7 Centrifugal Compressors Fan

Fluid Machinery (chapter 7)
Contents
Fluid machines 7.1. Introduction
7.2. Components and description
7.3. Velocity diagrams for a centrifugal compressor
7.4. Slip factor
7.5. Energy transfer
7.6. Power input factor
Chapter 7: Centrifugal Compressors 7.7. Mollier chart
7.7.1. Inlet casing
7.7.2. Impeller
7.8. Stage pressure rise and loading coefficient
7.9. Diffuser
7.10. Degree of reaction
7.11. Pre-whirl and inlet guide vanes
7.12. Inlet velocity limitations
Dr. Tran Tien Anh 7.13. Mach number in the diffuser
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology (HCMUT) 7.14. Centrifugal compressor characteristics
tienanh@hcmut.edu.vn 7.14.1. Surging
7.14.2. Rotating stall
7.14.3. Choking
7.15. Characteristic curve
2021/4/15 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 1 2021/4/15 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 2
Introduction Introduction
Compressors as well as pumps and fans are the

devices used to increase the pressure of a fluid. The advantages of centrifugal compressor over
Centrifugal compressors and fans are turbo the axial flow compressor are
machines employing centrifugal effects to smaller length
increase the pressure of the fluid wide range of mass flow rate of gas
Single stage centrifugal compressors have the
pressure ratio of 4:1
Introduction Introduction
Because of the relatively short passage length, If the density ratio across the compressor is
loss of performance due to build-up deposits will less than about 1.05, it’s a fan. In that case the
not be as great as the axial compressors fluid is treated as being incompressible;
=> The working fluid may even be a otherwise compressible flow equations must
contaminated gas be used
In this chapter, the centrifugal compressor and
fan are considered together as the theory
applied to both machines is the same
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 1

Components and description

radial
stator
rotor
Velocity diagrams for a centrifugal

compressor
The gas enters the compressor at the eye, in an It should be noted that the blades are radial i.e.
axial direction with an absolute velocity c1 and the blade angle 2is 900 while the relative
moves into the inducer section, which can be 2' 
velocity vectorw 2 is at angle because of slip
in a separate form or be a part of the blades
Energy is imparted to the gas by the rotating
blades, thereby increasing its static pressure; as
it moves from radius r  to r  , and the gas
1 2
moves the blade with absolute velocity c  2

Slip factor  
'
2
The fluid leaves the impeller at an angle other

  . Thisis due to
than the actual blade angle 2
'
2
“fluid slip”. Angle is less than

  angle 2
In centrifugal compressors, the air trapped

between the impeller vanes is reluctant to
move round with the impeller and these results
in a higher static pressure on the lending face
of the vane than on the trailing face of the vane
• Slip factor is defined as

:Actual blade angle c2u c  Δcu
2 s   2u
'
:Angle c2u c2u
2 at which the fluid leaves the impeller
C: circulation around a single blade • For the no-slip condition
c2u  u2  w2u
w2u  c2m cot 2
c2u  u2  c2mcot 2
• Slip factor c2u c  Δcu c

s   2u  1 u
c2u c2u c2u
The relative eddy between impeller blades
• Now, the impeller has an angular velocity, so

that, relative to the impeller, the fluid must
• The radius of a circle that may be inscribed
have an angular velocity to match with the
between two successive blades at outlet and at
zero-rotation condition a tangent to the surfaces of both blades
 r 
e   2  sin 2
 z 
 u  u  sin 2
Δcu  e   2  r2sin 2  2
 zr2  z

• Slip factor equation becomes: • The Stodola slip factor equation gives best
u2sin 2 results for the blade angle in the range:
s  1 
z u2  c2mcot 2  20 0
 2  300 
• For purely radial blades, which are often found

in a centrifugal compressor,2  and
90 the
Stodola slip factor becomes

s  1 
z
• In the range30    80Buseman

0
 2 slip factor
0
In the range 80    90
0
2
0
equation may be employed the Stanitz slip factor is given by

c 
A  B  2m cot 2  s  1 
0.63
 u 2    c  
s  z 1   2m  cot 2 
c   u
 2 
1   2m cot 2   
 u 2  If 2  90 0
 
r2 s  1  0.63 
where A and B are functions of , z2 and
 . r1  z 
Energy transfer
• By Euler’s pump equation, without slip • From inlet velocity triangle

c1u  0
Work u c  u1c1u
E  H lt   2 2u

mg g • For ideal condition, from outlet velocity
triangle 2  90 0 
u2  c2u
u2c2u u2
• Energy Transfer E  2
g g

• With slip, the theoretical work is: • In a real fluid some of the power supplied by
the impeller is used in overcoming losses that
have a braking effect on the air conveyed by
E
c '2u u 2

sc2u  u2  su22 the vanes, and these include windage, disc
g g g friction and casing friction. The total power
per unit weight of flow is therefore modified
by a power input factor.
Power input factor Mollier chart – Inlet casing
Actual work supplied E

  actua2l  1
Theoretical work supplied u Total enthalpy, h0  h 
V2
 cons tan t
s 2 2
g ca 2
 h0a  ha  at position “a”
c2
2
  typically takes values from 1.035 to 1.041. h00  h0  0
2
(section – 00)
2
So, the actual energy transfer becomes c
h 01  h1  1
(section – 01)
2
u2
Eactual  s 2 since no shaft work has been done and
g assuming that adiabatic steady flow occurs
 is also known as “stage loading coefficient” h00  h01
c02 c2
h0   h1  1
2 2
Mollier chart – Impeller Mollier chart – Impeller
W c2 c 2  cu 2
 h02  h01 I h  ucu  h  m  ucu
m 2 2
 2 2
  w  u  cu    cu
2
w 2  wu 2  cu 2 
From Euler’s pump equation h   ucu  h     ucu
2 2
W E  u c  u c 
 g Hlt  g    g  2 2u 1 1u 
 u2c2u  u1c1u
 2
 2
w  u  2ucu  cu   cu

