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11th CIRP Conference on Industrial Product-Service Systems

11th CIRP Conference on Industrial Product-Service Systems
Digital Twin in Services and Industrial Product Service Systems:
Digital Twin28th
in CIRP
Services
Design and Industrial
Conference, Product
May 2018, Nantes,Service
France Systems:
Review and Analysis
A new methodology to analyze Review theand
functional
Analysisand physical architecture of
existing products foraa,an
Haiwen Zhang Linassembly
a,
oriented
Maa,*, Jiao Suna
a
product
, Hansheng familyThürer
Lina, Matthias
a
identification
b
b
Haiwen Zhang , Lin Ma *, Jiao Sun , Hansheng Lin , Matthias Thürer
School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
a
b
School of ElectricalPaul Stief
School*,
and Information
a
of Jean-Yves
Engineering,
Management, Dantan,
Institute
Jinan ofUniversity, Alain
Physical Internet, Etienne,
Jinan
Guangzhou, PRAli
University,
510632, Siadat
Zhuhai
China Campus, 519070, PR China
School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Institute of Physical Internet, Jinan University, Zhuhai Campus, 519070, PR China
b
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-15102939217. E-mail address: malin15102939217@163.com
École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-15102939217. E-mail address: malin15102939217@163.com

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu

Abstract
Abstract
Digital Twin is a term that was given to the concept of a virtual, digital equivalent of a physical product. However, most research to-date focusses
Abstract
on the monitoring
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that was givenequipment or largeofassets.
to the concept Thisdigital
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most Product
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(IPS2) in value creation
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equipment largecycle. In response,
assets. This neglectsthis study used a systematic
the important literature
role of services andreview to assess
Industrial the Service
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today’s
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systems.
study is unbroken.
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carefully
assess the state-of-
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in the context to
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ofthe usedesign and
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focus optimal
on product product
therefore calls matches,
service for more product
systems. Most of analysis
research methods
on remaining
the the use are needed.
of Digital
literature Twin Indeed,
on themost
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focusses in ofcontext
usethe
of the known
Digital methods
of IPS2
Twin for and
some aim to
outlines
forms
analyze
possiblea product or
applications one
forproduct
the family
stages in a on the
closed physical
loop level.
product Different
life cycle. product families, however, may differ
of maintenance service. This study therefore calls for more research on the use of Digital Twin technology in the context of IPS2 and outlines largely in terms of the number and
nature of applications
possible components.for This
the fact impedes
stages an efficient
in a closed comparison
loop product and choice of appropriate product family combinations for the production
life cycle.
system.
© 2019 AThe
new methodology
Authors. is proposed
Published by Elsevierto analyze
B.V. existing products in view of their functional and physical architecture. The aim is to cluster
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
these products
Peer-review in new
under assembly
Publishedoriented
responsibility ofthe product
thescientific
scientific families
committeefor the optimization ofConference
existing assembly lines and the creation of future reconfigurable
© 2019 The under
Peer-review Authors.
responsibility by
of Elsevier B.V. committee of of
thethe
11th11th
CIRPCIRP Conference on Industrial
on Industrial Product-Service
Product-Service Systems.
Systems
assembly systems. Based on Datum Flow Chain, the physical structure of the products is analyzed.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th CIRP Conference on Industrial Product-Service Systems. Functional subassemblies are identified, and
a Keywords:
functionalDigital
analysis
Twin;is Services;
performed. Moreover, aSystems;
Product-Service hybrid Systematic
functionalLiterature
and physical
Review.architecture graph (HyFPAG) is the output which depicts the
similarity
Keywords:between product
Digital Twin; families
Services; by providing
Product-Service design
Systems; supportLiterature
Systematic to both, Review.
production system planners and product designers. An illustrative
example of a nail-clipper is used to explain the proposed methodology. An industrial case study on two product families of steering columns of
thyssenkrupp
1. IntroductionPresta France is then carried out to give a first industrial evaluation knownofon thethe role of approach.
proposed Digital Twin in these contexts. In response,
©1.2017 The Authors.
Introduction Published by Elsevier B.V. this
known study
on uses
the a
role systematic
of review
Digital Twin in of
thesethecontexts.
literatureIntoresponse,
explore
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
A “Digital Twin” is a term that was given to the concept of committee of the 28th CIRP theDesign
this role
study ofConference
the
uses Digital
a 2018.
Twin
systematic in services
review of and
the Industrial
literature to Product
explore
A “Digital
a virtual, digitalTwin” is a term
equivalent of athat was given
physical productto [1].
