From: "Kashf Awan"

To: "saeedbutt180@hotmail.com"
Date: Thursday, December 10, 2015 10:07:03 PM
Subject: Assignment on Initial Problems Of Pakistan.

P.Stu

PAKISTAN STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT ON:-
INITIAL PROBLEMS OF
PAKISTAN.
PRESENTED TO:
SIR SAEED
AHMAD BUTT.
PRESENTED BY:
KASHF SHOAIB
MALIK.
BFA (PAINTING)
 INTRODUCTON:

Pakistan was established as the fifth most populous and biggest Muslim state on
14th august,1947. Lord Mountbatten the last Viceroy of united India came to Karachi to hand over
power to the first constituent assembly of Pakistan. He addressed the assembly and briefly
highlighted the events which had led to the creation of Pakistan as an independent and sovereign
state.

Along with its creation, it was handed on infinite number of problems because of British
India animosity.

Initial Problems:

An overview of initial problems at the time of creation of Pakistan is as follows:

⦁ Congress Reaction on the Establishment of Pakistan.

⦁ Formation of government machinery.

⦁ Division of Armed Forces and Military Assets.

⦁ The massacre of Muslim refugees and their influx in Pakistan.

⦁ Division of Financial Assets.

⦁ Canal Water Dispute.

⦁ Economic Problems.

⦁ Linguistic Riots & Political Problems.

⦁ Tehreek-e-Khatam-e-Nabuwat.
1. Congress Reaction on the Establishment of Pakistan:

The British and Hindus at last had to surrender before the exemplary struggle of the Muslims of
India. The Hindus and Congress however, did not accept the partition and emergence of Pakistan
from the core of their heart. They always looked for the opportunities to create problems for the
newly born state of Pakistan. The Indian leaders had accepted the partition in the hope of undoing it
soon and re-establishing their hegemony over the whole sub-continent.

According to Breecher;

"Most of the congress leaders and Nehru among them, subscribe to the

view that Pakistan was not a viable State - politically, economically,

geographically, militarily - and that sooner or later the areas which had

ceded would be compelled to the force of circumstances to return to the

fold.''

But Quaid-e-Azam declared;

''Pakistan had come to exist forever and it will by the Grace of God will exist

for ever.''

2. Formation of Government Machinery:

Pakistan came into existence under the most appalling conditions. The government of
Pakistan could not get enough time to set up workable administrative machinery because of the
great difficulties created by the Congress. The Indian government adopted delaying tactics in
transferring the government servants and official records which aggravated the situation.

The Quaid-e-Azam paid his immediate attention towards setting up of the administrative
machinery. He became the first Governor General of Pakistan. He had full authority on civil as well as
armed forces of Pakistan. He formed his cabinet with Liaquat Ali Khan as the first prime minister of
Pakistan. Karachi was made the capital of Pakistan. Special arrangements were made to bring
officials who had opted for Pakistan. Central secretariat was established at Karachi. The government
officials began working with zeal and zest and sentiments of sacrifice. There was no office
equipments, no furniture, no official record and no stationary to pull the official routine.

In order to put the administrative machinery on smooth sailing, the civil services were re-
organized in the light of the formula given by Chauhdary Muhammad Ali. The Quaid-e-Azam advised
the government officials on 11th October, 1947:

‘This is a challenge for us. If we were to survive as a nation we will have to

face
 these difficulties with a stern hand. Our people are disorganized and
worried

because of the problems they are facing. We have to encourage them to

pull out

of despair. It has put great difficulty on the administration and people look
to

you for guidance.’

3. DIVISION OF ARMED FORCES AND MILITRY ASSETS:-

“It was an excruciatingly difficult task since the process of splitting up of the Indian armed forces to
create two selfsufficient defence establishments could not be completed in time for the transfer of
power.”12 In the beginning, the British government was not in favour of division of the British Indian
Army and considered the division as the suicidal for the institution. “Until the very end, and indeed
even after transfer of power, Mountbatten continued his efforts to get two sides to accept some
sort of common defence arrangement.”13 Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchnileck, the then Commander
in Chief was also against the division of the armed forces. Hence, he opposed the idea of the division
of the armedforces. “To divide great Indian Army was too difficult task for the British government.
No one believed that the division of Indian army could be done in such a short time.”14 “A common
defence arrangement based on parity between Pakistan and India was in any case unacceptable for
the Congress High Command.”15 But circumstances favoured the division of the armed forces.
Therefore, the British Government agreed to divide armed forces. “Division was accepted, whether
willingly or reluctantly, by all parties, but when it came to giving it a practical shape, the Indians
showed a lack of good grace, that was to prove a great embarrassment to Pakistan in these critical
days.”16 Since the partition of Subcontinent, India like Pakistan was dependent on the British
officers, who headed all three military services. While Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchnileck actually
continued in overall command of both dominion armies for almost half a year following August 15.
“Nehru like Jinnah depended on several British governors to serve independent India in their same
official capacities.”17 The British officials, who were working in India and Pakistan in several civil and
military institutions, utilized the policy of divide and rule and succeeded. Field Marshal Claude
Auchnileck issued the secret orders to all the British officers who served India or Pakistan without
informing and keeping in confidence the officials of Pakistan. Consequently, India and Pakistan went
to war. “The seeds of this conflict were laid in the final map of partition that ceded territory to India
in the Punjab which gave its land bridge to Kashmir, and in the spontaneous and horrific breakdown
of civil order that led to attacks on Muslim, Hindu and Sikh caravans and trainloads of refugees
moving from their homes to the safety of their respective new country.”