2 
 2 w 2  u 2  2uc  c 2   c 2
 u u  u
m mg
   g  h 
2
 ucu  h 
2
 ucu
 2
w  u 2
u 2

c12 c2  h     h0,rel 
I  h1   u1c1u  h2  2  u2c2u  2  2 2
2 2
Where “I” is the impeller constant

u2
I  h0,rel 
2

Mollier chart – Impeller Mollier chart – Impeller
u 2  u 2 w 2  w 2  
h2  h1   2 1
 1 2 
 p 03 T03ss  1
 2 2   
p01  T01 
 
the chief contribution to the static enthalpy rise  T  T01  1  su 22  1

is from the term u2  u1
 1  c 03
2 2

  1  c 
2  T01   c pT01 
c  0 is assumed

1u
W  E   u c  u c 
2
a 01   RT01 cp  R
 h02  h01  g    g  2 2u 1 1u 
  u 2c2 u  u1c1u  u 2c2 u  1
m  mg   g  
  u 2  p03  u 2   1
h02  h01  g  s 2   su22  1  c s   1 22 
 g  p01  a01 
su22
T02 T01 
cp
Mollier chart – Impeller Stage pressure rise and loading coefficient
Work supplied  h02s  h01

T 
h 02s  h 01  c p T02s 1 T01   c pT01  02s  1
 
  T 011 

 p   
 c pT01  02   1  cpT01 R0 
 1

 p01    
 
  1 

 h02s  h01  c pT01 R0   1
 
Where R0  is stagnation pressure ratio
Stage pressure rise and loading coefficient Stage pressure rise and loading coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Work suppl ied  u 2c2u  u1c1u
 u2c2 u  0 c 2m Work _ done / kg
 u2 u 2  c2m cot 2   2 p 
u 22
 c  u2
 u22 1  2m cot 2   u22 1  2 cot 2  c2u  u2 c2m cot 2
 u2 
  1  W

u22 1  2 cot 2   c pT01 R0   1  u2c2u  0  u2 u2  c2m cot 2   u22 1  2 cot 2 
  m

where 2  is the flow coefficient at the impeller exit u22 1  2 cot 2  p02  u 2 1  2 cot 2   1
 p   1  2 cot 2  R0   1  2

u 2 
p0 1 c pT0 1
p02  u 2 1  2 cot  2    1 2  
R0   1  2   
p0 1 c pT01
  p02   u 2 1 p2   u 2  1
R0   1  p 2  R  1  p 2 
p01  cpT01  p1  cpT1 

Stage pressure rise and loading coefficient Stage pressure rise and loading coefficient
Another definition for pressure coefficient

c p (T02s  T01 )
Pressure_coeffient, p 
isentropic _ work   Work _done / kg h 0 s h  h01
p
u 2c2u p   2  02s2
Euler ' s _ work u 22 / 2 u2 / 2 u2 / 2
cp (T02s T01) Where isthe
For a radial vanned impeller c2u  u2 p  h0  ideal stagnation enthalpy change across the stage
u22 If the stage pressure rise is so small then the fluid can be treated as
h02s  h01 cp(T02s T01 ) incompressible.
c  
h02  h01 cp (T02 T01 )
 p0
( h 0 )s 
Isentropic work=actual work * isentropic efficiency  cp (T02  T01 )c 
 p0
cp(T02 T01 )c p 
Then  
p
u22 p 
 u  
s 2
2
c
 cs
u22 / 2
2 u22 p  1  2 cot 2
But c p (T02  T01 )  su 2
Diffuser Diffuser – Volute or scroll collector
 The cross-sectional area increases as discharge increases

around the periphery of the impeller
 It plays an important role in the overall compression process of  Any deviation in flow rate from the design condition will
a centrifugal compressor. result in a radial thrust
 The impeller imparts energy to the air by increasing its
velocity.
 The diffuser converts this imparted kinetic energy into
pressure rise.
Diffuser – Vaneless diffuser Diffuser – Vaneless diffuser
• Here diffusion takes place in a parallel-sided passage and is Q  Acm  2rb cm m 3 / s 
 
governed by the principle of conservation of angular
m  Q  Acm   2rb  cm kg / s 
momentum of the fluid.
 rbc
• The radial component of absolute velocity is controlled by the rbcm  2r2b2c2m  cm  2 2 2 2m
radial cross-sectional area of flow rb

Diffuser – Vaneless diffuser Diffuser – Vanned diffuser
If frictionless flow is assumed, then by conservation of angular momentum A ring of diffuser vanes surrounds the impeller at the outlet
c r  Diffusion increases with the increase in the vane number. But
cur  c2ur2 cu  2u 2
r increasing the vane number increases the friction loss.
c2ur2  When the number of diffuser passages is less than the number of
c i.e cur  c2ur2  const
r impeller passages, a more uniform total flow occurs.
Diffuser – Vanned diffuser Degree of reaction

Ideal _ enthalpy _ drop
The diffuser efficiency D 
Actual _ enthalpy _ drop
h 3s  h 2 c T  T2 
D   p 3s • The degree or reaction of a centrifugal compressor stage is
h3  h2 c p T3  T2 
given by
  1 
   
T  T  p 3   1
T2  3s  1 2 
 p
 2 
  Change _ in _static _enthalpy _ in _ the _ impeller
 T2  


R
   Change _ in _ stagnation _enthalpy _ in _ the _ stage
T3 T2 T3  T2
h  h1
 2
h02  h01

h03  h 01  h02  h01 because h03  h02 
For adiabatic deceleration of the fluid from absolute velocity to  ca3 
c2 with
corresponding increase of static pressure from to
p2  p3 
c22 c3
h02  h03 h2   h3  3
2 2
• If the velocity of the gas approaching the

compressor inlet is negligible • From the outlet velocity triangle
c2 c22  u2  w2u   c22m
2
c22 h02  h01   22 c22  c22u  c22m c2u  u2  w2u

h2  h02  h1  h01 R
2 h02  h01  w 2u  c 2m cot 2
c22  c22m  u 2  c2m cot 2   c22m  u22 1  2 cot 2 
2 2
h02  h01  u2c2u  u2 u2  w2u 

 c 
 
 u22  u2c2m cot 2  u22 1  2m cot 2 
 c 2  
 u2   2
c22  u22  2m2   1  2 cot 2    u22 22  1  2 cot 2  
2
  
 u2  

• From the stage pressure rise expression • For radial vanes  2

 90 0 
h02  h01  u 1  2 cot 2 
2
2 1    2
2
R
2
• We get p  1  2 cot 2   1
1  2
u22 1  2 cot 2   u 22 22  1  2 cot 2   1  2 cos 2 
2    ec 2
R 2
u22 1  2 cot 2  2 1  2 cot 2 
Effect of impeller blade shape on Backward-curved blades:   900

2
performance
m
 c2m
A
The different blade shapes utilized in impellers
 u  c cot   u 2  m  u cot 
of centrifugal compressors can be classified: E  u2  2 2m 2
 2    2 2
 g  g  A  g
(i)Backward- facing blades
(ii) Radial blades
(iii) Forward-facing blades
• The above equation is in the form E  a  bm
u 22 u 2 cot 2
a b
g gA
Radial blades Forward-curved blades 2  900
• The energy transferred is constant at all flow

E  a  bm
rates and hence the characteristic is neutral
2  900 cot 90 0  0 m
• When increases, E is increased. The
2
characteristic will then be raising. would be
E a typically 140 for a multi-bladed centrifugal
fan.

