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Mathieu-Gauss beam and its propagation

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 March 2012

Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52 PCN

MATHIEU-GAUSS BEAM AND ITS PROPAGATION

L. Ez-zariy, H. Nebdi, A. Chafiq, A. Belafhal*
Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire, Atomique et Moléculaire.
B.P. 20, Département de Physique, Faculté des sciences,
Université Chouaïb Doukkali, 24000 El Jadida. Maroc,
* Corresponding author: belafhal@gmail.com
Received: 13 February 2012; revised version accepted: 21 March 2012

Abstract
Based on the generalized Collins integral formula and using the expansion of the hard aperture
function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions, an approximate analytical expression of
Mathieu-Gauss (MG) beams passing through a paraxial ABCD optical system with an annular aperture is
derived. From this general analytical expression, the traveling of MG beams through free space, circular
aperture and circular black screen are deduced as particular cases. Using the theoretical expressions
developed in this work, some numerical simulations of normalized intensity distribution of MG beams are
investigated.

Keywords: Mathieu-Gauss beams; Paraxial ABCD optical system; Free space; Annular aperture; Circular aperture ; Circular black
screen.

1. Introduction subject by analyzing the properties of the modified

Mathieu-Gauss (MG) beams have been the
subject of many studies in recent years, following
their experimental observation by C. Lopez-
Marisal and coworkers [1]. This family is in turn
the wavefields described, at the plane z=0, by the
product of a nondiffracting Mathieu beam and a
radial Gaussian function [2]. Like the other
nondiffracting fields, the MG beams can be
applied to optical tweezers and trapped atoms to
study the transfer of angular momentum to micro-
particles or atoms [3], in lithography [4], and
optical communications [5].
In a previous work, Chafiq et al. [6] have
analyzed an analytical study of the propagation of
MG beams through a paraxial ABCD optical
system. This study was realized by the use of the
Collins diffraction formulae and by developing
MG beams in terms of Bessel-Gauss ones [7].
In the literature, many studies have treated the
propagation properties of the ordinary
nondiffracting beams modulated by Gaussian
function passing through aligned and misaligned
optical systems [8-19], and traveling a turbulent
atmosphere [20]. Within the context of
propagation through optical systems, the paraxial
ABCD optical system with an annular aperture
attracts the attention of many optical studies. J. Gu
and D. Zhao [21] have derived an approximate
analytical expression of a Gaussian beam passing
through an ABCD optical system with an annular
aperture. In other works, Z. Mei et al. [22-23] have
analyzed the characteristics of Laguerre-Gaussian
beams and Bessel modulated Gaussian beams
through the considered optical system. Recently,
A.A.A. Ebrahim et al. [24] have contributed to this
Bessel-modulated Gaussian beams through any
optical system with an annular aperture.
Following the above studies, we will present a
generalized study of the transformation of the MG
beams through an ABCD optical system with an
annular aperture. From the present study, we
derive the generalized results and we deduce some
particular cases of the above references. So, our
work with the annular aperture represents the more
general case and the unapertured, apertured and
black screen are the particular cases. As it was
shown in a previous work [6], under particular
conditions, MG beams have propagation
characteristics similar to those of Bessel-Gauss
beams. So, the present work is available for this
last beams family, pure Mathieu, pure Bessel and
for pure Gaussian beams.
The reminder of this paper is described as
follows. The coming section describes the
propagation equation of MG beams through a
paraxial ABCD optical system with an annular
aperture. Some special cases are derived in
sections 3. Numerical simulations examples are
performed in section 4. And finally, some
concluding remarks are given in section 5.
2. Propagation of the MG beams through a
paraxial ABCD optical system with an annular
aperture
2.1 Collins diffraction integral for an apertured
optical system
If we consider an apertured paraxial ABCD
optical system (A, B, C and D are the elements of
the transfer matrix characterizing the optical
system) illuminated by a MG beam, which is

