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CH#4 History of Pakistan (Part-l) -

Q1. Describe the early problems of Pakistan.

Ans:-
Back ground
Under the Third June Plan1947, the Sub-Continent was divided in two countries. Quaid-e-
Azam became the first Governor General and Liaqat Ali Khan became the first Prime
Minister of Pakistan. Being a new state, Pakistan had to face many problems in early
days.
Early Problems of Pakistan
Some of the early problems of Pakistan are following down
1. Unjust Division of Radcliffe
2. Rehabilitation of refugees
3 . Distribution of Assets
4. Division of Army
5. The River Water Issue
6. Kashmir Dispute
7. Constitutional Problem
8. Issue of Princely States (a. Junagadh b. Hyderabad Deccan)
CONCLUSION
Explanation
1. Unjust Division of Radcliffe
A boundary commission was set up under a British Chairman,Sir Cyril Redcliff. He misused
his powers and handed over Muslim majority areas like Gurdaspur, Ferozpur, Jullander to
India hence providing them a gateway to Kashmir. Quaid-e-Azam called it:
" An unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse award."
2. Rehabilitation of refugees

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On the birth of Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs became more furious.In a planned move, Muslim
properties were set on fire and they were compelled to leave Bharat for Pakistan with
nothing but their lives. Millions of refugees were killed before they reached Pakistan. Many
migrants were looted and had to be provided boarding immediately as they reached
Pakistan. Rehabilitation of the refugees was a great challenge.
3. Distribution of Assets
In order to embarrass Pakistan financially, India did a lot of dishonesty in the matters of
Pakistan which were concerned with its benefits. Pakistan was promised to get Rs.750
million but the Bharat Government refused to give .Pakistan received only 200 million .
4. Division of Army
Pakistan also did not receive the due share of the military assets. This dishonest attitude
put Pakistan into great difficulties.
5. The River Water Issue
Most of the river flowing in Pakistan have their origin in India. In 1948, India stopped water
supply to Pakistani canals to damage the Pakistani agriculture. However on 9th September,
1960 on agreement called "Indus Basin Treaty" was signed between the two countries.
6. Kashmir Dispute
Kashmir dispute is the most important and unsolved problem. Kashmir is the natural part of
Pakistan because at the time of partition 85% of the Kashmir's total population was
Muslim. The Hindu Dogra rule , who was secretly with the Government of India declared
Kashmir as a part of India. Pakistan has continuously insisted that Kashmir must get their
right of self-determination but due to non-cooperation of India, Kashmir issue still remain
unsolved.
7. Constitutional Problem
The constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight years. Lack of a
permanent constitution created, chances of unscrupulous interference in democratic
progress of Pakistan.
8. Issue of Princely States

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All Indian princely states were given the right to link up with either of dominions. However,
the fate of following states remained undecided.
a. Junagadh
The Muslim Nawab governing junagadh favoured in acceding to Pakistan. But Indian
Government sent Army troops towards Junagadh and occupied the state by force in
November, 1947.
b. Hyderabad Deccan
Hyderabad Deccan was the largest and richest state ruled by Muslim ruler Nizam who
decided to remain independent. But pressure tactics began to be applied by Indian
Government and Mount Batten.India attacked Hyderabad on 13th September 1948 and
forcibly annexed this state to India.
CONCLUSION
Pakistan came into being as a free Muslim state in quite unfavorable circumstances .It had
no resources ,it had no resources, it had to build up its administrative machinery from a
scratch. But Supreme efforts were made by the Quiad-e-Azam and his colligues to grapple
with the situation. His golden principles "Unity " "Faith" and "Discipline" gave way to
Pakistan for a bright future of a strong and well developed country .In his last message to
the nation on 14th August 1948,he told the nation:
"The foundation of your state have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as
quickly and as you can."

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.Q2. Elaborate important points of Objectives Resolution.

Ans.

Pakistan Objectives Resolution 1949:

On March 12, 1949, the Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution moved by Liaquat Ali
Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. It was called the “Objective ·. Resolution".
This resolution occupied prime importance in the formulation of con situation.
Main points of the Objective Resolution
The main points of this resolution are asunder:
1. sovereignty of Allah
2. Islamic Legislation
3. Islamic values
4. Islamic way of life
5. Federal Government
6. Fundamental Rights
7. Development of Backward areas
8. Protection of Minorities
9. Independence of Judiciary
10. Urdu, the National Language
11. 11.Protection of Boundaries of Pakistan

Explanation

1. Sovereignty of Allah:
The Sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty and the authority
He has delegated to state of Pakistan, through its people for being exercised within
the limits Prescribed by Him is a sacred trust.

2. Islamic Legislation:
The constitution of Pakistan shall be formulated in the light of Quran and Sunnah
and no legislation will be done repugnant (apply) to the teachings of Islam
3. Islamic Values:
The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as
enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed.

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4. Islamic way of Life:

The Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres
in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Quran and
the Sunnah.
5. Federal Government:
It was specifically mentioned that Pakistan shall have a federal democratic structure
and its system shall be administered through the elected representatives of people.
6. Fundamental Rights:
It is affirmed that all the citizens of Pakistan shall be guaranteed fundamental rights
without making any discrimination on any basis.
7. Development of Backward Areas:
Adequate provisions shall be made to safeguard the legitimate interests of minorities and
backward and depressed classes.
8. Protection of Minorities:
All the minorities living in Pakistan shall be guaranteed fundamental rights
without making any discrimination on any basis.
9. Independence of Judiciary:
The independence of the Judiciary shall be fullySecured.
10.Urdu, the Nation Language
It was made clear that Urdu shall be the national language of Pakistan.
Source of Law
It was mentioned in Objective Resolution that source of law in Pakistan is Sunnah and
Holy Quran.
11.Protection of Boundaries of Pakistan
Protection of water, land and Air boundaries will be protected.
Importance of the Objective Resolution

The Objectives Resolution occupies a special impotence in the constitutional history of

Pakistan.