Forward-bent blades have higher pressure ratios. Better efficiencies can be obtained from
But backward-bent blades than with radial vanes, but
Low efficiency owing to large slip factor the pressure ratio is lower. The radial-blade
(between 1 and 2). impellers are usually preferred because
Operating range is closer to the surge line Ease of manufacturing
even under normal running conditions thus Lowest unit blade stress
narrowing the stable operating range Higher pressure ratios with good efficiency.
Due to these advantages the radial blade impellers are

used in aircraft centrifugal compressors. Experimental
results show that the slip factor value for radial blade
impellers is about 0.9
=> where a large pressure rise is required for a
machine of small size, radial blades are used.

7.11. Pre-whirl and inlet guide vanes 7.12. Inlet velocity limitations
 To restrict the Mach number at inlet lo an acceptable value, pre-whirl should be
imparted on the air entering the eye. This can be done by placing guide van at the
inlet.
 Apart from reducing the Mach number, the pre-whirl has another advantage of
Controlling the Mach number at the eye of a centrifugal compressor affects the inlet
reduced curvature of the impeller vanes at inlet. Pre-whirl vanes have the
relative velocity ,wtwo
1
cases may be examined for the same mass flow rate having
disadvantage or introducing additional pans and additional weights, which
uniform absolute velocityc,1 with zero whirl velocity at cthe entry
0  to a centrifugal
should be an important parameter to be controlled in jet airplanes. 1u
compressor.
 Limiting values of Mach number are usually kept between 0.7~0.8, for flow over
the blades.
Figure 7.15: Effect of inlet guide vanes on the inlet relative velocity
Case 1: Large eye tip diameter Case 2: Small eye tip diameter
From continuity equation the axial velocity should

c1  be low m  1A1c1  The axial velocity is large, but the blade speed is small. It is shown in the
. Blade speed is high. These are shown in the velocity triangle. (Fig. velocity triangle diagram (Fig. 7.16(b))
7.16(a))
7.12. Inlet velocity limitations 7.12. Inlet velocity limitations

For isentropic relationship
p1  p1 T01  p01 
     
T1  p01  T1 T01 
Flow into the eye takes place through the annulus formed by the shroud radius “R” 
and the hub radius “r”. p01    1 2  1    1 2 

 1  M1  1  M1 
For uniform axial flow into the eye T01  2   2 

m  1A1c1 p01    1 2  1
 1  M1 
From the velocity triangles (Fig. 7.16), we get T01  2 
c1  w1 cos 1 & u1  w 1 sin 1 Now

p1
 r2  1 
A1   R 2  r 2   R2 1  2   R 2k
  RT1
 R  

 m  1 R 2k c1  1 
p01 
1 
  1 2  1
M1 
u RT01  2  (7.16)
 1
R
 u 2k 
m  1  12  c1
  
m 2
 
 u12c1  w1 sin 1  w1 cos 1   w1 3 sin2 1 cos 1
2
(7.15)
1k

7.13. Mach number in the diffuser 7.12. Inlet velocity limitations
From equation (7.16) in equation (7.15), From equations (7.19) and (7.20) respectively in equation (7.18),
m 2 M 1,3rel sin 2 1 * cos 1
2
m  RT01 3 2
w sin 1 cos 1  3 1 (7.21)
 1
(7.17) k  p01  RT01  2  1
kp01 1    1 M 2 cos2    
1
  1
1    1 M 2   2 1,rel 1

1
 2 
w1  M 1,rel a1
m 2RT01 M 3a 3 sin2 1 cos 1

 1,rel 1 (7.18)
kp01 
1
 1
1    1 M 2 
 2 1 
 1 1
We know a1   RT1 2 and a 01   RT01 2

Therefore
1 1
a 01 T01 2 
    1 
  1 M 12  2 (7.19) M 1  M 1,rel cos 1 (7.20)
 
a1  T1   2 
7.13 Mach number in the diffuser 7.14. Centrifugal compressor characteristics
The characteristics are generally given as a series of curves of plotted 01 

p03 / pagainst
m T01 n
the mass flow parameter for fixed speed intervals of .
The absolute Mach number of the fluid leaving the impeller may exceed unity. There is p01 T01
no loss in efficiency caused by the formation of shock waves as long as the radial flow
velocity cis2m subsonic.
 When the constant angular momentum with vortex motion is
maintained in the vaneless space between impeller tip and diffuser, the supersonic
diffusion can take place in the vaneless space. This reduces the Mach number at inlet to
the diffuser vanes to about 0.8.
High Mach numbers at inlet to the diffuser vanes will cause high pressures at the
stagnation points on the diffuser vane tips, which leads to a variation of static pressure
around the circumference diffuser. This pressure variation is transmitted radially across
the vaneless space and can cause cyclic loading of the impeller which may lead to early
fatigue failure.
Note: The actual curve is differing from the ideal curve due to the following reasons.
Surging Rotate stall
The phenomenon of a reduction in mass flow rate through the

blade passage at higher angles of incidence is known as rotating
The phenomenon of a momentary increase in the delivery pressure stall.
resulting in unsteady, periodic and reversal of flow through the
compressor is called surging.