42
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

represented by U (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0 ) at the input plane system can be studied by the use of the Collins
and by U (ρ, ϕ, z ) at the output plane, the formula [25]. So, the relationship between the
input and output field distributions, is given by
propagation of this field through the considered
ik 2 π a
U (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0 )χ(ρ, ρ 0 , ϕ, ϕ 0 ).ρ 0 dρ 0 dϕ 0 ,
2πB ∫0 ∫b
U (ρ, ϕ, z ) = (1a)

where
⎧ − ik
χ(ρ, ρ 0 , ϕ, ϕ 0 ) = exp⎨
⎩ 2B
[ ⎫
Aρ 02 − 2ρρ 0 cos(ϕ − ϕ 0 ) + Dρ 2 ⎬,
⎭
(1b)]
U (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0 ) is the field distribution at the transformed into an infinite one, by using the hard
point (ρ , ϕ ) in the input plane z=0, and
0 0
aperture functions:
U (ρ, ϕ, z ) is the field distribution at the point ⎧1 if 0 ≤ ρ 0 ≤ a
A pa (ρ 0 ) = ⎨
(ρ, ϕ) in the output plane located at z distance. a ⎩0 if ρ 0 > a
, (2a)

and b are the outer-radius and inner-radius of the and

2π
annular aperture, k = is the wave number and
λ ⎧1 if 0 ≤ ρ 0 ≤ b
A pb (ρ 0 ) = ⎨ . (2b)
λ being the wavelength. A constant phase term in ⎩0 if ρ 0 > b
Eq. (1a) has been omitted which has no influence
on the output intensity distribution. By inserting these aperture functions in Eq.
In the following, we use the important (1a), the output field distribution reads
technique in which the finite integral of Eq. (1a) is
ik 2 π ∞
U (ρ, ϕ, z ) =
2πB ∫0 ∫0
[ ]
Apa (ρ 0 ) − A pb (ρ 0 ) U (ρ 0 , ϕ0 , z = 0 ) χ(ρ, ρ 0 , ϕ, ϕ0 ).ρ 0 dρ 0 dϕ0 . (3)

In the following, we will use Eq. (3) after 2.2 Application to Mathieu-Gauss beams
expanding the hard aperture functions into finite As it is known, the field distribution of MG
sum of complex Gaussian functions [17] beams at the plane z = 0 is given by [6]
⎞⎫ ⎛ ρ2 ⎞
⎛ B ( )
N
A pa (ρ 0 ) = ∑ Ah exp⎜ − 2h ρ 02 ⎟ ⎪ MG me (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0) = uc m ρ 0, ϕ 0 , z = 0 exp⎜ − 02 ⎟, (5a)
⎜ w ⎟
h =1 ⎝ a ⎠⎪ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎬, (4) and
N ⎛ B g 2 ⎞⎪
A pb (ρ 0 ) = ∑ Ag exp⎜⎜ − 2 ρ 0 ⎟⎟ ⎛ ρ2 ⎞
g =1 ⎝ b ⎠⎭
⎪ ( )
MG mo (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0) = us m ρ 0, ϕ 0 , z = 0 exp⎜ − 02
⎜ w
⎟,
⎟
(5b)
⎝ 0 ⎠
where Ah, g and B h, g are the expansion and where the superscripts e and o design even and
Gaussian coefficients, respectively. In these odd modes of MG beams, m is the beam order and
expressions, N is an integer which is taken equal w0 is the waist of the Gaussian beam. The even
to 10. In the following section, we will apply Eq. and odd modes of Mathieu beams can be written
(3) in the case of MG beams. as [6]

⎧ ∞
⎪uc 2 n (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0) = 2π ∑ A2 j (q )(− 1) cos(2 jϕ 0 ) J 2 j (k t ρ 0 )
(n) j

⎪ j =0
⎪ ∞
⎪uc 2 n+1 (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0) = 2π ∑ A2( nj )+1 (q )(i )2 j +1 cos[(2 j + 1)ϕ 0 ] J 2 j +1 (k t ρ 0 )
⎪⎪ j =0
⎨ ∞
. (6)
⎪us (ρ , ϕ , z = 0) = 2π ∑ B2 j +2 (q )(− 1) sin[(2 j + 2)ϕ 0 ] J 2 j +2 (k t ρ 0 )
(n) j +1
⎪ 2n+2 0 0 j =0
⎪
⎪ ∞
⎪us 2 n +1 (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0 ) = 2π ∑ B2 j +1 (q )(i )
(n) 2 j +1
sin[(2 j + 1)ϕ 0 ] J 2 j +1 (k t ρ 0 )
⎪⎩ j =0