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1. It laid down the basis of the constitution.

2. It removed all the hurdles in the way of making the constitution.
3. Through this Resolution, it was declared that the establishment of an Islamic society in
the light of Ouran and Sunnah was the real purpose of the country so that the
purposes of creation of Pakistan were fulfilled.
4. This Resolution is included in all the three constitutions of Pakistan (1956, 1962, 1973)
as a preamble.

Q3. Write Salient features of the Constitution of 1962.

Background:

Ayub Khan constituted a Constitutional Commission on 17th Feb, 1960, under the
chairmanship of Justice Shahabudin. The Commission comprised ten members from the
both wings of the country. In order to appraise itself of the causes of the failure of the
parliamentary system and the opinion of the people, the Commission prepared a
questionnaire and printed its 28,000 copies in Urdu, Bengali and English languages. These
copies were distributed throughout the country but only 6,289 replies were received. In
addition to, the Commission visited various parts of the country and interviewed 565
people who were interested in constitutional matters. Finally, the commission submitted
its report to the President in May, 1961. On the basis of this report a new constitution
was framed which was enforced in the country on 8th June, 1962.

Salient Features of the Constitution of 1962

1. Written Constitution
2. Rigid Constitution
3. Federal System
4. Presidential form Of Government
5. Powers of President
6. Unicameral Legislature
7. Provincial Government
8. The Principles of Foreign Policy
9. Indirect Elections
10.Fundamental Rights
11.Judiciary
12. Islamic Provisions
13. Establishment of other Institutions
14.National Language
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Explanation

1. Protection of Boundaries of Pakistan Written Constitution

Like the constitution of USA, India and France, the constitution of 1962 was a written
document. It comprised of 250 Articles and 5 Schedules.
2. Rigid Constitution
It was a rigid constitution and it was not easy to make an amendment to it. A two-third
majority of all the members of the National Assembly was required to make any
amendment. If the amendment concerned provinces then it was necessary that the two-
third majority of all the members of the concerned provincial assembly approve the
proposed amendment. Finally, the President had the authority to use is powers of veto
against the amendment. In this case the Assembly could pass the amendment with a three-
fourth majority.

3. Federal System:

The constitution provided for a federal system with the principle of parity between East
Pakistan and West Pakistan.

4. Presidential Form of Government:

The constitution of 1962 established a presidential form of government. According to this

system, the President was the Head of the State. He must be a Muslim not less than 35
years of age.

5. Powers of President:

The term of President was 5 years to act as the Head of the State as well as Chief Executive-
solely responsible for country’s administration. Governors and ministers could be
appointed and removed by him. He was eligible to promulgate any ordinance and veto
against any legislated law. He could make his Cabinet and the members of his cabinet
should not be necessarily the ministers of the National Assembly. He had all powers to
accept any bill of the assembly or cancel it. Powers to nominate the Judges of Supreme and
High Courts, Auditor General, Advocate General, Higher Officials of the army and higher
bureaucracy were in his hands.

6. Unicameral Legislature:
The Constitution of 1962 established a unicameral legislation in the country which
consisted of 156 members. The number was increased to 218, out of these 200 members
were elected, ten were nominated by government and eight reserved for women. This
assembly was called the National Assembly
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7. Provincial Government:
According to the constitution, the provincial governments were established in both wings
of the country. The provincial governments were headed by the Governors who could
appoint provincial ministers with the approval of the President.
8. Principles Of Foreign Policy:
Following were the principles of policy:
i) No law shall be framed in contravention to Quran and Sunnah.
ii) Illiteracy will be wiped out of the country.
iii) Rights of minorities will be protected.
iv) Both the provinces enjoy the full powers.
v) Friendly relations will be established with the Muslim countries.
vi) Prohibition on the use of drugs in the country.
vii) The standard of living of people will be raised.
viii) Special attention will be give towards education, health and welfare of the people.
9. Indirect Elections:
This constitution established the system of indirect elections. An electoral college
comprising 80,000 members (later on 1, 20,000) of Basic Democracies elected the president
of the country and the members of the National Assembly.
10. Fundamental Rights:
This constitution guaranteed to all the citizens their fundamental rights of speech,
movement, peaceful assembly, prosperity and religion.
11. Judicial System:
The constitution established an integrated judiciary which comprised higher courts and
lower courts. Supreme Court was the highest court of Pakistan. It could hear appeals
against the decisions of lower courts. In addition to, it had the authority to interpret the
constitution. The lower courts included the High Courts, District courts and Service
Tribunals.
12. National Languages:
Urdu and Bengali were declared national languages but English was retained as an official
language.
13. Islamic Provisions
i) God’s sovereignty was proclaimed as the basic principle.
ii) Pakistan was declared as “Islamic Jamahiriya Pakistan:
iii) The president must be a Muslim.
iv) No laws against Islamic rules would be enforced.
v) Islamic Research Council would be established aiming at organizing the Muslim Society.
vi) Islamic Advisory Commission which was comprised of prominent religious scholars.
14. Establishment of other Institutions:
The Constitution of 1962 established the following institutions:
i) National Economic Council
ii) National Finance Commission
iii) Election Commission of Pakistan

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Q4. Describe the causes of Separation of East Pakistan.

