AME620 Layout

Hybrid RANS/LES
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
Hybrid LES/RANS methods for the Direct Numerical

Simulations
simulation of turbulent flow Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Sathyan Padmanabhan Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
University of Arizona and RANS
equations
sathyanaero@email.arizona.edu Coupling LES and RANS
Blending Tubulence models
Popular Hybrid RANS/LES
Methods
November 14, 2019
Application of
Hybrid methods
Hybrid RANS/LES
References used
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Jochen Frohlich, Dominic von Terzi, Introduction

Hybrid LES/RANS methods for the simulation of turbulent flows Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 349 – 377 (2008). Direct Numerical

Simulations
Bruno Chaouat, Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
The State of the Art of Hybrid RANS/LES Modeling for the Equation
Simulation of Turbulent Flows Large Eddy
Flow Turbulence Combustion, 99:279-327 (2017). Simulation
Similarities and
Amarnatha S. Potturi, Jack R. Edwards coupling of LES
and RANS
Hybrid Large-Eddy/Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Simulations equations
of Flow Through a Model Scramjet Coupling LES and RANS
AIAA Journal, 52, No.7, 1417-1429 (2014). Popular Hybrid RANS/LES

Methods
Application of
A. Gross, H. F. Fasel Hybrid methods
Hybrid Turbulence Model Simulations of Partially Stalled Airfoil
Flow
AIAA Journal, 54, No.4, (2016).
Hybrid RANS/LES
Overview
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction Introduction
Necessities of Hybrid Approach Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Direct Numerical Simulations Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equation Large Eddy
Simulation
Large Eddy Simulation Similarities and

coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Similarities and coupling of LES and RANS equations Coupling LES and RANS
Coupling LES and RANS Blending Tubulence models

Blending Tubulence models Methods
Application of
Popular Hybrid RANS/LES Methods Hybrid methods
Application of Hybrid methods

Hybrid RANS/LES
Introduction
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
I Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) solving all the
Introduction
scales on a mesh with a grid-size at least of order of Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
magnitude of the Kolmogorov scale is the best tool for Direct Numerical
investigating turbulent flows. But this approach remains Simulations
out of reach for all Engineering applications. Reynolds Averaged

Navier Stokes
Equation
I Large eddy simulation (LES) which consists in modeling
Large Eddy
the more universal small scales while the large scales Simulation
motions are explicitly computed is a promising route but Similarities and

coupling of LES
remains also extremely costly in term of computer and RANS
equations
resources for domain with large dimension or at large Coupling LES and RANS
Reynolds numbers. Blending Tubulence models

Methods
I Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methodology Application of
based on a statistical averaging. It appears to be well Hybrid methods
adapted for tackling engineering flows encountered in

aeronautics applications with reasonable computational
resources.
Hybrid RANS/LES
Introduction
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
I Every simulation carried out on turbulent flow is done
with a particular purpose. The minimum achievable Introduction
goal is to determine the mean behavior to an acceptable Approach
Direct Numerical
engineering precision. Simulations
I RANS provide results for mean quantities with Reynolds Averaged

Navier Stokes
reasonable engineering accuracy at a moderate cost on Equation
wide range of flows Large Eddy

Simulation
I The flows dominated by large scale anisotropic Similarities and
coupling of LES
structures like bluff bodies, where unsteady structures and RANS
equations
play a key role RANS become ineffective Coupling LES and RANS
I Here LES becomes a reasonable choice in predicting the Blending Tubulence models
Methods
unsteady flows with less modeling uncertainities Application of
I LES is 10 to 100 times computationally expensive when Hybrid methods
compared with RANS computations.