43
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

In these expressions, q is the ellipticity 2π

⎡ ik ⎤
∫ dϕ0 . exp⎢⎣ 2 B ρρ0 cos(ϕ − ϕ0 )⎥⎦. exp(−imϕ0 )
h 2 k t2 0 ,(7a)
parameter ( q = with 2h is the inter-focal ⎛ kρρ0 ⎞ −imϕ
4 = (i )m 2πJ m ⎜ ⎟e
separation), ρ , ϕ and z are the cylindrical ⎝ B ⎠
variables. k t = k sin (φ 0 ) and k z = k cos(φ 0 ) J −n (z ) = (− 1)n J n (z ) , (7b)
(where φ 0 is the semi-angle of the cone on which and

∫ x.J l (σ.x ).J l (δ.x )exp(− γ.x )dx

∞
lie the wave’s vectors associated with the plane 2
waves) are the transverse and longitudinal
r 0
, (7c)
components of the wave vector k of plane waves 1 ⎛ σδ ⎞ ⎛ σ2 + δ2 ⎞
that reconstruct the beam. J is the Bessel function = I l ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ exp⎜⎜ − ⎟
⎟
2γ ⎝ 2γ ⎠ ⎝ 4γ ⎠
of the first kind. A2( nj) (q ) , A2( 2jn+1+1) (q ) , B2( 2jn++22) (q )
π
and B2( 2jn+1+1) (q ) are the expansion coefficients of with arg γ < , Re(σ ) > 0 and Re(δ ) > 0 , where
4
Mathieu functions [26]. I l is the modified Bessel function of the first kind
If we consider the illumination of the paraxial of order l , and after some tedious calculations,
ABCD optical system with an annular aperture by Eq. (3) becomes
a MG beam (see Fig. 1), the output field
distributions can be given by using Eqs. (1) and
(4) with the following relations [26]
⎡ N Ah ⎛ uc m ⎞ ⎛ ik ⎞ ⎤
⎢∑ (
exp − k tρ / γ a ⎜⎜ )⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ρ, ϕ, q, z = 0 ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢h=1 γ a ⎝ us m ⎠ ⎝ 2 Bγ a ⎠ ⎥
e ,o
U MG ( ρ, ϕ, q, z ) = C (ρ) ⎢ ⎥ , (8a)
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
( )
m N A uc
⎢− ik
ρ, ϕ, q, z = 0 ⎟⎟⎥
⎢ g∑
g
exp − k tρ / γ b ⎜⎜
m
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜
⎣ =1 b γ ⎝ m ⎠⎝
us 2 Bγ b ⎠⎥⎦
where Bg 1 ikA
ikD 2 γb = 2 + 2 + . (8e)
ikπ − 2 B ρ
C (ρ) =
b w0 2 B
e , (8b)
B Eq. (8a) represents the main result of this work
2 2 and permits us to study the propagation of MG
k k
k tρ = t + .ρ 2
, (8c) beam through a real or complex ABCD optical
4 4B 2
system with an annular aperture.
B 1 ikA
γ a = 2h + 2 + , (8d)
a w0 2 B
and

Figure 1: Schematic of a MG beam passing through an annular apertured paraxial ABCD optical system.

44
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

3. Special cases concerning the incident beams ƒ Pure Mathieu beams

and the optical system ρà2
When w0 → ∞ exp(− ) →1. Then the incident MG
3.1 Change of beams profiles w02
Eq. (8a) characterizes the propagation beam can be reduced to a pure Mathieu beam and
properties of MG beam passing through an Eqs. (5) become
annular apertured paraxial ABCD optical system. M me (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0) = ucm (ρ 0, ϕ 0 , z = 0) , (9a)
From this equation and under some conditions, we
will deduce the propagation of pure Mathieu, and
Bessel-Gauss, pure Bessel, and Gaussian beams (
M mo (ρ 0 , ϕ 0 , z = 0 ) = us m ρ 0, ϕ 0 , z = 0 . ) (9b)
through the mentioned optical system as particular So, in this case, Eq. (8a) becomes
cases.

