Chapter 2

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter of the paper presents the review of related literature, the review of related

studies, the conceptual framework, the research hypothesis and the definition of terms.

Related Literature

Electrical problems can be dangerous for you, your house and your electrical equipment.

The first step to trouble shooting one, whether it's an ask the neighbors if they are having the

same problem if they are, you probably call power company if only you are having the problem.

It may take some detective work to discover the source. (Deziel, 2018)

The literature overhead bears a connection with the researcher's study since it explains on

how we are going to do if we are experiencing electrical problems. So, it can help us to solve

this problem if we already experience it.

When a PC's constant power is interrupted, its components lose the power to continue

running. This usually occurs when there's a problem at a power station or within the network in

the home, like a tripped fuse. This cause the entire computer to be shut off, regardless of where
it was in its processes. The actual act of a shutdown is mostly harmless after all, we do it to PC's

on a daily basis! That's not to say its entirely free of risk, however. The most likely issue caused

with a power outage is data corruption. If a power outage occurs just as you're saving changes

to file, it will be permanently stuck in mid-save. This may corrupt some of the data in the file or

make it unopenable. This isn't too bad when you're editing a shopping list but if you're doing

work on an important work document or saving changes to an important system file this can

cause a loss of work or even render the operating system unusable until it's fixed. (Batt, 2018)

The discussed statements and facts have significant relationship to the present study

because it bears the possible things that will happened on the computer if power has been

interrupted, and how this thing can harm the computer. It is very valuable to the owners of

computer shop even though to every for them to be aware on this kind of problem.

According to Wunderlich, 2017 a CPU is basically comprised of little transistors, so electric

an off switches hence the binary system of 1/0 translated 1/10 representing the two possible

condition of not transistor in a CPU. As this are electric based a computer needs energy

(electricity) to be able to make switches between this conditions. While, (Johnson, 2017) state

that most modern conputers manipulate electricity with transistorized circuits to take input

data and convert it to output data, but computers don't necessarily require electricity.

A CPU is composed of billions of electric transistors. These transistors are ingineered to form

"logic gates". The electricity is what flows through these logic gates. It might help in an abstract
sort of way to think of the logical gates as pipes and the electricity as water. The pipes serve a

specific purpose and without the water following through them that purpose is not being serve.

When we're talking about the calculation in the context of a CPU, the result of a calculation is

determined by the flow of electricity through the logic gates. (Christenson, 2017)

The foregoing literature place a vital applicability with the researcher's study since it

evidently describes the relationship of CPU and computers to the electricity. And it describe

how important of electricity for the process of CPU and computers.

Frequent power outages can reduce a hard drive's physical lifespan. The read-and-write

head, which hovers over the spinning platters during operation, snaps back into its orginal

position upon power loss. This sudden movement can cause tiny imperfection that occumulate

over time, increasing the likehood of a "head crash": a malfuction that occurs when the head

touches and scrapes the platter surfce, effectively destroying the hard drives. And, Solid-state

drives can also suffer catastrophic damage from sudden power cuts. Issues can range anywhere

from data corruption to total malfunction. It should be noted that although power outage will

not cause direct harm to computer hardware other than data drives, it's possible for power

outages to be accompanied by

ulation of air past the oil-filled radiators or by immersing water containing coils removes the

heat stored in the oil. Shows internal construction of an oil filled transformer. Forced air
movement by the use of fans is a common practice Fans are generally controlled by

thermostants. (Keljik, 2008)

The preceding mentioned literature bears a connection with the researcher's study since it

illustrates the power generation system or electricity , how it cause human discomfort or

damage to a product in manufacturing. And it indicate on how to remove heat from a

transformers that one of the source of frequent power interruption.

Related Studies

In study of Schneider Electric (2019) it aims to illustrate that, a power outage can have

many different causes extreme whether, human error, equipment failure, supply/demand issues

etc., hope owners and business need to prepare continuity planning which should include a

reliable power back up solution, data back up and recovery as well as plan how to resume

operation. Common technology applications for personal (eg. Computer gaming consoles, etc.)

And proffesional use (eg. Office it solutions), require a high level of power quality to work

properly-surge protection or an Uninterruptible Power Supply, can shield this electronics and

their data from these common event.

 The above mentioned study bears relativeness with the researcher's study for the reason

that it also deals with the effect of power outage or power interruption to everything that exist

with electricity and it is telling what we need to do to lessen the problems from it. Nevertheless,

the latter study is quite different with the current study since in the researcher's study it is only

focusing on the computers and business of the owners of computer shops. Extreme whether,

human error, equipment failure, supply/demand issues etc. is not involve in present study unlike

the above study.