I Effecively both the turbulent modelling methods can be
employed to perform reliable and efficient computations
Hybrid RANS/LES
Examples of Hybrid Approach
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Coupling LES and RANS
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods
Figure: RANS modeling done at the free stream and the leading
edge. LES zone is modelled in the flow behind the trailing edge of
the body. [Joch2012]
Hybrid RANS/LES
Supersonic Fuel/Air mixing [Potturi2014]
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Figure: Experimental result of Fuel-Air mixing Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods
Figure: Hybrid RANS/LES result of Fuel-Air mixing

Hybrid RANS/LES
DNS
Sathyan
A detailed incompressible Navier-stokes equation is given Padmanabhan
below Introduction
∂uj
=0 (1) Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
∂xj Direct Numerical
Simulations
∂ui ∂ 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ (ui uj ) = − +ν (2) Reynolds Averaged
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
I DNS consists in solving all essential scales of motion Simulation
that are at least of order of magnitude of the Similarities and

coupling of LES
Kolmogorov scale ηk . and RANS
equations
1/4
ηk = (ν 3 /)
(3) Blending Tubulence models
Methods
where denotes the dissipation rate.
Application of
I A rough guide for number of grid points (Nη ) for Hybrid methods
resolving the Kolmogorov scale is given by

64L3
Nη = (4)
ηk 3
Hybrid RANS/LES
Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes
Sathyan
Equation(RANS) Padmanabhan
I In the statistical sense Reynolds averaging of the Introduction

instantaneous Navier-Stokes equations Approach
Direct Numerical
1 T
Z
Simulations
hφ(x)i = φ(x, t)dt (5)
T 0 Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
I Averaging in the sense a long-time averaging that is Equation
Large Eddy
sufficiently large in comparison with the turbulence time Simulation
scale (and sufficiently small in comparison with the Similarities and
coupling of LES
evolution time of the mean flow) on the instantaneous and RANS
equations
equations Coupling LES and RANS
I The instantaneous equations leads to the averaged Blending Tubulence models

equations of conservation of mass and momentum of Methods
Application of
the flow Hybrid methods
I This approximation cannot be used in unsteady
turbulent flows in the mean, except in the particular
case of periodic flows in which phase averaging can be
used [Bruno2017].
Hybrid RANS/LES
RANS
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
I As a result of RANS averaging, the motion equation Introduction

contains the unknown turbulent stress, which is Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
modeled to close the set of equations Direct Numerical

Simulations
I The turbulent stress is defined by the correlation of the Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
fluctuating velocities including all the turbulence scales Equation
Large Eddy
∂ Simulation
huj i = 0 (7)
∂xj Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
∂hui i ∂ 1 ∂hpi ∂ 2 hui i ∂R(ui , uj ) equations
+ (hui ihuj i) = − +ν − Coupling LES and RANS
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj Blending Tubulence models

(8) Methods
Application of
Reynolds stress tensor R(ui , uj ) is defined as Hybrid methods
R(ui , uj ) = Rij = hui ui i − hui ihuj i (9)

Hybrid RANS/LES
Closure of RANS equations
Sathyan
Eddy viscocity models: Padmanabhan
I Reynolds stress tensor Rij is modeled using Boussinesq Introduction
hypothesis leads to well known relation Necessities of Hybrid

Approach
Direct Numerical
2 Simulations
Rij = −2νt hSij i + kδij (10) Reynolds Averaged
3 Navier Stokes
Equation
νt is the turbulent viscocity and Sij denotes the strain Large Eddy
deformation Simulation
1 ∂ui ∂uj Similarities and
Sij = + (11) coupling of LES
2 ∂xj ∂xi and RANS
equations
νt can be modelled either as a single transport equation Coupling LES and RANS
like Spalart-Allmaras equation. Or, for example if the Popular Hybrid RANS/LES
Methods
2
k − turbulence model is used, then νt = cµ k Application of
Hybrid methods
Reynolds stress models (second moment closure):
∂Rij ∂
+ (Rij huk i) = Pij + Πij − ij + Jij (12)
∂t ∂xk
Hybrid RANS/LES
Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
Sathyan
I LES relies on the spectral filtering of turbulence energy, Padmanabhan
the most suggestive type of filtering being the spectral Introduction

splitting as shown in Figure below Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
I Energy spectrum is decomposed into different zones Methods
Application of
with respect to the cutoff wave number kc given itself Hybrid methods
by the grid size ∆ as kc = π/∆
I Dissipative wave number kd located at the far end of
the inertial range of the spectrum assuming the energy
pertaining to higher wave numbers is negligible
Hybrid RANS/LES
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
I LES method consists in modeling the more isotropic Introduction

