CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials
from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the
transportation of heavy or bulky materials in the water bodies. Conveyor systems allow quick
and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, which make them very popular in
the material handling and packaging industries. Many kinds of conveying systems are available
and are used according to the various needs of different industries.

The various departments involved in an industry are the design, production, assembly and
quality. The major portion of the industries’ success depends upon the quality department. They
inspect the machined product and separate them based on the acceptable level and rejection.
Quality Control and Inspection are the most important things in the factory design. Automation
plays a vital role in mass production of a product, the machining operations decides the
sequence of machining. The machines designed for producing a particular product are called
transfer machines. Conveyor Automation is a specialized activity for a modern manufacturing
concern. It has been estimated that about 60-70% of the cost production is spent in material
transferring activities.

Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and
warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this allows
for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labour
saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing
companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less
labor expense.

This project combines the usage of conveyor system and the sensors for inspecting the products
that are manufactured in an industry. The sensors sense the dimension of the work piece and
sends signals to the control unit which in turn actuates the pneumatic cylinder through the
solenoid valve. The control unit controls the actuation mechanism based on the signals received
by them from the sensors. This project is an semi automated system where the partial human
effort is also involved. The project can be made fully automated where the construction of the
project and the fabrication becomes more complicated

1
 CHAPTER 2
COMPONENTS AND ITS DESCRIPTION

The major components used in the fabrication of Trash Removal system in water bodies are as

follows,

 Permanent Magnet D.C. Motor,

 Conveyor Belt and Roller,

 Battery

 Bearing

 Frame Stand.

2.1. PERMANENT MAGNET D.C MOTOR

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Its action is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand
rule. When a motor is in operation, it develops torque. This torque can produce mechanical
rotation. DC motors are also like generators classified into shunt wound or series wound or
compound wound motors.

2.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC MOTOR

Figure show a uniform magnetic field in which a straight conductor carrying no current is
placed. The conductor is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.

The conductor is as carrying a current away from the viewer, but the field due to the N and S
poles has been removed. There is no movement of the conductor during the above two
conditions. The current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field. The field due to

2
the current in the conductor supports the main field above the conductor, but opposes the main
field below the conductor.

Figure 1. D.C Motor

The result is to increase the flux density in to the region directly above the conductor and to
reduce the flux density in the region directly below the conductor. It is found that a force acts
on the conductor, trying to push the conductor downwards as shown by the arrow. If the current
in the conductor is reversed, the strengthening of flux lines occurs below the conductor, and
the conductor will be pushed upwards.

Now consider a single turn coil carrying a current as shown in the above figure. in view of the
reasons given above, the coil side A will be forced to move downwards, whereas the coil side
B will be forced to move upwards. The forces acting on the coil sides A and B will be of same
magnitude. But their direction is opposite to one another.

As the coil is wound on the armature core which is supported by the bearings, the armature will
now rotate. The commutator periodically reverses the direction of current flow through the
armature. Therefore the armature will have a continuous rotation.

The conductors are wound over a soft iron core. DC supply is given to the field poles for
producing flux. The conductors are connected to the DC supply through brushes. Let’s start
by looking at the overall plan of a simple 2-pole DC electric motor. A simple motor has 6 parts,
as shown in the diagram below.

3
• An armature or rotor,

• A commutator,

• Brushes,

• An axle,

• A field magnet,

• A DC power supply of some sort.

Figure 2. D.C Motor

4
2.2. CONVEYOR BELT AND ROLLERS

Figure 3. CONVEYOR BELT AND ROLLERS

A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials
from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the
transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient
transportation for a wide variety of materials, which make them very popular in the material
handling and packaging industries. Many kinds of conveying systems are available, and are
used according to the various needs of different industries. There are chain conveyors (floor
and overhead) as well. Chain conveyors consist of enclosed tracks, I-Beam, towline, power &
free, and hand pushed trolleys.

5
2.3. BATTERY

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess solar

energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine load such

as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for storage. In fact for small units with output

less than one kilowatt. Batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available

storage means. Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs. It

is necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect to available energy and local

demand pattern. To be economically attractive the storage of solar electricity requires a battery

with a particular combination of properties:

(1) Low cost

(2) Long life

(3) High reliability

(4) High overall efficiency

(5) Low discharge

(6) Minimum maintenance

(A) Ampere hour efficiency

(B) Watt hour efficiency

We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar panel for lighting the

street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.

2.3.1. LEAD-ACID WET CELL

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most
commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the application

6
of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load current to the starter
motor is typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are
often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.

The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged. The
charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore the output voltage, as long
as the cell is in good physical condition. However, heat with excessive charge and discharge
currents shortens the useful life to about 3 to 5 years for an automobile battery. Of the different
types of secondary cells, the lead-acid type has the highest output voltage, which allows fewer
cells for a specified battery voltage.

Figure 4. Lead Acid Battery

7
2.4. Spur Gear

The spur gears, which are designed to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts, are
the most economical gears in the power transmission industry.

APPLICATION

 Material handling
 Feed drives
 Machine tools
 Conveyors
 Marine hoists

2.4.1 Internal spur gear

The internal gears are spur gears turned "inside out." In other words, the teeth are cut
into the inside diameter while the outside diameter is kept smooth. This design allows for the
driving pinion to rotate internal to the gear, which, in turn, allows for clean operation. Intended
for light duty applications, these gears are available only in brass. When choosing a mating
spur gear, always remember that the difference in the number of teeth between the internal gear
and pinion should not be less than 15 or 12.

