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Polarization
Birefringence
y ο
TA
45
x
E fast
w
UP slo
Es
λ /4
z
Ef RCP
Polarization
x
z
4/20/2011 4
Natural Light is Unpolarized
• Light from sun
• We can polarize light using special material
• Crystals, Polymers with aligned atoms …
4/20/2011 5
Linear Polarizers
• Linear Polarizers absorb all electric fields
perpendicular to their transmission axis.
4/20/2011 6
Unpolarized Light on
Linear Polarizer
90°
unpolarized
light TA
II == I00 B1
I1
I2 I3
4/20/2011 9
Law of Malus Example
TA
E0 45°
TA
E1
90°
unpolarized
light TA
I = I0 B1
I1= 0.5 I0
I2= I1cos2(45) I3
4/20/2011 11
Polarization by Reflection
• Light can by polarized by reflection
4/20/2011 12
Brewster’s angle
• Partial polarization on
reflection
• Part of the light is refracted
(also polarized)
• Depends on refractive indices
– Brewster’s law
I = ε 0c E 2
= ε 0 c Ex2 + E y2
= ε 0 c Ex2 + E y2
12 1
1
So I = ε 0 cE02 Just like before
2
Polarizers
LP I2=??
1B • What is the relation between I45 and I30, the final intensities in the
situation above when the angle θ = 45°and 30°, respectively?
(a) I 45 < I30 (b) I 45 = I30 (c) I 45 > I 30
30 TA
x 45 TA x
E0 E0
y TA y
I=I0 I=I 0 TA
z z
I45=? I30=?
Multi-part clicker n̂ 1
• Light of intensity I0, polarized along TA
x
the x direction is incident on a set of E0 θ
2 linear polarizers as shown. E1
y n̂ 2
– Assuming θ = 45°, what is I45, I=I0 TA
1A
E2
the intensity at the exit of the
2 polarizers, in terms of I0? I45 =?
z
1 1
(a) I 45 = I0 (b) I 45 = I0 (c) I 45 = 0
2 4
2
• The electric field after the first polarizer is LP at θ1 = 45.
• The intensity after the second polarizer is:
I1 1
I 45 = I1 cos ( 90 − 45 ) =
2
I 45 = I0
2 4
Multipart clicker n̂ 1
• Light of intensity I0, polarized along the TA
x
x direction is incident on a set of 2 E0 θ
linear polarizers as shown. E1
y n̂ 2
– Assuming θ = 45°, what is the
1A relation between the I45, the intensity I=I0 TA
E2
at the exit of the 2 polarizers, in
terms of I0? z
I45 =?
1
(a) I 45 = I 0 (b) I 45 = 1 I 0 (c) I 45 = 0
2 4
1B • What is the relation between I45 and I30 , the final intensities in the
situation above when the angle θ = 45°and 30°, respectively?
(a) I45 < I30 (b) I45 = I30 (c) I 45 > I 30
• In general, the first polarizer reduces the intensity by cos2θ, while the
second polarizer reduces it by an additional factor of cos2(90 – θ).
• Thus, the final output intensity is given by:
I30 = I0 cos2 (30) cos2 (90 – 30) = 0.1875
In general: Iout = I0 cos (θ ) cos ( 90 −θ ) = I0 cos (θ ) sin (θ ) ∝ sin ( 2θ )
2 2 2 2 2
E0y
unpolarized
E0x x
Can always describe
θi θi E in terms of
na components in two
nb arbitrary directions.
The components are
equal for unpolarized
light.
Medium b
θr
nb
tan θ p =
na
Light reflected on dashboard to the windshield will be
polarized in the horizontal plane. Using polaroid dark
glasses with a vertical polarization
axis will remove most of reflected light (glare).
Electric field lines from oscillating dipole
full computer simulation - a snapshot in time
No
signal
No
signal
This experiment was done by Hertz with radio waves in the 19th century
Dipole radiation pattern
• Oscillating electric dipole generates e-m radiation that is
linearly polarized in the direction of the dipole
• Radiation pattern is doughnut shaped & outward traveling
– zero amplitude above and below dipole (sin2Θ)
– maximum amplitude in-plane
y
Polarization by Scattering
• Suppose unpolarized light encounters an atom and scatters
(energy absorbed & reradiated).
– What happens to the polarization of the scattered light?
– The scattered light is preferentially polarized perpendicular to the
plane of the scattering.
» For example, assume the incident unpolarized light is moving
in the z-direction.
» Scattered light observed along the x-direction (scattering
plane = x-z) will be polarized along the y-direction.
» Scattered light observed along the y-direction (scattering
plane = y-z) will be polarized along the x-direction.
y
This box contains atoms
that “scatter” the light
beam
x
z
Polarization of the sky… Maximum intensity
Less intensity
No radiation along direction of motion!
Start with sunlight with all polarizations & randomly oriented dipoles.
2 cases:
+
±
–
• Polarized sky
– The same argument applies to light
scattered off the sky:
r xˆ − yˆ
E
What if instead we had 0 = E0 ? Polarized at –45°.
2
E x = E x 0 sin( kz − ω t + φ x )
E y = E y 0 sin( kz − ω t + φ y ) y
y r
E r
E
θ x
x
π
φ ≡ φx − φy = 0 φ ≡ φx − φ y = ±
Linear Circular
2
Polarization E yo Polarization E yo = E xo
= tan θ
E xo
(E0x and E0y are ±90°out of phase.)
Clicker
• What is the polarization of an electromagnetic wave whose E
vector is described as: E x = − E 0 cos( kz − ω t )
E y = E 0 sin( kz − ω t )
It would be “elliptical” if Ex ≠ E y :
r
x E
The correct answer is circular (actually LCP).
Visualization
• Why do we call this circular
polarization?
Light linearly polarized at 45°to the fast or slow axis will acquire a relative
phase shift between these two components → alter the state of polarization.
The phase of the component along the fast axis is π/2 out of phase with
the component along the slow axis. E.g.,
y ο
TA Rotation at t = 0:
45
x
E y
fast
UP
w
slo Es
Ef
r
x E
λ /4
z
Max vectors at t=0:
RCP = CW
Stress-induced birefringence:
Applying a mechanical stress to a
material will often produce an
asymmetry birefringence.
This is commonly used to measure
stress.