small-scales of the energy spectrum E(k) for k > kc Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
while the large scales motions are explicitly calculated Direct Numerical
Simulations
I The filter cutoff occurs at a wave number which is
Reynolds Averaged
located in the inertial range of the spectrum given by Navier Stokes
Equation
E (k) = CK 2/3 k −5/3 (located before kd ) where CK is Large Eddy
the Kolmogorov constant. Simulation
Similarities and
I LES thus appears as a good compromise between DNS coupling of LES
and RANS
which resolves all the turbulent scales and RANS equations
statistical modeling in which the whole flow structures Coupling LES and RANS
are modeled. Popular Hybrid RANS/LES

Methods
I Contrary to full statistical modeling, LES enables to Application of

Hybrid methods
mimic the mechanisms of turbulent interactions, and
information on velocity, pressure fluctuations and
two-point correlations are possible to obtain.
Hybrid RANS/LES
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
I Applying the filtering process on the instantaneous
equations leads to the filtered equations of conservation Introduction
of mass and momentum of the flow where the turbulent Approach
Direct Numerical
subgrid scale stress must be modeled to close the Simulations
system of equations [Bruno2017] Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
I In LES the variable φ is decomposed into large scale φ Equation
(or resolved part) and a subfilter-scale (SFS) fluctuating Large Eddy

Simulation
part φ> . Similarities and
φ = φ + φ> . coupling of LES
and RANS
φ is obtained by filtering φ with a filter G in physical equations
space. Blending Tubulence models
φ=G ∗φ (13) Methods
Z Application of
Hybrid methods
φ(x, t) = G [x − ε, ∆(x, t)]φ(ε, t)dε (14)
I Instantaneous fluctuation φ0 in RANS contains both

large and small scale fluctuations. φ0 = φ< + φ> .
Hybrid RANS/LES
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
φ = hφi + φ< + φ>

Approach
(15) Direct Numerical
Simulations
In the framework of spectral splitting it is possible to define Reynolds Averaged
φ< and φ> through relations Navier Stokes
Equation
Z Large Eddy
φ< = φ̂0 (k)exp(jk)dk (16) Simulation
|k|≤kc Similarities and

coupling of LES
Z and RANS
equations
φ> = φ̂0 (k)exp(jk)dk (17) Coupling LES and RANS
|k|≥kc Popular Hybrid RANS/LES
Methods
φ̂ is the Fourier transform of φ. It is important to note that Application of

Hybrid methods
large scale and small fluctuations hφ> φ< i = 0. The
commonly
Hybrid RANS/LES
Filtered Equations
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Filtered equation of mass conservation
Introduction
∂u j Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
− βxj (uj ) = 0 (18)
∂xj Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
∂∆ ∂φ
βxj (φ) = ∂xi ∂∆ . Filtered motion equation, Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p 1 ∂τ (ui , uj ) Simulation
+ − βT (ui ) = − + βxi (p) − (19)
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ρ ∂xj Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
∂ 2 ui ∂2∆ ∂ui ∂∆ ∂∆ ∂ 2 ui ∂∆ ∂2u i equations
+ν −ν −ν − 2ν (20)
∂∆2
∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂∆ ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂∆ Blending Tubulence models
Methods
βT (φ) = βt (φ) + βxj (uj φ) Application of

Hybrid methods
Filtered equations do not satisfy the conservation of mass
and momentum as the RANS equations because of the
commutation terms that appears in the equations. The how
to satisfy the conservation equations ?
Hybrid RANS/LES
Closure of Equations
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Eddy viscocity models:
Introduction
Subgrid-scale stress model (τij )sgs is modeled using Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
Boussinesq hypothesis leads to well known relation Direct Numerical

Simulations
2 Reynolds Averaged
τ (ui , uj ) = (τij )sgs = −2νsgs Sij + ksgs δij (21) Navier Stokes
3 Equation
Large Eddy
In the case of the well known Smagorinsky model inspired by Simulation
the mixing length hypothesis, the eddy viscosity is computed Similarities and
coupling of LES
by, q
and RANS
equations
νsgs = (Cs ∆)2