Choking Choking
 1
   u12   2  2
   


  1  2c T   
m    
p 01  
  p0101 2  1 
A     

  
  


  
 

The choking mass flow rate increases with impeller speed.
Maximum mass flow rate equation for In the diffuser passages, the subscripts
isentropic flow at the throat of a changed to the impeller outlet conditions.
converging nozzle
1 1
  1  2   1  2
m   2   1  m   2  1 
  p0000       p0202   
A      1  
  A      1  
 
   
7.15. Characteristic curve Example 7.1
1. Al all speeds the range of mass flow over which the centrifugal 10kg/s of air is to be compressed in an uncooled centrifugal
compressor will operate before surging or choking occurs is compressor or the single sided impeller type. The ambient air
quite wide, but this range decreases as the speed increases. conditions are 1bar and 200C. The compressor runs at 20,000rpm,
2. Maximum efficiency (dotted line) occurs well within the surge has isentropic efficiency of 80%, and compresses the air from
point, making this type of compressor relatively insensitive to 1bar static pressure to 4.5bar total pressure. The air enters the
mass flow changes. impeller eye with a velocity 150m/s with no pre-whirl. Assuming
3. For a particular speed, the mass flow rate decreases as the that the ratio of whirl speed to tip speed is 0.95, calculate:
pressure ratio increases. a) rise in total temperature during compression, if the change in
4. For a given pressure ratio, the mass flow rate increases with kinetic energy is negligible.
increase in speed. Under such conditions, the efficiency however b) impeller tip speed and tip diameter,
falls rapidly.
c) power required to drive the compressor,
The onset of surge occurring at increasingly high mass flows, as the speed increases,
while the locus of the limit of stability is called the surge line. The limit of maximum
d) the external diameter of the eye, for which the internal
flow is usually set by choking in the impeller, while the surge limit of minimum diameter is 15cm
mass flow is set by stalling or the flow into the diffuser vanes.
m  10kg / s ; p1  1bar ; T1  20  273  2930 K;

n  20000rpm; c  0.8; Actual rise in total temperature is determined from the definition of isentropic
efficiency
p02  4.5bar ; c1  150m / s; c1u  0; c2u / u 2  0.95 h  h 01 cp T02s  T01 
c  02s 
h02  h01 cp T02  T01 
a) Rise in total temperature of the compressor
Stagnation temperature at inlet
(T02s  T01 ) 450.32  304.19
c12 150m / s   304.19o K
2
 T02  T01    182.7K
T01  T1   293o K  c 0.8
2cp 2 * 1005J / kgK 
Stagnation pressure at inlet b) Impeller tip speed and impeller tip diameter
 1.4 W
T  1  304.19   c2uu2  c1uu1  c2uu 2  0  (0.95)u 22
p01  p1  01 
0.4
 1bar    1.14bar m
 T1   293 
W  J   kJ 
 h02  h01   cp T02  T01   1005  182.7K   183.61  
m  kg * K   kg 
 
The temperature after isentropic compression from p01 to p02 is
 1 0.4
p 
T02s  T01  02 
  4.5bar 1.4
 304.19 0 K   Then: 183.61 * 103 J / kg   (0.95)u2 2
 p 01  1.14bar 
 u2  439.62 m / s 

Example 7.1
p1 p
Thus the impeller tip speed is 439.62m/s 1   1RT1  p1  RT1  1  p1v1
If is the tip diameter, then RT1 1
 2n  D nD2 d) Eye external diameter

u 2  R2    2 
 60  2
Density of air at entry
60
60u 2 60 * 439.62 m / s p1 105 N / m 2 
 D2    0.42m 1      1.189 kg / m 3 
n  20, 000  RT1 287 J / kgK  * 293 K 
 
 
Eye annulus
 2 c1m  c1  150m / s
c) Power required to drive the compressor A1  
D  Di2
4 e
 Di  15cm  0.15m
Work _ done 
Power _ required  m  
 kg  And
m  2
 kg   kJ 
 10   * 183.61    1836.1kW
m  1Ac
1 1m
 A1 
1c1m

4 e

D  Di2 
s   kg 
   
Example 7.1 Example 7.2
20m3 of air per second at 1bar and 150C is to be compressed in a

centrifugal compressor through a pressure ratio 1.5/1. The
4m
De2   Di2 compression follows the law . The velocity of flow at inlet and
1c1m outlet remains constant and is equal to 60m/s. If the inlet and outlet
4m 4 * 10kg / s
m  
 0.15m 
2 impeller diameters are respectively 0.6m and 1.2m and speed of
 De   Di2 
1c1m  kg  rotation is 5000rpm. Find
 * 1.189  3  * 150  
m  s  (a) blade angles at inlet and outlet of the impeller, and the angle at
   
 0.306 m  which the air from the impeller enters the casing
 
(b) breadth of impeller blade at inlet and outlet. It may be assumed
no diffuser is fitted and the whole pressure increase occurs in the
impeller and that the blades have a negligible thickness.
Q1  20m 3 / s; p1  1bar ; T1  150C  288K

p2
 1.5; c1m  c2m  60m / s;
p1
Whirl component of absolute velocity is obtained from
Dh  0.6m; D2  1.2m; n  5000rpm
a) Blade angles and flow angle

cp T2  T1   u2c2u  u1c1u  cp T2  T1   u2c2u
Peripheral velocity or impeller at inlet
n 1
 p  n 1.5 1
u1 
Dhn

 * 0.6 * 5000
 157.1(m / s ) T2  T1  2   288 0 K 1.51.5
 329.68K
60 60  p1 
c1m c
tan 1   1  J 
 kgK  
u1 u1 1005   329.68K  288K 
 60  cp T2  T1   
 1  tan1    20.90 c2u    133.33m / s
157.1  u2 314.16m / s
The blade angle at impeller inlet is 20.90

   
Now w2u  u 2  c 2u  314.16 m / s   133.33 m / s   180.83m / s
Peripheral velocity or impeller tip at outlet
D2n  * 1.2 * 5000
u2    314.16m / s
60 60

b) Breadth of impeller blade at inlet and outlet

If Q1 is the discharge in m3/s then
c2m 60m / s Q1 20m 3 / s

b1   0.177m
tan 2   Q1  2r1b1 c1m  b1   0.6m 
c2u 133.33m / s 2r1c1m 2 *   * 60m / s
 2 
 2  24.20 Now
p1v1 p2v2 v2 p1 T2 v2 Q2 p1 T2
   with Q1  v1; Q2  v2   
T1 T2 v1 T1 p2 v1 Q1 T1 p2
c2 m 60m / s
tan 2      18.36
w 2u 180.83m / s p T  p T 
Q2  Q1  1 . 2   Q1  1 . 2 
T1 p2   p2 T1 
 1   329.68  o K  
 20 m 3 / s    