Ans. Background
East Pakistan was the right wing of the federation of Pakistan. This wing separated from
us in 1971 due to internal and external reasons. Thus Pakistan was cut in to two pieces.
The causes of separation of East Pakistan are mentioned below:

Causes of the Separation of East Pakistan

1. Ayub Khan Area

2. Lack of National Leadership

3. Poor economic Condition

4. Negative role of Hindu Teachers

5. Issue of Bengali Language

6. Provincial prejudice

7. Territorial Politics of the Politicians

8. Conspiracies of Big Powers

9. Six Points Formula of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman:

10. Bhutto - Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Differences

11. Success of regional parties in Election

12. Indian Military Action

13. Hijacking of Ganga Aero plane

14. India's Military Interference

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Explanation

1. Ayub Khan's Dictatorial Era:

Ten years dictatorial regime of Ayub Khan was imposed on Pakistan. "State of
Emergency", imposed permanently, gave protection to the bureaucracy. They adopted
such policies of oppressing people as caused the reaction of the people internally. The
people of East Pakistan could not afford this situation and were forced on separation.
2. Lack of National Leadership:
Pakistan lacked the patriotic leadership after the death of Quaid-e-Azam and Liaquat Ali
Khan. The Leaders of the Muslim League could not understand the problems faced by the
people because they were not in constant contact with the people. It caused the
separation of East Pakistan.

3. Poor Economic Condition:

East Pakistan suffered always poor economic conditions. Hindus dominated the economy
of East Pakistan. Despite all the efforts, it remained backward economically as compared
with the other provinces of Pakistan. This created a sense of deprivation amongst the local
people that led to the separation of East Pakistan.

4. Negative Role of Hindu Teachers:

Hindu teachers were in majority in schools and colleges who tarnished the minds of
new generation with the idea of Bengali nationalism. They prepared them to rebel
against the Ideology of Pakistan. It paved the way for getting separation from West
Pakistan.
5. Issue of Bengali Language:
The issue of Bengali language played a vital role in disintegrating the national unity.
Urdu was declared the national language of Pakistan after Pakistan came into
existence. Although language issue was resolved under the constitution of 1956 and
1962 but it had created a sense of deprivation among the people of east wing.
6. Provincial Prejudices:
The population of East Pakistan was 56% of the total population of Pakistan. East
Pakistan was one of the five units of Pakistan but politicians of East Pakistan
demanded their representation in the National Assembly according to the proportion
of their population. The politicians of East Pakistan and West Pakistan stood against
each other on this issue. It caused the partition of country into two parts.
7. Territorial Politics of the Politicians:
In 1954, Muslim League lost Elections in East Pakistan. The arena of politics went into
the hands of Suhrawardy, Bhashani and Fazl-ul-Haq who in order' to snatch power
from each other started supporting Hindu members of the Assembly. They used
negative tactics to combine people with them. Thus, these politicians practiced the
policy of make and break to get the chair of power.
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8. Conspiracies of Big Powers:

India signed a 20-Year Treaty with Russia. This Treaty combines the interests of India
and Russia in South East Asia. America
was also involved in these conspiracies. It was proved because when Israel supplied
American manufactured armaments to India, America did not object to it. But as. soon
as Saudi Arabia and Yemen expressed their wish to provide Pakistan with armament,
America stopped them to do so. Anyway, the separation of East Pakistan was the
secret agreement of big powers.
9. Six Points Formula of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman:
Six-Points Formula of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman proved fatal and last labour in the
separation of the East Pakistan. He wanted that provinces should be made separate
states and semi-federation state should also be established. Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-
Rehman said to the economically down trodden people, "Unless the slavery of West
Pakistan comes to an end, you cannot prosper." He succeeded in his self made drama
of the independence
10. Bhutto - Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Differences:
Bhutto - Mujeeb-ur-Rehman differences escalated the issue of separation Dialogues
were held to remove the differences but all in vain. Mr. Bhutto boycotted the session
of National Assembly to be held on 3 March, 1971 at Dhaka. It increased distances
between East and Wes Pakistan.

11. Success of Regional parties in Election:

No big political party could win Elections in both of the provinces Awami League of Sheikh
Mujeeb-ur-Rehman won the Elections in East Pakistan whereas Pakistan Peoples' Party
succeeded in West Pakistan. No party deserved to be called national party that power was
transferred to it.
12. Military Action:
Keeping in view the circumstances, it was decided to launch a military action. General
Tikka Khan was appointed Governor East Pakistan. The action of Tikka Khan created
further reaction against West Pakistan and Central Government further lost public
support.
13. Hijacking of Ganga Aero plane:
India hijacked its ganga aeroplane and sent it to Lahore. It put all the responsibility of
_
this hijacking on Pakistan. Afterwards, India, pretending the hijacking, disconnected
aerial communication with Pakistan. After the aerial communication ended, the sending
of armaments to East Pakistan stopped which made it impossible to launch military
action on time.
14. India's Military Interference

India pretended the safety of her borders to invade thousands of terrorists of Mukti Bahni
in East Pakistan and attacked East Pakistan. The Pakistan Army had to face defeat because
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there was no aerial protection. Pakistani soldiers had to surrender and the country was
partitioned.

Q5. Explain salient features of Legal Framework Order.

Ans. Legal Framework Order {LFO) 1970

General Muhammad Yahya· Khan, the President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan
announced a Legal Framework Order to hold General Elections in 1970.
Salient Features of Legal Frame Order
The salient features of this LFO are as under
1. Constituent of National Assembly
2. Age Limit of Members
3. Date of Election
4. Federal Government System
5. Federal Constitution
6. Independence and Freedom of Judiciary
7. Head of State
8. Quorum of Assembly
9. Name of the Country
10. Points for Islamic provision Strategy

Explanation

1. Constituent of National Assembly

The National Assembly would be elected for tenure of five years. It would be composed
of 300 seats.
2. Age Limit of Members
The minimum age for the election to Assembly and voter would be 25 years for men
and 21 years for women respectively. A person would have the right to contest election
simultaneously on more than one seat.
3. Date of Election
5 October 1970 and 22nd October 1970 were fixed for
the elections of National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies respectively.
4. Federal Government System
Federal system of Government would be introduced in the country and the citizens would
enjoy all fundamental rights.

