BRAIN ELECTROSTATICS

In dry weather, a spark is produced by walking across certain types of carpet and then bringing one of the fingers near a metal

MAP doorknob, or even a person. Multiple sparks can be produced when a sweater or cloth is pulled from the body. It reveals that
electric charge is present in our bodies, sweaters, carpets, doorknobs, computers etc. In fact, every object contains a vast
amount of electric charge.

Coulomb's Law Electric Charge Electric Dipole

lElectric force between two point charges : lA physical quantity responsible for lA pair of equal and opposite charges q and –q
r 1 qq r electromagnetism. There are only two kinds of separated by a small distance 2a.
F12 = 12 2 rˆ12 = − F21
4π ε0 K r12 charge, positive and negative. lThe direction of dipole is the direction from –q to q.
1
where K = 1 for free space, = 9×109 N m2 C −
2
lConservation of charge : The total charge of an lDipole moment, p = q × 2a r
4πε0 1 p cos θ 1 p⋅ rˆ
isolated system is always conserved. lElectric Potential, V = =
lCoulomb's law agrees with Newton's third law. 4π
ε
0 r 2 4π
ε 2
0 r
lQuantisation of charge : Q = ne
lForce on charge q1 due to remaining charges q2, q3, lDipole field at an axial point 1 2 pr
where, n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ... and e = 1.6 × 10–19 C Eaxial = 2 2 2
q4, ... qn in the region. at distance r from the centre 4πε (r − a )
0
rq1 n qi of the dipole
F1 = ∑ rˆ Electric Potential 1 2p
4π
ε 2 1i when r >> a Eaxial = 3
2 r1i
0 i=
Work done by an external force (equal and opposite 4π
ε
l 0 r
It is a vector sum of all the forces acting on point Dipole field at an 1 p
to the electric force) in bringing a unit positive l
Eequatorial = 2 2 3/2
charge q1. equatorial point 4πε0 (r +
a )
charge from infinity to a point = electrostatic
potential (V) at that point. at distance r from the centre of the dipole is
1 q 1 p
Due to a point charge : V(r) =
when r >> a Eequatorial =
l
Electric Field 4π
0 r
ε 4π
ε3
r
r 0
rF 1 q lPotential difference between two points,
lDue to a point charge, E= = 2 rˆ l = pE sin θ
Torque, τ
qtest 4 πε
0 r
UP − U R WRP lPotential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform
VP −
VR = =
lDue to positive charge, electric field is away from q q electric field, U = –pE (cos q 2 – cos q1)
the charge and due to negative charge, it is towards lPotential at a point P, due to system of charges If initially the dipole is perpendicular to ther
? field E,
r
q1, q2, q3, ... q 1 = 90° and q 2=q , then U = −θpE cos = −p⋅ E
the charge.
1 
q1 q2 q3  If initially the dipole is parallel to the field E, q
? 1 = 0°
lDue to charge distribution, VP =
V1 +
V2 +
V3 +
... =  + + ... 
+ 
4πεr
0 r r  and q 2=q , then U = – pE (cos q – 1) = pE(1 – cos q )
r1 λ
∆ L 1 2 3
Linear charge, E =∑ 2
rˆ It is algebraic sum of the potentials due to the
4π
ε
0 r
r1 σ∆ S individual charges.
Surface charge, E =∑ rˆ
Dielectric and Polarisation
4π
ε 2
0 r lA dielectric develops a net dipole moment in an
r1 ρ
∆ V Relation between Field and Potential
Volume charge, E =∑ rˆ external electric field.
4π
ε
0 r 2 dV net dipole moment
lE=
−
dr lPolarisation =
volume
lElectric field is in the direction in which the rr
For a linear isotropic dielectric, P =
eE
χ
Electric Flux and Gauss's Law potential decreases steepest. lSurface charge density due to polarisation,
lElectric flux through a plane surface area D
S held in lIts magnitude is given by the change in the r
σ
P =nˆ =
P⋅ P cos θ