    15.26 m 3 / s
 1.5   288  o K    
   
Example 7.3
A single sided centrifugal compressor is to deliver 14kg/s of air

when operating at a stagnation pressure ratio of 4:1 and a speed
Then of 200rps. The inlet stagnation conditions may be taken as 288oK
Q2  2r2b2  c2m and 1.0bar. Assuming a slip factor of 0.9, a power input factor of
1.04 and an overall isentropic efficiency of 0.8, estimate the
overall diameter of the impeller.
Q2 15.26
 b2    0.0675m
2r2c2m 2 * 0.6 * 60
p02
m  14kg / s ; p01  1bar ;  4; T01  288K ;
p01
n  200rps; s  0.9;   1.04; i  0.8
The pressure coefficient may be written as With u2  D2n

p  s i  0.9 * 1.04 * 0.8  0.749
  1    1  u2 433.6
 p     p     D2    0.69m
cPT01  02   1 cPT01  02   1 n  * 200
 p 01    p01  
p     u 2   
2
u22 p
 1.41 
1005 * 288 4  1.4  1
u22     u  433.6m / s
2
0.749

Example 7.4
In a centrifugal compressor with inlet guide vanes, air leaving the guide vanes
has a velocity of 91.5m/s at , to the tangential direction.
Determine:
a) Inlet relative Mach number
a) Inlet relative Mach number, assuming frictionless flow through the guide
vanes and impeller c1  91.5m / s
b) Total head isentropic efficiency
The other operating conditions are: c1u  c1 cos 70 0  31.29m / s
 Impeller diameter at inlet 457mm
 Impeller diameter at exit 762mm c1a  c1u tan 70 0  85.98m / s
 Radial component of velocity at impeller exit 53.4m/s
w1u  u1  c1u
 Slip factor 0.9
D1n  * 0.457 * 11000
 Impeller speed 11000rpm With u1    263.21 m / s 
60 60
 Static pressure at impeller exit 223kPa (absolute)
 Take T01=288K and p01=1.013bar.  w1u  263.21  31.29  231.92 m / s 
b) Total head isentropic efficiency

w12  w12u  c12a  231.922  85.982  w1  247.34m / s
T1  T01 
c2
1
 288 
91.5 2
 283.83K
 
Work _done  u 2 c2' u  u1c1u  su22  u1c1u
2c p 2 * 1005
D2n  * 0.762 * 11000
u2    438.88(m/ s)
a1   RT1  1.4 * 287 J / kgK  283.83 K   337.7m / s 60 60
   
But Work _done  cp T02  T01   s u22  u1c1u
Relative Mach number at inlet
 c p T02  T01   0.9 * 438.88 2  263.31 * 31.29  T02  T01  164.297

w1 247.34
M1,r    0.732
a1 337.7 T02  164.297  288  452.29K
c2m  53.4(m / s ) Total head isentropic efficiency
c2' u  su2  0.9 * 438.88  394.92 m / s   

   1
 p     
c22  c2' 2u  c22m  394.922  53.42 T01  02   1 288  4.37 
0,286

 p     1
 c2  398.51(m / s )  01   1.013 
 

 
   149.39
c     90.9%
c22 398.51
2
T02  T01 164.297 164.297
T2  T02   452.29   373.28K
2cp 2 * 1005
 1.4
T  1  452.29  1.41
p02  p2  02   2.23    4.37bar
 T2   373.28 

In a radial blade centrifugal compressor running at 16,500 rpm, p 03

n  16, 500rpm ;  4; p 01  1bar ; T01  298K
the total pressure ratio is 4:1 when the atmospheric pressure and p 01
Dh  0.16m ; ca  c 1  120m / s ; p  0.7; c 3  120m / s ;
temperature are 1atm and 25°C. The diameter of the hub at m  8.3kg / s ; c  0.78
impeller eye is 16cm. The axial velocity at inlet and the absolute
velocity at the diffuser exit are both 120m/s. The mass flow rate
(a) Main dimensions of impellers
is 8.3kg/s. If the adiabatic total-to-total efficiency is 78% and
pressure coefficient is 0.7, find c12 1202
T1  T01   298   290.84K
a) main dimensions of the impeller, 2cp 2 *1005
 1.4
b) static conditions at exit  T 1  290.84 1.41
p1  p01  1   1 *  1
 0.918bar
c) required power to drive the compressor T01   298 
p1 0, 918 * 105
 1 
RT1

287 * 290.84
 1.0998 kg / m 3  
1
Eye tip diameter  c T  T   2
 2 u2  u2   p 03 01 
m  1 
D  Dh2 ca
4 t
 T03  T01  s 2
cp  s


1
4m p  1005 185.67 2
0.7    456.1m / s

 Dt2  Dh2  
1ca
s    0.897  u 2
  
c 0.8 D n 
 * 0.16 * 16500
0.897 
u   h
 138.23m / s
4m 4 * 8.3 h
60 60
D  2
 Dh2   0.162 Dt  0.325m D2n 60u2 60 * 456.1
1ca
t
 * 1.0998 * 120 u2   D2    0.528m
60 n  * 16, 500
Impeller tip diameter Blade angles at eye hub and eye tip
 r 1   r 1 
 p  r   p  r 
T01  03   1
Dhn  * 0.16 * 16500
 T01  03   1 uh    138.23m / s
 p01    p01 


60 60
c     T03  T01   
T03  T01 c
From inlet velocity triangle (b) Static conditions at exit

c   120  T03  T01  185.67  298  185.67  483.7K
h  tan1  1   tan1    40.960
 uh   138.23  c 32 1202
T3  T03   483.63   476.5K
2c p 2 * 1005
Dt n  * 0.325 * 16500
ut    280.78m / s  1.4
60 60  T 1  476.5 1.41
p3  p03  3   4    3.796 bar 
 c   120  T03   483.67   
t  tan1  1   tan 1    23,14 0
 ut   280.78  (c) Power required
 kg  J
 p T03  T01   8.3   * 1005
W  mc 185.67K   1.549 * 106W
s  kgK
 

