DEPARTMENT OF ECE

CHAPTER-I

LITERATURE SURVEY
I. INTRODUCTION:
The most common electronic equipment used nowadays is Cell Phone or Mobile Phone.
With advancement in communication technology, the requirement of cell phones has increased
dramatically. A cell phone typically transmits and receives signals in the frequency range of 0.9 to
3GHz. In this project we provide a simple circuit to jam the signals which deliberately transmits
signals on the same radio frequencies.
1.1 Mobile phone jammer circuit using BC495 transistor

Dissimilar cellular-systems process signals differently, and yet, all cell-phone-networks use
radio-signals that can be interrupted or, even, blocked, completely. This project highlights the
design of a simple, low-cost mobile phone-jammer and aims to present a solution for the problem
of inappropriate-use of the cell-phones in restricted and prohibited-areas. The main concept of
jamming is the releasing of signal (noise) of the same-frequency which is using by mobile-service-
provider to overpower and destruct the user-signal. The fabrication of the jammer involved
uncomplicated discrete components, resistors, capacitors, inductors and transistors to generate the
required frequency (noise) and then amplifies the frequency generated to range of 800 MHZ to 1.4
GHZ in order to match the frequency of the mobile-phone being transmitted by the base-station.
Relatively-satisfactory jamming of a mobile-signal was confirmed by the blocking of the signals of
the mobile-phones in 2G and 3Gnetworks (UMTS / WCDMA) operated via Safaricom, Airtel,
Orange, and YU service-providers, when the phone indicated “no network”, thereby allowing no
call to go through, with no-interference to other communication-means observed. Overall
recommendation is that further and more deeper-research is needed to produce more-sophisticated
and better jamming devices, as not to affect the other base-station-transmission systems.

1
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Fig 1.1 Mobile jammer circuit using bf494 transistor

Working:
When the circuit gets ON, the voltage is stored by the capacitor according to its
capacity. The main-function of capacitor is to store electric energy. Once the capacitor is
completely charged, it will allow the charge to flow through inductor, which is used to store
magnetic-energy. When the current is flowing across the inductor, it will store the magnetic-energy
by this voltage across the capacitor and will get decreased, at some point complete-magnetic-
energy is stored by inductor and the charge or voltage across the capacitor will be zero

The capacitors C2 and C3 are used for generating the noise for the frequency generated by the
tuned-circuit. Capacitors C2 and C3 will generate the electronic-pulses in some random fashion,
so-called modulating signals (noise). The feedback-back or boost given by the RF-amplifier-
frequency generated by the tuned-circuit, the noise-signal generated by the capacitors C2 and C3
will be combined, amplified and transmitted to the air.

DRAWBACKS:

1. In the above circuit the noise is more and cannot be reduced.

2. Signal jamming level for transistor bf494 is very less.
3. It cannot block the signal the it just jams the signal.

2
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

To avoid the above drawbacks we designed the circuit based on the Ic555 which can jam the
signal completely. It can block the incoming, outgoing calls, data reception, data transmitting,
including 4G VOLTE.

1.2 MOBILE PHONE JAMMER CIRCUIT USING IC555

Description:

Our devices transmit the similar radio frequency which is either equal to or have greater
power than the mobile phone. As cell phones are full duplex devices that means that they use two
separate frequencies one is used for talking and the other is used for listening. As all cell phones
use radio frequencies it is not hard to interrupt with them. For example A GSM mobile operates in
900 MHZ And 1800 MHZ. The Cell phone Jammer broadcast on the same frequencies to block the
frequencies of the cell phone thus resulting in “No Network Available” message being displayed
on the mobile screen.

Fig 1.2 Mobile jammer circuit using IC555

As the cell phone jammer Also known as “Radio Jammers” was first invented in the times of
world war II to mislead Pilots in their own language and to prevent them from reaching their
destination this method was known more as a “spoofing” rather than jamming. The “Radio
jammer” was also as used to prevent citizen from listening to enemy broadcast. As they send the
signal at the same radio frequency as they the mobile phones this then confuses the mobile phone

3
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

by cancelling out the frequency and thus blocking the signal of the mobile phone.

DRAWBACKS:
1. People feel inconvenience.
2. V.I.P’s may loose some important calls.
3. As cell phone jammer blocks all the signals within its working range, there may be
grave consequences in an emergency.