⎡ N Ah ⎛ uc m ⎞ ⎛ ik ⎞ ⎤
⎢∑ (
exp − k tρ / γ a ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ρ, ϕ, q, z = 0 ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢h =1 γ a ⎝ us m ⎠ ⎝ 2 Bγ a ⎠ ⎥
e ,o
UM (ρ, ϕ, q, z ) = C (ρ) ⎢ ⎥, (10a)
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
( )
m N A uc
⎢− ik
ρ, ϕ, q, z = 0 ⎟⎟⎥
⎢ g∑
g
exp − k tρ / γ b ⎜⎜
m
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜
⎣ =1 b γ ⎝ m ⎠⎝
us 2 B γ b ⎠⎥⎦
where ƒ Bessel-Gauss and pure Bessel beams
ikD 2 The properties of Mathieu functions show that
ikπ − ρ
C (ρ) = e 2B , (10b) when the ellepticity parameter q vanishes, the
B expansion coefficients of Mathieu functions
j (q ) and B j (q ) also vanish except one. Thus,
k2 k2 2 A (.) (.)
k tρ = t + .ρ , (10c)
4 4B 2 the Mathieu-Gauss beams overlap with those of
B ikA Bessel-Gauss which is described as
γ a = 2h + , (10d) ρ 02
a 2B , (11)
−
U m (ρ0 , ϕ0 , z = 0 ) = C0 exp(− imϕ0 ) J m (αρ 0 )e w02

and
where C0 is an arbitrary constant.
B g ikA In this case (q=0), Eq. (8a) describes the
γb = 2 + . (10e)
b 2B properties of the propagation of Bessel-Gauss
These last equations can be used to describe the beams through a paraxial ABCD optical system
propagation of pure Mathieu beam through an and becomes
annular apertured paraxial ABCD optical system.

⎡ N Ah ⎛ ikαρ ⎞ ⎤
⎢∑ (
exp − k αρ / γ a J m ⎜⎜ )
⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢h=1 γ a ⎝ 2 Bγ a ⎠ ⎥ , (12a)
ikD 2
ikπ − 2 B ρ
U BG (ρ, ϕ, z ) =
e,o
e exp(−imϕ) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − ∑ Ag exp − k / γ J ⎛⎜ ikαρ ⎞⎟⎥
( )
m
B N
αρ b m⎜ ⎟
⎢ g =1 γ b ⎝ 2 Bγ b ⎠⎥⎦
⎣
where described by Eq. (11) without Gaussian term. In
α2 k2 2, (12b) this condition, Eq. (8a), describes the propagation
k αρ = + .ρ
4 4B 2 of pure Bessel beam through an annular apertured
B 1 ikA ABCD optical system which characterized also by
γ a = 2h + 2 + , (12c) Eq. (12a), but γa and γb in this case are given,
a w0 2 B
respectively, by
and B ikA
Bg 1 ikA γ a = 2h + , (12e)
γb = 2 + 2 + . (12d) a 2 B
b w0 2 B and
Eq. (12a) is the same of Eq. (9) of Ref. [23], that B g ikA
γb = 2 + . (12f)
describes the propagation of a Bessel-Gauss beam b 2B
through an annular apertured paraxial ABCD
optical system. ƒ Gaussian beams
Furthermore if q = 0 and w0 → ∞ , the Bessel- From the incident MG beam, the Mathieu beam
Gauss beam reduce to a pure Bessel beam can be vanished when the transverse wavelength
kt=0. Therefore, in this case q=0 and from Ref.

45
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

[2], the incident MG beam reduced to a pure Under this condition (kt=0), the main result of Eq.
Gaussian envelope which is characterized by (8a) becomes
ρ 02
−
u G (ρ 0 , z = 0 ) = C 0 e w02 . (13)
ikπC 0 − 2 B ρ2
ikD
⎡ N Ah ⎛ k 2ρ 2 ⎞ N Ag ⎛ k 2ρ 2 ⎞⎤
U G (ρ, z ) = e ⎢∑ exp⎜⎜ − / γ a
⎟− ∑
⎟ exp⎜−
⎜ 4B 2 / γ b
⎟⎥ , (14a)
⎟
⎢⎣h=1 γ a γ
2
B ⎝ 4 B ⎠ g =1 b ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦
where From Eq. (8a), one can derive the
B 1 ikA corresponding closed-forms for some special
γ a = 2h + 2 + , (14b) cases, as the unaperture circular aperture and
a w0 2 B
circular black screen cases.
and ƒ Unaperture case
Bg ikA 1 For this case, we have b → 0 and a → ∞ . So,
γb = 2 + 2 + . (14c)
b w0 2 B 1 ikA
Eqs. (8d) and (8e) become γ a = 2 + =γ
With these equations, one can propagate a w0 2 B
Gaussian beam through the considered optical and γ b → ∞ .
system. We introduce these parameters in Eq. (8a), which
reduces to
3.2 Special cases concerning the optical system
C (ρ) ⎛ uc m ⎞ ⎛ ik ⎞
e ,o
U MG (ρ, ϕ, q, z ) =
γ
(
. exp − k tρ / γ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜) ρ, ϕ, q, z = 0 ⎟⎟ . (15)
⎝ us m ⎠ ⎝ 2 Bγ ⎠
m

