NARCISO SCHOOL INC.

4-4 Maya St. Sta. Maria Village II, Balibago Angeles City

Volcano at Hazard and Disaster

Submitted by:

Gonzales,Ryley B.

Taberara,Mike M.

Soberano,Aaron Paul B.

submitted to:

Casupanan, AJ
Introduction

You’ve probably heard in the news about volcanic eruptions, or you might
remember when Mount St. Helens erupted. Perhaps you’ve even seen an active
volcano. Although they are often a destructive force, volcanoes are an amazing
facet of creation. They come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and eruption types.

Volcanoes erupt when magma, red-hot liquid rock, seeps up through a vent in the
earth. More violent eruptions occur when pyroclastic material – a mixture of
magma, rocks, ash, and hot gases – is exploded upward by pressure caused by
underground gases and magma.

When magma flows above the surface of the earth, it is called lava. Usually lava
changes from bright red to duller red, gray, or black as air causes it to cool and
solidify.

Volcanic eruptions vary in size and display. There are six common types of
eruptions, with differing features. Plinian eruptions usually have thick lava and
high gas content. They can shoot pyroclastic material high into the air, moving at
hundreds of feet per second. These eruptions can last for hours or even days.

Hawaiian eruptions are not usually very explosive; instead, they produce streams
of slow-moving lava. An interesting feature of Hawaiian eruptions are ‘fire
fountains’, huge fountains of magma being spewed into the air. These fountains
last anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours.

Strombolian eruptions put on an impressive display but are not usually very
dangerous. During these eruptions, lava is shot fifty to a few hundred feet into the
air and is accompanied by booming noises. These eruptions do not produce
much lava flow. Vulcanian eruptions do not have much lava flow either, but they
tend to be larger than Strombolian ones. They produce a lot of ash and spit out
‘bombs’ of hard pyroclastic material.

Hydrovolcanic eruptions occur when water vapor hits hot magma and gases, and
forms huge steam clouds that rise from the volcano. Fissure eruptions occur
when magma leaks up through a long crack in the ground. They are associated
with ‘curtains of fire” – magma being spewed up to a small height all along a
fissure.

There are also different shapes and sizes of volcanoes.

Stratovolcanos are usually very high, with pointy tops. They are formed by
repeated explosions, usually Plinian, and by slow-moving lava. Eruptions from
these volcanoes are usually very large but occur infrequently.
Mount Vesuvius, which buried the Roman city of Pompeii in 79 AD (creating
an instant fossil record) is a stratovolcano.

Shield-type volcanoes are usually spread out over a large area and have gently
sloping sides. They are caused by minor explosions (usually Hawaiian) and erupt
more frequently than stratovolcanoes. Most of the major volcanoes in Hawaii are
shield volcanoes.

Scoria Cones are the most common volcano type, usually caused by Strombolian
eruptions. They are shaped like upside-down cones, with slightly squished tops.
Scoria cones usually erupt only once.
Discussion

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows
hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that
float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle.[1] Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found
where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For
example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by
divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by
convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of
the crust's plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic
field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of
"plate hypothesis" volcanism.[2] Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained
as mantle plumes. These so-called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise
from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the
Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Sabancaya volcano, Peru in 2017

Cordillera de Apaneca volcanic range in El Salvador. The country is home to 170 volcanoes,
23 which are active, including two calderas, one being a supervolcano. El Salvador has
earned the epithets endearment La Tierra de Soberbios Volcanes, (The Land of Magnificent
Volcanoes).

Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International
Space Station, May 2006
Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption.
One such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet
engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted
particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the
turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure
the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb
heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).
Historically, volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines.
 Generalization/Summarization

Volcanoes are a key part of the Earth system, and open a window into the inner
workings of the planet. More than a dozen volcanoes are usually erupting on Earth at
any given time. Some of these eruptions are devastating, killing people, damaging
homes and infrastructure, altering landscapes, and even disrupting climate. Fortunately,
many eruptions are preceded by signs of unrest (precursors) that can be used to
anticipate eruptions and support disaster planning.
Accurate forecasts of the likelihood and magnitude of an eruption in a specified
timeframe are rooted in a scientific understanding of the processes that govern the
storage, ascent, and eruption of magma. Yet our understanding of volcanic systems is
incomplete and biased by the limited number of volcanoes and eruption styles observed
with advanced instrumentation. Eruption behaviors are diverse (e.g., violently explosive
or gently effusive, intermittent or sustained, last hours or decades) and may change
over time at a volcano. More accurate and societally useful forecasts of eruptions and
their hazards are possible by using new observations and models of volcanic
processes.
At the request of managers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
National Science Foundation (NSF), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine established a committee to
undertake the following tasks:
 Summarize current understanding of how magma is stored, ascends, and erupts.
 Discuss new disciplinary and interdisciplinary research on volcanic processes and
precursors that could lead to forecasts of the type, size, and timing of volcanic eruptions.
 Describe new observations or instrument deployment strategies that could improve
quantification of volcanic eruption processes and precursors.
 Identify priority research and observations needed to improve understanding of volcanic
eruptions and to inform monitoring and early warning efforts.
These four tasks are closely related. Improved understanding of volcanic processes
guides monitoring efforts and improves forecasts. In turn, improved monitoring provides
the insights and constraints to better understand volcanic processes. This report
identifies key science questions, research and observation priorities, and approaches
for building a volcano science community capable of tackling them. The discussion
below first summarizes common themes among these science questions and priorities,
and then describes ambitious goals (grand challenges) for making major advances in
volcano science.

Citation
https://learning-center.homesciencetools.com/article/volcanoes-science-lesson/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano

https://www.nap.edu/read/24650/chapter/3