Botton (2019) stated on her study that power outage can do devastating damage to your

computer if it is not protected properly. The reason for the damage is usually not the fact that

the computer does not receive any power during an outage but rather the suddenness of the

power outage and the potential power surges associated with it. A schedule power outage for

line maintenance for instance does not pose any risk to your computer if you shut it down

before the outage.

The foregoing study speaks suitability with the present study since the latter study also

shows about the damage of power outage/interruption to a computer. However, the above

study is a bit different to the present study because it something stated that this problem

doesn't pose any risk to your computer if you shut it down before the outage while, researcher's

study illustrate the frequent power interruption that anyone can't be aware of.
 On study of Vispute (2018) described that brownouts, whether intentional or unintentional,

always have undesirable effect on various electric appliances that are connected to the supply

grid. These effects also vary from one device to another some problems. Brownouts are

insentences where in the voltage supply to our homes takes a temporary dip whether

intensional or unintensional, it always brings with it certain undesirable and even harmful

effects. However, now that you know what it is and what are its sign you are in a much better

position to handle a brownout situation and protect your valuable electronic devices against it.

The foremost indicated study holds a similarities with the current study for the reason that

it explicates the undesirable effect of brownouts that we must be prepared of. Yet, the above

study explains about the affected electric appliances even, present study only look on the effect

of power interruption in computers not in all appliances.

According to Schoeman & Saunders (2018) on their study The impact of Power outages on

small businesses in the city of Johannesburg, Power outages frequently occur in the

johannesburg area and can be of such a long duration that a whole business day is lost. This has

a significant impact on small businesses and can be considered as a regular occurrence that

needs to be dealt with in the running of a business. Dealing with power outages adds to the

running cost of a business. In shopping centers that provide back-up power measures, the small

business must pay more per month for this service. If such as service is not provided, the
business must spend money on buying a back-up power source and also spend money on

running and maintaining such back-up measure. Further cost to a business may result from

equipment damaged due to power surges and stock that needs to be replaced. Not only does

power outages increase the running cost of businesses but 42.6 per cent recorded a reduction

in income on days with power outages.

The foregoing study demonstrate a comparison with the current study since it clarify the

effect of power outage/interruption. Someway, the above article has a little exception because

it , defines a very broad area even researcher study has a narrow area.

Bates (2014) said on his study that a computer's core, it's central processing unit (CPU),

naturally generates heat as it carries out algorithms, as does the graphics processing unit (GPU),

which typically handles 3D imaging for display. Gaming can result on higher temperatures,

especially as they often require GPUs to carry out complicated calculation (in many instances

the CPU) hard disk driver can also contribute to heat generation, especially when copying large

files. Similarly the optical disc drive can generate large amount of heat when playing DVDs or

CDs, both as if forces discs to spin and as if reads the contents using a laser.

The above study conducted a similarity with the researcher's study because it describe a

parts of computers that using much of electricity and produce more heats. But, the above study
still have a difference with the present study forasmuch as it didn't professed about a power

interruption that the researcher's problem in the study.

In study of Bogue (2003) he state that the power supply in the computer is designed to take

the electricity coming out of the wall and convert it into something that the computer can use.

In principle this is a simple task, but in practice it's rarely simple. The problem is that the coming

electricity is in a constant state of flux. It filled with power problems such a spikes, surges, sags,

brown outs, and complete outages. Digital electronics in contrast, must have a very clean and

undisrupted even slightly the results are usually a locked up computer or one that reboots at

random.

The told study have a significant similarities with the present study because it explains a

problems that may encountered of power supply which is very important parts of computer

because it is the reason why the computer is working. However, the above study is differ from

current study in the way of it didn't tackles how can it affects in person's business instead it

solely talk about the problems in power supply.

According to (https://www.energuide.be/en/questions-answers/how-much-power-does-a-

computer-use-and-how-much-co2-does-that-represent/54/) A complete desktop uses an

average of 200 watt hours (wh). This is the some of the average consumption per hour of the
computer itself (171 W) the internet modem (low), the printer (5W) and the loudspeakers

(20W). Assuming that a computer is on for eight hours a day, the annual consumption comes to

600 KWh that corresponds to CO² emmisions of about 175 kg per year. i.e. 1.75% of the average

annual emission of a Belgian. A laptop uses considerably less between 50 and 100 Wh that it is

on, depending on the model. If it is used for eight hours a day, consumption therefore varies

between 150 and 300 KWh/year that corresponds to CO² emissions of between 44 and 88 kg

per year (or between 0.44 and 0.88% of the average annual emission of a Belgian). On stand-by

the power consumption of both a desktop and a laptop computer falls to about a third. Putting

the monitor on stand-by reduces its consumption by 15%. If the monitor is switched off

completely then of course it does not use any power. Although the internet is a virtual space,

using it still requires power and results in CO² emissions.

