GRADE COMPONENT AND CORRESPONDING WEIGHT:

FINAL RATING
Midterm Grade 40%
Final term Grade 60%
100%

MIDTERM GRADE
Midterm Exam 40%
Written Works/Assignment /Quizzes 30%
Class Participation/Seatwork/Group Work 30%
Total: 100%
FINAL TERM GRADE
Final Term Exam 40%
Written Works/Assignment /Quizzes 30%
Class Participation/Seatwork/Group Work 30%
Total: 100%

Passing Grade = 60%

Introduction to Organic Molecules

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND A

REVIEW OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY
A. The Structural Theory of Matter
B. Electrons, Bonds, and Lewis Structures
C. Identifying Formal Charges
D. Induction and its Effects to Reactivity of Organic Compounds
E. Atomic Orbitals
F. Valence Bond Theory
G. Molecular Orbital Theory
H. Hybridized Atomic Orbitals
I. VSEPR Theory: Predicting Geometry
J. Dipole Moments and Molecular Polarity
K. Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties
Introduction to Organic Chemistry (Molecules)

German chemist Friedrich Wöhler

- demonstrated the conversion of ammonium cyanate (a
known inorganic salt) into urea, a known organic
compound found in urine:
Consider these structures:

C2H6O

Colorless gas (aerosol spray Clear Liquid (alcoholic

propellant) beverages)

- Constitutional isomers (same molecular formula, different

atoms connectivity/constitution)
- Have different physical properties and different names
Number of bonds of each element
More on Constitutional isomers C3H8O
 Gilbert Lewis (1916) – defined a covalent bond
as a result of 2 atoms sharing a pair of electrons

• The Lewis dot structures of

individual atoms are
combined to produce Lewis
dot structures of small
molecules.
Valence electron – the electron in the outermost shell
What is the formal Charge of O in CO2?
3 classifications:
1. Covalent;
2. Polar covalent;
3. Ionic
 Delectronegativity Electron Category of Examples
Bond
< 0.5 Equally Covalent
shared
Bet 0.5 & 0.7 Not Polar
equally Covalent
shared
> 0.7 Not Ionic
shared
1.6 Atomic Orbitals
Quantum mechanics (QM)- changed the way we
viewed the nature of matter and laid the foundation
for our current understanding of electrons and bonds.

To understand the nature of electrons, it is critical to

understand a few simple highlights from QM:

1. An equation is constructed to describe the total energy of a

hydrogen atom (i.e., one proton plus one electron). This
equation, called the wave equation, takes into account the
wavelike behavior of an electron that is in the electric field of
a proton.
2. The wave equation is then solved to give a series of solutions
called wavefunctions.

The Greek symbol psi (ψ) is used to denote each wavefunction

(ψ1, ψ2, ψ3, etc.). Each of these wavefunctions
corresponds to an allowed energy level for the electron.

This result is incredibly important because it suggests that an

electron, when contained in an atom, can only exist at discrete
energy levels (ψ1, ψ2, ψ3, etc.).

In other words, the energy of the electron is quantized.

3 Each wavefunction is a function of spatial location.

It provides information that allows us to

assign a numerical value for each location in three-dimensional
space relative to the nucleus.

The square of that value (ψ2 for any particular location) has a
special meaning. It indicates the probability of finding the
electron in that location.

Therefore, a three-dimensional plot of ψ2 will generate an

image of an atomic orbital
Two waves approach each other can interfere as:
1. Constructive interference
Two waves approach each other can interfere as:
2. Destructive interference

Valence bond theory (VBT) – a bond is formed by sharing

electron density between two atoms resulting in the
constructive interference of their atomic orbitals (AO)
+
Now let us consider acetylene that has triple
bond between two C
+
Molecular Dipole Moment
CH2Cl2

NH3 CCl4
Physical Properties of compounds are determined by:

• Intermolecular forces – attractive forces between the

individual molecules
- all forces are electrostatic – due to attraction
between opposite charges
A. dipole-dipole interaction
B. Hydrogen bonding
C. Fleeting dipole-dipole interaction
Temporary dipole moment – is a result of induced
transient dipole moment in a neighboring molecule

- the attractive forces are called London dispersion

forces
- large hydrocarbons have more surface area and
experience London forces to a greater extent.

Therefore, Straight chain HC with higher MW will boil at

higher temperature.
Branched HC – has smaller surface area and hence has low
boiling point.

Consider the constitutional isomers of C5H12:

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