Summer Training Report

On

TELECOM TECHNOLOGY
At
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Award of the degree of

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

By
Rashmi
Roll No.-1609713078

Submitted To
Prof. Vivek Agarwal

Department of Information Technology

Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
(2019-20)

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 DECLARATION

I, Rashmi, Roll No.-1609713078, student of GCET, Greater Noida, hereby declare that the
project report on “Telecom Technology BSNL” is an original and authenticated work done by
me, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology to
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida affiliated to Dr. A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow is an authentic record of my work.

I further declare that it has not been submitted elsewhere by any other person in any of the
institutes for the award of any degree or diploma.

Rashmi
Roll No.-1609713078

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A research work owes it success from commencement to completion, to the people in love
with researchers at various stages. Let me in this page express my gratitude to all those who
helped me in various stage of this study.

First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude indebtedness to Respected HOD sir for
allowing me to undergo the summer training of 28 days at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited,
Noida.

It comes out to be a great pleasure and experience to me to have minor project for the
fulfillment the bachelor of engineering under the guidance of Mr. Satyendra Sharma.

I acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Sanjay Mishra (BSNL, Noida) and to Mr.
BRIJ LAL (BSNL, Noida), from their expert advice and guidance they helped me at every
stage of my training. I’m also thankful to them for giving me required inspiration and
necessary help during the completion of my training.

Rashmi
Roll No.-1609713078

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 PREFACE

Summer training is an important part of the Engineering Curriculum. The coursevocational

training helps a student in getting acquired with the manner in which his/her knowledge is
being practically used outside his/her institute and this is normally different from books.

Hence,when the student switches from the process of learning to that of implementing his/her
knowledge he/she needs an abrupt change. This is exactly why summer training session
during the B.tech Curriculum becomes all the more important.

Difference in the academic life and practical life is revealed when one enter the real life and
competitive world of industries, when there is cut throat competition and one has to
forcefully follow the theory of Charles Darwin “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”.

Rashmi
Roll No.-1609713078

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO.
NO.
Certificate ii
Declaration iii
Acknowledgement iv
Preface v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables ix

Chapter-1 Introduction to BSNL 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 How BSNL Came to Telecom Network 1
1.3 Institutional Framework 1
1.4 BSNL Contribution to DOT 2
1.5 Achievements of BSNL 2
Chapter-2 Working of Basic Telecom Network 3
2.1 Call Setup 3
2.2 Functions of Exchange 4
2.3 Electronic Exchange 4
2.4 Carrier Room 4
2.4.1 CLLS 4
2.4.2 MLLN 4
2.5 Main Distribution Frame 5
2.5.1 Functions of MDF 5
2.6 Power Plant 6
Chapter-3 Leased Lines 7
3.1 Introduction 7
3.2 Drawbacks of LL 7
3.3 MLLN 7
3.3.1 MLLN Features 7
3.3.2 MLLN Advantages 8

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 3.3.3 Applications Of MLLN 8
Chapter-4 Intranet 9
4.1 Introduction 9
4.2 Features of Intranet 9
4.3 Why Intranet for an Organization? 9
4.4 Applications of Intranet 10
4.5 Overview of Intranet 10
4.6 Intranet Application in a Circle 11
Chapter-5 Corporate Network 12
5.1 Introduction 12
5.2 Why does Organization have CN? 12
5.3 Features of CN Security 14
Chapter-6 WI-FI 15
6.1 WI-FI Network 15
6.2 Working of WI-FI Network 15
6.3 Benefits of WI-FI 16
6.4 Limitations of WI-FI 16
Chapter-7 WIMAX 18
7.1 Wireless Broadband Services 18
7.2 Salient Features of WIMAX 18
7.3 Evolution of Broadband Services 18
7.4 WIMAX Network Architecture 20
Chapter-8 GSM 23
8.1 Introduction 23
8.2 Features of GSM 23
8.3 GSM Subsystem 24
8.3.1 Radio Subsystem 24
8.3.2 Network and Switching 24
Subsystem
8.3.3 Function of MSC 25
Chapter-9 GPRS 26
9.1 Introduction 26

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Chapter-10 CDMA 27

INDEX

GlobalSystemforMobilecommunications (GSM)

Introduction…………………………………………………………………...5
History………………………………………………………………………...6
GSM Specifications…………………………………………………………..7
GSM Phases…………………………………………………………………..8
GSM Frequency Bands………………………………………………………10
GSM Architecture&NetworkComponents…………………………………11
Mobile Station………………………………………………………………..22

GSM GeographicalNetworkStructure

Cell
Planning………………………………………………………………………27
Traffic
Cases…………………………………………………………………………30
Roaming……………………………………………………………………...32
Time Division Multiple Access……………………………………………….36
Frequency Division Multiple Access…………………………………………37
Signaling Systems…………………………………………………………...38

Bibliography
References………………………………………………………………….39

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GlobalSystemforMobilecommunications(GSM)

INTRODUCTION
GlobalSystemforMobilecommunications(GSM–originallyfromGroupeSpecial Mobile)is
themostpopularstandardformobilephonesintheworld.Its promoter, the
GSMAssociation,estimatesthat82%oftheglobalmobilemarketusesthestandard.
GSMisusedbyover3billionpeopleacrossmorethan212countriesandterritories. Its
ubiquitymakesinternationalroamingverycommonbetween mobile phone
operators,enablingsubscriberstousetheirphonesinmanypartsoftheworld.GSM
differsfromitspredecessorsinthatbothsignalingandspeechchannelsaredigital,
andthusisconsideredasecondgeneration(2G)mobilephonesystem.Thishasalsomeantthatdata
communicationwas easytobuildintothesystem.

