Seminar Steganography

A STEGANOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO SONAR
TRACKING
VEENA AJAYAN
College of Engineering Trivandrum

ECE(TVE18ECMT16)
Guided By: Gijy P G
November 13, 2019
VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 1 / 34

Overview
1 Introduction
2 Steganography
3 Steganography Under Various Media
4 Steganography In Sonar
Track-Before-Detect
Mesurement Model
5 Adaptive Steganography
6 Monte Carlo Simulation
7 Results
8 Conclusion
9 References

INTRODUCTION
Find objects of interest using the knowledge of wave propagation and

scattering theory.
A linear frequency modulated (chirp) waveform used in many sonar

applications.
Sonar can have less environmental harm while still achieving its goal.

INTRODUCTION CONTD..
SONAR TRACKING
Conventional active sonar tracking - detect and estimate the target

position.
Track-before-detect (TBD) approaches were improve the reliability of

tracking performance.
Sound travels as a longitudinal compression wave and its propagation

characteristics depend on the properties...

STEGANOGRAPHY
Steganography means hiding information in other information.
Steganography comes from the greek word,it means coverd or secret

writing.

STEGANOGRAPHY UNDER VARIOUS MEDIA
STEGANOGRAPHY IN TEXT
STEGANOGRAPHY IN IMAGES
STEGANOGRAPHY IN AUDIO

STEGANOGRAPHY IN TEXT
It involves three type of coding:
LINE SHIFT CODING-Text lines are vertically shifted to encode the

document uniquely.
WORD SHIFT CODING-The codewords are coded into document by

shifting the horizontal locations of words within text lines.
FEATURE CODING In feature coding,certain text features are

altered,or not altered, depending on the code word .

STEGANOGRAPHY IN IMAGES
The most common approaches to information hiding in images:
LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT INSERTION
MASKING AND FILTERING
ALGORITHMS AND TRANSFORMATIONS

STEGANOGRAPHY IN AUDIO
METHODS OF AUDIO DATA HIDING
LOW-BIT ENCODING
PHASE CODING
ECHO DATA HIDING

STEGANOGRAPHY IN SONAR
The ambient environmental sound is the cover.
The transmission from the platform is the hidden message.
Underwater acoustic environment is highly non-stationary and

heterogeneous.

STEGANOGRAPHY IN SONAR CONTD....
TRACK-BEFORE-DETECT
Sound modeling approach captures the time-evolving aspect of

underwater ambient acoustic environment.
A track detection approach for weak targets using a long timescale

motion model.
A novel distance/similarity measure for time series.

STEGANOGRAPHY IN SONAR CONTD.....
MEASUREMENT MODEL
Acoustic time series denoted as ym (t), t is the time .
The matched filtered and basebanded output of each scan, zm(t).
The propagation attenuation and delayed by the round trip time of the
transmitted waveform, Rm(t) (Range), and the filtered noise, vm(t).
zm(t) = Rm(t) + vm(t)
Track detection approach uses a long timescale motion model, that

better than the TBD methods.

LONG TIMESCALE MOTION MODEL
A motion model captures the physical characteristics of target

motion.
Improve the search efficiency and achieve reliable tracking

performance.

LONG TIMESCALE MOTION MODEL CONTD....
Figure: (a) Misaligned. (b) Partially aligned. (c) Aligned. (d) Misaligned sum.
(e) Partially aligned sum. (f) Aligned sum.

LONG TIMESCALE MOTION MODEL CONTD....
Well-aligned autocorrelation peaks produce higher contrast integrated

peak as seen in (c) and (f)
Larger wc, due to signals with less bandwidth.
Narrowband signals may be more conspicuous.

Information Hiding and Covert Waveform
Information hiding techniques for audio and image files is least significant
bit (LSB) manipulation.
The objective of the platform is not communication, but detection of

target echo.
The cover is the ambient environmental sound.
The hidden message is the transmission from the platform.
Two together make up the stego.

Information Hiding and Covert Waveform contd....
Underwater ambient sound constantly evolving stochastically.
Critical difference between image/audio steganography and

underwater sonar is the variability of the cover.
Background sound heard at the time of transmission from the

platform will be different from the background sound heard when the
transmitted waveform impinges on the target.

Information Hiding and Covert Waveform contd....
The statistical characteristics of the ambient sounds may be similar.
Spread spectrum can improve robustness.
Conventional sonar systems employed a narrowband pulsed waveform

for detection.
Tracking and narrowband filters to efficiently detect and track

waveforms.
DSSS is performed by modulating the message signal with pseudo

noise (PN) sequence.

ADAPTIVE STEGANOGRAPHY
Figure: The striping pattern of zebras, while effective against its predator and
parasite, do not adapt to the environment, and are easily recognized by humans.

ADAPTIVE STEGANOGRAPHY CONTD....
Figure: Octopus can blend into the environment with very high fidelity making it
very difficult for its predators to recognize it.

ADAPTIVE STEGANOGRAPHY CONTD....
Heterogeneous cover may provide higher security.
Adaptive steganography is necessary for heterogeneous and

non-stationary cover .

MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
The background model estimated from a snapping shrimp recording .
Various types of transmission waveforms are sampled from different

waveform models.
Performance of the batch track detection approach evaluated by

processing the received echo.

