The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of

the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties. As in many

other states, the Government is divided into three branches: the Legislative branch,
the Executive branch, and the Judicial branch.
The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan,
adopted in 1947. It is a unitary state, containing forty-seven administrative divisions, with
the Emperor as its head of state.[1] His role is ceremonial and he has no powers related to
Government.[2] Instead, it is the Cabinet, comprising the Ministers of State and the Prime
Minister, that directs and controls the Government. The Cabinet is the source of power of
the Executive branch, and is formed by the Prime Minister, who is the head of
government.[3][4] He or she is designated by the National Diet and appointed to office by
the Emperor.[5][6]
The National Diet is the legislature, the organ of the Legislative branch. It is bicameral,
consisting of two houses with the House of Councillors being the upper house, and
the House of Representatives being the lower house. Its members are directly elected
from the people, who are the source of sovereignty.[7] The Supreme Court and other
inferior courts make up the Judicial branch, and they are independent from the executive
and the legislative branches.[8]

Contents

 1History
 2The Emperor
 3Executive
o 3.1Prime Minister
o 3.2The Cabinet
o 3.3Ministries
 4Legislative
o 4.1House of Representatives
o 4.2House of Councillors
 5Judicial
o 5.1Supreme Court
o 5.2High Courts
o 5.3Penal system
 6Local government
o 6.1Local authorities
o 6.2Structure

Government of Thailand
The Government of Thailand, or formally the Royal Thai
Government (Abrv: RTG; Thai: รัฐบาลไทย, RTGS: Ratthaban Thai, pronounced [rát.tʰā.bāːn
tʰāj]), is the unitary government of the Kingdom of Thailand. The country emerged as a
modern nation state after the foundation of the Chakri Dynasty and the city of Bangkok in
1782.[1] The Revolution of 1932 brought an end to absolute monarchy and replaced it with
a constitutional monarchy.
From then on the country was ruled by a succession of military leaders installed after
coups d’etat, the most recent in May 2014, and a few democratic intervals. The 2007
 Constitution (drafted by a military-appointed council, but approved by a referendum) was
annulled by the 2014 coup-makers who run the country as a military dictatorship.
Thailand has so far had seventeen Constitutions. Throughout, the basic structure of
government has remained the same. The government of Thailand is composed of three
branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. The system of government is
modelled after the Westminster system. All branches of government are concentrated
in Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand.
Since May 2014 until 2019 Thailand has been ruled by a military junta, the National
Council for Peace and Order, which has partially repealed the 2007 constitution, declared
martial law and nationwide curfew, banned political gatherings, arrested and
detained politicians and anti-coup activists, imposed internet censorship and taken control
of the media. On 24 March 2019, Thailand voted in the 2019 Thai general election,
supporting a spread of opinion across many political parties vying to be in
government.[2] The results are to be officially announced on 9 May 2019.

Contents

 1The monarchy
 2Executive
o 2.1Prime minister
o 2.2Cabinet
 3Legislative
o 3.1National assembly
 3.1.1The Senate
 3.1.2The House of Representatives
 4Judiciary
o 4.1Courts of Justice
o 4.2Administrative courts
o 4.3Constitutional court
 5Legal system
 6Local government
 7Outreach
 8Calls to move the capital
The Government of Malaysia officially the Federal Government of
Malaysia (Malay: Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia) is based in the Federal Territory
of Putrajaya with the exception of the legislative branch, which is based in the national
capital of Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states operating within
a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary system and is
categorised as a representative democracy. The federal government of Malaysia adheres
to and is created by the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the supreme law of the land.
The federal government adopts the principle of separation of powers under Article 127 of
the Federal Constitution,[2] and has three branches: executive, legislature and
judiciary.[3] The state governments in Malaysia also have their respective executive and
legislative bodies. The judicial system in Malaysia is a federalised court system operating
uniformly throughout the country.

Contents
 1Federal government
o 1.1Legislature
o 1.2Executive
o 1.3Judiciary
 2Head of government
 3State governments
 4Local governments
 5Military, police and other governmental bodies
 6Legal system
 7Elections
 8See also
 9References
 10External links

Federal government[edit]
See also: Federalism in Malaysia

The federal or central government is the ultimate authority in Malaysia and located
in Putrajaya. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Malaysia who is also known as the head
of government.

Legislature[edit]
Main article: Parliament of Malaysia

The bicameral parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives or
Dewan Rakyat (literally the "Chamber of the People") and the upper house, the Senate or
Dewan Negara (literally the "Chamber of the Nation").[4][5][5] All seventy Senate members sit
for three-year terms (to a maximum of two terms); twenty-six are elected by the thirteen
state assemblies, and forty-four are appointed by the king based on the advice of the
Prime Minister.[6] The 222 members of the Dewan Rakyat are elected from single-member
districts by universal adult suffrage. The parliament follows a multi-party system and the
governing body is elected through a first-past-the-post system. Parliament has a
maximum mandate of five years by law. The king may dissolve parliament at any time and
usually does so upon the advice of the Prime Minister.