4
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

CHAPTER-II

INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

2.1 INTRODUCTION:
This is designed and implemented for cell phone jammer using 555 IC. The jammer
device generates RF signals in the same frequency in which cell phone works. Jammer jams the
transmitted radio signal by the antenna and block the cell phone on an effective area.
Now a day’s cellular devices works on RF signal and those devices use wireless signals to
connect the network. Jammer create a dead zone for the cell phone by giving a RF Signal at the
same frequency expected by the device. The jamming signal itself a random noise. The device
signal interference by the jammer signal, and then device cannot longer connect to the network.
Jammer have different frequency signal. The power output of the jammer is state din WATTS or in
DBM, (decibels parameter). The technology behind this jammer is very simple. It breaks down the
network between the cell phone and the base station and broadcast a RF signal with frequency
range of cell phone. The small cell phone jammer block the range of feet in the frequency range of
800 to 1900 MHz and bigger radius can be block by the bigger jammer device.
When a cell-phone is turned-on, it reaches the nearest base-station and establishes a
communication- link and this process is called ‘Registration’. The three-main-technologies used by
cellular-phone providers are 2G, 3G, and 4G. Each-generation of technology uses a different-
transmission-protocol. The transmission protocols dictate how a cellular-phone communicates with
the tower. Some examples are: Frequency division multiple access (FDMA); Time division
multiple access (TDMA); Code division multiple-access (CDMA); Global system for mobile
communications (GSM) CDMA2000; Wideband code division multiple-access (WCDMA), and
Time-division synchronous-code-division-multiple-access (TD-SCDMA) among others (Miao,
2016). A cell-phone is a full-duplex-device, meaning that it operates on two frequencies; one-
frequency is used for talking and a second, separate-frequency, is for listening, enabling both-
people on the call to talk at once (Gralla, 2002)

5
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

MIXER SUMMER
TRIANGULAR WAVE NOISE GENERATOR “SUMMER”
GENERATOR

FIG 2.1Block diagram of the mobile jammer

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Cell phone jammer device have three main important circuits. When they are combined
together, the output of that circuit will works as a jammer. The three main circuits are follows:
Power supply, IF section and RF section.
2.2.1 POWER SUPPLY

The power supply is used to provide the power to the entire sections in the mobile jammer
with the available voltages. The basic block diagram of the power supply consists of the following
parts. (i) Transformer: The transformer is used to transform the 220V AC to the other voltage
levels(step up and step down) (ii) Rectification: The rectification is used to convert the AC voltage to the
DC voltage and this process can be done in two methods which are full wave & half wave rectification (iii )
Half wave Rectification: During the half wave rectification the input signal should be positive
cycle, hence the output voltage will be appearing (iv) Full wave Rectification: In this type of
rectifications the input signal should be in both i.e. in positive and negative cycles hence the output
voltage will be appear. (v) Filter: In this the large capacitors are used to minimize the ripples in the
output. The filter is used in the output of full wave rectifier to eliminate the noise & fluctuations to
provide the constant DC voltage (vi) Regulators: The regulators are used to provide a preferred DC
voltage.

2.2.2 IF SECTION

The IF section is just a triangular or saw tooth wave generator. With the help of desired range
of frequencies the tuning section of the jammer brushes the VCO. To compensate the proper
amount of VCO from the desired frequency to the maximum. The noise which is mixed with
triangular waves is generated by the tuning signal. The IF section is divided into three main
sections which are given below Noise generator Mixer Triangular wave generator

6
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

 Noise generator

 Mixer

 Triangular wave generator

2.2.3 RF SECTION

The RF section is the heart of the mobile jammer because the output of the RF section is
interacting with the mobile. There are three main sections in the RF section which are voltage
controlled oscillator, power amplifier and antenna. The voltage controlled oscillator is very
important in the RF section and it is a device. The RF section generates the RF signal which is e t
Rana, Sharma, Adhikari and Pandey 93 interacting with the cell phones. The VCO output
frequency is directly proportion to the input voltage, hence we can manage the output frequency
with the help of input voltage. If the input voltage is DC then the out has a specific range of
frequency or we have the triangular wave form is the input then the output will be extended to the
specific range of frequency.