The following data refers to a centrifugal compressor: tip Dt  0,25m; Dh  0,1m; n  120rps
diameter or the eye 250mm, hub diameter of the eye 100mm, m  5kg / s; p01  102kPa; T01  335K
speed of 120rps, mass of air handled 5kg/s, inlet stagnation
pressure 102kPa, inlet total temperature is 335K.
a) Determine the air angle at inlet of the inducer blade and inlet
a) Air angle at inlet of the inducer blade
relative Mach number.
Since the density and axial velocity component at the inlet of the
b) If IGV (inlet guide valve) is used then determine air angle and inducer section are unknown, their values are determined by
relative Mach number at the exit of IGV. trial and error method.
p01 102 * 103
1  01 
RT01

287 * 335
 1.061 kg / m 3  
m
c1 
1  Dmb
c12 120.12
Dh  Dt 0,1  0, 25 Then T1  T01   335   327.8K
Dm    0,175m 2cp 2 *1005
2 2

Dt  Dh 0, 25  0,1 1.4
b   0.075m  T 1  327.8 1.41
2 2 p1  p01  1   102    94.53kPa
c1 
5
 114.3(m / s ) T01   335 
1.061 *   * 0.175 * 0.075
94.53 *103
c12 114.32  1   1.005kg / m3
T1  T01   335   328.5K 287 * 327.8
2cp 2 *1005
m 5
 1.4 c1    120.66m / s
 T  1
p1  p 01  1 
 328.5 1.41
 102 
95.24 * 103 1 Dmb 1.005 *  * 0.175 * 0.075
  95.24kPa  1   1.01kg / m3
T01   335  287 * 328.5
m 5
c1    120.1m / s
1 Dmb 1.01 *  * 0.175 * 0.075
1 are capproximately
Since the values of and 1
equal to the last
iteration values, the iteration can now be stopped. Thus,
b) With IGV
3 w1 c
1  1.005kg / m tan 1   a
u1 u1
c1  120.66m / s w   120.66 
 1  tan 1  1   tan1    61.33o
u1  Dmn   * 0.175 * 120  65.97m / s  u1   65.97 
c1 ca 120.66
tan 1  c1    137.52m / s
u1 sin 1 sin 61.33
c  120.66 
 1  tan1  1   tan1    61.330 c12 137.522
u1   65.97  T1  T01   335   325.59K
c1 120.66 2cp 2 * 1005
 w1    137.52 m / s 
sin 1 sin 61.33 w1 c 120.66
M r ,1   a   0.334
w w1 137.52 a1 a1 1.4 * 287 * 325.59
M relative,1  1    0.379
a1  RT1 1.4 * 287 * 327.8


c 2m  28m / s ;  s  0.9; u 2  350m / s ; A  0.08m 2 ; c  0.9; T01  288K
Determine the absolute Mach number of the flow at the exit of a

radial vanned impeller of a centrifugal compressor when the
a) Exit absolute Mach number
radial component of the velocity at the impeller exit is 28m/s
c2
and the slip factor is 0.9. The impeller tip speed is 350m/s. If the M2 
a2
impeller area is 0.08m2 and the total head isentropic efficiency is c2u  su2  0.9 * 350  315m / s
90%, determine the mass flow rate. TakeT01  288K , p01  1bar
c2  c 22m  c 22u  3 1 5 2  2 8 2  3 1 6 .2 4 m / s
 u2 0.9 * 3502
T02  T01  s 2   109.7K  T02  109.7K  T01  109.7K  288K  397.7K
cp 1005
c2 316.24 2
T2  T02  2  397.7   347.95K
2c p 2 * 1005
c2 316.24
 M2    0.8458
 RT2 1.4 * 287 * 347.95
b) Mass flow rate

  1.4
p2  T 1  T 1  347.951.41
m  2Ac 2  p2  p02  2  p2  p02  2   2.806 *    1.758bar
2 2m RT2 T02  T02   397.7 
5  2
  1  p 1.758.10 N / m 
 p    2  2     1.76kg / m 3
T01  02   1  RT2  J 
 p  287   * 347.95K
 01    kgK 
c     
T02  T01
 1.4
p02   T  T    1  0.9 109.7   1.4 1 m   2A c 2 m  1.76 kg / m 3  * 0, 08 m 2  * 28 m / s   3 .9424 kg / s 
   c 02 01
 1    1  2.806        
p01 T 288
 01   
p02
 2.806  p 02  2.806 * 1bar  2.806bar
p 01
A double-sided centrifugal compressor has impeller eye-root and In double-sided centrifugal compressor impeller, there is an eye
tip diameters of 175mm and 312.5mm and is to deliver 20kg/s at on either side of the impeller and the air is taken in on both sides.
16,000rpm. The design ambient conditions are 288K and 100kPa. The double-sided compressor has the advantage that the impeller
Calculate suitable values for the impeller value angles at the root is subjected to approximately equal stresses in the axial direction.
and tip of eye if the air is given of pre-whirl at all radii. The axial
component of inlet velocity is constant over the eye and is about
152m/s. Also compute the maximum Mach number at the eye.
Dh  0.175m; Dt  0.3125m; m  20kg / s; n  16, 000rpm
T01  288K ; p01  100kPa; ca  152m / s
Annulus area of flow at the impeller eye

 2 
A   
D  Dh2  0.31252  0.1752  0.0527m2
4 t 4


a) Impeller value angles 1  90o  20o  70o

Impeller eye tip speed
ca 152
Dt n  * 0.3125 * 16000 c1    161.76m / s
ut    261.79m / s sin 1 sin 70 0
60 60
Impeller eye hub speed c12 161.762
T1  T01   288   274.98K
2cp 2 * 1005
Dhn  * 0.175 * 16000
uh    146.61m / s  T 1
 1.4
60 60  274.98 1.41
p1  p01  1   100    85.05kPa
T01   288 
p1 85.05 * 10 3
 1    1.078kg / m 3
RT1 287 * 274.98
ca ca 152 b) Maximum Mach number at the eye

tan 1,h     1.665 w1
 c Maximum Mach number occurs at the eye tip Mr,1 
uh  cu
uh   a   152 
146.61    RT1
 tan  1
  tan 70o 
w1u  u1  c1u  261.79 
152
 206.47m / s
tan 700
 1,h  590
 w1  w 12u  c a2  20 6.4 7 2  1 52 2  2 56 .39 m / s
ca 152
tan 1,t    0.7362 256.39
 c  261.79   152 
 M r ,1   0.77