Executive[edit]
Main article: Cabinet of Malaysia

While the Monarch remains the Head of State real executive power is vested in the
cabinet led by the prime minister as Head of Government; the Malaysian constitution
stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the Lower House of parliament
who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA), commands a majority in
parliament.[7] The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament
and is responsible to that body.[8] The Executive branch of the government consists of the
Prime Minister as the head of the government, followed by the various ministers of the
Cabinet.

Judiciary[edit]
Main article: Judiciary of Malaysia

The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by the Court of
Appeal, and two High Courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia, and one for East Malaysia.
The subordinate courts in each of these jurisdictions include Sessions Courts,
Magistrates' Courts, and Courts for Children. Malaysia also has a Special Court to hear
cases brought by or against all Royalty.

Head of government[edit]
Main article: Prime Minister of Malaysia

Perdana Putra houses the office complex of the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

The Prime Minister of Malaysia (Malay: Perdana Menteri Malaysia) is the indirectly
elected head of government (executive) of Malaysia. He is officially appointed by the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong, the head of state, who in HM's judgment is likely to command the
confidence of the majority of the members of that House of Representatives (Dewan
Rakyat), the elected lower house of Parliament. He heads the Cabinet, whose members
are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong advice of the prime minister. The Prime
Minister and his Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to Parliament. The Prime
Minister's Department (sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister's Office) is the body
and ministry in which the Prime Minister exercises its functions and powers.

State governments[edit]
Main articles: State governments of Malaysia and State legislative assemblies of Malaysia

Each state governments in Malaysia is created by the respective state constitutions. Each
state has a unicameral state legislative chamber (Malay: Dewan Undangan Negeri)
whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. State governments are
led by Chief Ministers[6] (Menteri Besar in Malay states or Ketua Menteri in states without
hereditary rulers), who are state assembly members from the majority party in the Dewan
Undangan Negeri. They advise their respective sultans or governors. In each of the states
with a hereditary ruler, the Menteri Besar is required to be a Malay, appointed by the
Sultan upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

Local governments[edit]
Main article: Local government in Malaysia

The local government or local authority (Malay: kerajaan tempatan or pihak berkuasa
tempatan (PBT)) is the lowest level in the system of government in Malaysia—after
federal and state. It has the power to collect taxes (in the form of assessment tax), to
create laws and rules (in the form of by-laws) and to grant licenses and permits for any
trade in its area of jurisdiction, in addition to providing basic amenities, collecting and
managing waste and garbage as well as planning and developing the area under its
jurisdiction. Local authorities in Malaysia are generally under the exclusive purview of the
state governments and headed by a civil servant with the title Yang Di-Pertua (President).
Local government areas and the boundaries is usually consistent with district boundaries
but there are some places where the boundaries are not consistent and may overlap with
adjoining districts especially in urbanised areas.
Unlike the federal and state governments, the local governments in Malaysia are not
elected but appointed by the state government after local council elections were
suspended by the federal government in 1965.

Military, police and other governmental bodies[edit]

The Malaysian Armed Forces are the military body of Malaysia and the Royal Malaysian
Police are in charge of law enforcement.

Legal system[edit]
Main article: Law of Malaysia

The law of Malaysia is mainly based on the common law legal system. This was a direct
result of the colonisation of Malaya, Sarawak, and North Borneo by Britain between the
early 19th century to 1960s. The supreme law of the land—the Constitution of
Malaysia—sets out the legal framework and rights of Malaysian citizens. Federal laws
enacted by the Parliament of Malaysia apply throughout the country. There are also state
laws enacted by the State Legislative Assemblies which applies in the particular state.
The constitution of Malaysia also provides for a unique dual justice system—the secular
laws (criminal and civil) and sharia laws.
Articles 73 to 79 of the Federal Constitution specifies the subject in which the federal and
state government may legislate. Parliament has the exclusive power to make laws over
matters falling under the Federal List (such as citizenship, defence, internal security, civil
and criminal law, finance, trade, commerce and industry, education, labour, and tourism)
whereas each State, through its Legislative Assembly, has legislative power over matters
under the State List (such as land, local government, Syariah law and Syariah courts,
State holidays and State public works). Parliament and State legislatures share the power
to make laws over matters under the Concurrent List (such as water supplies and housing)
but Article 75 provides that in the event of conflict, Federal law will prevail over State law.

Elections[edit]
Main article: Elections in Malaysia

Elections in Malaysia exist at two levels: national level and state level. National level
elections are those for membership in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of Parliament,
while state level elections are for membership in the various State Legislative Assemblies.
The head of the executive branch, the Prime Minister, is indirectly elected.