SUBMITTED TO – MR.

VIKAS DIXIT

MADE BY –

RAHUL TRIPATHI

CLASS – XII

ROLL NO - 34

P.O – VIDUTNAGAR

PIN – 224238
A state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease,
or other unwanted biological invasion.

Capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering the body.

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 CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
IMMUNITY 5
FLUID SYSTEM 6
GRANULOCYTES 7
AGRANULOCYTES 8
LYMPHOCYTES 9
DEFENCE MACHANISM 10
TYPES OF IMMUNITY 11
INNATE IMMUNITY 12
FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE 13
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 14
NATURAL ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 15
ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY 16
MUCOSAL IMMUNITY 17
TYPES OF MALT 19
IMMUNITY CONFERRED BY VACCINES 20
SOME INTERESTING FACTS 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY 22
THANK YOU PAGE 23
This is to certify that Rahul Tripathi and of class XII has
successfully completed this Biology project on the topic
“IMMUNITY” prescribed by Mr. Vikas Dixit Sir, during
academic session 2012-2013 as per the guidelines issues
by Central Board of Secondary Education.

Mr. Vikas Dixit External Examiner

(P.G.T BIOLOGY)

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 Immune system
Innate
immunity
Fluid Adaptive
system immunity

Immune
system

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6
Granulocytes
Neutrophils: Neutrophils defend against bacterial
or fungal infection , have a multilobed nucleus.
The life span of a circulating human neutrophil is
about 5.4 days.

Eosinophils: Eosinophils primarily deal with

parasitic infections. Eosinophils are also the
predominant inflammatory cells in allergic
reactions. They have a bi-lobed nucleus.

Basophils: Basophils are chiefly responsible for

allergic and antigen response by releasing the
chemical histamine causing vasodilation.

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Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes: common in the lymph
system and of three types: B cells, T cells
and natural killer cells.

Monocytes: they present pieces of

pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens
may be recognized again and killed.
Monocytes eventually leave the
bloodstream to become tissue
macrophages.

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9
Defense mechanisms
 10

Types of immunity

Natural

Adaptive

Artificial

Immunity
Innate
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Innate immunity
(first line of defense)
Anatomical
barriers

Lactoferrin Inflamma-
and
transferrin tion

Innate
immunity
Comple-
Interferons ment
system
Cells of
innate
immune
response
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First line of defense

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Adaptive Immunity
Humoral
response
Dendritic cells
Extra cellular display antigen
Phagocytosed
microbes to T cells
microbes in
macrophage

B
lymphocytes

T ce
rele
cyt
Elimination of Activation
of
microbes macropha
ge to kill
microbes
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Natural adaptive immun

Natural adaptive
immunity

Passive ( maternal)

Active (formation of memory

cells on exposure to antigen
 Acquired Immunity

Active
•By
vaccina
Artificial
adaptive
immunity
•Direct
Passive injectio
antibo
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Pathogen enters Pathogen encounters memory B
body and memory helper T (Th)ce

Memory B cells Memory Helper T

cells

Memory B cells forms

plasma cells which Memory Th cells
release activate Killer T cells.
immunoglobins (Igs)

Igs coat the pathogen Active killer T cells

before symptoms appear phagocytose antigen.
opsonization

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Mucosal Immunity
 17

 The mucosal immune system

protects the internal surfaces of the
body
 The mucosal immune system
ㆍ GI tract
ㆍ Respiratory tract
ㆍ Urogenital tract
ㆍ exocrine glands associated with these
organs
 In a healthy human adult, this local
immune system contributes almost 80%
of all immunocytes.
 These cells are accumulated in, or in
transit between, various mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissues (MALT),
which together form the largest
mammalian lymphoid organ system.
 Macrophages

Plasma cells Ig A and Ig G

Composition
of MALT

B cells T cells

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 Types of MALT:
Depending in the region it i
present

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Immunity conferred by vac

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 • Positive events of the day seem to have a stronger helpful impact on
immune function. Having a good time on Monday still had a positive effect
on the immune system by Wednesday.

• The frequent hand washing can break down the natural oils on the skin that
serve as the first line (or layer) of defense for the immune system.

• Studies show that people who lack humor in their lives tend to have less
protective immune responses.

• While the body needs some sunlight to produce vitamin D, too much
sunshine can suppress the immune system.

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To make this project I have taken source from the following books:-

1. Ramesh Gupta
2. Biology N.C.E.R.T

I have taken source from internet too , and taken help of our biology teacher
Mr. Vikas Dixit sir.

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We would like to thank our Biology sir Mr. Vikas Dixit,
who provided us this opportunity to make a project on
“IMMUNITY” which really helped us to understand the
concepts of Immunity of our body.

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