7
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

CHAPTER III
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.3.1: circuit CITdiagram of the mobile using IC555

3.2 WORKING:
Jamming devices overpower the cell phone by transmitting a signal on the same frequency
and at a high enough power that the two signals collide and cancel each other out. Cell phones are
designed to add power if they experience low-level interference, so the jammer must recognize and
match the power increase from the phone. Cell phones are full-duplex devices, which means they
use two separate frequencies, one for talking and one for listening simultaneously. Some jammers
block only one of the frequencies used by cell phones, which has the effect of blocking both. The
phone is tricked into thinking there is no service because it can receive only one of the frequencies.
Less complex devices block only one group of frequencies, while sophisticated jammers can block
several types of networks at once to head off dual-mode or tri-mode phones that automatically
switch among different network types to find an open signal. Some of the high-end devices block
all frequencies at once, and others can be tuned to specific frequencies. To jam a cell phone, all
you need is a device that broadcasts on the correct frequencies. Although different cellular systems

8
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

process signals differently, all cell-phone networks use radio signals that can be interrupted. GSM,
used in digital cellular and PCS-based systems, operates in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz bands in
Europe and Asia and in the 1900-MHz (sometimes referred to as 1.9-GHz) band in the United
States.
Jammers can broadcast on any frequency and are effective against AMPS, CDMA, TDMA,
GSM, PCS, DCS, iDEN and Nextel systems. Oldfashioned analog cell phones and today's digital
devices are equally susceptible to jamming. The actual range of the jammer depends on its power
and the local environment, which may include hills or walls of a building that block the jamming
signal. Low-powered jammers block calls in a range of about 30 feet (9 m). Higher-powered units
create a cell-free zone as large as a football field. Units used by law enforcement can shut down
service up to 1 mile (1.6 km) from the device.

Fig 3.2. a) process of jamming signal

Fig 3.2 b) Radius of the mobile jammer

9
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

3.3 IC555 TIMER

Fig 3.3 a) 555 timer IC

One of the most versatile linear ICs is the 555 timer which was first introduced in early 1970 by
Signetic Corporation giving the name as SE/NE 555 timer. This IC is a monolithic timing circuit
that can produce accurate and highly stable time delays or oscillation. Like other commonly used
op-amps, this IC is also very much reliable, easy to use and cheaper in cost. It has a variety of
applications including monostable and astable multivibrators, dcdc converters, digital logic probes,
waveform generators, analog frequency meters and tachometers,temperature measurement and
control devices, voltage regulators etc. The timer basically operates in one of the two modes either
as a monostable (one-shot) multivibrator or as an astable (free-running) multivibrator.The SE 555
is designed for the operating temperature range from – 55°C to 125° while the NE 555operates
over a temperature range of 0° to 70°C.

The important features of the 555 timer are :

 It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18

Voltssupply voltage. Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current

 The external components should be selected properly so that the timing intervals can be
made into several minutes Proper selection of only a few external components allows
timing intervals of several minutes along with the frequencies exceeding several hundred
kilo hertz. It has a high current output; the output can drive TTL
 It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm) per degree Celsius change in
temperature, or equivalently 0.005 %/ °C. The duty cycle of the timer is adjustable with the
maximum power dissipation per package is 600 mW and its trigger and reset inputs are logic
compatible.

10
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Ic pin configuration:

Fig 3.3 b) 8 pin Dip 3.3 c) Top view of metal can package

The 555 Timer IC is available as an 8-pin metal can, an 8-pin mini DIP (dual-in-package) or a
14-pin DIP. This IC consists of 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors. The explanation of
terminals coming out of the 555 timer IC is as follows. The pin number used in the following
discussion refers to the 8-pin DIP and 8-pin metal can packages.
Pin 1: Grounded Terminal: All the voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
Pin 2: Trigger Terminal: This pin is an inverting input to a comparator that is responsible for
transition of flip-flop from set to reset. The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the
external trigger pulse applied to this pin.
Pin 3: Output Terminal: Output of the timer is available at this pin. There are two ways in which
a load can be connected to the output terminal either between pin 3 and ground pin (pin 1) or
between pin 3 and supply pin (pin 8). The load connected between pin 3 and ground supply pin is
called the normally on loadand that connected between pin 3 and ground pin is called the normally
off load.
Pin 4: Reset Terminal: To disable or reset the timer a negative pulse is applied to this pin due to
which it is referred to as reset terminal. When this pin is not to be used for reset purpose, it should
be connected to + VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.
Pin 5: Control Voltage Terminal: The function of this terminal is to control the threshold and
trigger levels. Thus either the external voltage or a pot connected to this pin determines the pulse
width of the output waveform. The external voltage applied to this pin can also be used to