2S ij S ij (22) Blending Tubulence models
Methods
Second moment closure: (τij = (τij )sgs ) Application of
Hybrid methods
∂τij ∂ 2
+ (τij huk i) = Pij + Πij − δij ij + Jij (23)
∂t ∂xk 3
Hybrid RANS/LES
Structural Similarity of LES and RANS equations
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Lets see the structure of unsteady transport equation for Introduction

RANS and LES Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
∂hui i ∂ 1 ∂hpi ∂ 2 hui i ∂τij
+ (hui ihuj i) = − +ν − (24) Reynolds Averaged
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
∂ui ∂ 1 ∂P ∂ 2 ui ∂τij Simulation
+ (ui uj ) = − ν − (25)
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
Obvious similarities are further enhanced when similar equations
turbulent stress models are used. Blending Tubulence models
Methods
RANS
τij = f (∂xi , hui i, C ) (26) Application of
Hybrid methods
τij LES = f (∂xj , ui , ∆, C ) (27)

Hybrid RANS/LES
Approaches to couple LES and RANS
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Using the same transport model to solve the velocity ui .
Introduction
model
∂ui ∂ ∂ P̃ ∂2ui ∂τij Approach
+ (ui uj ) + =ν − (28) Direct Numerical

∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
I Transition from LES to RANS can be acheived by
Large Eddy
blending them with a weighted sum Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
τijmodel = f RANS τijRANS + f LES τijLES (29) and RANS
equations
f RANS amd f LES are the blending coefficients Blending Tubulence models
Methods
I Another strategy is to use a pure LES model in one part
Application of
of the domain and a pure RANS model in the Hybrid methods
remainder, so that a boundary between a RANS zone

and an LES zone can be specified at each instant in
time.
Hybrid RANS/LES
RANS/LES zonal methods
Sathyan
RANS/LES zonal methods rely on two different models, a Padmanabhan
RANS model and a subgrid-scale model, which are applied in Introduction

different domains separated by a sharp or dynamic interface Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
whereas non-zonal methods assume that the governing set of Direct Numerical
Simulations
equations is smoothly transitioning from a RANS behavior to
Reynolds Averaged
an LES behavior, based on criteria updated during the Navier Stokes
Equation
computation.
Large Eddy
I Noticeable shortcoming of the zonal methods lies in the Simulation
connection interface between the RANS and LES Similarities and

coupling of LES
regions. For example the popular Detached Eddy and RANS
equations
Simulation (DES) switches between RANS and LES Coupling LES and RANS
behavior based on turbulent length scale. So it is very Popular Hybrid RANS/LES
Methods
sensitive to grid size. Application of
I Non-zonal hybrid model that evolves continuously in Hybrid methods
LES mode between the two extreme limits of RANS and

DNS is more satisfactory from a physical point of view
than a zonal model because it bridges two different
levels of description in a consistent way
Hybrid RANS/LES
Flow Simulation Methodology (FSM)
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Speziale: A good unified turbulence model should possess at Approach
Direct Numerical
least three properties: Simulations
I in the coarse grid limit, the hybrid should turn into a Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
RANS mode Equation
I for well- resolved simulations a DNS should be recovered Large Eddy

Simulation
I no explicit filtering or averaging should be applied Similarities and

coupling of LES
and RANS
Unified turbulence model which fulfills the above demand equations
can be constructed by resolution-dependednt damping of Coupling LES and RANS
RANS model. This approach is neither classical RANS nor Popular Hybrid RANS/LES
Methods
classical LES. It was therefore given the general name flow Application of
Hybrid methods
simulation methodology (FSM).
Hybrid RANS/LES
FSM
Sathyan
The key idea of FSM is to replace equation 28 τij model as Padmanabhan
Introduction

model ∆
τij = f∆ τij RANS ; 0 ≤ f∆ ≤ 1 (30) Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
lk Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
I This decomposes the hybrid model into two factors: the Navier Stokes
Equation
RANS model and the so-called contribution function
Large Eddy
f∆ (∆/lk ) Simulation
I The role of f∆ is to damp the contribution of the RANS Similarities and

coupling of LES
model, since part of the turbulence is resolved in an and RANS
equations
intermediate regime where the solution becomes Coupling LES and RANS
unsteady Popular Hybrid RANS/LES
Methods
I The idea here is to estimate the distance from DNS by Application of