the concept
It was first of Service
the role ofSystems (IPS2),
the Digital Twin this
in is “an integrated
services and Industrialproduct and
Product
Keywords: Assembly; Design method; Family identification
acoined
virtual,indigital
2003equivalent
as part ofofan executive
a physical course
product [1].on Product
It was first service
Service offering
Systems that delivers
(IPS2), thisvalues
is “anin industrial
integrated applications”
product and
Lifecycle
coined in Management.
2003 as partSince of anthen, it received
executive coursebroad on attention
Product [6].
service offering that delivers values in industrial applications”
in the literature.
Lifecycle However,
Management. Sincemost
then,of itthis attention
received broadfocusses
attention on [6].The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The
1.the maintenance
inIntroduction
the of the transforming
literature. However, most of this resources
attention thatfocusses
produceona method
of the followed
Theproduct
remainder toofconduct
range and the systematic
this characteristics
paper is organized literature
manufactured review
as follows. is
The
and/or
product (e.g. [2, of
the maintenance 3]),thenottransforming
on the product and itsthat
resources lifeproduce
cycle. Ita outlined
method next
followedin Section
to 2.
conduct Section
the 3 then
systematic presents
literature
assembled in this system. In this context, the main challenge in the results
review is
overlooks
product
Due (e.g.tothatthea product
[2, 3]), life
on cycle
fastnotdevelopment consists
the product ofthe
inand much
its life more
domaincycle.thanIt
of before
outlined anext discussion
in Section that
2. outlines
Section 3 possible
then
modelling and analysis is now not only to cope with single presents applications
the results
the actual that
overlooks
communication production
a and
product anprocess;
life cycle
ongoing inconsists
many of
trend industries
of digitization
much more doesthan the
and throughout
before
products, a closed
aa limited
discussion loop
productthatproduct
range or life
outlines cycleproduct
possible
existing is presented
applicationsin
families,
profit
the margin
actual
digitalization, for the provision
production
manufacturingprocess; ofinservice
manyare
enterprises parts and after-sales
industries
facing does the
important Section
throughout 4. Final
a conclusions
closed loop are summarized
product life cycle in
but also to be able to analyze and to compare products to define Section
is 5.
presented in
services farinexceed
profit margin
challenges for thethe
today’s margin
market on
provision the sale parts
ofenvironments:
service of theandaproduct itself
after-sales
continuing Section 4. Final conclusions are summarized in
new product families. It can be observed that classical existing Section 5.
[4]. Another
services
tendency far important
exceed
towards aspect
the margin
reduction ofthe
on
of product thesaleproduct
of thelife
development cycleitself
product
times are
and 2. Method
product – Review
families of the Literature
are regrouped in function of clients or features.
therefore
[4]. Another
shortened services associated
important
product lifecycles.aspect with
In ofthetheproduct.
addition, product
there is life cycle are
an increasing 2. Method – Review
However, assembly oriented of the product
Literature families are hardly to find.
As a of
therefore
demand consequence,
services todaybeing
associated
customization, the distinction
with atthe
theproduct.
samebetween
time in production
a global Thisthe
On paper startsfamily
product by asking:
level,What is thediffer
products current state-of-the-
mainly in two
of an
Asactual
competition physical
a consequence,
with product
today the
competitors and services
over the gets
distinction
all between
world.more andtrend,
more
production
This art of the literature on Digital Twin in the context
main characteristics: (i) the number of componentsstate-of-the-
This paper starts by asking: What is the current of product
and (ii) the
blurred,
of
which isand
an actual new business
physical
inducing product
the models as servitization
and services
development from getsmacro
more(e.g.to
and[5]) and
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electrical, review
of product
electronical).
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results Systems
business
diminished(PSS,
models e.g.
lot [6]) emerge.
assizes
servitization
due to (e.g.Yet, littleand
[5])
augmenting is service systems? To answer this question a
Classical methodologies considering mainly single productssystematic review
Productvarieties
product Service (high-volume
Systems (PSS,toe.g. [6]) emerge.
low-volume Yet, little
production) is
[1]. or solitary, already existing product families analyze the
To cope with
2212-8271 © 2019this
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doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.04.009
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th CIRP Conference on Industrial Product-Service Systems.families. Addressing this
production system, it is important to have a precise knowledge comparison of different product
doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.04.009

2212-8271©©2017
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Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier B.V. B.V.
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10.1016/j.procir.2019.02.131
58 Haiwen Zhang et al. / Procedia CIRP 83 (2019) 57–60
2 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

of the literature was conducted. A systematic procedure for Before presenting the results of the analysis, Section 2.4
retrieving and selecting the articles (following [7]) was used. summarizes the basic sample characteristics.