The said study has a similarity with the researcher's study because it says that computer and

laptop is using electricity and it describes how is the flow of electricity that used by the

computer and laptops per hour. Nevertheless, the latter study is different with the current study

since it didn't specified about power interruption instead, it only shows about the consumed

electricity of computer and laptop per hour.

Conceptual Framework
 Effects of
Effects to
frequent Survey
computer-
power Questionnaire
shops
interruption

The figure introduced describe the input of the study, the process and the output that results of the

survey questionnaire that is all about effects of frequent power interruption in computershops in town

of bulan. It identifies frequent power interruption, if this problem have lots of effect to computershops

and what are does effects. It also verifying if this effects is dangerous to the appliances, in business of

owners of the computer shops and etc..

Research Hypothesis

Specific problem:
 Do frequent power interruption have lots of effects in computer shops?

Null hypothesis:

There's no significant effect of frequent power interruption to computer shops.

Definition of terms

Operational & Conceptual definitions

Electricity - Electricity is a natural phenomenon that occurs throughout nature and takes many

different forms. (https://googleweblight.com/i/u=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.sparkfun.com

%2Ftutorials%2Fwhat-is-electricity2Fall&geid=NSTN&hl=en-us)

-refers the researcher as the important needs of computer shops in order to work all

of the appliances inside it.

Computer - a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on

instructions provided.

- used by the researcher as the one of the most affected appliances inside the

computer shops when frequent power interruption is being occurred.

Lightning - the flashing of light produced by a discharge of atmospheric electricity; also: the

discharge itself. (Merriam Webster)

 - specify by the researcher as the one of too many causes of frequent power

interruption is being happened in specific location.

Interruption - something that causes a stop in action.

- used by the researcher as the problem on electricity that affects the operation of

the business in computer shops.

Coals - a black or brownish-black solid combustible substance within the earth that is used as a

fuel. (Merriam Webster)

- used the researcher as one of the lot sources of electricity.

Chapter 3

This chapter presents the methodology and data collection and procedures that were

takeover in the conduct of this study.

Research Design

This study is quantitative research since the research question we seek to answer leads to

numerical data. McCombes (2019) said that descriptive research aims to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon it can answer what, where,

when, and how questions, but not why questions. And, she also says that descriptive research is

an appropriate choice when the research aims is to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends,

correlations and categories. Specifically, the study is descriptive research because it aims to

describe what are the many different effects of frequent power interruption inside the

computer shops. It is very important for us to notice what are those effects of frequent power

interruption in computer shops, because in computer shops we can find there the different kind

of things that created/sorrounded by technology. As a human that living in a modernization,

that living with different kinds of technology it is very important for us to study how can we take

good care of those things since we owned one of it. We need to be aware of problems that will

come when we have this different gadgets such as, mobile phones, laptops, computers, etc..

Studying the different effects of frequent power interruption in computer shops is one of many

ways that will help us to have an idea and information how to take good care in those things

and how can we avoid those problems that we may encounter. Using descriptive research

design it may help us the researcher to illustrate those effects in computer shop of frequent

power interruption. In descriptive research, the researcher will use an survey research design

to administer a survey to a sample of the entire population of people to describe the effects of

frequent power interruption in computer shops.

The Sample

In selecting participants of the study and in order for the population to be adequately

represented. The researchers used sampling techniques specially convenience sampling in

choosing the participants who are conveniently available for the study. The target population

of the study are the businessman in town of Bulan, Sorsogon that owned a computershop

business that probably expriencing a problems in electricity like power interruption. So, since

they are experiencing this kind of problems, it is easy for them to answer every questions that

we will ask them about the problem of this research.

The Instrument

Research instrument is a tool used to collect, measure and analyze data related to your

subject. These tools are most commonly used in health sciences, social sciences, and education

to assess patients, clients, and students. They can be tests, surveys, questionnaires, or even

checklists. (Gumberg Library, 2019) The instrument utilized in the study is a self-design survey

questionnaires that is validated by research teacher. The contents of questionnaire are

dichotomous questions that answerable by yes or no and subjective questions that answers in

the form of explainations. The researchers used survey questionnaires to gather data for this

study. The researchers started to asked some permission to the owner of computer shop willing
to participate in the study. The researcher show the results using the percentage frequency

distribution.