Hybrid methods
computing the factor ∆/lk . lk is the Kolomogorov
length scale lk = ν 3/4 /1/4
n
∆ −β l∆
f∆ = 1−e k (31)
lk
Hybrid RANS/LES
FSM
Sathyan
I The constraint 0 ≤ f∆ ≤ 1 ensures FSM approaches Padmanabhan
URANS for coarse grids (coarse when compared to lk . Introduction

DNS for the grid size order of lk . Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
I FSM can be classified as a kind of “untraditional” LES Direct Numerical

Simulations
bridging the gap between LES and RANS
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods
Hybrid RANS/LES
FSM
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
In general f∆ varies in space and time, depending on the grid Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
resolution local LES, RANS computations will be done Direct Numerical

Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
I In the RANS limit τij model = τij RANS , also hui i = ui . equations
I Beyond RANS regime, τij model 6= τij RANS and hui i = 6 ui .

Methods
So separately hui i should be estimated and use in the Application of
RANS equations. And how we are estimating hui i will Hybrid methods
influence the solution.

Hybrid RANS/LES
FSM
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods
Figure: Flow over a square bluff body at Re = 1000. a) DNS b)

FSM
Hybrid RANS/LES
FSM
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
I By design FSM is consistent with RANS for coarse grids
Introduction
while retaining an eddy-resolving capability for a Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
sufficiently well-resolved simulation. Direct Numerical

Simulations
I As a result, they are user-friendly since the transition
Reynolds Averaged
between RANS and LES occurs in the equations Navier Stokes
Equation
without user-interference.
Large Eddy
I However, all difficulties are now shifted to choosing the Simulation
Similarities and
“appropriate grid,” which is not a trivial task. coupling of LES
and RANS
I The method works particularly well for flows with strong equations
instabilities, e.g. featuring geometries with sharp Blending Tubulence models
corners and separated flows. Methods
I Problems may arise if information on unsteady Application of

Hybrid methods
structures of a region in RANS mode is crucial to the
outcome of the simulation and, therefore, needs to be
generated in a region of higher resolution.
Hybrid RANS/LES
Very Large Eddy Simulation (VLES) [Bruno2017]
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods
Hybrid RANS/LES
Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) [Bruno2017]
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods
Hybrid RANS/LES
Computational code project
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
The computational code I would like to use is SU2 an open
Direct Numerical
source CFD code developed at Stanford University. I would Simulations
like to compare the solutions with the another open source Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
CFD code I used before called CFDWARP Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods
Hybrid RANS/LES
SU2
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
I The SU2 software suite developed in Stanford University Direct Numerical

Simulations
for the task of solving partial differential equation
Reynolds Averaged
(PDE) analyses and PDE constrained optimization Navier Stokes
Equation
problems on general structured and unstructured meshes
Large Eddy
I The core of the suite is a Reynolds-averaged Simulation
Similarities and
Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver capable of simulating the coupling of LES
and RANS
compressible, turbulent flows that are representative of equations
many problems in aerospace and mechanical engineering Coupling LES and RANS
I The suite is also released under a nonviral open-source Popular Hybrid RANS/LES
Methods
license and is freely available to the community Application of

Hybrid methods
Hybrid RANS/LES
Assessment of code
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
I Unlike other GUI based solver or text based solver SU2 Necessities of Hybrid
Approach
doesnt have a fixed control file to edit. Direct Numerical
I Configuration file is simple and intuitive. It consists of Simulations
I Reynolds Averaged
Governing equation Navier Stokes
I Free stream definition Equation
I Boundary condition definition Large Eddy

