.8 A/phase at no load.
5 Conclusions
Zigzag transformer, having very low value of zero sequence reactance, is traditionally
used as grounding transformer in a delta connected power supply system. Equal amount
of DC current flowing through each winding of a zigzag transformer does not saturate the
core due to flux cancellation. The property of no DC current saturation may be used to
superimpose DC current in EHV AC transmission line by using the zigzag transformer as
the interfacing device. Combined ACDC transmission through the same line is possible
and the advantage of AC line operating in parallel with DC transmission line is obtained.
Energy efficiency of combined AC-DC transmission is increased.
280 K.P. Basu and N.M. Hanoon
The zigzag transformer also regenerates three phase supply from a two phase supply
with neutral. Thus, the transformer may be able to maintain three phase voltage during
STPI of any one phase. In this case, the zigzag transformer is interfacing a two-phase,
three-wire supply with a three-phase, four-wire load.
Energy efficiency of the converted three-phase, four-wire system is always less than
the two-phase system during LTPI.
Simple laboratory experiments illustrate the validity of the possible new applications
of zigzag transformers.
References
ABB (1997) Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, ABB.
Basu, K.P. and Hafidz, S.A. (2008) ‘Mitigation of single-phase voltage sag and swell with zigzag
transformer’, Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, 2008.
DRPT 2008: Third International Conference on, 6–9 April 2008, Nanjing, China,
pp.2369–2373.
Basu, K.P. and Khan, B.H. (2001) ‘Simultaneous AC-DC power transmission’, Journal of the
Institution of Engineers (India), June, Vol 82, No. 3, pp.32–35.
Basu, K.P. and Moleykutty, G. (2011) ‘Maintenance of three-phase load voltage during single
phase auto reclosing in medium voltage distribution lines’, International Journal of Emerging
Electric Power Systems, July, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.1–15.
Basu, K.P. and Mukerji, S.K. (2004) ‘Experimental investigation into operation under
single-phasing condition of a three-phase induction motor connected across a zigzag
transformer’, IEEE Transaction on Education, August, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp.365–368.
Basu, K.P. and Rahman, H. (2005) ‘Feasibility study of conversion of double circuit AC
transmission line for simultaneous AC-DC power transmission’, IEEE Sixth International
Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2005), Malaysia, 28 November–1
December, pp.972–976.
Basu, K.P., Hafidz, S.A., Nor, N.M. and George, M. (2013) ‘Rebuilding of three-phase load
voltage during single-phase auto reclosing in medium voltage distribution lines’, International
Journal of Electric Power & Energy Systems, December, Vol. 53, No. 12, pp.478–481.
Basu, K.P., Nor, N.M. and Hafidz, S.A. (2011) ‘Mitigation of power supply disturbance in
electronic loads’, Energy, IEEE International Conference on Automation, and Signal (ICEAS),
December, pp.1–5.
Rahman, H. and Khan, B.H. (2004) ‘Enhanced power transfer by simultaneous transmission of
AC-DC: a new facts concept’, IEEE Second International Conference on Power Electronics,
Machine and Drive Systems (PEDS 2004), pp.186–191.
Rahman, H. and Khan, B.H. (2006) ‘Power upgrading by simultaneous AC-DC power transfer in a
double circuit AC line’, IEEE Power India Conference, pp.1–7.
Rahman, H. and Khan, B.H. (2007) ‘Power upgrading of transmission line by combining AC-DC
transmission’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 22, No. 1, pp.459–466.
Shen, M., Ingratta, L. and Roberts, G. (2008) ‘Grounding transformer application, modeling, and
simulation’, Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of
Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp.1–8, IEEE.