The order of the planets from the Sun used to be easy to remember by using the mnemonic My Very Educated

Mother Just Served

Us Nine Pizzas(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto). I am not sure what to use since Pluto
has been demoted to dwarf planet status. Maybe My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles??? Here are a few facts about
each planet. They are very rudimentary facts, so, hopefully, you will do more research.
Mercury
You would expect the planet closest to the Sun to be the hottest, but it is not. Daytime temperatures can reach a blistering 450°C
and then drop to a frigid -170°C at night. Kind of hard to know how to dress for that climate.
Venus
Talk about Dante’s inferno. Clouds of toxic gas and temperatures over 460°C make this the hottest plant in our Solar System. We
can not design probes that can survive the planet’s atmosphere for more than a few minutes.
Earth
Remove this ad
Let’s skip this one. I am sure you have studied plenty about it.
Mars
The possibility of microbial life in the distant past as well as bound water and carbon dioxide in the soil make this a very interesting
focus of study.
Jupiter
Talk about confused. This planet has the most mass, but very low density. This gas giant is separated from Mars by the main
asteroid belt which contains many other interesting objects.
Saturn
At one time it was thought that Saturn was the only planet with rings. Several space probes have confirmed that not only do other
planets have rings, but some have more than Saturn.
Uranus
This planet has two related descriptions. It has a very low density and is made up of a large proportion of gas. That makes it a gas
giant. A decent percentage of those gases are trapped in ice form, so it is sometimes referred to as an ice giant as well.
Neptune
The other ice giant, Neptune has many of the same frozen gases as Uranus. Methane gives both planets a bluish color.
Pluto has been reclassified as a dwarf planet, do not worry though. It is not alone in that category. There are three very large
asteroids(Eris, Vespa, and Ceres) that are thought to have gravity and many of the qualifications to be considered dwarf planets.
We have written many articles about the planets for Universe Today. Here are some facts about planets, and here’s an article about
the names of the planets.
If you’d like more info on the Solar System planets, check out NASA’s Solar System exploration page, and here’s a link to NASA’s
Solar System Simulator.
We’ve also recorded a series of episodes of Astronomy Cast about every planet in the Solar System. Start here, Episode 49:
Mercury.

Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/72305/order-of-the-planets-from-the-sun/#ixzz2eUQsCMMx

Mercury is the smallest and closest to the Sun of the eight planets in the Solar System,[a] with an orbital
period of about 88 Earth days. Seen from the Earth, it appears to move around its orbit in about 116 days,
which is much faster than any other planet. This rapid motion may have led to it being named after
the Roman deity Mercury, the fast-flying messenger to the gods. Because it has almost no atmosphere to
retain heat, Mercury's surface experiences the greatest temperature variation of all the planets, ranging
from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day at some equatorial
regions. The poles are constantly below 180 K (−93 °C; −136 °F). Mercury's axis has the smallest tilt of
any of the Solar System's planets (about 1⁄30 of a degree), but it has the largest orbital
eccentricity.[a] At aphelion, Mercury is about 1.5 times as far from the Sun as it is at perihelion. Mercury's
surface is heavily cratered and similar in appearance to the Moon, indicating that it has been geologically
inactive for billions of years.

Mercury does not experience seasons in the same way as most other planets, such as the Earth. It is
locked so it rotates in a way that is unique in the Solar System. As seen relative to the fixed stars, it
rotates exactly three times for every two revolutions[b] it makes around its orbit. As seen from the Sun, in
a frame of reference that rotates with the orbital motion, it appears to rotate only once every two
Mercurian years. An observer on Mercury would therefore see only one day every two years.

Because Mercury's orbit lies within Earth's orbit (as does Venus's), it can appear in Earth's sky in the
morning or the evening, but not in the middle of the night. Also, like Venus and the Moon, it displays a
complete range of phases as it moves around its orbit relative to the Earth. Although Mercury can appear
as a very bright object when viewed from Earth, its proximity to the Sun makes it more difficult to see than
Venus.