GSM Worldwide(darkshadedregion

The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (whobenefit
from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and
alsotonetworkoperators(whocanchooseequipmentfromanyofthemanyvendors
implementingGSM.BecauseGSMprovidesacommonstandard,cellularsubscribers
canusetheirtelephonesover theentireGSMservicearea,whichincludesallthe countries

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aroundtheworldwheretheGSM systemis used.

GSMalsopioneeredalow-costalternativetovoicecalls,theShortMessageService (SMS, also

called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standardsaswell.Another
advantageisthatthestandardincludesoneworldwide
Emergencytelephonenumber,112.Thismakesiteasierforinternationaltravelersto
connecttoemergencyserviceswithoutknowingthe localemergencynumber.The
GSMtechnicalspecificationsarealsodesignedtoworkwithother standardsasit
guaranteesstandardinterfaces.Finally,akeyaspectofGSMisthatthespecifications areopen-
endedandcanbebuiltupontomeetfuturerequirements.

HISTORY

In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations

(ECPT) created the GroupeSpécial Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile
telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1987, a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular
telephone system across Europe.

In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European TelecommunicationsStandards

Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in1990. The first GSM
network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint technical infrastructure
maintenance from Ericsson. By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM
phone networks being operated by 70 carriers
across 48 countries.

GSM Specifications
GSM was designed to be platform-independent. The GSM specifications do not
specify the actual hardware requirements, but instead specify the network functions and
interfaces in detail. This allows hardware designers to be creative in how they provide
the actual functionality, but at the same time makes it possible for operators to buy
equipment from different suppliers.

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The GSM recommendations consist of twelve series, which are listed, in the table below.
Different working parties and a number of expert groups wrote these series. A permanent
nucleus was established in order to coordinate the working parties and to manage the
editing of the recommendations. All these groups were organized by ETSI.
Series Content
01 General
02 ServiceAspects
03 NetworkAspects
04 MS–BSSinterfaceandprotocol
05 Physicallayerontheradiopath
06 Speechcodingspecification
07 TerminaladaptorforMS
08 BSS–MSSinterface
09 Networkinternetworking
10 Serviceinternetworking
11 Equipmentandtypeapprovalspecifications
12 Operations andmaintenance

TheGSM1800sectioniswrittenasadeltapartwithintheGSMrecommendations,
describingonlythosedifferencesbetweenGSM900andGSM1800.GSM1900is
basedonGSM1800andhasbeenadaptedtomeettheAmericanNationalStandards
Institute(ANSI)standard.

GSM Phase
Inthelate1980s,thegroupsinvolvedindevelopingtheGSMstandardrealizedthat
withinthegiventimeframetheycouldnotcompletethespecificationsfortheentire
rangeofGSMservices and featuresasoriginallyplanned.Becauseofthis,itwas
decidedthatGSM wouldbereleasedinphases withphase1consistingofalimitedset
ofservicesandfeatures.Eachnewphasebuildsonthe servicesofferedbyexisting phases.

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Phase 1:
Phase 1 contains the most common services including:
Voice Telephony
International roaming
Basic fax/data services (up to 9.6 kbps)
Call Forwarding
Call Barring
Short Message Service (SMS)
Phase 2:
Advice of Charge
Calling Line Identification
Call Waiting
Hold Conference
Additional Data Communication Capabilities
Calling Closed User Groups

Phase2+

Thestandardizationgroupshavealreadybeguntodefinethenextphase,2+.The
phase2+programwillcovermultiplesubscribernumbersandavarietyofbusiness
orientedfeatures.Someoftheenhancements offeredbyPhase2+include:

Multipleserviceprofiles
Privatenumberingplans Access
toCentrex services

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 InterworkingwithGSM1800,GSM1900andtheDigitalEnhancedCordless
Telecommunications (DECT)standard

Thephase2+includes sophisticatedenhancementstotheradiointerfaceincluding:
HighSpeedCircuit SwitchedData(HSCSD),amethodofdeliveringhigher
dataratespersubscriberbyallocatinganincreasednumberoftime-slotsper call.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a new method which increases
capacityontheairinterfaceusingPacketSwitch.
EnhancedDataratesforGlobalEvolution (EDGE),anewmodulationmethod
whichincreases capacityontheairinterface.

Prioritiesandtimeschedulesfornewfeaturesandfunctionsdependprimarilyonthe interest
shown by operating companies and manufacturers and technical
developmentsinrelatedareas.

GSM Frequency Bands

As GSM has grown worldwide, it has expanded to operate at four main frequency
bands: 900, 1800, 1900 and 800.

GSM FrequencyBandDistribution

GSM 800 - This frequency band was traditionally used by TDMA.

GSM 900 - The original frequency band specified for GSM was 900 MHz. Most
GSMnetworks worldwide use this band. In some countries and extended version of
GSM900 can be used, which provides extra network capacity. This extended version
ofGSM is called E-GSM, while the primary version is called P-GSM.

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GSM 1800 - In 1990, in order to increase competition between operators, the United
Kingdom requested the start of a new version of GSM adapted to the 1800 MHz
frequency band. Licenses have been issued in several countries and networks are in
full operation. By granting licenses for GSM 1800 in addition to GSM 900, a country
can increase the number of operators. In this way, due to increased competition, the
service to subscribers is improved.