Table 1. Differences in data integration across Digital Model, Digital Shadow

2.1. Sourcing of the Articles
The bibliographic database used for sourcing the articles
was Scopus – due to its large coverage, e.g. compared to Web
of Science, and its accuracy in terms of citation counts, e.g.
compared to Google Scholar. In order to keep the number of
articles reasonable and to ensure the quality of the sources, the
search was restricted to peer-reviewed journal articles. Scopus
was queried in December 2018 using the term: ‘Digital Twin’
AND ‘Services’. To keep results to a manageable number, the
search was restricted to the title, abstract, and keywords of
papers. There was no restriction on the year of publication or
the journals considered (beyond being peer-reviewed). For the
search term, 83 articles were retrieved.
2.2. Screening of the Articles
The original sample of 83 articles was further reduced to 74
by excluding apparently unrelated articles (3) and articles not
written in English (6). Using several channels for retrieving the
full articles, a total of 54 articles were obtained. To ensure that
we did not miss relevant articles, we further cross-checked the
references in the 54 articles and, from this process, retrieved 5
additional relevant articles. This approach of supplementing
the set of articles that had been mechanically retrieved helped
to ensure that the list of articles was complete, but the number
of articles added (5) was insufficient to suggest that the original
search process was inadequate.
2.3. Analyzing the Articles
and Digital Twin (based on [2])
Data flow from physical Data flow from digital
object to digital object object to physical object
Digital Model Manual Manual
Digital Shadow Automatic Manual
Digital Twin Automatic Automatic
2.4. Sample Characteristics
Basic sample characteristics for the 59 articles are
summarized in Table 2 and Fig. 1. Table 2 presents the
distribution of journals across which the articles have been
published. The sample contains articles from 33 different
journals. This highlights the wide applications of Digital Twin
technology across different fields. At the same time, most
publications occur in journals specialized on manufacturing.
The distribution of articles by year of publication is shown
in Fig. 1. A high increase in number of articles can be observed
since 2016, indicating an increased interest of scholars in this
topic. Interestingly, there were no publications from before
2016. On the contrary, several studies from before 2016 were
identified in [2]’s review of Digital Twin in manufacturing.
This means that the application of Digital Twin to services only
recently received attention.
Other measures, such as the distribution of articles per
country, author, etc. were obtained but did not provide any
revealing insights and are therefore not presented here. Finally,
note that only studies that are cited in this paper are listed in the
reference list. A full list of articles can be obtained from the
corresponding author upon request.