 Mercury
Planet
 Mercury is the smallest and closest to the Sun of the eight planets in the Solar System, with an orbital
period of about 88 Earth days. Wikipedia
Radius: 2,440 km
Distance from Sun: 57,910,000 km
Surface area: 74,797,000 km²
Length of day: 58d 15h 30m
Mass: 328.5E21 kg (0.055 Earth mass)
Orbits: Sun

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days.[11] The planet is named after
the Roman goddess of love and beauty. After the Moon, it is the brightest natural object in the night sky,
reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6, bright enough to cast shadows.[12]Because Venus is an inferior
planet from Earth, it never appears to venture far from the Sun: its elongation reaches a maximum of
47.8°. Venus reaches its maximum brightness shortly before sunrise or shortly after sunset, for which
reason it has been referred to by ancient cultures as the Morning Star or Evening Star.
Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet" because of their similar size,
gravity, and bulk composition (Venus is both the closest planet to Earth and the planet closest in size to
Earth). However, it has also been shown to be very different from Earth in other respects. It has the
densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide.
The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth's. With a mean surface
temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System. It has
no carbon cycle to lock carbon back into rocks and surface features, nor does it seem to have any
organic life to absorb it in biomass. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds
of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space invisible light. Venus may have
possessed oceans in the past,[13][14] but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to
a runaway greenhouse effect.[15] The water has most probably photodissociated, and, because of the lack
of a planetary magnetic field, the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar
wind.[16] Venus's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and periodically refreshed
by volcanism.

 Venus
Planet
 Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. The planet is named after
the Roman goddess of love and beauty.Wikipedia
Radius: 6,052 km
Surface area: 460,234,317 km²
Length of day: 116d 18h 0m
Distance from Sun: 108,200,000 km
Gravity: 8.87 m/s²
Orbits: Sun

Earth formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within its first billion
years.[23] Earth's biosphere then significantly altered the atmospheric and other basic physical conditions,
which enabled the proliferation of organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer, which together
with Earth's magnetic field blocked harmful solar radiation, and permitted formerly ocean-confined life to
move safely to land.[24] The physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological history and orbit,
have allowed life to persist. Estimates on how much longer the planet will be able to continue to support
life range from 500 million years (myr), to as long as 2.3 billion years (byr).[25][26][27]

Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that migrate across the
surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of the surface is covered by salt water oceans,
with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other
sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's poles are mostly covered with ice that is the
solid ice of theAntarctic ice sheet and the sea ice that is the polar ice packs. The planet's interior remains
active, with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the magnetic field, and a thick layer
of relatively solid mantle.
Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. During one
orbit around the Sun, the Earth rotates about its own axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 solar days, or
one sidereal year.[note 7] The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its orbital
plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24
solar days).[28] The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It began orbiting the Earth about 4.53 billion
years ago (bya). The Moon's gravitational interaction with Earth stimulates ocean tides, stabilizes the
axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation.

The planet is home to millions of species of life, including humans.[29] Both the mineral resources of the
planet and the products of thebiosphere contribute resources that are used to support a global human
population.[30] These inhabitants are grouped into about 200 independent sovereign states, which interact
through diplomacy, travel, trade, and military action. Human cultures have developed many views of the
planet, including its personification as a planetary deity, its shape as flat, its position as the center of the
universe, and in the modernGaia Principle, as a single, self-regulating organism in its own right.

 Earth
Planet
 Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar
System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as
the world or the Blue Planet. Wikipedia
Age: 4.54 billion years
Radius: 6,371 km
Mass: 5.972E24 kg
Surface area: 510,072,000 km²
Population: 7.046 billion (2012) World Bank
Moon: Moon

Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar
System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as
the world or the Blue Planet.[22]

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second smallest planet in the Solar System. Named after
the Roman god of war, it is often described as the "Red Planet" because the iron oxide prevalent on its
surface gives it a reddish appearance.[14] Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having
surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts,
and polar ice capsof Earth. The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those
of Earth, as is the tilt that produces the seasons. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the second highest
known mountain within the Solar System (the tallest on a planet), and of Valles Marineris, one of the
largest canyons. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and
may be a giant impact feature.[15][16]Mars has two known moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small
and irregularly shaped. These may be captured asteroids,[17][18] similar to 5261 Eureka, a Martian trojan
asteroid.
Until the first successful Mars flyby in 1965 by Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of liquid
water on the planet's surface. This was based on observed periodic variations in light and dark patches,
particularly in the polar latitudes, which appeared to be seas and continents; long, dark striations were
interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid water. These straight line features were later
explained as optical illusions, though geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggest that
Mars once had large-scale water coverage on its surface.[19] In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of
large quantities of water ice at the poles[20] and at mid-latitudes.[21][22] The Mars rover Spirit sampled
chemical compounds containing water molecules in March 2007. The Phoenix lander directly sampled
water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008. [23]