GSM1900-In1995,thePersonalCommunicationsServices(PCS)conceptwas specified in
the United States. The basic idea is to enable "person to person" communication rather
than "station-to-station". PCS does not require that such
servicesbeimplementedusingcellulartechnology,butthishasproventobethemost
effectivemethod.ThefrequenciesavailableforPCSarearound1900MHz.AsGSM
900couldnotbeusedinNorthAmericaduetopriorallocationofthe900MHz
frequencies,GSM1900MHzisseenasanopportunitytobridgethisgap.Themaindifferencebet
weentheAmericanGSM 1900standardandGSM 900is thatitsupports ANSIsignaling.
GSM Architecture and Network Components

TheGSMnetworkis dividedintotwosystems.Eachofthesesystemsis comprisedof

anumberoffunctionalunits,whichareindividualcomponents ofthemobilenetwork.
Thetwosystems are:
SwitchingSystem(SS) Base
StationSystem(BSS)
Inaddition,aswithalltelecommunicationsnetworks,GSMnetworksareoperated,
maintainedandmanagedfromcomputerizedcenters.

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GSM Architecture
Apartfromthesetwoparts,athirdpartisalsooptionalinaGSMnetworkwhichis rapidlygetting
widespreadapprovalfromalloperatorsandbeingputintouse
for wireless internet access. It is known as the GPRS Core Network. It is placed
forpacket based internet connections.

GPRS core network allows mobile phones to have access to services such as WAP,
MMS and Internet access.

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 GSM Architecture(withoptionalGPRSCoreelement)

TheSSisthecomponentofaGSMsystemthatcarriesoutswitchingfunctionsand manages
thecom m uni cati ons be t w e e n m obi l e p h o n e s andt heP ubl i cS w i t c h e d Teleph
oneNetwork.Itisownedanddeployedbymobilephoneoperatorsandallows mobile phones
to communicate with each other and telephones in the wider telecommunications
network. The architecture closely resembles a telephone
exchange,butthereareadditionalfunctionswhichareneededbecausethephonesare
notfixedinonelocation.Thus,TheSSisresponsibleforperformingcallprocessing
andsubscriberrelatedfunctions.
It includes the following functional units:
Mobileservices SwitchingCenter(MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
VisitorLocation Register(VLR)
AuthenticationCenter (AUC)
EquipmentIdentityRegister(EIR)

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network
which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile
phoneandtheNetworkSwitchingSubsystem.TheBSScarriesouttranscodingof speech
channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging, quality managementof
transmissionandreceptionovertheAirinterfaceandmanyother
tasksrelatedtotheradionetwork.TheBSSperformsalltheradio-relatedfunctions. TheBSSis
comprisedofthefollowingfunctionalunits:
Base Station Controller(BSC)
BaseTransceiverStation(BTS)

TheOMCperformsalltheoperationandmaintenancetasksforthenetworksuchas
monitoringnetworktrafficandnetworkalarms.TheOMChasaccesstoboththeSS
andtheBSS.MSs donotbelongtoanyofthesesystems.

MobileservicesSwitchingCenter (MSC)-TheMobileservices SwitchingCenter

orMSCistheprimaryservicedeliverynodeforGSM,responsibleforhandling
voicecallsandSMSaswellasotherservices(suchasconferencecalls,FAXand

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 circuitswitcheddata).TheMSCsetsupandreleasestheend-to-endconnection,
handlesmobilityandhand-overrequirementsduringthecall andtakescareof chargingand
realtimepre-paidaccountmonitoring.
TheMSCperformsthetelephonyswitching functionsforthemobilenetwork.It controlscallsto
and fromother telephonyand datasystems, suchasthePublic
SwitchedTelephoneNetwork(PSTN),IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork(ISDN),
publicdatanetworks, privatenetworks andothermobilenetworks.
Major MSCFunctions:
Switchingandcallrouting–AMSCcontrolscallset-up,supervisionand
release,andmayinteractwithothernodes tosuccessfullyestablishacall.This includes
routingofcallsfromMSs toothernetworks suchas a PSTN.
Charging – An MSC contains functions for charging mobile calls and
informationabouttheparticularchargeratestoapplytoacallatanygiven

timeorforagivendestination.Duringacallitrecordsthisinformationand stores
itafterthecall,e.g.foroutputtoabillingcenter.
Serviceprovisioning–Supplementaryservices areprovidedandmanagedbya
MSC.Inaddition, the SMSserviceishandledbyMSCs.
CommunicationwithHLR–TheprimaryoccasiononwhichanMSCand HLR
communicateisduringtheset-upofacalltoanMS,whentheHLR requests
someroutinginformationfromtheMSC.
CommunicationwiththeVLR–AssociatedwitheachMSCisaVLR,with
whichitcommunicatesforsubscriptioninformation,especiallyduringcall set- upand
release.
CommunicationwithotherMSCs-It maybenecessaryfortwoMSCsto communicate
with eachotherduringcallset-uporhandoversbetweencells belongingtodifferentMSCs.
ControlofconnectedBSCs–AstheBSSactsastheinterfacebetweenthe MSsandthe SS,
theMSChasthefunctionofcontrollingtheprimaryBSS
node:theBSC.EachMSCmaycontrolmanyBSCs,dependingonthevolume
oftrafficinaparticularMSCservicearea.An MSCmaycommunicatewithits BSCs
during,forexample,call set-upandhandovers betweentwoBSCs.
Direct access to Internet services – Traditionally, an MSC accessed the
Internetnodes ofanInternetService Provider(ISP)viaexistingnetworks such as the

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 PSTN.However, thisfunctionenables anMSCtocommunicatedirectly with Internet
nodes, thus reducing call set-up time. Direct access can be
providedbyusinganaccessservercalledTigris(fromAdvancedComputer
Communications). This may be integrated in an MSC or stand-alone connectedtoan
MSC.
ISDN Primary Rate Access (PRA) – This function enables an MSC to provide PRA
services to subscribers. One network operator can offer PABX connection
services, through the PLMN. In this way the operator can compete directly with
PSTN operators for ISDN business subscribers.