MONTE CARLO SIMULATION CONTD.....
The parameters of the simulation are the source level (SL) at the
platform and the initial range to the target, Rinit.
tscan = 2Rmax/c.
tscan = Obsertion Time.

Rmax = Max Range
C = speed of sound in water.
The snapping shrimp process is the background for the simulation.

Five types of candidate transmission waveforms are:
White Gaussian,pink Gaussian, snapping shrimp,colored Gaussian (2).

The same target motion is used for all waveform scenarios.
Figure: The target motion with amplified target echo level

Figure: Processed data with true target motion.
The root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimated track is smaller
than the specified threshold - a successful target track detection.

RESULTS
Simulation results organized in three parts; Steganographic

performance,Batch track detection performance, and Steganographic
sonar performance.

RESULTS CONTD...
Figure: The expected lower bound on missed detection probability.

RESULTS CONTD...
White Gaussian process maintains their steganographic security better

than other types of waveforms.
Achieving expected lower bound of missed detection probability of

over 0.4 at received signal level of 0 dB.
Snapping shrimp, perform well as the mimicking waveform, (better

than two of the colored Gaussian processes)

RESULTS CONTD...
Figure: The performance of the energy detector with 1 second integration

time with the false alarm rate set to be one every three hours.

RESULTS CONTD...
Result is using all of the 1 s samples during the t tot observation time
Thresholding RL value, between 7 and 8 dB for most waveform types.
The missed detection probability suddenly converging to 0 in all of

the curves.
Variability of the cover - curves are all clustered together at low RL

region.

RESULTS CONTD...
COMPARISON OF TWO MODEL
Reveals the distinguishing power of the two models used to compute

the probability.
Energy detector performance not affected the change in spectral

shape of the transmitted waveform.
Processing gain of an energy detector does grow with time.

CONCLUSION
Steganographic transmission waveforms desirable for underwater

applications.
Track-before-detect approaches fail due to overwhelming search

computation with simplistic short timescale motion model.
Improved the search efficiency,coherent integration of target echo

energy ,Reliable target track detection.

REFERENCES
IEEE Journal of oceanic engineering, VOL. 00, NO. 00, 2018 A

Steganographic Approach to Sonar Tracking J. Daniel Park , Member,
IEEE, and John F. Doherty
Provos, N. and P. Honeyman (2003) Hide and seek: An introduction
to steganography, Security Privacy, IEEE, 1(3), pp. 3244.
Sedighi, V., R. Cogranne, and J. Fridrich (2016) Content-Adaptive
Steganography by Minimizing Statistical Detectability, Information
Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on, 11(2), pp. 221234.

Thank You

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A STEGANOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO SONAR

College of Engineering Trivandrum

November 13, 2019

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 1 / 34

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 2 / 34

Find objects of interest using the knowledge of wave propagation and

A linear frequency modulated (chirp) waveform used in many sonar

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 3 / 34

Conventional active sonar tracking - detect and estimate the target

Track-before-detect (TBD) approaches were improve the reliability of

Sound travels as a longitudinal compression wave and its propagation

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 4 / 34

Steganography means hiding information in other information.

Steganography comes from the greek word,it means coverd or secret

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 5 / 34

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 6 / 34

It involves three type of coding:

LINE SHIFT CODING-Text lines are vertically shifted to encode the

WORD SHIFT CODING-The codewords are coded into document by

FEATURE CODING In feature coding,certain text features are

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 7 / 34

The most common approaches to information hiding in images:

LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT INSERTION

MASKING AND FILTERING

ALGORITHMS AND TRANSFORMATIONS

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 8 / 34

METHODS OF AUDIO DATA HIDING

ECHO DATA HIDING

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 9 / 34

The ambient environmental sound is the cover.

The transmission from the platform is the hidden message.

Underwater acoustic environment is highly non-stationary and

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 10 / 34

Sound modeling approach captures the time-evolving aspect of

A track detection approach for weak targets using a long timescale

A novel distance/similarity measure for time series.

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 11 / 34

Acoustic time series denoted as ym (t), t is the time .

The matched filtered and basebanded output of each scan, zm(t).

zm(t) = Rm(t) + vm(t)

Track detection approach uses a long timescale motion model, that

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 12 / 34

A motion model captures the physical characteristics of target

Improve the search efficiency and achieve reliable tracking

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 13 / 34

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 14 / 34

Well-aligned autocorrelation peaks produce higher contrast integrated

Larger wc, due to signals with less bandwidth.

Narrowband signals may be more conspicuous.

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 15 / 34

The objective of the platform is not communication, but detection of

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 16 / 34

Underwater ambient sound constantly evolving stochastically.

Critical difference between image/audio steganography and

Background sound heard at the time of transmission from the

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 17 / 34

The statistical characteristics of the ambient sounds may be similar.

Spread spectrum can improve robustness.

Conventional sonar systems employed a narrowband pulsed waveform

Tracking and narrowband filters to efficiently detect and track

DSSS is performed by modulating the message signal with pseudo

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 18 / 34

VEENA AJAYAN (CET) Steganographic Approach November 13, 2019 19 / 34