Unit:03

DIPOLE MOMENT &INDUCTIVE EFFECT

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BS 2nd Year
Semester -III

Dr. Farkhanda Hassan

Assistant Professor
Dept. Chemistry
Fuuast Gulshan
Campus
 DIPOLEMOMENT

What is Dipole Moment?

A dipole moment arises in any system in which there

is a separation of charge. They can, therefore, arise
in ionic bonds as well as in covalent bonds. Dipole
moments occur due to the difference in
electronegativity between two chemically bonded atom.
A bond dipole moment is a measure of
the polarity of a chemical bond
between two atoms in a molecule. It
involves the concept of electric dipole
moment, which is a measure of the
separation of negative and positive
charges in a system.
The bond dipole moment is a
vector quantity since it has both
magnitude and direction. An
illustration describing the dipole
moment that arises in an HCl
(hydrochloric acid) molecule is
provided below.
It can be denoted that the symbols
𝛿+ and 𝛿– represent the two electric
charges that arise in a molecule which
are equal in magnitude but are of
opposite signs. They are separated by
a set distance, which is commonly
denoted by ‘d’.
Summary
* It is a vector quantity, i.e. it has
magnitude as well as definite
direction
* Being a vector quantity, it can also
be zero as the two oppositely acting
bond dipoles can cancel each other.
Dipole Moment Formula

A dipole moment is the product of the

magnitude of the charge and the
distance between the centers of the
positive and negative charges. It is
denoted by the Greek letter ‘µ’.
Mathematically expression
Dipole Moment (µ) = Charge (Q) * distance of
separation (r)

Here,
Dipole Moment = (µ)
Charge = (Q)
distance of separation = (r)
It is measured in Debye units denoted by ‘D’. 1 D = 3.33564 ×
10-30 C.m, where C is Coulomb and m denotes a meter.
The bond dipole moment (μ) is also a
vector quantity, whose direction is
parallel to the bond axis. In chemistry,
the arrows that are drawn in order to
represent dipole moments begin at the
positive charge and end at the negative
charge
 DIPOLE MOMENT OF H2O (WATER)

 In a water molecule, the electrons are

localized around the oxygen atom since it
is much more electronegative than the
hydrogen atom. However, the presence of
a lone pair of electrons in the oxygen
atom causes the water molecule to have a
bent shape (as per the VSEPR theory).
 The bond angle in a water molecule is
104.5o. The individual bond moment of an
oxygen hydrogen bond is 1.5 D. The net
dipole moment in a water molecule is
found to be 1.84D.
 DIPOLE MOMENT DUE TO
SYMMERTY OF MOLECULES
AMMONIA
compound dipolmoment

NaCl 9.00 CH4 0

CH2O 2.33 CH3SH 1.52

CH3Cl 1.87 NH3 1.47

H2O 1.85 CH3NH2 1.31

CH3OH 1.70 CO2 0

 Molecule Dipole moment

Carbon dioxide, CO2 0 Debye

Carbon disulfide, CS2 0 Debye

Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 0 Debye

Boron trichloride, BF3 0 Debye

Water, H2O 1.85 Debye
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 1.10 Debye
Ammonia, NH3
1.46 Debye

Nitrogen trifluoride, NF3 0.20 Debye

 Inductive Effect :When an electron-releasing or
an electron-withdrawing species is introduced to
a chain of atoms (generally a carbon chain), the
corresponding negative or positive charge is
relayed through the carbon chain by the atoms
belonging to it. This causes a permanent dipole
to arise in the molecule and is referred to as the
inductive effect
Inductive Effect
Positive inductive effect ,1- chloro butane
INDUCTIVE EFFECT ON ACIDITY AND
BASICITY OF A COMPOUND

 Using the inductive effect, we can predict the

acidity and basicity of compounds. It can be
said as a generalization the electron
withdrawing groups (EWG) increase the acidity
of a compound and electron donating group
decrease the acidity of a compound.
 Thus it can be said that, +I groups decrease
acidity (or increase basicity) and –I groups
increase acidity (or decrease basicity) of
compounds.
 For Example, formic acid ( HCOOH) is more
acidic than acetic acid (CH3COOH) due to
the +I inductive effect of the methyl group
attached to the carboxylic acid group.
KINDS OF INDUCTIVE EFFECT

*Types of Inductive Effect

*Negative inductiveeffect or-I

effect

*Positive inductive effect +I effect

Thank You
Unit =3(b) BS 2nd year 3rd
semester

RESONANCE ENERGY
RULE OF RESONANCE
Movement of pi electron
between parall orbital is
called resonance
 When we draw line bond structure of
acetate molecule we show a doubble
bond to one oxygen and a single bond to
other doubble bond to the “top oxygen
and a single bond to the bottom oxygen
.the two individual line bond structure for
acetate ion are called resonance form is
the placement of pi and non bonding
velance electron
 What is resonance energy ?
 The difference between the
potential energy of the actual structure
and that of the contributing structure with
the lowest potential energy is called
the resonance energy or
delocalization energy.


Resonance Energy
 Atoms never move.
 You can only move electrons in π bonds or
lone pairs (that are in p orbitals)
 The overall charge of the system must
remain the same.
 The bonding framework of a molecule
must remain intact.

Rule of resonance
Rule of resonance

(1)Individual resonance forms are

immagenary,not real
 The real structure is a composit or
resonance hybrid, of the different form
species such as acetate ion and benzene
are no difference from any other they
have single unchanged structure
(2) Resonance form differ only in the
placement of their pi or nonbonding
electro
 The movement of electron from one
resonance structure to another can be
indicated by using curved arrow.A curved
arrow always indicates the movement of
electron ,not the movement of atom.
 The situation with benzene is similar to
that with acetate .the pi electron in the
doubble bond move but the carbon and
hydrogen atom remain in place.
 (3)Different resonance forms of a
substance don’t have to be equivalent.
 both contribute the over all resonance
hybrid
 (4)Resonance forms obey normal rule of
valency:
 A Resonance form is like any other
structure the octate rule still applies to
second row main group atom for example
one of the following structure for the
acetate ion is not a valid resonance form
because the carbon atom has five bond
and ten velence electron.
:
 (5)The resonance hybrid is more stable
than any individual resonance form:
 Resonance lead to stability means large
number of resonance form a more stable
substance is because its electron are
spread out over a large part of the
molecule and are closer to more nuclei
.That the benzene ring is more stable
because of resonance.