Data Collection Procedure

By conducting of this study, the researchers utilized quantitative design with the help of

survey questionnaires for the owners of computer shops in town of Bulan. After the validation

of the instrument, the researchers secured a permission to the owners of computer shops to

allow them inquired questions related to the study. After asking permission, the researchers

gave the survey questionnaire to the owners of computer shops. After the respondents answer

the test, the researchers thank them for being part of their survey and the papers will be check,

record, interpret and analyze.

Data Analysis

The data collected by the researchers contains if their computer shops is experiencing

frequent power interruption, does it have effect in their business, what kind of effects it is, how

this effects affects to their business and specially, what measures should they do to solve the

problem. After the respondents answer the test, the researchers thank them for being part of

their survey and the papers will be check, record, interpret and analyze.

Percentage frequency distribution is used to determine the effects of frequent power

interruption in computer shops based on the answers of the respondents.

 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Effects of Frequent Power Interruption in Computer shops in town of Bulan Sorsogon

 This chapter of the paper presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered by the

researchers in different owners of a computershops. Probably this chapter answers the

statement of the problem (SOP) of this research.

Question no.1

Table 1.

Answers Numbers/Frequency Percentage

YES 20 100%

NO 0 0%
Did you ever encountered frequent power interruption in computershop?

There are 20 owners of computershop that conveniently available to be the respodents of

this study. The table above is presenting data about owners of computershop that have

encountered frequent power interruption. And the table present that 20 out of 20 respondents

answered that they have been encountered frequent power interruption in their computer shop

and it happened almost every day that is equivalent to 100%. Automatically 0% said that they

never encountered frequent power interruption. Therefore, the researcher conclude that

almost everyday all of the computer shop in town of bulan is suffering this kind of problem.
 Question no.2

Table 2.

Answers Numbers/Frequency Percentage

YES What is the 20

effects of it to you? 100%

NO 0 0%

Doesfrequent
Table 2 present the data on does it heve effects
powerininterruption
your business?
have effects in

computershops. And the data results present that 100% of respondents said yes that there are

effects in computershops when frequent power interruption happened in their area since, it is

answered by 20 out of 20 respondents. And no respondents answered no. Consequently, the

research conclude that this problem frequent power interruption in computershops have effects

in this business. And the null hypothesis is rejected.

Question no.3
Table 3.

Answers Numbers/frequency Percentage

Less income 11 55%

Losing costumers 7 35%

High electricity bill 2 10%

The table overhead present the data on what is the effect of frequent power interruption in

the owners of computershops. 11 out of 20 owners of computer shops answered that frequent

this problem lessen their daily income

Howwhich
can it is equivalent
affects to 55% of 100%. 7 out of 20
your business?

respondents said that when frequent power interruption strikes in their business their

costumers are leaving so, because of it this problem lost their costumers which is equivalent to

35%. And, 2 out of 20 respondents state that this issue brings them a high electricity bill that

sometimes makes them deficits (lugi) that got 10%. Thus, the researcher conclude that lots of

the owners of computershop lessen the income in everyday business when frequent power

interruption happened since it has a highest rating which is 55%.

Question no.4
 Table 4.

Anwers Numbers/frequency Percentage

Damage electronic devices 14 70%

Unfinished works 6 30%

Table 4 shows the effects of frequent power interruption in business of the owners of

computershops. 14 out of 20 respondents answered that this difficulty affects and damage the

electronic devices inside the computershops like Central Processing Unit (CPU), Computers,

Power Supply and etc. that is equivalent to 70%. And the less 30% that anwered by 6 out of 20

owners of computershops said that they can't finished their works when frequent power

What measures
interruption hit ltheir business like for should
exampleyou do to solve the
a documents problem?
that want their costumers to be

done quickly or even power point presentation when this problem occurs their work can be lose

or can't be done quickly. Therefor, the researcher consider thay most of the owner of

computershop encountered big problem when their electronic devices are being damaged

when frequent power interruption is always happening since it has the highest percentage

which is 70%.

Question no.5
 Table 5.

Answer Numbers/frequency Percentage

Provide Generator 6 30%

Provide Uninterrupted Power 6 30%

Supply (UPS)

Nothing 7 35%

Paying technicians to fix the 1 5%

damage

Table 5 shows the data about what measures should owners of computershops do to solve

this problems. 30% of respondents that is correspond to 6 out of 20 persons answered that they

provide generators, for their computershops continued to run and didn't lose the profit of their

business. And also 30% of respondents said that they are using Uniterrupted Power Supply

(UPS) for them to have a time or chance to save the important document even there's a power

interruption. But, 7 out of 20 respondents that is equivalent to 35% state that there are nothing

that they can do about this issue because they didn't have enough money to buy generators or

UPS. And the next 5% that answered by 2 owners of computershops says that they are paying a

technicians to fix their electronic devices that have been damaged by the frequent power

interruptions. So that, the researcher conclude that theres owners of computershop that can't

afford a UPS or generator that can solve this problem it is may be their income is not enough for

this things. But, there are stil an owners of computershop that doing solution for them to

overcome the problem in their business.