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5. Federal Constitution
According to the constitution, the powers would be distributed and provincial
autonomy would be fully Protected.
6. Independence and Freedom of Judiciary
The independence and freedom of judiciary would be fully honoured. The judiciary
would safe guard the fundamental rights of the people. The decisions of the court
would be binding on Centre as well as provinces.
7. Head of State
Islamic ideology would be practiced and only a Muslim could become the Head of the State
(President).
8. Quorum of Assembly
The national Assembly would decide all the issues with simple majority vote and quorum
would consist of 100 renumbers. The members of the Assembly would enjoy
complete freedom of expression. No legal action would be taken against members of
the assemblies on anything expressed in the assemblies.
9. Name of the Country
Pakistan would be a democratic country and the complete name of the country would
be Islamic Republic of Pakistan. National security would be protected and no such thing
will be allowed as could cause damage to the national security.
10. Points for Islamic Provision Strategy
The following points were decided for the future strategy:-
1. Promotion of Islamic ways of living.
2. To practice the moral teachings of Islam.
3. To take steps to promote Islamic principles in the country.
4. To make arrangements to provide the education Quran a and lslamiyat to the
Muslims.

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Q6. Narrate events of the Indo-Pak War 1965.

Indo- Pak War 1965:

India committed an open aggression against Pakistan materialize its expansionist intentions
and attacked Pakistan on the night of 6th September. The armed Forces of Pakistan, filled
with the spirit of Jihad, forced an enemy many times bigger than it to face a humiliated
defeat.

Causes of Pak-India War

Following were the causes of Pak-India war: -

1. Enmity of India
2. Kashmir conflict
3. India China War
4. General Election

Explanation

1. Enmity of India
Pakistan was established against the wishes of Hindus, so they never accepted Pakistan
from bottom of heart. India always tries to launch aggressive actions against Pakistan.
2. Kashmir conflict
The Kashmir conflict was the real cause of War 1965.Pakistan extended moral support of
Kashmiri people and raised the Kashmir issue all over the World.
3. India China War
In 1962 Indo-China war, India had to face a total defeat. Thus, to rest its lost dignity, India
started war against Pakistan.
4. General Election
General Elections were to be held in India. Congress wanted to win these elections. It
decided to conquer Pakistan to get votes from the voters.

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Important events and Sectors of War

Lahore Sector:
India launched three-sided attack (from Wagha, Burki and Kasur) on Lahore with the
dawn on 6h September 1965. The daring soldiers of Pakistan not only repelled the Indian
advancement, but also didn't let the enemy cross B.R.B Canal. On this very front, Major
Aziz Bhatti continued resisting Indian advancement for several days. At last he was
blessed with martyrdom. The Government of Pakistan awarded him with Nishan-e-Haider
on his gallantry.

Important events and Sectors of War

1. Lahore Sector
2. Kasur Sector
3. Sialkot Sector
4. Rajasthan Sector
5. Air War
6. Naval War
7. Cease Fire (End of the War)

Explanation

1. Lahore Sector
India launched three-sided attack (from Wagha, Burki and Kasur) on Lahore with the dawn
on 6h September 1965. The daring soldiers of Pakistan not only repelled the Indian
advancement, but also didn't let the enemy cross B.R.B Canal. On this very front, Major Aziz
Bhatti continued resisting Indian advancement for several days. At last he was blessed with
martyrdom. The Government of Pakistan awarded him with Nishan-e-Haider on his
gallantry.
2. Kasur Sector
India tried to occupy Lahore from the Kasur side but this
attack was instantly retaliated by the Pakistani Tigers. The next day, - brave soldiers of
Pakistan launched counterattack, and occupied Khem Karan, an Indian territory.
Afterwards, India opened a new front of Head Sulemanki. Here, it had to meet with
humiliated defeat.
3. Sialkot Sector
After having been defeated at Lahore and Kasur Sectors, India attacked Chavinda, an area
in Sialkot with the help of tanks and Armored Division. It was the biggest ground attack
after the World War II. The brave Pakistani soldiers, facing an enemy many times bigger
than their strength, performed such heroic deeds as astonished and stunned the defence
experts of the world. Chavinda Sector turned into graveyard of Indian tanks.
4. Rajasthan Sector
After facing defeat in every sector, India nervously extended the scope of the War up to
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Rajasthan but Pakistan Army with the collaboration of Hur Mujahideen unnerved the
enemy and occupied many of the Indian posts one after another.

5. Air War:
Pakistan Air Force inflicted serious blows to the enemy and broke the backbone of Indian
Air Force by hitting their targets with pinpoint accuracy at important airfields of
Pathankot, Jodhpur, Adampur, Halwara. Jam Nagar, Jamm and Sri Nagar. During these
air strikes, it destroyed dozens of Indian planes. India launched many air strikes to hit the
Pak Air base of Sargodha but failed in its every attempt. Squadron Leader Muhammad
Mahmood Alam (M. M. Alam) set a new· world record by shooting down five Indian
planes at Lahore in just one battle.
6. Naval War:
Pakistan navy remained fully alert during this war. Our Navy destroyed famous Indian
Naval Base Dwarka, on the coast of Kathiawar and did a heroic achievement When India
launched a sudden attack on a unit of Pakistan Navy, an Indian ship was sunk by Pakistan
Navy in this fight while other ships retreated.
7. Ceasefire:
With the efforts of The United Nations, a ceasefire took place on the dawn of September
23rd, 1965.

Effects of War:

1. Pakistan - got international fame and it elevated its dignity.

2. Kashmir Issue was once again highlighted.
3. Pakistan learned that America and Europeans had two face characters.
4. The way China stood by Pakistan in this critical time helped Pakistan differentiating
between friend and foe.
5. The brethren Islamic Countries supported Pakistan in this war which made
Pakistanis proud.

Unity and solidarity among Pakistani People:

1. Attitude of Politician
This war even changed the attitude of politician and opposition leaders. They offered
their unconditional and full support to Ayub Khan.
2. Spirit of Unity and Solidarity
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This war instilled a spirit of unity and solidarity among Pakistani people. The entire nation
disregarded their internal differences and stood firmly to fight the enemy
3. Development of National Spirit
From a street person to a high official and from a labour worker to a businessman, every
single person cooperated with Government to contribute in Defense Fund generously.

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Q7. Explain the role of Quaid-e-Azam as first Governor General of Pakistan.

Role as First Governor General of Pakistan:
Ans.
Quaid-e-Azam Role as first Governor General of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam worked as Governor General of Pakistan for 13 months.
The lofty personality of Quaid-e-Azam solved the problems created after the birth
of Pakistan in an excellent way.
Following are the services offer by Quaid-e-Azam as a first Governor
General of Pakistan.
1. Formation of Government
2. Nation’s Confidence Building
3. Establishment of Capital and Secretariat
4. Rehabilitation of Refugees
5. National Language
6. Establishment of Refugee Fund
7. Establishment of State Bank
8. Reorganization of Civil Services
9. To Advised the Government officials
10. Special Trains
11. Agreement with an Air Company
12. Administrative Committee
14. Establishment of General Headquarters
15. Education
16. A Great Leader

Explanation
1. Formation of Government
Quaid-e-Azam was made the first Governor General and Liaquat Ali became the first
Prime Minister of Pakistan. Under the Quaid-e-Azam guidance the prime Minister
formed five members cabinet.
2. Nation’s Confidence Building
The common man was greatly disappointed due to negative propaganda of the
enemies of Pakistan that Pakistan was not going to last long. Quaid-e-Azam visited
the remote areas of Pakistan. He gave the courage and hope to people that Pakistan

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was born to live and it will last forever.

3. Establishment of Capital and Secretariat
Quaid-e-Azam, well-judged the seriousness of the circumstances and made Karachi
the capital of Pakistan. The Secretariat was established.
4. Rehabilitation of Refugees
Quaid-e-Azam gave special attention to the rehabilitation of refugees. Due to the
sacrifices made by the people the enormous task of rehabilitating millions of refugees
was successfully accomplished within very short period of time.
5. National Language
Quaid-e-Azam made it clear that Urdu and only Urdu can be Pakistan’s National
Language.
6. Establishment of Refugee Fund
Quaid-e-Azam set up a “Refugee Fund” and request people to make generous
contributions to the fund.
7. Establishment of State Bank
To solve the economic problems, he took personal interest in the establishment of
State bank and it was completed within a very short span of time.
8. Reorganization of Civil Services
Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services academy was constituted.
9.To Advised the Government officials
Quaid-e-Azam Advised government officials to do their duty with honesty and
faithfulness.
10.Arrange to operate Special Trains
He arranged to operate special trains to shift officers from India to Pakistan.
9. Agreement with an Air Company
He made an agreement with an Air Company which made the shifting of government
officials possible.
10.Administrative Committee
He constituted a committee under the chairmanship of Chaudhary Muhammad Ali to
improve the administrative structure.

11.Foreign Policy

He paid his utmost attention to the foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations
with the neighboring and developed countries. Pakistan became the member of UN.

12.Establishment of General Headquarters

The General Headquarter for Armies, Navy and Air Force were made. Ordnance
factory was also set up in the short period of Ouaid-e-Azam's Governor Generalship.

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13.Education
Quaid-e-Azam paid special attention towards Education. He conducted first
Educational Conference in 1947. He was of the view that the objective of education
was the moral development of the people. He declared the education of science and
technology compulsory for the young students.

14. Great Leader

Quaid-e-Azam served Pakistan till he breathed his last. Despite his declining
health, he would study important files and not let his disease come in the way
of his duties. It would not be an exaggeration to say that Quaid-e-Azam served
Pakistan at the cost of his life.

Q8. Elaborate the role of Liaquat Ali Khan as the first Prime Minister of
Pakistan.

Ans: Liaquat Ali Khan's Role as First Prime Minister of Pakistan:

Introduction

Liaquat Ali Khan the first Prime Minister of Pakistan was born at Karnal, a town in the
East Punjab, in 1896. He did his graduation from MAO College, Aligarh and got the
degree in law from Oxford University. He joined the All India Muslim League in 1936.
He was the most trusted lieutenant of Quaid-e-Azam till his death. On August
15, 1947, he became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was assassinated on
October 16, 1951, while addressing a public meeting at Rawalpindi.

Role of Liqauat Ali as a First Prime Minister of Pakistan

1. Toured the Borders

2. Rehabilitation of Refugees

3. Organization of Administrative System

4. Address to the Nation
5. Promotion of Economic Growth
6. Objective Resolution
7. Historical Visit of America
8. Foreign Policy of Pakistan
9. Control of Hindu Muslims Riots

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10.Increase the Morale of Nation

Explanation

1. Toured the Borders

To stop the bloodbath of the Muslims in the Punjab, Liaquat Ali Khan as first Prime
Minister of Pakistan toured the borderareas with Pandit Nehru and appealed to
refrain from the hateful activity of human bloodshed.
2. Rehabilitation of Refugees
The refugees were pouring into the Punjab in a large number and it was not an
easy task to accommodate them. On the directions of Quaid-e-Azam he as
Chairman, Punjab Muhajir Council monitored the work of rehabilitation of
refugees and providing them with necessities of life.