ut   a 1.4 * 287 * 274.98
 tan   
 tan 700 
1
 1,t  36.360
A centrifugal blower takes in air at 100kPa and 309K. It develops a 6522.61 J / kg 
Actual _ work _done Ideal _ work _ done / kg    8256.47 J / kg 
pressure head of 750mmW.G., while consuming a power of 33kW.  
kg b 0.79
 79% and mechanical efficiency is 83%,
If the blower efficiency is b
W 6522.61 J / kg 
determine    8256.47 J / kg 
m 0.79
a) mass rate
Actual power inpul  Motor power input  m
b) volume rate  W  33kW * 0.83  27.39kW
c) exit properties of air
Therefore, the mass flow rate
p1  100kPa; T1  309K ; H  0.75mW .G .
input _ power  33kW ; b  0, 79; m  0.83 W 27.39 * 10 3W
m    3.317 kg / s 
Solution Actual work done/kg 8256.47 J / kg 
 
a) Mass rate b) Volume rate
p1 100 * 103
   1.128kg / m 3 m 3.317
RT1 287 * 309 Q


1.128
 2.94 m 3 / s  
p  g H  10 * 9.81 * 0.75  7357.5(N / m 2 )
3
Ideal _ work _ done p 7357.5

   6522.61 J / kg 
kg  1.128


Example 7.10: A backward-swept centrifugal fan develops a pressure of 75mm W.G. It
has an impeller diameter of 89cm and runs at 720rpm. The blade air angle at tip is 39° and
the width of the impeller is 10cm. Assuming a constant radial velocity of 9.15m/s and
c) Exit properties of air density of 1.2kg/m3, determine the fan efficiency, discharge, power required, stage
p2  p1  p reaction, and pressure coefficient.
7357.5 Solution
p2  p  p1   100kPa  107.36kPa
103 H  0.075mW .G .; D2  0.89m ; n  720rpm; 2  390 ;
Since b2  0.1m; cm  9.15m / s; air  1.2kg / m 3
W
 c p T2 T1  a) Fan efficiency
m
p
W 8256.47 J / kg  Ideal work done/kg 
air
 T2  T1   309K   317.22K
 p
mc 1005 J / kg / K   g H 10 3 kg / m 3  * 9.81 m / s 2  * 0.075 m 
 water       613.13 J / kg 
air 1.2 kg / m 3 
 
Actual work done/kg: W  u2c2u  0
m
From outlet velocity triangle (Refer Fig.7.3(b)) c) Power required

cm m  Q  1.2 * 2.558  3.07kg / s
c2u  u2  w 2u  u2 
tan 2 W 
 W  m    3.07 kg / s  * 746.823 J / kg   2292.7W
D2n  * 0.89 * 720  m 
With u2    33.55m / s
60 60 d) Stage reaction
9.15
 c2u  33.55   22.26m / s 1 c 2u 1  22.26 
tan 390 R  1  1     0.6683  66.83%
2 u2 2  33.55 
W
 33.55 m / s  * 22.26 m / s   746.823 J / kg 
m      
e) Pressure coefficient
Ideal work done / kg
Fan efficiency_ f   82.1% Since
Actual work done / kg
u 2c 2u
p 
a) Fan efficiency u 22
Q  D2b2 c2m   * 0.89m * 0.1m * 9.15 m / s   2.558(m 3 / s ) 2
   22.26 
c 2u
 p  2  2    1.327
u2  33.55 

A backward swept centrifugal
2  30o  fan with impeller diameter of 46.6cm is required to deliver
b) Pressure coefficient
3.82m3/s (4.29kg/s) of air at a total pressure of 63mm W.G. The flow coefficient at the
2c
impeller exit is 0.25 and the power supplied to the impeller is 3kW. Determine the fan p  2u
u2
efficiency, pressure coefficient, degree of reaction, rotational speed, and impeller width at
From outlet velocity triangle(Refer Fig.3.3(b))
exit.
c
Solution c2u  u 2  w2u  u 2  2m
tan 2
2  300 ; D2  0.466m; Q  3.82m 3 / s ; m  4.29kg / s ;   3 * 103 W  
c  W  
c2m u2c2u  u 2 u 2  2m   
 H  0.063mW .G ; 2   0.25; W  3 kW  tan 2  m 4.29 kg / s 
u2
Since c2m  0.25u2 and 2  300
 0.25u 2  3.10 3
a) Fan efficiency  u2 u 2   
p 0  tan 300  4.29
Ideal work done  m  Q p0  Q g H 
  0.57u 22  699.93
 3.82(103 * 9.81 * 0.063)  2.36kW
Actual work done  3kW  u 2  35.03m / s
Fan efficiency 
2.36kW
Then c 2m  0.25u 2  0.25 * 35.03  8.76 m / s 
3kW  f  78.7%


A centrifugal blower runs at a speed or 3000rpm. The impeller outer diameter is 75cm and
c 2m 8.76
And c 2u  u 2   35.03   19.86 m / s  the blades of the impeller are designed for a constant radial velocity of 57m/s. There are
tan 2 tan 300 no inlet guide vanes so that the absolute velocity at the inlet is axial. If the degree of
 19.86  reaction is 0.58, compute the exit blade angle. Also determine the power input to the
p  2    1.134
 35.03  blower (total-to-total efficiency of 0.75) and the exit stagnation pressure. Take the total
pressure and temperature at the inlet as 1atm and 25℃ respectively.
c) Degree of reaction
Solution
1 c2u 1  19.86 
R  1  1     71.7% n  3000rpm; D2  0.75m; c2m  57m / s
2 u2 2  35.03 
c1u  0; c1  ca ; R  0.58; c  0.75
d) Rotational speed
a) Exit blade angle
u2 * 60 35.03 * 60
n   14357 rpm  D2n  * 0.75 * 3000
D2  * 0.466  
u2    117.81 m / s 
60 60  
e) Impeller width at exit
The degree of reaction is
3.82 m 3 / s 
 c2u  2 1  R  u 2  2 1  0.58 117.81  98.96m / s
Q c 2u
b2      0.298m R  1
D2c2m  * 0.466 m  * 8.76 m / s  2u2
c) Exit stagnation pressure

