CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY
A. BACKGROUND
Glycosides are active ingredients of plants which belong to the group of
secondary metabolites. Glycosides are a combination of two compounds, namely
sugar (glycone) and not sugar (aglycone). Both are connected by a form of bond
in the form of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Carbon bridges
Consist : Glycone And Aglycone

Based on the aglycone of glycosides are divided as follows:

A. Saponin glycosides
B. Sterol-Cardio Active Glycosides (Cardiac Glycosides)
C. Antrakinon glycosides
D. Sianophore glycosides
E. Thiosianat glycosides
F. Flavonol glycosides
G. Alcoholic glycosides
H. Aldehyde glycosides
I. Lactone glycosides
J. Phenol Glycosides
K. Glycosides whose Aglicons cannot be included in the group above are in
the form of: Bitter substances, sweet substances, dyes, metal substances

In this paper we will describe Saponin glycosides Saponin glycosides are

glycosides whose aglycone is sapogenin. Saponins are glycoside compounds
that have a steroid structure and have distinctive properties forming colloidal
solutions in water and foaming when shaken. Saponin tastes bitter and causes
sneezing and irritation of the mucous membranes.
Saponins are destructive to red blood through hemolysis reactions, are
toxic to cold blooded animals, and are widely used as fish poisons. Potentially
hard or toxic saponins are often referred to as sapotoxins. saponins in fish,
causing respiratory problems. saponin, not toxic to humans when eaten. Not
toxic to humans, it can be seen from drinks such as beer, the foam is caused by
saponins. saponins are found in the roots (Glicyrrhizae Radix), onions,
watercress, nuts (such as: Peanuts, soybeans), and also kinds of cabbage
B. PROLEM FORMULATION
1. How is the structure of the Saponin Glycosides?
2. Mention the plants that can form Saponin Glycosides?
3. What is the function of Saponin Glycosides?
4. Mention the properties of Saponin Glycosides?
5. How the polarity of that compound?
6. How the physical and chemical properties of Saponin Glycosides?
7. How to isolate the Saponin Glycosides?
8. How to identify that compound?
9. How the characteristic of Saponin Glycosides with the TLC method and
chromatography method?

C. PURPOSE
1. To know the structure of Saponin Glycosides
2. Knowing the plants that can form Saponin Glycosides
3. Knowing the efficacy of Saponin Glycosides
4. Knowing the properties that has in Saponin Glycosides
5. To know the polarity of Saponin Glycosides
6. To know the physical and chemical properties of Saponin Glycosides
7. Knowing how to isolate that compound
8. To know how to identify the Saponin Glycosides
9. Knowing the characteristic of Saponin Glycosided with TLC and
Cromatography methods
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

Saponin glycosides are glycosides whose aglycone is sapogenin. Saponins are

glycoside compounds that have a steroid structure and have distinctive properties
forming colloidal solutions in water and foaming when shaken. Saponin tastes bitter and
causes sneezing and irritation of the mucous membranes. Saponins are destructive to
red blood through hemolysis reactions, are toxic to cold blooded animals, and are
widely used as fish poisons. Potentially hard or toxic saponins are often referred to as
sapotoxins. saponins in fish, causing respiratory problems.saponin, not toxic to humans
when eaten. Not toxic to humans, it can be seen from drinks such as beer, the foam is
caused by saponins.
saponins are found in the roots (Glicyrrhizae Radix), onions, watercress, nuts (such as:
Peanuts, soybeans), and also kinds of cabbage
 Efficacy of Saponin glycosides
in plants: Saponins are considered as plant or protective defense systems in plant cells
Use in humans: Body defense (immune system), anticancer, anti-cholesterol
 Identification of saponins
How to identify saponins:
weigh 500 mg of simplicia powder into the test tube, add 10 ml of hot water, chill
then shake vigorously for 10 seconds to form white foam which is stable not less than
10 minutes so that it is 1-10 cm At the addition of 1 drop of hydrochloric acid 2 N froth is
not lost, indicating that in the simplicia it contains saponins.
  Isolation of Saponin Compounds with TLC
Thin layer chromatography is a method that is often used to separate compound
components in a simplicia. The separation of saponin compounds from Ambon banana
stem extract in this study used the TLC method with lower chloroform: methanol: water
(13: 7: 2) eluent (Harborne, 1987). The results of TLC that were visually observed did
not show stains on the Merck aluminum silica gel plates which had been extracted and
eluted by eluents. In the observation below lampua UV 254 and 366 there were several
stain spots with different Rf values. The plate is then sprayed with LB reagent and
heated at 110 oC for 10 minutes to prove the patches of saponin compounds. After
spraying with LB reagent, followed by heating, green spots were obtained from the two
spots of Ambon banana stem extract.
The analytical TLC process was carried out repeatedly to obtain good results
with the Rf value obtained 0.275-0.375. After the analytical TLC process showed
positive results, the isolation process was carried out with preparative TLC to obtain
isolates. The same eluent used is a solvent mixture of chloroform: methanol: water (13:
7: 2) undercoat. In the preparative TLC process a preparative silica gel plate 60 F was
used 254 Merck so that there are many isolates. After the plate eluted to the upper limit,
an observation under the UV 254 lamp showed the same dark spots as the analytical
TLC results. To further clarify the patches of the saponin compounds resulting from
separation, on the left and right edges of the plate about 1 cm from the edge sprayed
LB reagent then heated with hair dryer to cause spotting. The area around the left and
right spots is connected by a straight line. The inside of the line is scraped and
dissolved with 95% alcohol. The solution was left alone and after silica deposits were
seen, the filtrate was filtered as an isolate to be identified. In this study saponin
comparison standard was not used because it was difficult to obtain so that the color
test with LB reagent was used as the basis for isolating saponin compounds.
 Identification of saponin compounds by UV-Vis spectrophotometry
In the identification process in this study with UV-Vis spectrophotometry aims to
determine the absorbance value of saponin compounds at the maximum wavelength
contained in the isolate filtrate. The filtrate was identified by a "Spectroquat Pharo 300"
spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 200-800 nm. The identification results show one
peak of the wave line at 209 nm as the maximum wavelength and has an absorbance
value of 2,754.