3. Organization of Administrative System

He helped and guided Quaid-e-Azam the nation and tile Government in setting up an
effective administrative system, restoration of economic life.
4. Address to the Nation
When the nation was demoralized after the death of Quaid-e-Azam and the
Indian leadership was always busy in hatching conspiracies against Pakistan, it was
he who represented and led the nation. The nation gave him the title of "Quaid-e-
Millat" in commemoration of his superb leadership skills.
5. Promotion of Economic Growth
In the reign of Liaquat Ali Khan, an enormous struggle was launched for economic
growth. The people were persuaded to use Pakistani Products. Machinery was
imported from Japan for the development of textile industry and Pakistan Industrial
Development Corporation was set up.
6. Objective Resolution
He got Objectives Resolution passed from Assembly in 1949 and constituted a ''Basic
Principles Committee" to draw the new constitution.
7. Historical Visit of America
Visited the United States of America in 1950 and through his speeches; he apprised
American people and leaders of the background of the establishment of Pakistan.
Thus, he was the first leader who played a vital role in introducing Pakistan to The
United States of America.
8. Foreign Policy of Pakistan
The foreign policy formulated by Liaquat Ali Khan had the fundamental principle of

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maintaining brotherly and friendly relations with Islamic countries. He condemned

the aggression of western countries against Egypt and supported the freedom
movement in Indonesia.
9. Control of Hindu Muslims Riots
After Pakistan was established. Hindu-Muslim riots were a routine in India due to severe
enmity of Hindus against the Muslins. Liaqut Ali Khan thought it necessary to solve this problm
at government level. Therefore, in he visited India in this connection and signed Liaqat
Nehru pact.
10.Increase the Morale of Nation
When India army concentrated on the borders of Pakistan in the mid of 1951 , uncertainty
was created in the ccountry. He toured Country-wide to raise the morale of the nation and
to make the people aware: of this threat. He raised a fist in his speeches which made the people
aware ofthisthreat.

Q8. Describe different steps of Basic Democracies System.

Basic Democracies System 1959

Introduction of New System of Basic Democracies

Ans. In 1959, the then President introduced a new system of Basic Democracies.
According to this system, the people were
to elect the member of Basic Democracies. The total number of the Basic
Democracies consists of eighty (80) thousand. Under the 1962 constitution,
these members formed an electoral college to elect the President, the
National Assembly, and the Provincial Assemblies.
Institutions of basic Democracies
The basic Democracies system set up five tiers of institutions.
They were as under: -
1. Union Council & Union Committee
2. Tehsil (sub-district) Council and Thana Council
3. District Council
4. Divisional Council
5. Provincial Advisory Council (PAC)

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Explanation
1. Union Council & Union Committee:
The lower tier of Basic Democracies was composed of union councils. It was
called Union Council for rural areas and
Union Committee for urban areas. 1000 to 1500 voters elected one member
directly. He or she was called B.D Member. They were responsible for sanitation
arrangements of street lights and Passengers' Houses (Musafirkhana), keeping
death and birth records etc.
a. Qasba Communities and Town Communities
Besides Union Councils and Union Committees, Qasba Committees - and Towns
Committees were set up in towns having a population of 10,000 to 20,000 and
10,000 to 30,000 respectively.
b. Municipal Communities
Municipal Communities were established in cities having a population of 30,000
to 500,000 while Municipal Corporations were set up in the cities having a
population more than 500,000.
c. Cantonment Board
Cantonment Board; were set up in cantonment areas for development projects.
2. Tehsil (sub-district) Council and Thana Council:
The second tier was known as Tehsil Council in the West Pakistan and Thana
Council in the East Pakistan. Its chairman was called Divisional Officer. Tehsil
Council comprised of officials, nominated members and elected public
representatives. Their duties included preparation of educational and economic
projects in their respective areas.
3. District Council
On district level, District Council was set up. It was chaired by the Deputy

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Commissioner. 50 percent of the members of District Council consisted of

nominated official and non-official members while 50 percent members were
elected representatives.
a. Duties of District Council
The district council were assigned duties such as construction of roads,
establishment of schools, sanitary arrangements, establishment of hospitals,
measures to prevent diseases, water supply schemes and development of
cooperative societies etc.
4. Divisional Advisory Council:
This Council was set· up at divisional level. It was headed by the Deputy
Commissioner. All the Union Councils, Union Committees and Town Committees
of the District were given representation in it. This Council was also composed of
both official and nominated members.
a. Duties of Divisional Council
The duties assigned to this Council included monitoring of different departments
in the division and preparation of proposals for various welfare activities.
5.Provincial Advisory Council (PAC)
Provincial Advisory Council (PAC) was composed of representatives of all the
divisions. It was directly under the Governor.
a. Functions of Council
This Council performed the functions of monitoring all the institutions of Basic
Democracies in the province and coordinating their activities. The Governor was
responsible to send the repot of his performance directly to the President.

Additional Questions
Q1. Write a note on Accession of states and Tribal Areas to Pakistan.
Introduction:
A large number of Princely states were situated between Pakistan and India.
Most of the states took their decisions. However, no decision could be made
about the fate of Jammu & Kashmir, Junagarh, Manavadar states.
1. Junagarh and Manavadar Sates:
The rulers of Junagarh and Manavadar announced their accession to Pakistan but

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India occupied them through military action.