Gateway Functionality (GMSC)

Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a network's HLR in order to route
a call to a Mobile Station (MS). A Gateway MSC is the MSC that determineswhich
visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also
interfaces with the Public Switched Telephone Network. All mobile to mobile calls
and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a GMSC. The term is only valid in the
context of one call since any MSC may provide both the gateway function and the
Visited MSC function; however, some manufacturers design dedicated high
capacity MSCs which do not have any BSSes connected to them. These MSCs will
then be the Gateway MSC for many of the calls they handle.
HomeLocationRegister(HLR)-The'HomeLocationRegister'orHLRisa centraldatabase
that containsdetailsofeachmobilephonesubscriberthat is
authorizedtousetheGSMcorenetwork. Thiscentralizednetworkdatabasethat
storesandmanagesallmobilesubscriptions belongingtoaspecificoperator.It acts as a
permanent store for a person's subscription information until that subscriptionis
canceled.Theinformation storedincludes:
Subscriberidentity(IMSI,MSISDNetc.)
Subscribersupplementaryservices
Subscriberlocationinformation(MSCservicearea)
Subscriberauthenticationinformation

TheHLRcanbeimplementedinthesamenetworknodeastheMSCorasastand- alone

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 database. If the number of subscribers exceeds the capacity of a HLR,
additionalHLRsmaybeadded.
The primary functions of the HLR include:
Subscriptiondatabasemanagement–Asadatabase, theHLRmustbeableto processdata
quicklyinresponsetodataretrievalandupdaterequestsfrom
othernetworknodes.Forthisreasonitactsasadatabasemanagementsystem. Each
subscriberrecordcontains asubstantialamountofparameters.
CommunicationwithMSCs–WhensettingupcallstoanMS,itisnecessary
fortheHLRtocontacttheMSCservingtheMSforroutinginformation.By
analyzingtheMSISDN,MSC knowswhichHLRtocontactworldwidefor thatMS’s
subscription.
CommunicationwithGMSCs–During callset-upto anMS,theGMSC
requestsMSlocationinformationfromtheHLR,whichthenprovidesthisin
theformofrouting information.Also,ifthesubscriberisdetachedtheHLR
willinformtheGMSCthatthereisnoneedtoperformfurtherroutingofthe call.
CommunicationwithAUCs–Beforeanyactivityinvolvingchangeoruseof subscription
information takes place, the HLR must retrieve new
authenticationparameters fromanAUC.
CommunicationwithVLRs/ILRs–WhenanMSmovesintoanewMSC
serviceareatheVLRforthatarearequestsinformationabouttheMSfromthe
HLRofthesubscriber.TheHLRprovidesacopyofthesubscriptiondetails,
updatesitsMSlocationinformationand instructstheoldVLRtodeletethe information it
hasaboutthat MS. AstheILRactsas aVLR for AMPS subscribers,
theHLRcommunicates withitinasimilarway.

VisitorLocationRegister(VLR)-TheVisitorLocationRegisterorVLRisa
temporarydatabaseofthesubscriberswhohaveroamedintotheparticulararea
whichitserves.EachBaseStationinthenetworkisservedbyexactlyoneVLR;
henceasubscribercannotbepresentinmorethanoneVLRatatime.Thedata
storedintheVLRhaseitherbeenreceivedfromtheHLR,orcollectedfromthe
MS.Inpractice,forperformancereasons,mostvendorsintegratetheVLRdirectly totheV-
MSCand,wherethisisnotdone, theVLRisverytightlylinkedwiththe
MSCviaaproprietaryinterface.TheVLRdatabasecontainsinformationaboutallthemobilesubscr

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 iberscurrently
locatedinanMSCservicearea.TheVLRtemporarilystoressubscriptioninformation
sothattheMSCcanservice allthesubscriberscurrentlyvisitingthatMSCservice
area.TheVLRcanberegardedasadistributedHLRasitholdsacopyoftheHLR information
storedaboutthesubscriber.

The following occurs when MSs move into a new service area:
1.TheVLRchecksits databasetodeterminewhetherornotithas arecordfortheMS
(basedonthesubscriber’s IMSI).
2.WhentheVLRfindsnorecordfortheMS,itsendsarequesttothesubscriber’s
HLRforacopyoftheMS’s subscription.
3.TheHLRpassestheinformationtotheVLRandupdatesitslocationinformation
forthesubscriber.TheHLRinstructs theoldVLRtodeletetheinformationithas ontheMS.
4.The VLR stores its subscription information for the MS, including the latest
locationandstatus(idle).
WhiletheMSiswithinoneMSCservicearea,theVLRcontainsacompletecopyof thenecessary
subscriptiondetails,includingthefollowinginformation:
Identitynumbersforthesubscriber
Supplementaryserviceinformation(e.g.whetherthesubscriberhascall
forwardingonbusyactivatedornot)
ActivityofMS(e.g.idle)
CurrentLAofMS
Theprimaryfunctions oftheVLRare:
ToinformtheHLRthatasubscriberhasarrivedintheparticularareacovered bytheVLR.
TotrackwherethesubscriberiswithintheVLRarea(locationarea)whenno callis ongoing.
Toallowordisallowwhich services thesubscribermayuse.
Toallocateroamingnumbers duringtheprocessingofincomingcalls.
Topurgethesubscriberrecordifasubscriberbecomesinactivewhilstinthe
areaofaVLR.TheVLRdeletes thesubscriber's dataafterafixedtimeperiod
ofinactivityandinforms theHLR(e.g.whenthephonehasbeenswitchedoff
andleftofforwhenthesubscriberhasmovedtoanareawithnocoveragefor alongtime).
Todeletethesubscriberrecordwhenasubscriberexplicitlymoves toanother,
asinstructedbytheHLR.