11
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

modulate the output waveform. When this pin is not used, it should be connected to ground
through a 0.01 micro Farad to avoid any noise problem.
Pin 6: Threshold Terminal: This is the non-inverting input terminal of comparator 1, which
compares the voltage applied to the terminal with a reference voltage of 2/3 VCC. The amplitude
of voltage applied to this terminal is responsible for the set state of flip-flop
Pin 7 : Discharge Terminal: This pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor and
mostly a capacitor is connected between this terminal and ground. It is called discharge terminal
because when transistor saturates, capacitor discharges through the transistor. When the transistor
is cut-off, the capacitor charges at a rate determined by the external resistor and capacitor.
Pin 8: Supply Terminal: A supply voltage of + 5 V to + 18 V is applied to this terminal with
respect to ground (pin 1).
Monostable Multivibrator:

Fig 3.3 d) circuit diagram of Monostable Multivibrator

Monostable multivibrator often called a one shot multivibrator is a pulse generating circuit in which
the duration of this pulse is determined by the RC network connected externally to the 555 timer. In a stable
or standby state, the output of the circuit is approximately zero or a logic-low level. When external trigger
pulse is applied output is forced to go high (>> VCC). The time for which output remains high is
determined by the external RC network connected to the timer. At the end of the timing interval, the output
automatically reverts back to its logic-low stable state. The output stays low until trigger pulse is again
applied. Then the cycle repeats. The monostable circuit has only one stable state (output low) hence the
name monostable.

12
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

The pulse width of the trigger input must be smaller than the expected pulse width of the
output waveform. Also the trigger pulse must be a negative going input signal with amplitude
larger than 1/3 VCC.
The time during which the output remains high is given by :
t = 1.1 RC
where R is in Ohms and C is in Farads.
The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many seconds. This circuit
is widely used in industry for many different timing applications.
Astable Multivibrator: vcc

Fig 3.3 e) Circuit diagram of Astable Multivibrator

An astable multivibrator consists of two amplifying stages connected in a positive

feedback loop by two capacitive-resistive coupling networks.[failed verification] The amplifying
elements may be junction or field-effect transistors, vacuum tubes, operational amplifiers, or other
types of amplifier. Figure 1, below right, shows bipolar junction transistors.
The circuit is usually drawn in a symmetric form as a cross-coupled pair. The two output
terminals can be defined at the active devices and have complementary states. One has high
voltage while the other has low voltage, except during the brief transitions from one state to the
other.
The circuit has two astable (unstable) states that change alternatively with maximum transition
rate because of the "accelerating" positive feedback. It is implemented by the coupling capacitors

13
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

that instantly transfer voltage changes because the voltage across a capacitor cannot suddenly
change. In each state, one transistor is switched on and the other is switched off. Accordingly, one
fully charged capacitor discharges (reverse charges) slowly thus converting the time into an
exponentially changing voltage. At the same time, the other empty capacitor quickly charges thus
restoring its charge (the first capacitor acts as a time-setting capacitor and the second prepares to
play this role in the next state). The circuit operation is based on the fact that the forward-biased
base-emitter junction of the switched-on bipolar transistor can provide a path for the capacitor
restoration.
3.4 BF495 TRANSISTOR

Fig 3.4 a) Structure of BF495 Transistor

Characteristics:

3.4 Tables a) Charcteristics of bf495 transistor

14
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

3.4 b) Pin diagram of BF495

FEATURES:
• Low current (max. 30 mA)
• Low voltage (max. 20 V)
APPLICATIONS
• HF applications in radio and television receivers
• FM tuners • Low noise AM mixer-oscillators
• IF amplifiers in AM/FM receivers
3.5 LED’S:
LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer
deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many commercial
LEDs, especially Ga N/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate.