This stage involved extracting and documenting information Table 2. The distribution of articles by journal
from each of the 59 sources. To minimize subjectivity, the Journal title
n. of
authors: (i) cross-checked results; and, (ii) conducted regular articles
meetings to resolve any emerging inconsistencies in IFAC-PapersOnLine 5
interpreting the results. Our major research vehicle was content International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 5
analysis (see, e.g.[8]). As a template for data collection, a IEEE Access 4
simple matrix was used where, for each paper (row), we asked Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 4
(column) the following questions: Procedia CIRP 4
 What type of Digital Twin is used (Digital Model, Digital
Procedia Manufacturing 4
Shadow or Digital Twin?; see Table 1)
 How is the Digital Twin realized (for example, what core ABB Review 3
technology – Discrete Event Simulation, OPC-UA etc. – is CIRP Annals 2
used)? International Journal of Production Research 2
 What is the Digital Twin used for (for example, product Journal of Manufacturing Systems 2
service system, service, what kind of service/product Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 2
service system)?
Others (include 22 different journals) 22
 What were the results of the application of the Digital
Twin? Total 59
 What research methodology was used (for example,
conceptual, analytical or empirical)?
 Haiwen Zhang et al. / Procedia CIRP 83 (2019) 57–60
Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
40 38
35
30
Number of articles
25
20
15
14
10
5 3
0 technology is used to provide the service. In the previous
2016 2017 2018
Year of publication
Fig. 1. The distribution of articles by year of publication
3. Results
Surprisingly, there are only two papers that are of relevance.
First, [9] conceptually explores the potential of digital (or
virtual) product twins in supporting after sales reconfiguration
of products. Second, [10] discusses the use of Digital Twin
technology to link the smart, connected product to the
cyberspace. However, the actual application of producing
customized facial masks in [10] then, arguably, works without
Digital Twin: (i) the product is virtualized and product data sent
to a 3D printer; and, (ii) users facial features are scanned and
utilized for simulation of wearing conditions.
All other papers in our sample use the term “service” in a
different context. For example, [11] discusses the transition
from traditional support service to Digital Twin service for
asset heavy Business-to-Business transactions. While this
appears to focus on service it is more in the realm of cloud-
based manufacturing equipment and its use to enable on-
demand manufacturing services, as discussed in e.g. [12].
Meanwhile, [13] discusses Digital Twin service but only focus
on the translation of the various components of Digital Twin
into services with uniform description. In other words, the
Digital Twin itself is provided as a service. In general, most
papers discuss the “service” of health management and
prognostics of physical assets, as discussed in e.g. [3, 14].
4. Discussion
[15] argues that Digital Twin technology enables smart
production which allows for shifting the focus of adding value
from production to other aspects of the product life cycle, such
as product development. In other words, Digital Twin is not
seen as supporting value creation in other aspects of the product
life cycle than production. Our literature review seems to
support this argument – the use of Digital Twin technology is
confined to manufacturing. At the same time, the literature
focusses on maintenance service of manufacturing equipment
instead of products. This appears to run counter the original
definition which sees a Digital Twin as virtual, digital
equivalent of a physical product [1]. But, it can be explained by
the nature of the product in the original applications, which
requires a fixed position layout [16]. So, the question remains,
59
3
is there a use for Digital Twin technology in other parts of the
product life cycle than production?
A simple example that there is, is real-time tracking of
product delivery as provided by most major e-commerce or
food delivery companies. The map provides a digital model of
the city which is updated in real time showing the location of
the delivery. This form of logistic information supply is
supported by the digital shadow as discussed in e.g. [17].
4 Another example is after sales product reconfiguration as
discussed in [9]. In this example, however, Digital Twin
2019 example, Digital Twin technology is the service. So, there are
two possible scenarios: Digital Twin technology supports the
provision of the service and Digital Twin technology is the
service used by the customer. This initial distinction is next
used to identify applications for Digital Twin technology in a
closed loop product life cycle [18].
4.1. Beginning of Life – Design and Manufacturing
Customization and personalization of products is seen as a
major trend in manufacturing and product service systems [19,
20]. This requires that companies interact more closely with
customers throughout the product life cycle, but specifically at
the design stage when the product is developed. By employing
the Digital Twin technology, the emergence of the design can
directly be tracked by the customer. At the same time, the
customer can implement and test modifications in the digital
model and changes can directly be communicated to the
company. Once the product is designed and enters production,
the customer can track the progress of the production process
(Digital Twin is the service). The digital model of the product
and the shop floor allows for concurrent product and process
design, significantly reducing cost and time from design to
production. Once into production, the Digital Twin of the shop
floor can be used to monitor production equipment during the
production process to ensure quality (Digital Twin supports the
provision of service).
4.2. Middle of Life – Customer Buys and Uses the Product
One of the significant benefits of Digital Twin technology
is that it can provide real-time monitoring of the product state.
An example is a fridge with a screen showing the content and
additional information as the recommended date of use of a
stable (Digital Twin is the service). At the same time, the
information can be shared with a food delivery company that
replenish stables in time and in accordance with the current
allocation of food in the fridge (Digital Twin supports the
provision of service). Note that the monitoring of stock levels
to deliver just-in-time itself does not require a Digital Twin.
Some simpler forms of electronic signal or even simpler
devices as ‘shopping lists’ can be used. However, if the location
of stock changes, physical space constraints also change.
Considering the physical position of stock requires additional
technology.
 60 Haiwen Zhang et al. / Procedia CIRP 83 (2019) 57–60
4 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
4.3. End of Life – Product Reuse, Product Remanufacture,
Material Recycle and Material/Product Disposal
Products can be reused and shared in a community. A
Digital Twin enables the shared monitoring of product usage as
discussed in the context of production equipment in [12]. At
the same time, customers can follow the recycling path of their
product to ensure that the product is not only produced
sustainably, but also recycled and disposed properly (Digital
Twin is the service). Meanwhile, if there exists a Digital Twin
for the product until this stage of the life cycle, then all
information on the current state of the product is available. This
provides the customer with the possibility to resell its product
for product reuse or to buy a re-used or remanufactured product
for which the life cycle is known. At the same time information
can be used by the production company to recover parts or
recycle material for reuse (Digital Twin supports the provision
of service). A system along these lines was presented by [21];
however, in the proposed system information is manually
updated in discrete time intervals.
5. Conclusion
Industrial Product Service Systems (IPS2) play a major role
in value creation throughout a product life cycle. At the same
time the concept of Digital Twin was introduced as part of a
course on life cycle management and with specific focus on the
product. However, while a broad literature on Digital Twin in
the context of manufacturing emerged, little is known on the
use of Digital Twin technology in the context of IPS2. In
response this study asked: What is the current state-of-the-art
of the literature on Digital Twin in the context of product
service systems? Using a systematic literature, we found that
only two studies discussed how Digital Twin technology can
enhance service offerings. Most of the other studies identified
in our systematic literature search focused on some forms of
maintenance service for production equipment and large assets.
A major limitation of our study is its focus on Digital Twin.
This neglects other forms of digital modelling, which may find
wider applications in product service systems. At the same time,
this restriction is intended since we want to identify
applications for the Digital Twin or digital shadow, i.e. digital
models where at least part of the information flow is automatic.
Using the structure of a closed loop product life cycle we
outlined possible usage scenarios. Future research is required
to develop and implement the required technologies to apply
Digital Twin in these scenarios. It is hoped that this unravels
the full potential of Digital Twin in IPS2.
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