2. State of Hyderabad Deccan
Nizam, the ruler of the State of Hyderabad Deccan decided not to join either of
the two countries. He intended to give his state an independent status but Indian
Army attacked Hyderabad Deccan and forcefully incorporated Hyderabad
Deccan into India.
3. State of Jammu and Kashmir:
A vast majority of the people of Jammu and Kashmir was Muslims. They wanted
accession to Pakistan but as a result of Hindu Raja's understanding with the
Indian rulers, Indian Forces invaded the Kashmir Valley. The people of Kashmir
started their fight for freedom. The Indian Army tried to crush the wishes of the
people but after meeting with failure in their attempts.
4. Kashmir Issue in United Nation security Council:
India took the Kashmir issue to the United Nations Security Council. The Security
Council helped, enforce ceasefire. Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian Prime Minister
promised to hold plebiscite after the establishment of peace.
5. Wars on Kashmir Issue:
The two countries have fought three wars (1948, 1965 and 1971) so far but the
right of self-determination of the ppeople is being ignored. The Kashmir issue
could not be settled according to the principles of justice so far. But when India
grabbed Kashmir, she backed out of on its promise for a plebiscite.
6.Wars on Kashmir Issue:
The two countries have fought three wars (1948, 1965 and 1971) so far but the
right of self-determination of the people is being ignored. The Kashmir issue
could not be settled according to the principles of justice so far.
7.Quaid-e-Azam Politician of Principle:
Quaid-e-Azam a politician of principle. He joined only those states with Pakistan
which acceded to Pakistan with their free will. The states of Bahawalpur,
Khairpur, Kharan and Makran were among those who acceded to Pakistan.

8. Independence of Tribal Areas:

Quaid-e-Azam announced that tribal areas would continue to enjoy full
freedom and their independence and freedom would be looked after.
The tribal areas were independent and free in the British rule too. When the
tribal leaders, maintaining their independence and freedom, theydeclared their
accession to Pakistan.
15. Formation of Malakand Division
In N.W.F.P(KPK)Dir, Swat, Chitral maintained their identity as
independent states even after the establishment of Pakistan. The people

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of these areas. In 1969 general Yaha Khan abolished the separated status
of these states and merged to form Malakand Division. It was made an
administrative part of N.W.F.P(KPK).
Q2. Write down the salient features of the Constitution of
1956.
Ans: -
Background: -

1. Formation of Constitution:
Geographical factors of Pakistan caused delay in the formulation of constitution.
The country was divided into two unequal pats. The East Pakistan was one unit.
It had more population than that of the West Pakistan. The West Pakistan
consisted of four provinces and twelve states. Therefore, the Government
dissolved all the provinces and states and merged them into a single province.
2. Formation of new Province:
th
On14 October, 1955 a new province of the West Pakistan came into being. It
composed of 12 divisions. The federation consisted of the East Pakistan and the West
Pakistan. This cleared the hindrances which were being experienced in the way of
representation.
3. First Governor of the West Pakistan:
Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani was made the first Governor of the West Pakistan.
4. First Chief Minister of West Pakistan:
Dr. Khan sahib was the first Chief Minister of this province.
5. One Unit of the WestPakistan:
This unit continued till 1970. After the establishment of one unit of the West
Pakistan. the task of the formulation of the constitution became easier to a
great extent.
6. Formulation of the Constitution:
The first constituent Assembly had already done a lot in this connection.
Chaudhary Muhammad Ali availed of the work already done and formulated
such a formula which the second constituent Assembly consisting of all the
political groups and provi1ces expressed their consensus.
7. Promulgation(apple) of first constitution:
The draft of the new constitution was presented in the Assembly on 9th January,
1956. After the final approval by the Governor General, it was promulgated in the
country as the first constitution of Pakistan on 23 March. 1956. The salient features
of this constitution are as under.

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Salient Features of Constitution 1956

1. Written Constitution:
2. Flexible Constitution (easily changed):
3. Federal Constitution:
4. Parliamentary System:
5 Unicameral Legislature (one house of parliament)
6. Independence of Judiciary:
7. Single Citizenship:
8. Fundamental Rights:
9. Official languages:
10. Constitutional Institutions:
11. Islamic Provisions

Explanation

1. Written Constitution:
The Constitution of 1956 was a written constitution. It was not a detailed
constitution. The Constitution of 1956 consisted of 234 articles. which were divided
into 13 parts and 6 schedules. The Objectives Resolution was included in the
Constitution as a preamble.
1. Flexible Constitution (easily changed):
This Constitution was flexible in nature. The constitution could only be amended
through a process requiring the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds
majority of the National assembly and authentication by the President.
2. Federal Constitution:
The constitution provided for a federal system in the country. Federation consisted
of two provinces, i.e. West Pakistan and East Pakistan.
3. Parliamentary System:
The Constitution of 1956 provided for parliamentary form of government. The
president was the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government.
The real powers rested with the Prime Minister. The tenure of his office was five
years.
5. Unicameral Legislature (one house of parliament)
under this constitution, unicameral legislature was introduced. The only house of
parliament, the National Assembly, was to consist of 300 members, 150 members
each from the West Pakistan and the East Pakistan. Ten seats were reserved for
women, five for each wing. The Assembly was elected for tenure of five years.
6. Independence of Judiciary:
The independence of judiciary was guaranteed in this Constitution. Supreme
Court shall be the highest court. Two high Courts, one in each province, shall be
established. The Chief Justice of Pakistan shall. be appointed by the President,

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and the other Judges shall be appointed by the President after consultation
with the Chief Justice. The Judges shall have the security of their service.

7. Single Citizenship:
Citizens of Pakistan shall have only a single citizenship. All the citizens shall be shall be
called Pakistanis.
8. Fundamental Rights:
All Cities shall have the basic rights. All citizens shall be equal before law. They
shall enjoy social, political and economic rights. No citizen shall be arrested or
detained (deprive from freedom) without any solid reason. In. case of detention,
he or she shall be given an opportunity to defend him or herself.

9. Official languages:
Under the Constitution of 1956. Urdu and Bengali were both accepted as state
languages. While English was to remain the official language for the first 25 years.