Fig 3.5 a) Internal Structure of LED

A very important metric of an LED is the external quantum efficiency ηext. It quantifies the
efficiency of the conversion of electrical energy into emitted optical energy. It is defined as the
light output divided by the electrical input power. It is also defined as the product of Internal

15
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

radiative efficiency and Extraction efficiency. ηext = Pout(optical) / IV For indirect band gap
semiconductors ηext is generally less than 1%, where as for a direct band gap material it could be
substantial. ηint = rate of radiation recombination/ Total recombination The internal efficiency is a
function of the quality of the material and the structure and composition of the layer.

LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. A Philips LUXEON k2 LED has a life time of about
50,000 hours, whereas Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 30,000 hours.

Fig 3.5 b) Types of LED’s

3.6 AMERICAN WIRE GUAGE (AWG):

American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown & Sharpe wire gauge, is a
logarithmic stepped standardized wire gauge system used since 1857, predominantly in North
America, for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. Dimensions of
the wires are given in ASTM standard B 258.[1] The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an
important factor for determining its current-carrying ampacity.

Fig 3.6 Sizes of AWG Wire

Increasing gauge numbers denote decreasing wire diameters, which is similar to many other
non-metric gauging systems such as British Standard Wire Gauge (SWG), but unlike IEC 60228,

16
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

the metric wire-size standard used in most parts of the world. This gauge system originated in the
number of drawing operations used to produce a given gauge of wire. Very fine wire (for example,
30 gauge) required more passes through the drawing dies than 0 gauge wire did. Manufacturers of
wire formerly had proprietary wire gauge systems; the development of standardized wire gauges
rationalized selection of wire for a particular purpose.

The AWG tables are for a single, solid, round conductor. The AWG of a stranded wire is
determined by the cross-sectional area of the equivalent solid conductor. Because there are also
small gaps between the strands, a stranded wire will always have a slightly larger overall diameter
than a solid wire with the same AWG.

AWG is also commonly used to specify body piercing jewelry sizes (especially smaller sizes),
even when the material is not metallic.

3.7 RESISTOR:
Resistors "Resist" the flow of electrical current. The higher the value of resistance the
lower the current will be. Resistance is the property of a component which restricts theflow of
electric current. Energy is used up as the voltage across the component drives the current through it
and this energy appears as heat in the component.

Fig3.7 a) Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as

17
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The primary
characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the
power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less
well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum
permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends
upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by
design.
RESISTOR COLOR CODE :

Fig3.7 b) Resistor color code format

To distinguish left from right there is a gap between the C and D bands.
The first significant figure of component value (left side)
The second significant figure (some precision resistors have a third significant figure, and thus
five bands).
The decimal multiplier (number of trailing zeroes)
If present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no band means 20%)
In the above example, a resistor with bands of red, violet, green, and brown has first digit 2 (red;
see table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 5 (green) zeroes: 2700000 ohms. Gold
signifies that the tolerance is ±5%.
Resistors manufactured for military use may also include a fifth band which indicates component
failure rate (reliability); refer to MIL-HDBK-199[4] for further details.
Tight tolerance resistors may have three bands for significant figures rather than two, or an

18
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

additional band indicating temperature coefficient, in units of ppm/K.

All coded components have at least two value bands and a multiplier; other bands are optional.
3.8.CAPACITOR:
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly
separated conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential

Fig3.8a) Electrolytic capacitor

difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the
dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one
of its plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are valuable in
relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-
supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations
in rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be
conducted but DC should not.
Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them to
have very low corner frequencies

19
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

CERAMIC CAPACITOR:

Fig 3.8 b) Ceramic capacitor

A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor where the ceramic material acts as the dielectric. It
is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the
electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefore
applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two application classes:

Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for resonant circuit applications.
Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass, and coupling
applications.
Ceramic capacitors, especially multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), are the most produced and
used capacitors in electronic equipment that incorporate approximately one trillion (1012) pieces
Ceramic capacitors of special shapes and styles are used as capacitors for RFI/EMI suppression, as
feed-through capacitors and in larger dimensions as power.
3.9 SWITCHES:

A "switch" is a device that allows you to open and close an electric circuit. This lets you turn
something on or off, or select one of several choices. Basic electronic components don't get much
simpler than a switch, but there are wide assortment of different switches out there, for every
possible need. The most basic switch is two pieces of wire coming together. When you touch the
wires together, electricity can pass from one to the other, completing the electric circuit. When you
pull the wires apart, the circuit is broken.