 CHAPTER 5

This chapter consists of the summary of the data gathered, the conclusion which were

formed to provide the output needed to come up with the correct approach on the research

problem stated. Also, the recommendation were given based from the output of the whole

study.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

Briefly, the findings of the study are summarized as follows:

By conducting a survey the researcher find out that all of the computershops in town of

Bulan, Sorsogon is suffering in the problem which is frequent power interruption that almost

happened everyday. And because of this problem it bring a lots of effects in the owners of

computershops. Frequent power interruption affects the daily income of the owners of
computershops and sometimes because of this problem they are lossing costumers so their

income must lessen more and because of this problem they get a high electricity bill. And this

frequent power interruption also affects their business because they can't finished their works

quickly when this problem occurs. And, also it damaged their electronic devices that will add to

their finance when they need to bring the damaged electronic devices to the technician (para

makatipid). But, behind those effects there's still a way to avoid this problems that brings by

frequent power interruption and that is by paying technicians to fix the damage of electronic

devices or by using Generators for the computers continuesly works and Uninterrupted Power

Supply (UPS) for them to have a chance to save important document or works that they are

doing before the power totally dissapears. Therefore, the researcher conclude that null

hypothesis is rejected because the results of this study is there are lots of effects in

computershops whe frequent power interruption is being occured.

RECOMMENDATION

Based from the results and findings of the study the following recommendations were

formulated:

1. The future researcher shoud consider modifying the sampling design to allow for flexibility

in increasing the number of the study.

2. Conduct defferent studies about computershop.

 3. The future researcher must have big patience and knows how to wait cause sometimes the

businessman/woman is working.

4. Utilized other instruments or materials in conducting the study like one on one interview.

5. Research and explore more problems and struggles that being encountered by the

computershops.

APPENDICES
 This chapter contains a comprehensive description of the research sample, research

instrument and the data gathering and statistical treatment.

THE INSTRUMENT

The instrument utilized in the study is the survey questionnaires. The researchers used

survey questionnaires to gather data for this study. The researchers started to asked some

permission to the owner of computer shop willing to participate in the study. The researcher

show the results using the statistical treatment procedure and some context analysis. The

questionnaire consist the following:

Name:

Age:

Gender:

1. Did you evee encountered frequent power interruption?

 a. Yes

b. No

2. Does it have effects in your business?

a. Yes

b. No

3. What is the effect of it to you?

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

4. How can it affects your business?

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

5. What measures should you do to solve the problem?

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

RESULTS
Q1.&Q2.

(YES)
20 x 100%
20 = 100%
(NO)
0 x 100%
20 = 0%

Q3.
(LESS INCOME)
11 x 100%
20. = 55%

(LOST CODTUMERS)
7 x 100%
20 = 35%

(HIGH ELECTRICITY BILL)

2 x 100%
20 = 10%

Q4.
(DAMAGE ELECTRONIC DEVICES)
14 x 100%
20 = 70%

(UNFINISHED WORKS)
6 x 100%
 20 = 30%

Q5.
(PROVIDES GENERATORS)
6 x 100%
20 = 30%

(PROVIDE UPS)
6 x 100%
20 = 30%

(NOTHING)
7 x 100%
20 = 35%

(PAYING TECHNICIANS TO FIX DAMAGE)

1 x 100%
20 = 5%
CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Mary Joy Guan Solis

Age: 18
Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Romarn Catholic

Address: Inararan Bulan, Sorsogon

Parents: Milagros Guan Solis

Roger Diaz Solis

Name: Pia Gidoc Gagal

Age: 18
 Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Abad Santos Bulan,

Sorsogon

Parents: Alicia Gidoc

Reynal do Gidoc
Name: Ej-cien Goña Balagoza

Age: 18

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Jehova Witnesses

Address: Zone-7 Bulan, Sorsorgon

Parents: Jhonna Balagoza

Edgar Balagoza
Name: April Joy Gloriat

Age: 18

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: G. Del pilar

Parents: Cynthia Gloriat

Renato Gloriat
Name: Angelica Acebuche Siervo

Age: 18

Gender: Female

Civil status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Fabrica Bulan, Sorsogon

Parents: Josephine Acebuche

Clarito Siervo