Simulation
I Parameters for the numerical method
Similarities and
I Flow numerical method definition coupling of LES
I Convergence parameters and RANS
equations
I Input and output information Coupling LES and RANS
I Mesh can be generated from any standard Mesh Popular Hybrid RANS/LES
Methods
generators and can be imported to SU2 in CGNS format Application of

Hybrid methods
I Better user guide than similar opensource CFD solvers.
Solver documentation can be found here
Hybrid RANS/LES
Layout of the code
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods
Hybrid RANS/LES
Layout of the code
Sathyan
Padmanabhan
Introduction
Approach
Direct Numerical
Simulations
Reynolds Averaged
Navier Stokes
Equation
Large Eddy
Simulation
Similarities and
coupling of LES
and RANS
equations
Methods
Application of
Hybrid methods

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Hybrid RANS/LES

Hybrid LES/RANS methods for the Direct Numerical

Jochen Frohlich, Dominic von Terzi, Introduction

Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 349 – 377 (2008). Direct Numerical

AIAA Journal, 52, No.7, 1417-1429 (2014). Popular Hybrid RANS/LES

Large Eddy Simulation Similarities and

Coupling LES and RANS Blending Tubulence models

Blending Tubulence models Methods

Application of Hybrid methods

out of reach for all Engineering applications. Reynolds Averaged

motions are explicitly computed is a promising route but Similarities and

Reynolds numbers. Blending Tubulence models

adapted for tackling engineering flows encountered in

I RANS provide results for mean quantities with Reynolds Averaged

wide range of flows Large Eddy

compared with RANS computations.

Figure: Hybrid RANS/LES result of Fuel-Air mixing

that are at least of order of magnitude of the Similarities and

resolving the Kolmogorov scale is given by

I In the statistical sense Reynolds averaging of the Introduction

I The instantaneous equations leads to the averaged Blending Tubulence models

equations of conservation of mass and momentum of Methods

I As a result of RANS averaging, the motion equation Introduction

modeled to close the set of equations Direct Numerical

+ (hui ihuj i) = − +ν − Coupling LES and RANS

∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj Blending Tubulence models

R(ui , uj ) = Rij = hui ui i − hui ihuj i (9)

I Reynolds stress tensor Rij is modeled using Boussinesq Introduction

hypothesis leads to well known relation Necessities of Hybrid

the most suggestive type of filtering being the spectral Introduction

I LES method consists in modeling the more isotropic Introduction

are modeled. Popular Hybrid RANS/LES

I Contrary to full statistical modeling, LES enables to Application of

of mass and momentum of the flow where the turbulent Approach

(or resolved part) and a subfilter-scale (SFS) fluctuating Large Eddy

I Instantaneous fluctuation φ0 in RANS contains both

φ = hφi + φ< + φ>

|k|≤kc Similarities and

φ̂ is the Fourier transform of φ. It is important to note that Application of

βT (φ) = βt (φ) + βxj (uj φ) Application of

Boussinesq hypothesis leads to well known relation Direct Numerical

νsgs = (Cs ∆)2

Lets see the structure of unsteady transport equation for Introduction

RANS and LES Approach

τij LES = f (∂xj , ui , ∆, C ) (27)

+ (ui uj ) + =ν − (28) Direct Numerical

remainder, so that a boundary between a RANS zone

RANS model and a subgrid-scale model, which are applied in Introduction

connection interface between the RANS and LES Similarities and

LES mode between the two extreme limits of RANS and

I for well- resolved simulations a DNS should be recovered Large Eddy

I no explicit filtering or averaging should be applied Similarities and

I The role of f∆ is to damp the contribution of the RANS Similarities and

I The idea here is to estimate the distance from DNS by Application of

URANS for coarse grids (coarse when compared to lk . Introduction

I FSM can be classified as a kind of “untraditional” LES Direct Numerical

resolution local LES, RANS computations will be done Direct Numerical

I Beyond RANS regime, τij model 6= τij RANS and hui i = 6 ui .

influence the solution.

Figure: Flow over a square bluff body at Re = 1000. a) DNS b)

sufficiently well-resolved simulation. Direct Numerical

I Problems may arise if information on unsteady Application of

I The SU2 software suite developed in Stanford University Direct Numerical