Mars is currently host to five functioning spacecraft: three in orbit – the Mars Odyssey, Mars Express,
and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter – and two on the surface – Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and
the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity. Defunct spacecraft on the surface include MER-ASpirit and
several other inert landers and rovers such as the Phoenix lander, which completed its mission in 2008.
Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed possible flowing water during the
warmest months on Mars.[24]

Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye, as can its reddish coloring. Its apparent
magnitude reaches −3.0,[7] which is surpassed only by Jupiter, Venus, the Moon, and the Sun. Optical
ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 km (186 miles) across when
Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth's atmosphere.[25]

 Mars
Planet
 Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second smallest planet in the Solar System. Named
after the Roman god of war, it is often described as the "Red Planet" because the iron oxide prevalent on
its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Wikipedia
Gravity: 3.711 m/s²
Radius: 3,390 km
Surface area: 144,798,500 km²
Length of day: 1d 0h 40m
Distance from Sun: 227,900,000 km
Moons: Phobos, Deimos

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the Solar System.[11] It is a gas
giant with mass one-thousandth of that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other
planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant along
withSaturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian or
outer planets. The planet was known byastronomers of ancient times,[12] and was associated with the
mythology and religious beliefs of many cultures. The Romans named the planet after the Roman
god Jupiter.[13] When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.94, bright
enough to cast shadows,[14]and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after
the Moon and Venus. (Mars can briefly match Jupiter's brightness atcertain points in its orbit.)
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium, although helium only
comprises about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier
elements,[15] but like the other gas giants, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rapid
rotation, the planet's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it possesses a slight but noticeable bulge around
the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes,
resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red
Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen
bytelescope. Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. There
are also at least 67 moons, including the four large moons called the Galilean moons that were first
discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these moons, has a diameter greater
than that of the planet Mercury.

Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft, most notably during the
early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter. The most recent probe to visit
Jupiter was the Pluto-bound New Horizons spacecraft in late February 2007. The probeused the
gravity from Jupiter to increase its speed. Future targets for exploration in the Jovian system include the
possible ice-covered liquid ocean on the moon Europa.

 Jupiter
Planet
 Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with
mass one-thousandth of that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in the
Solar System combined. Wikipedia
Radius: 69,911 km
Surface area: 61,418,738,571 km²
Gravity: 24.79 m/s²
Mass: 1.898E27 kg (317.8 Earth mass)
Orbits: Sun
Moons: Europa, Io, Ganymede, Callisto, Amalthea, Metis, Elara, Kale,Thebe, Ananke, Leda, Adrastea, C
arme, Arche, Himalia, Sinope, Aitne,Carpo, Iocaste, Pasiphae, Helike, Kore, Sponde, Lysithea, Herse,Eu
porie, Hegemone, Themisto, Thyone, Cyllene, Mneme, Isonoe, Aoede,Kalyke, Callirrhoe, Taygete, Pasith
ee, Hermippe, Praxidike, Harpalyke,Thelxinoe, Orthosie, Eukelade, Chaldene, Autonoe, Megaclite, Erino
me,Euanthe, Eurydome, S/2003 J 15, …
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter.
Named after the Roman god of agriculture, Saturn, its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the
god's sickle. Saturn is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth.[10][11] While only
one-eighth the average density of Earth, with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive
than Earth.[12][13][14]

Saturn's interior is probably composed of a core of iron, nickel and rock (silicon and oxygen compounds),
surrounded by a deep layer ofmetallic hydrogen, an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid
helium and an outer gaseous layer.[15] The planet exhibits a pale yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in
its upper atmosphere. Electrical current within the metallic hydrogen layer is thought to give rise to
Saturn's planetary magnetic field, which is slightly weaker than Earth's and around one-twentieth the
strength of Jupiter's.[16] The outer atmosphere is generally bland and lacking in contrast, although long-
lived features can appear. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h (1,100 mph), faster than
on Jupiter, but not as fast as those on Neptune.[17]