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 AuthenticationCenter(AUC)-The'AuthenticationCentre'orAUCisafunction
toauthenticateeachSIMcardthatattemptstoconnecttotheGSMcorenetwork
(typicallywhenthephoneispoweredon).Oncetheauthenticationissuccessful, the HLR is
allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An
encryptionkeyisalsogeneratedthatissubsequentlyusedtoencryptallwireless
communications(voice,SMS,etc.)betweenthemobilephoneandtheGSMcore network.

ThemainfunctionoftheAUCistoauthenticatethesubscribersattemptingtousea network.In this

way,itisusedtoprotectnetworkoperatorsagainstfraud.Ifthe
authenticationfails,thennoservicesarepossiblefromthatparticularcombinationof SIM card and
mobile phone operator attempted. There is an additional formof
identificationcheckperformedontheserialnumberofthemobilephonedescribedin the EIR
section below, but this is not relevant to the AUC processing. Proper
implementationofsecurityinandaroundtheAUCisakeypartofan operator's
strategytoavoidSIM cloning.

TheprimaryfunctionofanAUCistoprovideinformation,whichisthenusedbyan
MSC/VLRtoperformsubscriberauthenticationandtoestablishcipheringprocedures
ontheradiolinkbetweenthenetworkandMSs.

EquipmentIdentityRegister(EIR)-TheEIR(EquipmentIdentityRegister)is
oftenintegratedtotheHLR.TheEIRkeepsalistofmobilephones(identifiedby their IMEI)
whichareto be banned fromthe networkor monitored.This is
designedtoallowtrackingofstolenmobile phones.Intheoryalldataaboutall
stolenmobilephonesshouldbedistributedtoallEIRsin theworldthrougha
CentralEIR.Itisclear,however, thattherearesomecountries wherethisisnotin operation.

TheEIRisadatabasecontainingmobileequipmentidentityinformation,whichhelps
toblockcallsfrom stolen, unauthorized, ordefectiveMSs.Itshouldbenotedthatdue
tosubscriber-equipmentseparationinGSM,thebarringofMSequipmentdoesnot
resultinautomaticbarringofasubscriber.

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BaseStationSystem(BSS)Components

BaseStationController-TheBSCmanagesalltheradio-relatedfunctionsofa GSMnetwork.
ItisahighcapacityswitchthatprovidesfunctionssuchasMS
handover,radiochannelassignmentandthecollectionofcellconfigurationdata.
AnumberofBSCsmaybecontrolledbyeachMSC.TheBSCcontrolsamajor
partoftheradionetwork.Itsmostimportanttaskistoensurethehighestpossible
utilizationoftheradioresources.

Themainfunctionalareas oftheBSCare:
RadioNetwork Management
RBSManagement
MultiBandSupport
TRCHandling
TransmissionNetwork Management
InternalBSCOperationandMaintenance
PositioningServices
HandlingofMSconnections
GSM-UMTSCell ReselectionandHandover

RadioBaseStation(RBS)–RBSactsas theinterfacebetweenMSsandthenetwork, byproviding

radiocoveragefunctionsfromtheir antennae.

Transcoder Controller (TRC)- the TRC provides the BSS with rate adaptation capabilities.
This isnecessarybecausetherateusedovertheairinterfaceandthat usedbyMSC/VLRsare
different-33.8kbpsand64kbpsrespectively.Adevice,
whichperforms rateadaptation,is calledatranscoder.

TheBSCisthecentralnodewithinaBSSandco-ordinatestheactionsofTRCsand
RBSs.

BaseTransceiver Station(BTS) -TheBTScontrols theradiointerfacetotheMS.

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 TheBTScomprises theradioequipmentsuchas transceiversandantennas,which
areneededtoserveeachcellinthenetwork.AgroupofBTSsarecontrolledbya BSC.

ABTSformspartoftheBaseStationSubsystem(BSS)developmentsforsystem management. It
may also have equipments for encrypting and decrypting
communications,spectrumfilteringtools (bandpassfilters)etc.Antennasmayalsobe
consideredas components ofBTSingeneral senseas theyfacilitatethefunctioningof
BTS.TypicallyaBTSwillhaveseveraltransceivers(TRXs)whichallowittoserve
severaldifferentfrequenciesanddifferentsectors
ofthecell(inthecaseofsectorisedbasestations).ABTSiscontrolledbyaparentBaseStationContro
llerviatheBase stationControlFunction(BCF).TheBCFisimplementedasadiscreteunitoreven
incorporatedinaTRXincompactbasestations.TheBCFprovidesanOperations and
Maintenance(O&M)connectiontotheNetworkmanagementsystem(NMS),and manages
operationalstatesofeachTRX,aswellassoftwarehandlingandalarm
collection.ThebasicstructureandfunctionsoftheBTSremainsthesameregardless ofthewireless
technologies.
ABTSingeneralhas thefollowingunits:
TRX (Transceiver)
o Quitewidelyreferredtoas DRX (DriverReceiver).
o Basicallydoes transmissionand receptionofsignals.
o Alsodoessendingandreceptionofsignalsto/fromhighernetwork entities
(likeBase Station Controllerinmobiletelephony).
PA (PowerAmplifier)
o Amplifies thesignalfromDRXfortransmissionthroughantenna.
o MaybeintegratedwithDRX.
Combiner
o CombinesfeedsfromseveralDRXssothattheycouldbesentout
throughasingleantenna
o Forreductionofnumberofantennaused

