DIGITAL COMMUNICATION AND SYSTEM

(EC-312)
Assignment-04
B. Tech 5th Semester: Academic Year 2023-24
Submitted by

NAME : Anand Mohan Arya

Roll No. : 21BEC091
Branch: ECE
Semester: 5th

To

Dr. Sandeep Kumar Singh

Assistant Professor
E&CE Department

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HAMIRPUR
Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh – 177005 (India)
Abstract:

This research paper investigates the efficacy of Asynchronous Code Division Multiple Access
(ACDMA) signal detection in the presence of Gaussian noise. Employing MATLAB as the
computational platform, the study focuses on the implementation of a matched filter
receiver and a decorrelator for signal enhancement in challenging noise conditions. The
theoretical foundation of ACDMA, spread spectrum communication, and the role of
matched filtering and decorrelation are expounded. The MATLAB simulation is designed to
provide practical insights into the performance of these techniques. Results from the
simulation demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach in improving Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (SNR) and minimizing interference, showcasing its applicability in real-world
communication scenarios.
KEYWORDS: ACDMA, Gaussian noise, matched filter receiver, decorrelator, spread spectrum,
Signal-to-Noise Ratio, wireless communication, MATLAB simulation.

Introduction: Wireless communication systems often contend with Gaussian noise,

necessitating robust signal detection methods. ACDMA, known for its asynchronous nature,
allows multiple users to communicate concurrently. This paper explores the challenges of
ACDMA signal detection in Gaussian noise and introduces a MATLAB-based study employing
a matched filter receiver and a decorrelator to address these challenges effectively. Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a widely adopted digital cellular technology that enables
multiple users to share the same frequency band concurrently by utilizing spread spectrum
techniques. This paper explores the implementation of CDMA signal detection in the presence
of Gaussian noise, employing two crucial components: the matched filter receiver and the
decorrelator.
The matched filter receiver is employed to enhance the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) by
correlating the received signal with a replica of the user's spreading code. This operation
facilitates the extraction of the user's signal from the noisy environment. Subsequently, the
decorrelator is utilized to remove interference from other users by employing codes that are
orthogonal to the desired user's spreading code. This step is essential for mitigating the impact
of multiple users sharing the same frequency spectrum. While the presented implementation
serves as a basic illustration, it is essential to acknowledge that practical ACDMA systems
involve additional complexities such as synchronization, channel effects, and advanced
interference cancellation techniques. In real-world scenarios, existing CDMA libraries or
dedicated hardware are typically employed to handle these intricacies. The insights gained
from this study contribute to a broader comprehension of ACDMA signal detection techniques
and lay the groundwork for further exploration in the field of wireless communication
systems.

Theoretical Framework: Spread spectrum communication is at the core of ACDMA, where

distinct spreading codes are assigned to each user. The matched filter receiver, a cornerstone
in signal processing, enhances SNR by correlating the received signal with a replicated
spreading code. Simultaneously, the decorrelator, utilizing orthogonal codes, minimizes
interference, ensuring accurate signal isolation in a multi-user environment. In practical ACDMA
systems, several challenges come to the forefront. Synchronization among users, channel effects, and
the need for advanced interference cancellation techniques are critical considerations. While the
MATLAB implementation presented here provides a foundational understanding, real-world
applications demand further exploration into these complexities. In conclusion, the theoretical
framework laid out herein establishes the rationale behind employing a matched filter receiver and
decorrelator for ACDMA signal detection in the presence of Gaussian noise. The synergy between
these components is pivotal in addressing the unique challenges posed by wireless communication
environments. The subsequent MATLAB implementation serves as a practical validation of these
theoretical principles, offering a comprehensive and insightful exploration of ACDMA signal detection
in the face of real-world noise scenarios.

MATLAB Implementation: The MATLAB simulation involves the generation of spreading

codes, simulation of user signals in the presence of Gaussian noise, and the application of
matched filter and decorrelator operations. MATLAB's built-in functions, such as conv for
convolution and array manipulations, facilitate the implementation of these theoretical
concepts. This MATLAB-based approach provides a controlled and customizable environment
for studying ACDMA signal detection under varying noise conditions, allowing for a
comprehensive exploration of the system's behavior.

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
close all;

% Parameters
K = 8; % Number of users
N = 31; % Length of the CDMA sequence
M = 10000; % Number of bits
bsize = 1000; % Block size
nblocks = 50; % Number of blocks
Nb = M / bsize; % Number of blocks

snr_db = [1:2:15]; % Signal-to-noise ratio in dB

S2 = randsrc(N, K);
S = (1/sqrt(N)) * S2;
R1 = S' * S;
s1 = S(:, 1);

% User-1 sequence
LS = inv(R1) * S'; % Least-Squares detector

snr = 10.^(0.1 * snr_db); % Linear SNR

ber1 = zeros(1, length(snr));
ber2 = zeros(1, length(snr));

B = [];
T = [];
R = [];

% Preallocate
A1 = 1; % User 1 amplitude (fixed)
A2 = A1; % User 2 relative amplitude
A3 = A1;
A4 = A1;
A5 = A1;
A6 = A1;
A = eye(K); % Diagonal matrix of amplitudes
H = S * A; % Channel matrix

for i = 1:length(snr)
var = 1 / snr(i);
err1 = 0;
err2 = 0;

% Block processing
for k = 1:nblocks
% Generate Gaussian noise and user data matrix
W = sqrt(var) * randn(N, bsize);
B = randsrc(K, bsize);

% Transmitted CDMA signal block

T = H * B;

% Received signal block

R = T + W;

% Matched filter
z1 = s1' * R;
b1emf = sign(A1 * z1);
err1 = err1 + sum(b1emf ~= B(1, :));

% LS Decorrelator
z2 = LS * R;
b1ed = sign(A1 * z2);
err2 = err2 + sum(b1ed(1, :) ~= B(1, :));
end

% Calculate Bit Error Rate (BER) for each SNR

ber1(i) = err1 / (bsize * nblocks);
ber2(i) = err2 / (bsize * nblocks);
end

toc;

% Plot results
figure;
semilogy(snr_db, ber1, '-r*');
hold on;
semilogy(snr_db, ber2, '-bd');
grid on;
xlabel('SNR (dB)');
ylabel('BER');
title('CDMA Receiver Performance');
legend('Matched Filter', 'LS Decorrelator');
Conclusion: It contributes to the understanding and practical application of ACDMA signal
detection techniques in the context of Gaussian noise.

Leveraging MATLAB's capabilities for signal processing and simulation, the study provides
valuable insights into the effectiveness of the matched filter receiver and decorrelator,
underscoring their importance in enhancing signal detection performance in challenging
communication environments.