APPLICATIONS

 Light duty applications

 Timing
 Positioning
 Rollers
 Indexing

8
2.4.2. External Spur Gear

Perhaps the most often used and simplest gear system, external spur gears are cylindrical gears
with straight teeth parallel to the axis. They are used to transmit rotary motion between parallel
shafts and the shafts rotate in opposite directions.

They tend to be noisy at high speed as the two gear surfaces come into contact at once. Internal
spur gears: The internal spur gear works similarly to the external spur gears except that the
pinion is inside the spur gear. They are used to transmit rotary motion between parallel shafts
but the shafts rotate in the same direction with this arrangement.

2.5 Frame Stand

This is made up of M.S pipe material. This is used as a body of this project. All the components
are fitted bellow this bottom frame with the help of end bearings.

9
 CHAPTER 3

SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 BATTERY

12V, 7A, lead acid battery is used of rechargable type.

3.2 BEARING:-

6202 Ball bearing

Steel Material

3.3 ROLLER:-

Diameter – 50 mm

Thickness - 2 mm

Material - Mld Steel

3.4 D.C MOTOR:-

Volt – 12 Volt

Watts - 90 Watts

RPM - 60RPM

12V, 20 Watts, 60 rpm, permanent magnet DC motor is used.

3.5 SPUR GEAR

Gear ratio : 1:4
Pitch : 3 mm

3.6 BELT
Length : 600 mm
Breadth : 12 inch
Thickness : 3 mm
Material : copper Wire mess

10
3.7 SIDE CONVEYOR ROLLER:-
Diameter : 45 mm
Length : 110 mm
Thickness : 3 mm

11
 CHAPTER 4
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Manufacturing processes are the steps through which raw materials are transformed
into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the creation of the materials from
which the design is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes
to become the required part. Manufacturing processes can include treating (such as heat treating
or coating), machining, or reshaping the material. The manufacturing process also includes
tests and checks for quality assurance during or after the manufacturing, and planning the
production process prior to manufacturing.

Figure 5. Manufacturing process

12
 CHAPTER 5
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The project Trash Removal system in water bodies which we fabricate is easy to
construct and simple in operation. The 12 volt battery is used to drive the permanent magnet
D.C motor. The two conveyor roller is fixed to the two ends of the frame stand with the help
of an end bearing (6202) with bearing cap. The conveyor roller shaft is coupled to the D.C.
permanent magnet motor with the help of spur gear mechanism. This total arrangement is used
to waste trash from water bodies transfer the material from one place to another place with the
help of conveyor.

There are two conveyors are used in this project. One Conveyor for trash removal from
water bodies and another one for transfer waste plastic to the collecting tray.

13
 CHAPTER 6

CAD DRAWINGS

Figure 7 River Cleaning Machine

Figure 8. Side View

14
Figure 9. Back View

15
 CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

7.1. ADVANTAGES

• The Trash Removal system in water bodies is more efficient in the technical field.

• Quick response is achieved.

• Simple in construction.
• Easy to maintain and repair.
• Cost of the unit is less when compared to the other equipments.
• Comparatively the operation cost is less.

• Continuous operation is possible without stopping.

7.2. DISADVANTAGES

 Additional cost required to implement this system in water bodies

16
 CHAPTER 8
LIST OF MATERIALS

Sl. No. PARTS Qty. MATERIALS

1 D.C Motor 1 Permanent

magnet motor

2 Roller 4 MS

3 Bearing 8 Mild Steel

4 Spur gear 2 CI

5 Stand (Frame) 1 MS

6 Battery 1 Lead acid

7 Bearing Cap 8 MS

8 Shaft 1 MS

9 Belt 2 Nylon

10 Shaft 4 M.S

11 Collecting Tray 1 Plastic

17
 CHAPTER 9
COST ESTIMATION

Sl. No. PARTS Qty. Amount (Rs)

1 D.C Motor 1 950

2 Roller 4 1200

3 Bearing 8 600

4 Spur gear 2 750

5 Stand (Frame) 1 2500

6 Battery 1 950

7 Bearing Cap 8 700

8 Shaft 1 800

9 Belt 2 1800

10 Shaft 4 3000

11 Collecting Tray 1 450

TOTAL = 13,700

18
 CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our
limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing,
assembling and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the project work is a
good solution to bridge the gates between the institution and the industries.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time successfully. The
“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF TRASH REMOVAL SYSTEM IN WATER
BODIES” system is working with satisfactory conditions. We can able to understand the
difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also the quality. We have done to our ability and
skill making maximum use of available facilities.

Thus we have developed an “TRASH REMOVAL SYSTEM IN WATER BODIES”

which helps to easily identify the products with defects. In olden days, it was done by various
analysis methods which consumed more time and human power. This is completely eliminated
with the implementation of our project. By using more techniques, they can be modified and
developed according to the applications.

19
 REFERENCE

1] Cengelcimbala “Fluid mechanics fundamental and applications”

[2] http://www.boatdesign.net/forums/props/prop-thrust-
Calculation-38283.html.
[3] Kadamb Prasad “Fluid machinery”.
[4] Kuusisto, E. (1985). Lakes: Their Physical Aspects. In: Rodda, J.C. (ed.), Facets of
Hydrology, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
[5] Frederikshavn, Denmark “AN Alpha Propeller MAN Diesel & Turbo”, , December 2011
[6] http://www.modelpowerboat.com/content.php?136-propellers
[7] http://www.boatowner.org/maxumowners/Drivetrain.
html .
[8] http://www.kakoki.co.jp/english/products/e-013/index.htm

20