4. THE MASSACRE OF MUSLIM REFUGEES AND THEIRE INFLUX IN PAKISTAN:-

At midnight, on August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan strode to freedom. The
British could have set a deadline for the accession of all princely states before 14 August 1947
but for some odd reasons they opted to avoid setting of such a date. The division of the Indian
subcontinent involved the partition of two large provinces of Punjab and Bengal. Nobody
expected the kind of population exchange that took place once London signaled its intention to
leave its Indian Empire in the hands of the two successor states. What followed was "ethnic
cleansing" - a term that was to gain currency later in the 20th century.
The holding up of trains and the massacre of all those from the opposite community of the gangs
that held them up became the virtual hallmark of partition violence. By 15 August the rail service
in the Punjab was seriously disturbed following killings in Lahore station. On 24 August, railtravel
was officially declared unsafe throughout east and west Punjab. Guarding refugee trains
imposed an additional burdenon the Boundary Force, for, it must be remembered, no transfer of
populations was intended to occur. However, 11 Brigade at Jullundur found it necessary by mid-
August to allocateone of its six under-strength battalions to fulltime railway guardduty. Moreover,
by the end of the month, 70 per cent of the attacks on trains had taken place in areas - including
princely states - outside the Boundary Force's authority.In the riots which preceded the partition
in the Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 500,000 people were killed in the retributive
genocide between the religions.UNHCR estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were
displaced during the partition; it was the largest mass migration in human history.

5. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS:-

The first objection to be made to the creation of Pakistan was that the state would not be
economically viable, that is, it would not have the finances to survive. After Pakistan was created,
the Government of India refused to give its share of financial assets. The excuse that Nehru gave for
this was that since there was a war over Kashmir, by handing over the financial resources India
would be helping Pakistan to defeat it. Mahatma Gandhi however saw the injustice of this. He went
on hunger strike against the Government of India, so that it was forced to hand over 17.5 per cent of
Pakistan's share. Gandhi was killed by a member of an extremist political group in India, one of the
reasons for whose anger with Gandhi was the fact that he had helped Pakistan.

Yet, despite the amount that was received, which was just one installment of the amount due,
Pakistan was seriously short of finances. As has been mentioned before, the *Nizam of Hyderabad
sent a cheque fora large sum of money, but Nehru did not allow it to be encashed. Pakistan
overcame this financial crisis, the worst in its history, with the help of its businessmen.

Pakistan's economy was indeed very weak at the time. It was too dependent on agriculture, which
contributed 60 per cent of its income. The savings rate was as low as 5 per cent of the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), which is very low. GDP means the total value of the goods and services
produced by the country in one year. To take an example, suppose a country produces 100 tons of
bananas which sell for Rs 50,000 a ton, the income from the domestic product, bananas, is Rs 50
million in a year. The country also offers tourism, which fetches Rs 20 million a year. Tourism is a
service and like bananas it is also a 'product' since it is marketed by the people of the country. The
GDP of this country is then, Rs 70 million.

6. CANAL WATER DISPUTE:-

The Canal Waters dispute, like the Kashmir war, had its origin in the Radcliffe Awards. Just as the
award of Gurdaspur to India was responsible for giving India access to Kashmir, the award of
Ferozpur and Zira to India resulted in the Canal Waters dispute. All three were Muslim majority
districts, and were given to India for a purpose.

The British had developed the upper Indus basin as an integrated unit having a vast irrigation
network. The Radcliffe Award gave India the Ferozpur Headworks that controlled the Sutlej River as
well as the Madopur Headworks controlling the River Ravi. An Arbitral Tribunal was set up under Sir
Patrick Spens, which recommended that the flow of water to Pakistan should not be stopped.
Immediately after the Tribunal was wound up in April 1948, the Indian Government actually cut off
the flow of water to Pakistan. Since this was in breach of international law which holds that an upper
riparian country cannot interfere with the existing irrigation of the lower riparian country, the supply
was partially restored. This long standing dispute was apparently resolved in 1960 when Nehru came
to Karachi to sign an agreement with President Ayub and Eugene Black, Vice-President of the World
Bank. India is continuing with its Baglihar project despite Pakistan's protests and this threatens to
upset the Indus Basin Treaty of 1960.