system with the circular aperture of radius a

ƒ Circular aperture case becomes
With b → 0 , the approximate analytical
expression of MG beams passing the paraxial
⎛ uc m ⎞ ⎛ ik ⎞
( )
N A
e ,o
U MG (ρ, ϕ, q, z ) = C (ρ) ∑ h exp − k tρ / γ a ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ρ, ϕ, q, z = 0 ⎟⎟ . (16)
h =1 γ a ⎝ us m ⎠ ⎝ 2 Bγ a ⎠
m

In this case, we have a → ∞ (γ a = γ ) and

ƒ Circular black screen case
b ≠ 0 . And, Eq. (8a) becomes

⎜⎜
(
⎡ exp − k tρ / γ ⎛ uc m ⎞ ⎛ ik
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜
) ⎞
ρ, ϕ, q, z = 0 ⎟⎟
⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ γ ⎝ us m ⎠ ⎝ 2 Bγ ⎠ ⎥
U MG (ρ, ϕ, q, z ) = C (ρ) ⎢
e ,o
m
⎢−∑A
N
⎜⎜
(
exp − k tρ / γ b ⎛ uc m ⎞ ⎛ ik
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜
) ⎞⎥
ρ, ϕ, q, z = 0 ⎟⎟
⎥ , (17)
⎢ g =1 g γb ⎝ us m ⎠ ⎝ 2 Bγ b ⎠⎥⎦
⎣
which describes the output intensity distribution passing through the unapertued optical system.

4. Analysis and discussions
In this section, some examples of the intensity
of even and odd modes of Mathieu and MG beams
are presented in Fig. 2. In order to illustrate the
propagation properties of MG beams through an
apertured annular paraxial ABCD optical system
and through a circular aperture in free space by
using Eqs. (8) and (17) respectively, some
numerical simulations are performed. In the
numerical calculations, the coefficients Ah,g and
Bh,g are chosen as mentioned in Ref. [17] (where
N=10). We consider that the MG beam propagates
in free space. The transfer matrix elements
associated to such optical system are: A=1, B=z,
C=0 and D=1. The plots performed in the paper
for the following parameters: the ellipticity
parameter is q=25, the transverse wavenumber is
kt=15 mm-1, the outer and inner radius of the
annular aperture are a=0.2 mm and b=0.05 mm,
respectively. The waist spot size of the Gaussian
envelope is w0=2 mm.
Fig. 2 contains the illustration of even and odd
modes of Mathieu and Mathieu-Gauss beams.
Unlike Mathieu beams, their apodized version,
MG beams can carry finite amount of energy and
acquire a low divergence.

46
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

M 0e MG0e M 2e MG2e

M 1e MG1e M 3e MG3e
(a)

M 1o MG1o M 5o MG5o

M 2o MG2o o
M 12 o
MG12

(b)
Figure 2: Transverse intensity distributions of odd and even Mathieu beams and their corresponding odd and even
MG beams at plane z = 0, for the parameters kt = 15000 m-1 and q = 25 and with a Gaussian waist w0=2mm.
(a) Mathieu beams and their corresponding even MG beams.
(b) Mathieu beams and their corresponding odd MG beams.

Fig. 3 represents the normalized intensity of numbers Fw (=100; 10; 1 and 0.1) where
transverse MG beams propagating through an Fw=w02/λz. This figure shows that the normalized
annular apertured free space with various Fresnel intensity of the beam exiting the system is equal to

47
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

zero in the center regardless the mode of the
incident beam and of Fresnel number Fw, except
for the zeroth order of the MG beam where the
intensity isn’t zero but it is negligible. These
phenomena could be interpreted by the fact that
the inner disc of the annular aperture is presented
as a black screen in front of the beams. From Fig.
3, we can see clearly that the exiting beam has two
main lobes surrounded by secondary lobes of low
intensities, ordered following the y-axis in the case
of zero-order MG (Fig. 3a) and odd mode of order
1 (Fig. 3c), and along x-axis in the case of the
even MG of order 1 (Fig. 3b).