Duplexer
o Forseparatingsendingand receivingsignals to/fromantenna.
o Doessendingandreceivingsignalsthroughthesameantennaports
(cables toantenna).

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 Antenna
o Antennais alsoconsideredapartofBTS.
AlarmExtensionSystem
o CollectsworkingstatusalarmsofvariousunitsinBTSandextends
themtoOperations andMaintenance(O&M)monitoringstations.
ControlFunction
o DoesthecontrolofBTS.
o Manages thevarious units ofBTS.
o Has thesoftwareforfunctioningofBTS.
o On-the-spot configurations, status changes, software upgrades etc.
donethroughthecontrolfunction.
BasebandReceiverUnit(BBxx)
o Frequencyhopping,signalDSP.

NetworkingMonitoringCenters

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)- An OMC is a computerized monitoring

center, which is connected to other network components such as
MSCsandBSCsviaX.25datanetworklinks.IntheOMC,staffispresentedwith
informationaboutthestatus ofthenetworkandcanmonitorandcontrolavariety
ofsystemparameters.Theremaybeoneor severalOMCswithinanetwork
dependingonthenetwork size.

NetworkManagementCenter(NMC)-Centralizedcontrolofanetworkisdoneat
aNetworkManagementCenter(NMC).OnlyoneNMCisrequiredforanetwork
and this controls the subordinate OMCs. The advantage of this
hierarchicalapproachisthatstaffattheNMCcanconcentrateonlongtermsystem-wide issues,
whereas localpersonnelat eachOMCcanconcentrateonshort term, regionalissues.

OMCandNMCfunctionalitycanbecombinedinthesamephysicalnetworknodeor
implementedatdifferentlocations.

Mobile Station (MS)

The MS is the equipment used to access the network. It is not considered a component of

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SS or BSS but still is an integral part of the GSM system. The MS consists of two
independent parts:
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card
Mobile Equipment (ME)
A SIM card is an electronic smart card which stores information about the
subscription. The ME is the actual telephone terminal.

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 TransmissionandReceipt
processinaMobileStation

Subscriber IdentityModule(SIM)
AkeyfeatureoftheGSMstandardistheSubscriberIdentityModule(SIM)card.A
SIMcardcontainsinformationaboutthesubscriberandmustbepluggedintotheME
toenablethesubscribertousethenetwork.
Withtheexceptionofemergencycalls,MSscanonlybeoperatedifavalidSIMis present.
The SIMstores threetypes ofsubscriberrelatedinformation:
Fixeddatastoredbeforethesubscriptionissold.e.g.IMSI,authenticationkey
andsecurityalgorithms.
Temporarynetworkdata.e.g. thelocationareaofthesubscriber andforbidden
PLMNs.
Servicedata.e.g. languagepreference,adviceofcharge.
GSMphase1SIMscontainallnecessarynetworkcontrolinformation,whilephase2
SIMsincludealargenumberofextrafeaturessuchasalanguageidentifieranda
preferredlanguageoption.
ASIMcontainsinformationforGSMnetworkoperations.Thisinformationcanbe related to the
mobilesubscriber, GSMservices orPLMN. ASIM must provide
storagecapabilityforthefollowing:
Administrative information – Describes the SIMs mode ofoperation. e.g.
normalortypeapproval.
ICcardidentification–UniqueinformationidentifyingtheSIMandthecard issuer.
SIMservicetable–IndicateswhichoptionalservicesareprovidedbytheSIM (e.g.
lastnumbers dialed,calllengthindication,PLMNselection,etc.)
InternationalMobileSubscriberIdentity(IMSI)–Anidentity-numberusedby
thenetworktoidentifythesubscription.
Locationinformation-ComprisingLAI,currentvalueofperiodiclocation updatingtimer
andlocationupdatestatus.
Cipheringkey(Kc)andcipheringkeysequencenumber.
Listofcarrier frequencies tobeusedforcell selection.
ForbiddenPLMNs.
Languagepreference–Subscribers preferredlanguages
Thelocationinformation,KcandtheKcsequencenumbermaybeupdatedateach calltermination.

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InadditiontheSIMmustbeabletomanageandprovidestorageinaccordancewith
thesecurityrequirements:
PersonalIdentificationNumber(PIN)
PINenabled/disabledindicator
PINerrorcounter
PINUnlockKey(PUK)
PUKerrorcounter
Subscriberauthenticationkey(Ki)

Types ofMSfeatures
Basic – Basic MS features are directly related to the operation of basic
telecommunication services.Eachfeatureisclassedasbeingmandatoryor optional.
Supplementary – A supplementary MS feature is directly related to the
operationofthesupplementaryservice(e.g.displayofCallingLineNumber). All
supplementaryMSfeatures areoptional.
Additional – Additional featuresare neither basic nor supplementary. All
additional MSfeatures areoptional.