  1 
 p   
From the outlet velocity triangle (Refer Fig. 7.3(b)) T01  02   1

 p01  
w2u  u2  c2u  117.81  98.96  18.85m / s c   
T02  T01
And
W 11.658  kW/ kg/ s 
c2m T02  T01      11.6K
tan 2  With  J 
 p
mc
w 2u 1.005  
 
 57   kgK 
 2  tan1    71.70 
18.85  p02   T T    1
   1
c 02 01

p01  T01 
b) Power input 1.4
 0.75 * 11.6 1.41
W
 u 2c 2u  0    1  1.106
m  298 
 W 
 117.81 * 98.96  11.658 * 103   p02  1.106 * 101.325kPa  112.07kPa
 kg / s 
 
A centrifugal fan has the following data: inner diameter of the impeller 18cm, outer But
c 22  c12
diameter of the impeller 20cm. the absolute velocity at entry is 21m/s and at exit is h02  h01  h2  h1  
25m/s, relative velocity at inlet and exit are 20m/s and 17m/s respectively, speed 2
1450rpm, mass flow rate 0.5kg/s, and motor efficiency 78%. Determine: And
(a) stage total pressure rise u 22  u12 w12  w 22
h2  h 1  
(b) degree of reaction 2 2
(c) power required to drive the fan. Assume density or air as 1.25kg/m 3 Therefore, the stage total pressure rise is
 u 2  u 2 w 2  w 2 c 2  c 2 
p0    2
Solution
1 
1
 1 2
 2 
D1  0.18m; D2  0.2m ; c1  21m / s ; c2  25m / s  2 2 2 
w1  20m / s ; w 2  17m / s; n  1450rpm ; m  0.5kg / s  * 0.18 * 1450
u1   13.67 m / s 
m  0.78;   1.25kg / m 3 60
 * 0.2 * 1450
(a) Stage total pressure rise u2   15.18 m / s 
60
p0   h02  h 01   15.182  13.672 202  172 252  212 
p 0  1.25    
  1.25 21.78  55.5  92  211.6 N / m 2 
 2 2 2 


(b) Degree of reaction
p rotor
R
p0  stage
Work _done
 u 2  u 2 w 2  w 2 
p   h2  h1     2 1
 1 2  sec 84.64
 2
 Power _ input    108.5W
2  m 0.78
 15.182  13.67 2 202  172 
p  1.25     96.6 N / m 2 
 2 2 
96.6
R  0.457
211.6
(c) Power input
Work _done  u 2  u 2 w 2  w 2 c 2  c 2 
 Power  m h02  h01   m  2 1
 1 2
 2 1 

sec  2 2 2 
 0.5 21.78  55.5  92  84.64 W
A centrifugal fan rises the static pressure of air by 14cm of water, while running at a
b) Volume flow rate
speed of 650rpm and consuming 85metric HP as power. The static pressure and
temperature of the air at the fan intake are respectively 75cmHg and 250C, while the
m 260
mass flow rate of air is 260kg/min. Find the exit static pressure and the volume flow Q 
1 1
rate in m3/min.
Solution
p1 99.988 * 103
H  0.14mH 2O ; n  650rpm; Power  85MHp; H 1  0.75mHg; 1 
RT1

287 * 298

 1.169 kg / m 3 
T1  273  25  298K ; m  260kg / min; 1metric H.P.  0.735kW
260 kg / min
a) Exit static pressure Q 
1.169 kg / m 3 

 222.4 m 3 / min 
p2  p1  p  
p1  Hg gH 1  13590 * 9.81 * 0.75  99.988 * 10 3 Pa

p  water g H  1000 * 9.81 * 0.14  1.3734 * 10 3 Pa
 p2  99.988  1.3734  101.36kPa

7 Centrifugal Compressors Fan

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7 Centrifugal Compressors Fan

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Fluid Machinery (chapter 7)

Compressors as well as pumps and fans are the

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 1

Components and description

Velocity diagrams for a centrifugal

moves the blade with absolute velocity c  2

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 2

The fluid leaves the impeller at an angle other

“fluid slip”. Angle is less than

In centrifugal compressors, the air trapped

• Slip factor is defined as

• Slip factor c2u c  Δcu c

The relative eddy between impeller blades

• Now, the impeller has an angular velocity, so

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 3

• For purely radial blades, which are often found

• In the range30    80Buseman

equation may be employed the Stanitz slip factor is given by

• By Euler’s pump equation, without slip • From inlet velocity triangle

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 4

Power input factor Mollier chart – Inlet casing

Actual work supplied E

Mollier chart – Impeller Mollier chart – Impeller

Where “I” is the impeller constant

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 5

Mollier chart – Impeller Mollier chart – Impeller

Mollier chart – Impeller Stage pressure rise and loading coefficient

Work supplied  h02s  h01

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 6

Another definition for pressure coefficient

Diffuser Diffuser – Volute or scroll collector

 The cross-sectional area increases as discharge increases

Diffuser – Vaneless diffuser Diffuser – Vaneless diffuser

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 7

Diffuser – Vaneless diffuser Diffuser – Vanned diffuser

Diffuser – Vanned diffuser Degree of reaction

• If the velocity of the gas approaching the

c22 h02  h01   22 c22  c22u  c22m c2u  u2  w2u

h02  h01  u2c2u  u2 u2  w2u 

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 8

• From the stage pressure rise expression • For radial vanes  2

u22 1  2 cot 2  2 1  2 cot 2 

Effect of impeller blade shape on Backward-curved blades:   900

Radial blades Forward-curved blades 2  900

• The energy transferred is constant at all flow

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 9

Due to these advantages the radial blade impellers are

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 10

From continuity equation the axial velocity should

7.12. Inlet velocity limitations 7.12. Inlet velocity limitations

and the hub radius “r”. p01    1 2  1    1 2 

c1  w1 cos 1 & u1  w 1 sin 1 Now

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 11

7.13. Mach number in the diffuser 7.12. Inlet velocity limitations

m 2RT01 M 3a 3 sin2 1 cos 1

We know a1   RT1 2 and a 01   RT01 2

7.13 Mach number in the diffuser 7.14. Centrifugal compressor characteristics

The characteristics are generally given as a series of curves of plotted 01 

Surging Rotate stall

The phenomenon of a reduction in mass flow rate through the

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 12

The choking mass flow rate increases with impeller speed.

7.15. Characteristic curve Example 7.1