Fw=100 Fw=10 Fw=1 Fw=0.1

(a)

Fw=100 Fw=10 Fw=1 Fw=0.1

(b)

Fw=100 Fw=10 Fw=1 Fw=0.1

(c)

Fw=100 Fw=10 Fw=1 Fw=0.1

(d)
Figure 3: MG beams intensity distributions traveling an annular apertured free space in the receiver plane for
different Fresnel number Fw (100; 10; 1 and 0.1) with inner-radius and out-radius of annular aperture, respectively,
as b = 0.05 and a = 0.2 mm of (a) even MG beams of zeroth order, (b) even MG beams of order m=1, (c) odd MG
beams of first order, and (d) odd MG beams of second order.

48
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

But in the case of the odd mode of order 2, the
beam emerging from the optical system has four
main similar lobes surrounded by sidelobes (Fig.
3d). Thanks its role in elimination of oscillations
of the incident MG beams, the annular aperture
acts as an envelope that modulate the incident
beams. We also denote that the outgoing beam
profile keeps its shape in propagating along the
propagation axis z. One can see that the beam
spreads out proportionally with z; as far as z
increases the normalized intensity spreads in (x,y)
plane proportionally to z with keeping the same
profile. The exiting MG beams are dependent on
the Fresnel number Fw. Fig. 4 shows the
normalized intensity of MG beams through the
considered optical system presented in the (z, x)
and (z, y). The terminals of the figure show that in
the case of even modes of MG beams (m = 0 or m
= 1) the intensity is symmetrical with respect to
the propagation axis that is either in the case of the
(z, x) plane or the (z, y) plane. And the profiles are
similar in both cases. In the case of odd modes of
MG beams (odd orders of m), the optical axis is
always an axis of symmetry of the intensity. In
this case, it is added that in the (z, x) plane the
intensity is zero or near to zero.

(a)

(b)
Figure 4: Normalized intensity distributions of MG beams passing through an annular apertured free space in the
receiver plane in (z,x) and (z,y) planes: The even MG beam mode of (a) zeroth order and (b) first order.

In Figs. 5 and 6, we illustrate the transverse of these figures illustrate that the results in this
normalized intensity of MG beam through a case are analogous with those concerning the
circular aperture, and the longitudinal intensity in propagation of MG beam through an annular
the planes (z, x) and (z, y), respectively. The plots apertured paraxial ABCD optical system.

49
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

Fw=100 Fw=10 Fw=1 Fw=0.1

(a)

Fw=100 Fw=10 Fw=1 Fw=0.1

(b)

Fw=100 Fw=10 Fw=1 Fw=0.1

(c)

Fw=100 Fw=10 Fw=1 Fw=0.1

(d)

Figure 5: MG beams intensity distributions traveling through a circular aperture in free space in receiver plane for
different Fresnel numbers Fw (100; 10; 1 and 0.1) with inner-radius and out-radius of annular aperture, respectively,
as b = 0 .05 and a = 0 .2 mm of (a) even MG beams of zeroth order, (b) even MG beams of order m=1, (c) odd MG
beams of first order and (d) odd MG beams of second order.

50
 L. Ez-zariy et al, Phys. Chem. News 64 (2012) 42-52

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Normalized intensity distributions of MG beams traveling a circular aperture in free space in receiver plane
in (z,x) and (z,y) planes: Even MG beam mode of (a) zeroth order and (b) first order.

5. Conclusion
In this paper, we have studied the propagation
properties of MG beams through a paraxial ABCD
optical system with an annular aperture by using
the Collins integral principle. Analytical
expressions for MG beams propagating through an
annular aperture, unaperture system, system with
circular aperture and with circular black screen
have been obtained. The actual work generalizes
the propagation of MG, pure Mathieu, Bessel-
Gauss, pure Bessel, and Gaussian beams through
any free paraxial ABCD optical system or
followed by an annular aperture, circular aperture
or a circular black screen. From this study and
from analyzing the numerical calculations, we
found that the intensity distribution changes with
the number mode and the order of the incident
MG beam. Additionally, it has been found that the
normalized intensity is very low (negligible) and
nearly equal to zero on the propagation axis for all
modes of MG beam.
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