BasicMobile StationFeatures (Mandatory):

Displayofcallednumber–Thisfeatureenablesthecallertocheckthatthe
selectednumberis correctbeforecall set-up.
Indicationofcallprogresssignals–Indicationsaregivensuchastones,
recordedmessages oravisualdisplaybasedonsignalinginformation returned
fromthePLMN.Ondatacalls,thisinformationmaybesignaledtotheData Terminating
Equipment(DTE).
Country/PLMNindication–Thecountry/PLMNindicatorshowsinwhich
GSM/PLMNtheMSis currentlyregistered.
Country/PLMNselection–IfmorethanoneGSM/PLMNisavailable,the
usermusthavetheabilitytoselecttheirpreferredchoice.
Serviceindicator–Theuserisinformedthatthereisadequatesignalstrength
(asfarascanbejudgedfromthereceivedsignal)toallowacalltobemade andthattheMShas
successfullyregisteredontheselectedPLMN.

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 Shortmessageindicationandacknowledgment–Thisfeatureallows delivery ofshort
messages toaMSfromaservicecenter.TheMSmustprovidean
indicationtotheuserthatamessagehasbeen receivedfromtheservicecenter
andmustalsosendanacknowledgmentsignaltothePLMN,toshowthatthis
indicationhasbeenactivated.
Shortmessageoverflowindication–AnMSuserusingtheshortmessage
servicewillbeinformedwhenanincomingmessagecannotbereceiveddueto
insufficientmemory.
Emergencycallcapabilities–Itmustbepossibletomakeanemergencycall
evenwithoutavalidSIM.

BasicMobile StationFeatures (Optional):

On/Offswitch–TheMScanbeequippedwiththemeansofswitchingits
powersupplyonandoff.
Keypad–Aphysicalmeans ofenteringnumbers.

SupplementaryMobile StationFeatures:

Chargeindication–Thisfeatureenablesthedisplayofcharginginformation providedbythe
PLMNonapercallbasis.
ControlofSupplementaryServices–It ismandatorythat Supplementary
Services canbecontrolledfromtheMS.

GSM GeographicalNetworkStructure(CellPlanningand
VariousTrafficCases)

CellPlanning

Everytelephonenetworkneedsaspecificstructuretorouteincomingcallsto
thecorrectexchangeandthenontothesubscriber.Inamobilenetwork, thisstructure
isveryimportantbecause thesubscribersaremobile.Assubscribersmovethrough
thenetwork,thesestructures areusedtomonitortheirlocation.

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 Letus seethe basicgeographicalentities inaGSM network.
Cell-Acellisthebasicunitofacellularsystemandisdefinedastheareaofradio
coveragegiven byoneBTSantennasystem.Itisthesmallestbuildingblockina
mobilenetwork and isthe reasonwhymobile networksareoftenreferred to as
cellularnetworks.EachcellisassignedauniquenumbercalledCellGlobalIdentity
(CGI).Inacompletenetworkcoveringanentirecountry,thenumberofcellscanbe
quitehigh.
There are two types of Cells – Omni Directional and Sector Cell. An Omni
Directionalcell(orOmnicell)isservedbyaBTSwithanantennawhichtransmits
equallyinalldirections(360degrees).Asectorcellistheareaofcoveragefroman
antenna,whichtransmits,inagivendirectiononly.

Border betweenOmnidirectionalCells
IfsixBTSsareplacedaroundanoriginalBTS,thecoveragearea,thatis,thecell takesona
hexagonalshape.OneBTScanserveoneofthesesectorcellswitha collectionofBTSsatasite
servingmorethanone,leadingtotermssuchastwo- sectoredsites andmorecommonly,
three-sectoredsites.

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Cell Planning Cycle

Step1–TheplanningcyclestartsTrafficandCoverageanalysis.Theanalysisshould produce
informationaboutthegeographicalareaandtheexpectedcapacity(traffic
load).Anotherparameter isthetrafficdemand,i.e.howmanysubscribersusethe
networkandhowmuchtraffictheygenerate.TheErlang(E)isaunitofmeasurement
oftrafficintensity.

Step2–Anominalcellplancanbeproducedfromthedatacompiledfromtrafficand
coverageanalysis.Thenominalcellplanisagraphicalrepresentationofthenetwork
andlookslikeacellpatternonamap.Nominalcellplansarethefirstcellplansand
formthebasisforfurtherplanning.Successiveplanningmusttakeintoaccounttheradiopropagatio
npropertiesoftheactualenvironmentbecauseradiopropagationis
highlydependentonterrainandotherfactors.

Step3–Afternominalplanning,sitesurveysaredoneforallproposedlocations.The
exactlocation,spaceforequipments,cableruns,powerfacilitiesetcareallchecked.
Surroundingradioenvironment ischecked.Radiomeasurementsareperformedto
adjusttheparametersusedintheplanningtool toreality.Thatis,adjustmentsare

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madetomeetthespecificsiteclimateandterrainrequirements.

Step4–Fordesigning, oncetheplanningparametershavebeenadjustedtomatchthe
actualmeasurements,dimensioningoftheBSC,TRCandMSC/VLRcanbeadjusted
andthefinalcellplanproduced.Asthenameimplies,thisplancanthenbeusedfor
systeminstallation.Newcoverageand interferencepredictionsarerunatthisstage,
resultinginCellDesignData(CDD)documentscontainingcellparametersforeach cell.