10.Constitutional Institutions:
Under this Constitution various constitutional institutions were established.
Among these institutions Islamic Research Institute, Public Service Commission,
Chief Election Com missioner and auditor General are worth-mentioning. All these
institutions were authorized to work in their respective scopes.
11.Islamic Provisions
a. According to constitution country was named Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
b. The Objective Resolution was include preamble to the constitution.
c. No law would be applying in the country against the Islamic teaching.
d. It was declared that President of the country would be Muslim.
e. Usury, sale of Alcohol narcotic and prostitution shall be banned in country.
f. Pakistan shall be made a welfare country.
Abrogation (cancel) of the Constitution
On 7th October 1957 General Ayub Khan dismissed the 1956 constitution. He imposed
first Martial Law in Country on 8th October 1958.

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Q3. Narrate causes of Martial Law 1958.

Ans: Introduction
Ayub Khan Era (1958-1969}
Martial Law 1958
General Muhammad Ayub Khan deposed lskander Mirza in October 1958. He imposed
Martial Law and justified his actions on some grounds. Some important causes of this
Martial Law are given below:

Important Causes of Martial Law

1. Political Conflict
2. Poor Economic Conditions
3. Lack of Political Leadership
4. Smuggling and Nepotism
5. Role of Bureaucracy
6. Ayub Khan's Polities
7. Provincial Prejudices
8. Political Instability
9. Delay in Elections
10.Political Conflict:
11. Poor Economic Conditions
12. Lack of Political Leadership
13. Smuggling and Nepotism
14. Role of Bureaucracy
15. Ayub Khan's Polities
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 30

16. Provincial Prejudices

17. Political Instability
18. Delay in Elections

Explanation
1. Political Conflict:
After the establishment of Pakistan, conflict of power gave birth to grouping in
the Muslim League. Governor General Ghulam Muhammad took advantage of this
conflict and dissolved Assembly twice. Thus, political conflict paved the way for
the first Martial Law in the country.
2. Poor Economic Conditions:
Political instability and poor economic situation were prevailing in the country.
Despite being an agricultural country, the country experienced a food
shortage. The economic situation was so poor that in some areas famine like
situation arose.
3. lack of Political Leadership:
Pakistan lost capable political leadership after the deaths of Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and

Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy and such people got the control of the country as could
neither build national unity among people nor solve the problems of the people.
4. Smuggling and Nepotism:
Some other causes of Martial Law included smuggling, black marketing, nepotism and
obtainment of undue privileges. No one was there to solve the problems of the people.
The middle class was living a miserable life. The system of entire country was plunged
into chaos.
5. Role of Bureaucracy:
Bureaucracy manifested the most irresponsible attitude and played its role in
failing democracy in the country. Being influential, lust for power was born in
their hearts which caused the imposition of Martial Law.
6. Ayub Khan's Polities:
Politicians were involved inputting legs of each other. So, there was political
instability in the country. In these circumstances, Governor General Ghulam
Muhammad included General Ayub Khan as Defence Minister in the cabinet It

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 31

created uncertainty.
7. Provincial Prejudices:
Thriving provincial prejudices also resulted in the imposition of Martial Law. Politicians,
without caring for national security, instigated the public sentiments. The people of the
same country looked displeased with one another. On the other hand. the ruling class
paid no attention to stop this dangerous trend.
8. Political Instability

Cabinets were formed by two Governor Generals from 1953 to 1958.

Politicians’ instability and failure of parliamentary system resulted in a political crisis.
The people developed hatred towards politicians. They lost their trust in democratic
process that brought Martial Law.
9. Delay in Elections:
No General Elections were held in first eleven years of Pakistan. Elections were held
only in the provinces one by one. After the Constitution of 1956 was passed, it was
hoped that General Elections would be held within one year but it could not be done.

10. Political Conflict:

After the establishment of Pakistan, conflict of power gave birth to grouping in
the Muslim League. Governor General Ghulam Muhammad took advantage of this
conflict and dissolved Assembly twice. Thus, political conflict paved the way for
the first Martial Law in the country.
11. Poor Economic Conditions:
Political instability and poor economic situation were prevailing in the country.
Despite being an agricultural country, the country experienced a food
shortage. The economic situation was so poor that in some areas famine like
situation arose.
12. lack of Political Leadership:
Pakistan lost capable political leadership after the deaths of Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and

Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy and such people got the control of the country as could
neither build national unity among people nor solve the problems of the people.

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 32

13. Smuggling and Nepotism:

Some other causes of Martial Law included smuggling, black marketing,
nepotism and obtainment of undue privileges. No one was there to solve the
problems of the people. The middle class was living a miserable life. The system
of entire country was plunged into chaos.
14. Role of Bureaucracy:
Bureaucracy manifested the most irresponsible attitude and played its role in
failing democracy in the country. Being influential, lust for power was born in
their hearts which caused the imposition of Martial Law.
15. Ayub Khan's Polities:
Politicians were involved inputting legs of each other. So, there was political
instability in the country. In these circumstances, Governor General Ghulam
Muhammad included General Ayub Khan as Defence Minister in the cabinet It
created uncertainty.
16. Provincial Prejudices:
Thriving provincial prejudices also resulted in the imposition of Martial Law. Politicians,
without caring for national security, instigated the public sentiments. The people of the
same country looked displeased with one another. On the other hand. the ruling class
paid no attention to stop this dangerous trend.
17. Political Instability

Cabinets were formed by two Governor Generals from 1953 to 1958.

Politicians’ instability and failure of parliamentary system resulted in a political crisis.
The people developed hatred towards politicians. They lost their trust in democratic
process that brought Martial Law.
18. Delay in Elections:
No General Elections were held in first eleven years of Pakistan. Elections were held
only in the provinces one by one. After the Constitution of 1956 was passed, it was
hoped that General Elections would be held within one year but it could not be done.

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CH-4 Long Q.A Prepared by Ms. Tanveer Kousar

CH#4 History of Pakistan (Part-1)

Long Q/A

Prepared by
Ms. Tanveer Kousar

34