a uniform electricr
field
r magnitude of potential per unit displacement
∆
φ E⋅
E =∆S=
E∆
S cos θ normal to the equipotential surface at the point. Capacitors and Capacitance
lAccording to Gauss's law, electric flux through a
lA capacitor is a system of two conductors separated
closed surface S is equal to (1/e 0) times charge
Electrostatics of Conductors
by an insulator.
enclosed. lAt the
surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic q q
r r qen lCapacitance, C= =
φ Ñ
E ⋅=
E =
∫ dS
ε 0
field must be normal to the surface at every point. Vo V1 − V2
lThe interior of a conductor can have no excess l e
For a spherical conductor, C = 4p
0R
charge in the static situation. lEnergy stored in a charged conductor or capacitor,
Applications of Gauss's Law lElectrostatic potential is constant throughout the 1 1 q2 1
U= CV 2 = = qV
volume of the conductor and has the same value (as 2 2C 2
Electric field due to a long straight wire
l λ
E= inside) on its surface.
of uniform linear charge density l , 2π ε0r lElectric field at the surface of a charged conductor Different Types of Capacitors
Electric field due to an infinite plane sheet
l σ r σ
E= E= nˆ where s is the surface charge density and Kε
of uniform surface charge density s , 2ε ε 0A
0 0 lCapacity of parallel plate capacitor, C=
Electric field due to two positively charged parallel
l n̂ is a unit vector normal to the surface in the d
plates with charge densities s 1 and s 2 such that
outward direction. 1  1 
lInduced charges, σ i =
σ1−
  or qi = q 1− 
s  K  K
1>s
2 > 0, Potential of Charge Distributions
1 1 lCapacity of capacitor ε0A
E= (σ C=
2)
1+
σ E= (σ2)
1−
σ Charge distribution Formula partially filled with a t
2ε0 2ε0 d− t+
(Outside the plates) (Inside the plates) Kq σ
R Kq dielectric, K
Uniformly charged Vi =
Vs = = , Vo =
Electric
l field due to two equally and oppositely R ε r lForce of attraction between F = q2
spherical shell 0
charged parallel plates, plates of capacitors, 2 Aε 0
σ Uniformly Kq  ab 
E = 0 (For outside points), E =(For inside points) Vi = (1.5R2 − 0.5r 2 ) lCapacity of spherical capacitor, C = 4π ε0 
ε
0 charged solid sphere R3 b −a
Electric
l field due to a thin spherical shell of charge Kq Kq lCapacity of cylindrical capacitor 2πε 0
Vs = , Vo =
density sand radius R, R r per unit length, ln(b / a)
1 q 1 q On the axis of Kq
E =2 E=0 E= 2 V=
4πε 4πε
0 R
Combination of Capacitors
0 r uniformly charged R2 + x2
For r > R For r < R For r = R Kq
ring At centre, x = 0 ∴ V= 1 1 1 1 1
(Outside points) (Inside points) (At the surface) R lCapacitors in series : = + +
C C1 C2 C3
+ ∑
... =
C
R2 s
where, q = 4p . i i
Infinitely long λ 
r2 
Electric
l field of a solid sphere of uniform charge PD =ln   lCapacitors in parallel : C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... = S
Ci
line charge 2π
ε
0 r1 

i
density rand radius R
1 q 1 qr 1 q Electric Potential Energy Van de Graaff Generator
E =2 E= 3 E= 2
4πε
0 r 4πε
0 R 4πε
0 R lElectric potential energy of a 1 q1 q2 lBy means of a moving belt and suitable brushes
For r > R For r < R For r = R U=
system of two point charges, 4π ε 0 r12
charge is continuously transferred to the shell and
(Outside points) (Inside points) (At the surface) potential difference of the order of several million
l 1
Electric potential energy of U = Σ q j qk
4 3 volts is built up, which can be used for accelerating
where q = Rρ
π a system of N point charges, 4πε0 all pairs rjk
3 (j > k ) charged particles.