SUBJECT- MICROPRCESSOR

NAME- PRATYUSH BIDIKA

REGD.NO-19MSCPHY05

COURSE CODE-PHY.509

SUBJECT-ELECTRONICS
 GUIDE - Dr. ACHCHHE LAL SHARMA,
Assistant professor, CUPB

ABSTRACT
The microprocessor employs a minimally encoded
micro control word, a very general multiple bus
structure, high speed local storage, several arithmetic
or logic units, and completely asynchronous memory
referencing. These features combine to produce
substantial low-level parallelism and highly versatile
microinstruction. Hardware modification is easily
executed.
This paper first gives the basic idea about the
microprocessor, after which the structure and working
are discussed. Next a brief discussion about the INTEL
8085 processor. Finally, the features of microprocessor
are explained.
CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
 MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM
 INTEL 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
 FEATURES OF MICROPROCESSOR
INTRODUCTION

Before embarking to the technical wisdom regarding

microprocessor let us have a brief insight about what a
microprocessor is?
Microprocessor is basically referred as the brain of the
microcomputer. As the human brain regulates all the
process in our body likewise microprocessor controls
all the components and functions of a microcomputer.
It is a CPU on a single chip which is capable of
processing data. When it is combined with a RAM it is
converted into a microcomputer.
Instruction is executed by microprocessor in a proper
manner and sequence. Firstly It fetches the data, then
it decodes and then it is executed. It means when we
provide high level language to the system, it is
converted into assembly language, then also it is
converted into machine language which is also called
as binary language. Only binary language is recognised
by the system.
The internal architecture of microprocessor is very
complex.

EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

The firs microprocessor was introduced by Intel

Corporation in 1972. It was a 4-bit microprocessor
named as Intel 4004. However, the first commercially
successful unit was 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8080. It
was introduced in 1973 and has 64KB memory, 40 pins,
and 2MHz clock frequency. The more popular 8-bit
microprocessor Intel 8085 was introduced in 1976. It is
faster than 8080, it has a clock frequency 3 to 6 MHz,
and some other 8-bit microprocessor are Motorola
6800 and ZIlog Z80 microprocessor. Intel Corporation
has also also developed 16-bit microprocessors Intl
8088 and 8086. Intel 8088 internal architecture is of 16
bits, but its external data bus is only 8-bit wide. Hence
8-bit input-output devices and memory can easily be
interfaced to Intel 8088. As 8-bit input-output devices
are cheaper, an 8088 based computer is cheaper
compared with the one based on 8086. Recent
additions of 8086 family include the third generation
units’ need as Intel 80186 and Intel 80286. More
recent developments are Intel 80386 and Intel 80486.
These are 32-bit microprocessors. 64 bit
microprocessor has been develop now as Intel core I3,
Intel core I5 and Intel core I7.

CONSTUCTION AND WORKING

A microprocessor is typically composed of`three parts
named as
1. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
2. Registers Array
3. Time and control circuit

1. ARITHMTIC LOGIC UNITS (ALU)

The ALU is responsible for performing addition and
subtraction. It is also capable of performing logic
operations AND, OR, and XOR. A full adder of
required number of bits is also included.
2. REGISTER ARRAY
Registers are used as the temporary storage
location. It stores the temporary data or address.
The purpose compliment/increment register is to
perform subtraction by addition of the 2’s
compliment of the number to be subtracted. The PC
register is a programme counter, it gives the memory
address of RAM to the MAR. The PC provides
continuous instruction memory address to the MAR.
The RAM stores data.
The IR has double tasks. Its first task is to inform the
control unit about the kind of operation that is to be
performed. The operation may be addition or
subtraction. Its second task is to give the address of
the operand.
3. TIME AND CONTROL CIRCUIT
The time and control unit serves as the director of all
operations. It generates timing and control signals. It
regulates the peripheral devices, such as memory,
input and output devices. It controls the dat flow
between the microprocessor and the memory and
input-output devices. It gives status, control and
timing signals that the peripheral devices are
required.

Microprocessor is connected with

 i. Input: - it is used to give the input data to the
microprocessor.
ii. Output: - It is used to provide te result of
calculation.
iii. Memory: - It is used to store the data.

{Block diagram of microprocessor}

MICROPROCESS BASED SYSTEM

Microprocessor based systems are basically electrical
systems. Electrical systems are composed of system
hardware and system software.
System Hardware
System hardware consists of discrete components and
components connected by bus.
Discrete components are nothing but microprocessor,
memory and input-output devices. To connect these
components we seek the help of buses like Adress bus,
data bus, and control bus.

System Software
It is a group of programme that monitors the function
of entire system. To activate the hardware components
we need a system software.
Microprocessor unit (MPU) communicate with memory
and input-output devices using system buses. System
buses are consisting of address bus, data bus and
control unit.
Address bus is a unidirectional bus, because MPU
requires address bus to send information to memory
and input-output devices. It needs the proper address
to store the result whereas memory and input-output
devices don’t require.
Data bus is a bidirectional bus, because memory and
input-output devices want to send data to processor
and processor wants to propagate information to the
memory and input-output devices. Data bus transfers
binary data and instructions.
Control lines are used to read and write the timing
signals. It decides when to read and when to write the
signals.

(Fig: -Working of microprocessor)

INTEL 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

INTEL 8085 is a 8-bit microprocessor. It is a 40 pins IC

fabricated on a single chip. Is clock speed is about 3
MHz and clock cycle of 320 ns. The functions of ALU
and timing and control unit are same. In addition to the
accumulator, Intel 8085 contains general purpose
registers and special purpose registers.
(BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTEL 8085 MICROPROCESSOR)

Pin Configuration of INTEL 8085

INTEL 8085 has 40 pins and pin configuration is shown
in the figure below
Instruction set of INTEL 8085
Intel 8085 has a set of 80 instructions. The instructions
are divided into five groups namely, data transfer
group, arithmetic group, logical group, branch group
and control group.
Data transfer group instructions move data between
registers, between memory and register and data
directly to the register. Arithmetic group instructions
perform logical operations AND, OR and XOR. Branch
group instructions include jump instruction and
subroutine call and return instructions operate
unconditionally. Control group of instructions perform
data transfer between the microprocessor and input-
output devices.

Features of Microprocessor
o Low Cost - Due to integrated circuit
technology microprocessors are available at
very low cost. It will reduce the cost of a
computer system.
o High Speed - Due to the technology
involved in it, the microprocessor can work at
very high speed. It can execute millions of
instructions per second.
o Small Size - A microprocessor is designed in
a very less footprint due to very large scale
and ultra large scale integration technology.
Because of this, the size of the computer
system is reduced.
o Versatile - The same chip can be used for
various applications, hence, microprocessors
are versatile.
o Low Power Consumption -
Microprocessors are using metal oxide
semiconductor technology, which uses less
power.
o Less Heat Generation - Microprocessors
uses semiconductor technology which will not
emit much heat as compared to vacuum tube
devices.
o Reliable - Since microprocessors use
semiconductor technology, therefore, the
failure rate is very less. Thus it is very
reliable.
o Portable - Due to the small size and low
power consumption microprocessors are
portable.