Saturn has a prominent ring system that consists of nine continuous main rings and three discontinuous
arcs, composed mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. Sixty-
two[18] known moons orbit the planet; fifty-three are officially named. This does not include the hundreds
of "moonlets" within the rings. Titan, Saturn's largest and the Solar System's second largest moon, is
larger than the planet Mercury and is the only moon in the Solar System to retain a substantial
atmosphere.

 Saturn
Planet
 Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter.
Named after the Roman god of agriculture, Saturn, its astronomical symbol represents the god's
sickle.Wikipedia
Radius: 58,232 km
Surface area: 42,700,000,000 km²
Distance from Sun: 1,433,000,000 km
Mass: 568.3E24 kg (95.16 Earth mass)
Orbits: Sun
Moons: Titan, Enceladus, Mimas, Dione, Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys,Hyperion, Pandora, Phoebe, Prometheu
s, Atlas, Janus, Kari,Epimetheus, Calypso, Helene, Methone, Pan, Hati, Skoll, Polydeuces,Narvi, Ymir, A
nthe, Telesto, Loge, Fenrir, Surtur, Daphnis, Pallene, Aegir,Tarvos, Greip, Ijiraq, Skathi, Thrymr, Siarnaq,
Farbauti, Albiorix,Jarnsaxa, Fornjot, Bestla, Bergelmir, Hyrrokkin, Kiviuq, Bebhionn,Tarqeq, Mundilfari, Su
ttungr,
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest
planetary mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both are of different
chemical composition than the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, astronomers
sometimes place them in a separate category called "ice giants". Uranus's atmosphere, although similar
to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, contains more "ices" such as
water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces of hydrocarbons.[12] It is the coldest
planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (−224.2 °C), and has a
complex, layered cloud structure, with water thought to make up the lowest clouds, and methane the
uppermost layer of clouds.[12] In contrast, the interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock. [11]

It is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology rather than Roman
mythology like the other planets, from the Latinized version of the Greek god of the sky, Ouranos. Like
the other gas giants, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere, and numerousmoons. The Uranian
system has a unique configuration among the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways,
nearly into the plane of its revolution about the Sun. Its north and south poles therefore lie where most
other planets have their equators.[16] In 1986, images fromVoyager 2 showed Uranus as a virtually
featureless planet in visible light without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other
giants.[16] Terrestrial observers have seen signs of seasonal change and increased weather activity in
recent years as Uranus approached itsequinox. The wind speeds on Uranus can reach 250 meters per
second (900 km/h, 560 mph).
 Uranus
Planet
 Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest
planetary mass in the Solar System.Wikipedia
Radius: 25,362 km
Surface area: 8,083,079,690 km²
Discovered: March 13, 1781
Distance from Sun: 2,877,000,000 km
Discoverer: William Herschel
Moons: Miranda, Titania, Ariel, Oberon, Umbriel, Puck, Cupid, Margaret,Desdemona, Stephano, Bianca,
Mab, Rosalind, Juliet, Ophelia, Belinda,Prospero, Caliban, Cordelia, Portia, Sycorax, Cressida, Perdita, S
etebos,Trinculo, Ferdinand, Francisco

Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet
by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the gaseous planets in the solar system, Neptune is
the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-
twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth but not as dense.[c] On average, Neptune orbits the Sun
at a distance of 30.1 AU, approximately 30 times the Earth–Sun distance. Named for the Roman god of
the sea, its astronomical symbol is ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.

Neptune was the first planet found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation.
Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus ledAlexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject
to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed on 23
September 1846[1] by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier, and its
largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining
13 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. Neptune has been visited by only one
spacecraft, Voyager 2, which flew by the planet on 25 August 1989.

Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions which differ from those of the
larger gas giants, Jupiter, and Saturn. Neptune's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in
that it is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces ofhydrocarbons and
possibly nitrogen, contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane.
Astronomers sometimes categorise Uranus and Neptune as "ice giants" in order to emphasise these
distinctions.[10] The interior of Neptune, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock.[11] It is
possible that the core has a solid surface, but the temperature would be thousands of degrees and the
atmospheric pressure crushing.[12] Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the
planet's blue appearance.[13]

In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere is notable for
its active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the 1989 Voyager 2 flyby, the planet's
southern hemisphere possessed a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spoton Jupiter. These
weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with
recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (1,300 mph).[14] Because of its great distance
from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with
temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (−218 °C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are
approximately 5,400 K(5,000 °C).[15][16] Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labeled 'arcs'),
which may have been detected during the 1960s but was only indisputably confirmed in 1989 by Voyager
2.

 Neptune
Planet
 Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest
planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the gaseous planets in the solar system,
Neptune is the most dense. Wikipedia
Radius: 24,622 km
Surface area: 7,618,272,763 km²
Discovered: September 23, 1846
Distance from Sun: 4,503,000,000 km
Moons: Triton, Nereid, Proteus, Despina, Naiad, Larissa, Galatea,Thalassa, Sao, Neso, Halimede, Psam
athe, Laomedeia
Discoverers: Johann Gottfried Galle, Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams

Pluto, formally designated 134340 Pluto, is a large trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt. It is the
second-most-massive dwarf planet known in theSolar System (after Eris) and the tenth-most-massive
body observed directly orbiting the Sun. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is composed primarily of
rock and ice[14] and is relatively small, approximately one-sixth the mass of the Earth's Moon and one-third
its volume. It has an eccentricand highly inclined orbit that takes it from 30 to 49 AU (4.4–7.4 billion km)
from the Sun. This causes Pluto to periodically come closer to the Sun than Neptune. As of 2011, it is
32.1 AU from the Sun.

Discovered in 1930, Pluto was originally classified as the ninth planet from the Sun. However, its status
as a major planet fell into question following further study of it and the outer Solar System over the
ensuing 75 years. Starting in 1977 with discovery of minor planet 2060 Chiron, numerous icy objects
similar to Pluto with eccentric orbits were found.[15] The most notable of these was the scattered disc
object Eris—discovered in 2005, which is 27% more massive than Pluto.[16] The understanding that Pluto
is only one of several large icy bodies in the outer Solar System prompted theInternational Astronomical
Union (IAU) to formally define what it means to be a "planet" in 2006. This definition excluded Pluto and
reclassified it as a member of the new "dwarf planet" category (and specifically as a plutoid).[17] A number
of scientists hold that Pluto should have remained classified as a planet, and that other dwarf planets
should be added to the roster of planets along with Pluto.[18][19]

Pluto has five known moons: Charon (the largest, with a diameter just over half that of
Pluto), Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx.[5] Pluto and Charon are sometimes described as a binary
system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body.[20] However, the IAU has yet
to formalise a definition for binary dwarf planets, and as such Charon is officially classified as a moon of
Pluto.[21]

In 2015, the Pluto system is due to be visited by spacecraft for the first time. The New Horizons probe will
perform a flyby during which it will attempt to take detailed measurements and images of the plutoid and
its moons.
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is almost perfectly spherical and consists of
hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields.[12][13] It has a diameter of about 1,392,684 km
(865,374 mi),[5] around 109 times that of Earth, and its mass (1.989×1030 kilograms, approximately
330,000 times the mass of Earth) accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar
System.[14] Chemically, about three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen, while the rest is
mostly helium. The remainder (1.69%, which nonetheless equals 5,600 times the mass of Earth) consists
of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon and iron, among others.[15]
The Sun formed about 4.6 billion[a] years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a
large molecular cloud. Most of the matter gathered in the center, while the rest flattened into an orbiting
disk that would become the Solar System. The central mass became increasingly hot and dense,
eventually initiating thermonuclear fusion in its core. It is thought that almost all stars form by this process.
The Sun is classified as a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on spectral class and it is informally
designated as a yellow dwarf because its visible radiation is most intense in the yellow-green portion of
the spectrum, and although it is actually white in color, from the surface of the Earth it may appear yellow
because of atmospheric scattering of blue light.[16] In the spectral class label, G2 indicates its surface
temperature, of approximately 5778 K (5505 °C), and V indicates that the Sun, like most stars, is a main-
sequence star, and thus generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core,
the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second.