20
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

FDIFFERENT TYPES OF SWITCHES:

Fig 3.9 a) Different types of switches

 The simplest of switches is an SPST switch. The photo to the right is a knife switch that is an
SPST switch. It can can make one connection (Single Pole) in one direction (Single Throw).
 One of the things you must consider when purchasing a switch is the amount of voltage and
current (amps) that you will be controlling with the switch. Most of the time the packaging for the
switch will include information on the maximum voltage and amperage that the switch is rated
for.
 Switch actuator refers to the type of mechanical action required to to activate a switch. Actuator
types can include toggle, pushbutton, slide and magnetic.

21
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS

4.1 SNAPSHOT OF THE PROJECT:

4.1 fig a) Circuit without connection of a battery 4.1 fig b) shows the full signal strength

4.1 fig c) circuit with connection of a battery 4.1 fig d) shows the jamming of the signal

22
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

APPLICATIONS:
These are various types of jamming devices available which are using different jamming
techniques.
 To maintain the complete silence in library and lecture hall.
 To avoid fraud in examination hall.
 To avoid disturbance in classroom.
 For providing security in business conference ,board of directors rooms, seminars,
etc.
 For providing calm and peaceful environment in hospitals.
 Church, Mosques, Cathedral , temples, religious establishment.
ADVANTAGES:
 Police can block phone calls during a drug raid so suspects can’t communicate
outside the area.
 Restricts explosion of cellphone triggered bombs.

23
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION:
Exposure to mobile jammer radiation for durations as low as 1 hour adversely affects the
human hearing. Considering the health effects of mobile jammers, stricter regulations are needed
for limiting the application of these devices.
This is the first study to investigate the effect of short term exposure of human hearing to RF
radiations emitted by common mobile jammers. Altogether, findings of this study indicate that the
students exposed to radiations emitted by a common mobile jammer show significantly lower
hearing compared to the time they were not exposed. This is an issue that needs further
consideration because today the use of mobile jammer is increasing and health hazards such as
hearing loss are important subjects that need further research.

FUTURE SCOPE:
Jammers is an instrument used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base
stations. When used, the jammer effectively disables cellular phones. These devices can be used in
practically any location, but are found primarily in places where a phone call would be particularly
disruptive because silence is expected. Similarly, in recent years, some large enterprises also began
to purchase such products. The main function is to prevent employees from being lazy.

Presently, the mobile jammer devices are becoming civilian products rather than electronic
warfare devices, since with the increasing number of the mobile phone users the need to disable
mobile phones in specific places where the ringing of cell phone would be disruptive has
increased.

24
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES:

 Mahato, S. and Vimala, C. (2015) Cellular Signals Jamming System in 2G And 3G.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering, ISSN (Print): 2320 – 3765 ISSN. Miao, G; Zander, J.; K-W Sung, and
Slimane, B. (2016) Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks, Cambridge University Press,
ISBN 1107143217.
 Zorn,S.; Maser,M.; Goetz,A.; Rose, R. and Weigel, L. (2011) “A power saving jamming
system for e-GSM900 and DCS1800 cellular phone networks for search & rescue
applications, Published in: Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), IEEE Topical
Conference, 16-19 Jan. 2011, Page(s): 33 – 36, E-ISBN: 978-1-4244-8413-3, Print ISBN:
978-1-4244-8414-0

 Ahmed Jisrawi, "GSM 900 Mobile Jammer", undergrad project, JUST, 2006.

WEBSITES:
 http://ijrise.org/asset/archive/17EXTC-ICEMESM
 https://www.ijareeie.com/upload/2014/apr14- specialissue3/44_R45_Shantanu.pdf
 https://electronicsforu.com

TEXT BOOKS:

 Linear Integrated Circuits by- S. Shalivahanan, TMH, 2008

 Electronic devices and Circuits- Jacob Millman, MGH-2005

 Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory-Robert L. Boylsterd, PEARSON-2011

25
SVS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS