FLUID MECHANICS EXPERIMENT REPORT

H06
FLUID FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE

GROUP 26 :

Anindya Hiswara 1506710235

Fadel Muhammad 1506710241
Safyra Nurshafiyana 1506712032
Nadia Putri Wijanarko 1506712045
Dizhaldy Ratulangie Ichwan 1506789083

Experiment Date : October 29th 2016

Assistant : Irham Sya’bani
Date of Approval : November 3rd 2016
Score : 84
Signature :

LABORATORIUM HIDROLIKA, HIDROLOGI, DAN SUNGAI

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK SIPIL
FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK
 EXPERIMENT A

I. OBJECTIVE
To obtain coefficient of velocity through orifice

II. THEORY
Velocity of fluid through orifice can be defined as:

V  Cv. 2.g.h

In experiment conducted, the Cv is obtained by the relation of:

X
Cv 
2 hY
dimana:
V = Fluid velocity through orifice
Cv = Coefficient of fluid velocity
g = Gravitation
h = Fluid height with respect to orifice
X = Horizontal distance of fluid flow to vena contracta
Y = Vertical distance of fluid flow

The point of 0 at X axis is determined from vena contracta, hence the cross sectional
area used is, as well, vena contracta area. The relation between the cross section area
Av  Cc.Ap
of orifice and vena contracta is defined as:
Where Av is the cross section of vena contracta, Ap is the cross section of orifice, and
CC is the coefficient of contraction

III. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

1. Hydraulic Table
2. Graph Paper
3. Set of flow rate through orifice experiment
4. Stop watch
5. Graduated Cylinder
 6. Vernier Calliper

IV. PROCEDURE

 Constant Head
1. Arrange the set of tool on the edge of hydraulic table. The entrance flow tube is
connected with hydraulic supply elastic tube from spillway tube positioned to the
tank of hydraulic table.
2. The support is set so that the set of tool is positioned horizontally and the
direction of flow is arranged so that it is on the same plane with the set of the
measuring pin.
3. A graphic paper is set behind the measuring pins and all the pins are pushed above
to void any fluid spill. First, use the 3 mm diameter of slab.
4. Spillway tube is pushed above and fluid clamp is opened so that fluid flow
through the main tank. The head should start from 400 mm, 380 mm, 360 mm,
340 mm, and 320 mm.
5. Fluid clamp is arranged so that the fluid precisely flow through the spillway tube
and no air bubble is present in the main tank
6. Note down the height of pressure on the main tank
7. The 8 measuring pins are set up so that the pins do not touch the fluid
8. Note down the volume of fluid at t=3 s
9. Note down the position of the vena contracta
10. The pins are arranged in order so that a line is formed and the top of the pin is
marked down on the graph paper
11. Repeat the steps for different head of 400 mm, 380 mm, 360 mm, 340 mm, and
320 mm.
12. Change the plate into 6 mm plate and repeat step 1-9
13. Determine the position of X and Y of every trial; each from D = 3 mm and D = 6
mm.

V. DATA AND PROCESSING

Computation of data:
To process the data, least square computation will be used and be illustrated in
graphs. Least square equation is defined as:
 F(x) = a + bx
ΣXY
Where b is necessary to be found by using equation: b = Σ𝑋 2

Finally, Cv of experiment can be found using the following equation: 1

Cv 
2 b
Finding the relative error is also needed by comparing the average of Cv of experiments (10
Cvs) and Cv found theoretically; 0,97. The formula is as written below
Relative Error = |Cv average – Cv theory| x 100%
Cv theory
Below are the compotation of each data obtained in head 400 mm – 320 mm with
diameter of 3 mm and 6 mm plate

D = 3 mm ; Head = 400 mm

D 3 mm, Head 400 mm

120
Y (vertical distance)

100
80
60
40
20
0
-20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
X (x2/H)

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
 182656.25
b= = 0.36
65493.75

D = 3 mm; Head = 380 mm

D 3mm, Head 380 mm

140
Y (vertical distance)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
X (x2 / H)

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
74815.79
b = 202389.2 = 0.37

D = 3mm; Head = 360 mm

 D 3 mm, Head 360 mm
150
Y (vertical distance)

100

50

0
-50000 0 50000 100000 150000
X (x2 / H)

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
85541.67
b = 225501.54 = 0.1

D = 3 mm; Head = 340 mm

 D 3 mm, Head 340 mm
140
Y (vertical distance)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-50000 0 50000 100000 150000
X (x2 / H)

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
85191.2
b = 252811.4 = 0.34

D = 3mm; Head = 320 mm

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
116218.75
b= = 0.41
285400.4
 D 3mm, Head 320 mm
200
Y (vertical distance)

150

100

50

0
-50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000
X (x2 / H)

D = 6 mm; Head = 400 mm

D 6 mm, Head 400 mm

120
Y (vertical distance)

100
80
60
40
20
0
-20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
X (x2 / H)

ΣXY
b=
Σ𝑋 2
62506.25
b = 182656.25 = 0.34

D = 6 mm; Head = 380 mm

 D 6mm, Head 380 mm
120
Y (vertical distance)

100
80
60
40
20
0
-20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
X (x2 / H)

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
69723.7
b = 202389.2 = 0.34

D = 6 mm; Head = 360

 D 6 mm, Head 360 mm
120
Y (vertical distance)

100
80
60
40
20
0
-20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
X (x2 / H)

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
76819.4
b = 225501.54 = 0.34

D = 6 mm; Head = 340

 D 6 mm, Head 340 mm
120
Y (vertical distance)

100
80
60
40
20
0
-50000 0 50000 100000 150000
X (x2 / H)

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
81125
b = 252811.4 = 0.32

D = 6 mm; Head = 320

 D 6 mm, Head 320 mm
150
Y (vertical distance)

100

50

0
-50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000
X (x2 / H)

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
95476.6
b = 285400.4 = 0.33

From the table and calculation done above, the Cv coefficient can be determined by
the following formula of 1
Cv 
2 b

Cv from plate of 3 mm diameter: Cv from plate of 6 mm diameter:

H (mm) b Cv H (mm) b Cv
400 0.36 0.80 400 0.34 0.86
380 0.37 0.82 380 0.34 0.86
360 0.38 0.81 360 0.34 0.86
340 0.34 0.86 340 0.32 0.88
320 0.41 0.78 320 0.33 0.87

From the table we can calculate the average Cv obtained from both 3mm and 6mm
diameter plate. The value is calculated to be:
Cv average =
 0.80+0.82+0.81+0.86+0.78+0.86+0.86+0.86+0.88+0.87
= 0.84
10

From this value, the relative error from this experiment can be calculated as;
|(0.84−0.97)|
Relative error = x 100% = 13.8%
0.97

VI. ANALYSIS

A. Procedure Analysis
The experiment was conducted in order to find both the Cv of water flowing
through orifice. The plate diameter used in this experiment is both 3 mm and 6mm
plate. To obtained the data of Cv, on this experiment, different head were used.
The head used are of 400 mm, 380 mm, 360 mm, 340 mm, 320 mm.
Prior to the experiment, participants set up the required tools for the
experiment such as setting up the graph paper (millimetre block), setting up the
set of tool for flow rate through orifice on the hydraulic table,
The first experiment used the 3 mm diameter plate and water as was filled into
the set of tube up to the height of 400 mm. Then, the measuring pins were
arranged so that the pins were just touching the flow of water coming out of the
orifice. It is important that the pins were positioned not too close to the flow so
that it does not affect the direction of the water flowing out. Then the position
(coordinate) of the pins were marked down on the graph paper.
During this experiment participant could obtained the data of the coordinate
which will then later be used to calculate the Cv. Participant could also obtain the
data of volume and time which will later be used in experiment B (explained on
the experiment B module report)
All of the steps above are then also conducted for head 380 mm, 360 mm, 340
mm, 320 mm. After that the diameter of the plate is changed into 6 mm and the set
of procedures above are repeated

B. Data Result and Graphic Analysis

The Cv is calculated by using X; the square of the x ordinate divided by the
head and Y which is the y ordinate. Later on, the sum of XY and X2 are found
and enabled us to calculate the cv by dividing XY and X2 using least square
 ΣXY
method which is b = . Each of the Cv are calculated and then the average
Σ𝑋 2

value is found to be 0.836. This value were then compared to the theoretical value
of Cv; 0.97. After calculation, it is known that the relative error is relatively small;
13.8%.
Graphics present in the data computation were linier lines obtained based on
the average value. From all the graphs, we could conclude the graphic line
equation that form those graphs.
C. Error Analysis
There are some possible causes of error resulting in the 13.8% error on this
experiments, explained below:
- Tools Error
It is possible that the hydraulic table did not supply the set of tools adequate
and constant amount of flow rate on the main tank.
- Human Error
It is possible that during the placement of measuring pins the participants did
not put it precisely enough so that the pins were too high or to low with
respect to the water flow.
- Parallax Error
Parallax error could have happen during the marking and reading of
coordinate of the pins on the graphing paper.
All of these things listed above might attribute collectively to the error that have
occurred on the experiment. These could effect the data computation and calculation of the
experiment and eventually the result of the Cv obtained. Although those can be considered
minor since the error value were relatively low (13.8%)

VII. CONCLUSION
 The Cv obtained in this experiment turned out to be 0.836.
 Compared to the theoretical value of 0.97, this experiment has the relative error of
13.8%
REFERENCES:
 Fluid Mechanics Experiment Handbook
 Merle C. Potter, David C. Wiggert, Bassem H. Ramadan-Mechanics of Fluids ,
Fourth Edition -CL-Engineering (2011)
 ATTACHMENTS

Experiment A: The setting of measuring pins to obtained the coordinate on graph paper
 EXPERIMENT B

I. OBJECTIVE
To obtain coefficient of flow rate through (Q) orifice in constant head
To obtain coefficient of flow rate through (Q) orifice in variable head

II. THEORY
Coefficient to obtain from this experiment is coefficient of flow rate (Cd). Cd is
defined as the ratio of debit obtained from experiment and theoretical debit.
In constant head, the following equation can be used:

Q  Cd.A. 2g.h

Meanwhile in variable head, the following equation can be used:

2A T
T  ( h1  h 2 )
Cd.A 2g
Where each as defined as:
Q = Flow rate through orifice
Cd = Coefficient of flow rate
A = Cross section area of orifice
g = Gravitation
h = Height with respect to orifice
ΔT = Time needed to empty out the tube
AT = Cross section area of main tank
h1 = Height of fluid at t1
h2 = Height of fluid at t2

III. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

 Hydraulic Table
 Graph Paper
 Set of flow rate through orifice experiment
 Stop watch
 Graduated Cylinder
  Vernier Calliper

IV. PROCEDURE

 Constant Head
1. Arrange the set of tool on the edge of hydraulic table. The entrance flow tube
is connected with hydraulic supply elastic tube from spillway tube positioned
to the tank of hydraulic table.
2. The support is set so that the set of tool is positioned horizontally and the
direction of flow is arranged so that it is on the same plane with the set of the
measuring pin.
3. A graphic paper is set behind the measuring pins and all the pins are pushed
above to void any fluid spill. First, use the 3 mm diameter of slab.
4. Spillway tube is pushed above and fluid clamp is opened so that fluid flow
through the main tank. The head should start from 400 mm, 380 mm, 360 mm,
340 mm, and 320 mm.
5. Fluid clamp is arranged so that the fluid precisely flow through the spillway
tube and no air bubble is present in the main tank
6. Note down the height of pressure on the main tank
7. The 8 measuring pins are set up so that the pins do not touch the fluid
8. Note down the volume of fluid at t=3 s

 Variabel Head
1. Do step 1-2 as what was done on the constant head experiment
2. Set the head of the main tank to be 400 mm
3. Turn off the tool by switching off the switch of the tool
4. Note down the ∆t of time needed for the fluid to reduce for every 20 mm from
400 mm all the way to 30 mm with 3 mm diameter plate
5. Repeat steps 1-4 by changing the plate from 3 mm to 6 mm diameter plate

V. DATA AND PROCESSING

 Data: Constant Head

Data: Variable Head

For this particular experiment, the Cd will be calculated using these following
1
equation: Cd 
A 2gb
Constant Head

Variabel Head 2A T
Cd 
bA 2g

The average of Cd will be calculated by using:

∑ 4 𝐶𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡
Cd average =
4

Meanwhile relative error from Cd of this experiment can be determined using this
following formula: (using theoretical Cd = 0.69)
Relative Error = |Cd average – Cd theory| x 100%
Cd theory
 Below is the processing of all the data of Cd experiment attached above using the
methods written;

Constant Head (Diameter 3 mm)

Constant Head, D = 3 mm
500
400
Y = Head (H)

300
200
100
0
0 100000000 200000000 300000000 400000000
X =Q2

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
458674930572
b = 345817487698627000 = 1.33 x 10-6

Constant Head (Diameter 6 mm)

 Constant Head, D = 6 mm
500
400

Y = Head (H)
300
200
100
0
0 1E+09 2E+09 3E+09 4E+09
X= Q2

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
5431846350997
b = 45375668409498500000 = 1.2 x 10-7

Variable Head (Diameter 3 mm)

Variable Head 3 mm
40
Y = Delta T

30
20
10
0
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58
X2 = H1 - H 2

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
68.017
b= = 47.3
1.438

Variable Head (Diameter 6 mm)

 Variable Head 6 mm
10
Y = Delta T

0
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58
X = H1 - H2

ΣXY
b= Σ𝑋 2
18.954
b= = 13.181
1.438

From the calculation conducted above, the value of Cd can be obtained using each
respective formula of Cd for constant head and different head. The results are shown in table
below:

Constant Head
D A g b Cd
3mm 7.0714 mm2 10000 1.33 x 10-6 0.87
6mm 28,2857 mm2 10000 1.2 x 10-7 0.72

Variable Head
AT D A g b Cd
14306.25 3 mm 7.0714 mm2 10000 47.3 0.6
14306.25 6 mm 28,2857 mm2 10000 13.181 0.54

Hence, from the calculation done above, the value of average Cd can be obtained and
was calculated resulting in:
0.87+0.72+0.6+0.54
Cd average = = 0.6825
4
 After obtaining the average value of Cd, the relative error can be calculated with the
following:
|(0.6825−0.69)|
Relative error = x 100% = 1.1%
0.69

VI. ANALYSIS
a. Experiment Analysis
The second experiment was conducted with objective to find the Cd of the water flow
rate out of the orifice. Both Cd of constant head and different head were to be found in this
experiment using two different methods. Prior to the experiment, participants need to set up
and arrange the required tools for the experiment. The set of flow rate through orifice tool
need to be set up on the hydraulic table, as well as preparing the stop watch and the volume
measurement tube. On this experiment, both the Cd of 3 mm and 6 mm are to be found.
For the constant head, the steps needed to obtained the Cd were almost the same as
the steps conducted to obtained the Cv in experiment A. The head used in this experiment are
400 mm, 380 mm, 360 mm, 340 mm, and 320 mm. The added steps are to record the volume
that each flow gives in time of about 3 second. These steps are conducted on both 3 mm and
6 mm diameter of plate. From this experiment, participant needs to note down the volume
read on the measuring tube and the time shown on stopwatch and later calculate the flow rate
from it.
For the different head, the principle of this experiment is to note down the time
needed for the main tank to empty out certain volume of water, in this case for every 20 mm.
The head use ranged from 400 mm to 320 mm, thus the time needed to be noted down are the
time needed to empty out the water of 400 mm – 380 mm, 380 mm – 360 mm, 360 mm – 340
mm, 340 – 320 mm, and 320 mm – 300 mm. This step is done both to 3 mm and 6 mm
diameter plate. From this data, the Cd can be obtained
b. Result Analysis
The Cd is for constant head is calculated by using X and Y; with X being the square
value of Q and Y being the head. XY and X square values were then computed using least
square to obtained the Cd. For variable head, the Cd is calculated by using the value of X and
Y; with X being the different of square root head 1 and square root head 2, meanwhile Y is
the delta time or the time needed to shrink 20 mm in depth. These X and Y were then used to
calculate the least square using X square and XY.
 All four Cd of each experiment were obtained and then out of the four the average
were determined to be 0.6825. This value was then compared with the theoretical value of
Cd; 0.69.
Graphics present in the data computation were linier lines obtained based on the
average value. From all the graphs, we could conclude the graphic line equation
c. Error Analysis
There are some possible causes of error resulting in the 1.1% error on this
experiments, explained below:
- Tools Error
It is possible that the hydraulic table did not supply the set of tools adequate
and constant amount of flow rate on the main tank.
- Human Error
It is possible that during the experiment, the participants were not able to
precisely note down the time needed for every decrease of 20 mm in the tank.
Participants could be slightly too fast or too slow resulting in the different time
needed to actual time.
- Parallax Error
Parallax error could happen during the reading of the volume measuring tube
and the scale of head on the main tank. This resulted in the difference of
volume noted down by participants.
All of these things listed above might attribute collectively to the error that have
occurred on the experiment. The data obtained from these experiment are considered correct
since the relative error value is relatively low, 1.1%. Both error during experiment and data
computation are considered minimum since.

VII. CONCLUSION
 The Cd obtained in this experiment turned out to be 0.6825
 Compared to the theoretical value of 0.69 this experiment can be considered
inaccurate since the value of relative error is 1.1%
REFERENCES:
 Fluid Mechanics Experiment Handbook
 Merle C. Potter, David C. Wiggert, Bassem H. Ramadan-Mechanics of Fluids ,
Fourth Edition -CL-Engineering (2011)
 ATTACHMENTS

Experiment B: Observing the loss of each 2 mm of water with respect to time.