Once regarded by astronomers as a small and relatively insignificant star, the Sun is now thought to be
brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy, most of which are red
dwarfs.[17][18] The absolute magnitude of the Sun is +4.83; however, as the star closest to Earth, the Sun is
the brightest object in the sky with an apparent magnitude of −26.74.[19][20] The Sun's
hot corona continuously expands in space creating the solar wind, a stream of charged particles that
extends to the heliopause at roughly 100 astronomical units. The bubble in the interstellar medium formed
by the solar wind, the heliosphere, is the largest continuous structure in the Solar System.[21][22]

The Sun is currently traveling through the Local Interstellar Cloud (near to the G-cloud) in the Local
Bubble zone, within the inner rim of theOrion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy.[23][24] Of the 50 nearest stellar
systems within 17 light-years from Earth (the closest being a red dwarf named Proxima Centauri at
approximately 4.2 light-years away), the Sun ranks fourth in mass.[25] The Sun orbits the center of the
Milky Way at a distance of approximately 24,000–26,000 light-years from the galactic center,
completing one clockwise orbit, as viewed from thegalactic north pole, in about 225–250 million years.
Since the Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in the
direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km/s, the Sun's resultant velocity with respect to
the CMB is about 370 km/s in the direction of Crater or Leo.[26]

The mean distance of the Sun from the Earth is approximately 1 astronomical unit (150,000,000 km;
93,000,000 mi), though the distance varies as the Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in
July.[27] At this average distance, light travels from the Sun to Earth in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds.
The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life[b] on Earth by photosynthesis,[28] and drives Earth's
climate and weather. The enormous effect of the Sun on the Earth has been recognized since prehistoric
times, and the Sun has beenregarded by some cultures as a deity. An accurate scientific understanding
of the Sun developed slowly, and as recently as the 19th century prominent scientists had little knowledge
of the Sun's physical composition and source of energy. This understanding is still developing; there are a
number of present day anomalies in the Sun's behavior that remain unexplained.

The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth[d][7] and the fifth largest moon in the Solar System. It is
the largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of its primary,[e] having 27%
the diameter and 60% the density of Earth, resulting in 1⁄81 itsmass. Among satellites with known
densities, the Moon is the second densest, after Io, a satellite of Jupiter.

The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face with its near side marked
by dark volcanic maria that fill between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact
craters. It is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun, although its surface is actually very dark, with
a reflectance similar to that of coal. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have, since
ancient times, made the Moon an important cultural influence on language, calendars, art and mythology.
The Moon's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides and the minute lengthening of the day. The
Moon's current orbital distance, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth, causes it to appear almost
the same size in the sky as the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipses.
This matching of apparent visual size is a coincidence. The Moon's linear distance from the Earth is
currently increasing at a rate of 3.82±0.07 cm per year, but this rate is not constant.[8]

The Moon is thought to have formed nearly 4.5 billion years ago, not long after the Earth. Although there
have been several hypotheses for its origin in the past, the current most widely accepted explanation is
that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body.

The Moon is the only celestial body other than Earth on which humans have set foot. The Soviet
Union's Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with unmanned spacecraft in 1959; the United
States' NASA Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, beginning with the first
manned lunar orbiting mission by Apollo 8 in 1968, and six manned lunar landings between 1969 and
1972, with the first being Apollo 11. These missions returned over 380 kg of lunar rocks, which have been
used to develop a geological understanding of the Moon's origins, the formation of its internal structure,
and its subsequent history.

After the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, the Moon has been visited only by unmanned spacecraft, notably by
the final Soviet Lunokhod rover. Since 2004, Japan, China, India, the United States, and the European
Space Agency have each sent lunar orbiters. These spacecraft have contributed to confirming the
discovery of lunar water ice in permanently shadowed craters at the poles and bound into the
lunar regolith. Future manned missions to the Moon have been planned, including government as well as
privately funded efforts. The Moon remains, under the Outer Space Treaty, free to all nations to explore
for peaceful purposes.