Recently the World Bank has been asked to arbitrate between India and Pakistan and has prepared a
report which awaits consideration.

7. DIVISION OF FINANCIAL ASSESTS:-

The full financial share of Pakistan was not transferred. Initially rupees 200 million were transferred
that were not sufficient to meet the expenditures of the newly born state. The Indian government
was so reactionary that it tried its level best to block these funds to suffocate the newly born Muslim
state as they expected foolishly that Pakistan would collapse and rejoin India soon after its
existence. They did not release the remaining funds until Gandhi’s threat of marn bert (fast until
death). Under this pressure, more funds were sent in early 1948 but no installment was later paid.

3: Integration of Princely States

There were over 560 princely states in India on the verge of the partition
of India. About 500 states had joined India before August 15 because of the
motivation by V. P. Menon and Mountbatten. The princes were inclined to
honor every gesture of the British representative so they conceded what the
member of the Royal family (Mountbatten) wished. The Hindu-British
conspiracy blocked states to join Pakistan.

a- Junagadh
It was a small state with access to sea having about 7 lakh population and 3377
mile area. The ruler was Muslim while the majority of its population was
Hindu. The ruler decided to accede toPakistan and Pakistan also accepted the
accession. In November 1947, the Indian troops entered the state and took its
control. The referendum favoured India.

b- Hyderabad

It was geographically big and financially a rich state. Its ruler was Muslim and
majority population was Hindu. It was surrounded by India from all sides. The
Nizam wanted to stay independent. Mountbatten discouraged him and
signed Standstill Agreement. But India built pressure on the Nizam by sending
its troops in September 1948 claiming that serious law and order situation had
developed. The state was integrated in India.
c- Kashmir

The most important state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan. Its
ruler was Hindu while population was Muslim. The population inclined
towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared to join India. The Kashmiri
people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became widespread.
The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On October 27,
1947 Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their struggle for
independence and

9. Trade Problem and the Economy

India devalued its currency in 1949 but Pakistan refused to do so. It stopped
trade that adversely affected Pakistan’s economy as it depended on trade
from India. Pakistan had inherited a weak economy and poor industrial base.
The beginning years of Pakistan were troubled and difficult due to the India’s
non-helpful policy and the war in Kashmir. It had profound impact
on Pakistan’s worldview and its relations with India. Pakistan strived for its
survival and security. Many Indians and the British predicted the collapse
of Pakistan. They were of the opinion that very soon the Muslims would realize
their blunder. They would be forced by the circumstances to go back to
joinIndia. But PAKISTAN, by the grace of Almighty Allah, was able to meet the
challenge even with its problems.

10. THE JINNAH DEATH:-

One of the greatest setbacks to Pakistan in its early days was the death of the Quaid-i-Azam, barely
thirteen months after Independence. The presence of the Quaid-i-Azam as Governor General had
been vital to the survival of Pakistan. Lord Mountbatten had publicly admitted that had he become
the common Governor General of India and Pakistan, Partition would have been temporary. In this
design, he had the support of his Prime Minister, Clement Atlee who while speaking on the
Independence Bill, had expressed his hope that Pakistan would not last. It was to prevent this
outcome that the All-India Muslim League nominated M.A. Jinnah to be the first Governor General
of Pakistan.

In these peculiar circumstances, the Independence Act was amended to make the Governor General
and not the Prime Minister the chief executive of Pakistan. From 30 December 1947 all vital policy
decisions would be taken by the Governor General in cabinet. M.A. Jinnah also became the chief
executive of the Balochistan province. There had been no political reforms in Balochistan up until
Independence, i.e there was no Governor, no Assembly.

M.A. Jinnah envisaged Pakistan as a modern state, not as a theocracy. He chastised Muslim migrants
from India on 9 January 1948 for the anti-Hindu riots in Karachi.' His 11 August 1947 speech giving
equal rights to minorities was the result of years of deliberation. On 5 November 1941 he told H.V.
Hodson that minorities would be represented in the cabinet. His only reservation then had been that
the Hindus being a minority 'could not dictate policy'.

In the domain of foreign policy he held out friendship to all upholding the Charter of the United
Nations. He believed in leaning towards the West without going out of the way to annoy the USSR.
He noted later that the USSR was the only country not to congratulate Pakistan on its creation. He
undertook a personal initiative with regard to Afghanistan, the only country to oppose Pakistan's
membership of the UN. On 3 December 1947, the Afghan Ambassador presented his credentials to
the Governor General of Pakistan as the result of negotiations conducted by the special
representative, Nawab Saeedullah Khan. Jinnah also strongly supported the Palestinian cause and
upheld the independence of Indonesia.

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