Step5and6–Oncethesystemhasbeeninstalled,itiscontinuouslymonitoredto
determinehowwellitmeetsdemand.Thisiscalledsystemtuning.Tuninginvolves
checkingwhetherfinalcellplanwasinstalledsuccessfully,checkingacceptabilityof
networkperformance,checkingotherparameters andevaluatingcustomercomplaints.

Step7–Usuallywhenthesystemissuccessfullyimplementedandtunedfromtimeto time,there’s
alwaysscopeforgrowthandup gradation.Ifthenetworkneedstobe expandedbecauseof
anincreaseintrafficorbecauseofachangeintheenvironment
(e.g.anewbuilding),thentheoperatormustperformthecellplanningprocessagain,
startingwithanewtrafficandcoverageanalysis.

WehaveseenthebasicunitinaGSMgeographicalstructure–cell.Therearebigger units as
wellmadeupfromcells.

Location Area(LA)-ALocationArea(LA)isdefinedasagroupofcells.
Withinthenetwork,asubscriber’slocationisknownbytheLA,whichthey
arein.TheidentityoftheLAinwhichanMSiscurrentlylocatedisstoredintheVLR.Whenan
MScrossestheboundarybetweentwocellsbelongingto
differentLA’s,itmustreportitsnewLocationAreatothenetwork(This only
occurswhentheMSisidle.Thelocationisnotupdatedduringacall;instead
theupdatingtakes placeaftertherelease).Ifitcrosses acellboundarywithina LA,itdoes

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 notreportk, its newcelllocationtothenetwork.

MSCServiceArea-AnMSCserviceareaismadeupofanumberofLAs and represents

thegeographicalpartofthenetworkcontrolledbyoneMSC.In
ordertobeabletorouteacalltoanMS,thesubscriber'sMSCserviceareais
alsorecordedandmonitored.Thesubscriber'sMSCserviceareaisstoredin theHLR.

TRAFFICCASES

Duringthedevelopmentofmobilesystems,manytermsarosewhichareusedto describethe call

casesandsituationsinvolvingMSs.Theprimarytermsusedare describedbelow.

AnMScanhaveoneofthefollowingstates:

Idle– TheMSis ONbutacallis notinprogress.

Active– TheMSis ONandacallisinprogress.

Detached–TheMSis OFF.

Thefollowingtabledefines thekeyterms usedtodescribeGSMmobiletrafficcases.

(Therearenotrafficcasesindetachedmode):

Mode Term Description

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 Thisis theprocessinwhichan MSinforms a
Registration
networkthatitis attached.

Idle Whenan MSmoves aroundanetworkinidle

Roaming
mode,itis referredtoas roaming.

Whenan MSmoveintoanetwork,whichis not

InternationalRoaming
itshomenetwork, itis referredtoas international
roaming.MSs canonlyroamintonetworks with
whichthehomenetworkhas aroaming agreement.

AnMSroamingaroundthenetworkmustinform
thenetworkwhenitenters anew LA.Thisis
LocationUpdating
calledlocationupdating.

Thisis theprocess wherebyanetworkattempts to

contactaparticularMS.Thisis achievedby
Paging
broadcastingapagingmessagecontainingthe
identityofthatMS.

Thisis theprocess,whereacallpathis switched

fromonephysicalchanneltoanother,whilethe
MSmoves.
Active Handover

Roaming

Roamingisageneralterminwirelesstelecommunicationthatreferstothe
extendingconnectivityserviceinalocationthatisdifferentfromthehomelocation
wheretheservicewasregistered.Roamingoccurswhenasubscriberofonewireless

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serviceprovideruses thefacilities ofanotherwirelesssserviceprovider.Adevicewill
usuallyindicatewhenit isroaming.Insomecases roamingoccursinaphone’s
designatedhomeareawhenittransmitsviaadifferentproviderstower(sometimesat
ahigherprice).Thisislikelytooccurwhentheserviceprovider’ssignalistooweak
orifthevolumeofcallersistoohigh.Inorderforamobiledevicetouseadifferent carrier’s
service,thephone’sserviceprovidermusthavearoamingagreementwith thatcarrier.

Thedetailsoftheroamingprocessdifferamongtypesofcellularnetworks,butin general,
theprocess resembles thefollowing:

Whenthemobiledeviceisturnedonoristransferredviaahandovertothe network,this
new“visited”networkseesthedevice,noticesthat it isnot registeredwithit’sown
system&attemptstoidentifyitshomenetwork.If thereisnoroamingagreementbetween
thetwonetworks,maintaineneceof serviceisimpossible,andthevisitednetworkdenies service.

The visited network contacts the home network and requests service
information(includingwhetherornotthemobileshouldbeallowedtoroam)
abouttheroamingdeviceusingtheIMSIno.Ifsuccessful,thevisitednetwork
beginstomaintainatemporary subscriberrecordforthedevice.Likewise,the
homenetworkupdatesitsinformationtoindicatethatthemobileis onthehost network
sothatanyinformationsenttothatdevicecanbecorrectlyrouted.

Ifacallismadetoaroamingmobile, thepublictelephonesnetworkroutesthe
callstothephone’sregisteredserviceprovider,whothenmustrouteittothevisitednetwork.Thatnetw
orkmustthenprovideaninternaltemporary
phoneno.tothemobile.Oncethisno.isdefined,thehomenetworkforwardsthe incoming call to the
temporary phone no., which terminates at the host network&isforwardedtothemobile.
Inorderthatasubscriberisableto“latch”ontoavisitednetwork,aroaming agreement needsto
beinplace betweenthe visited network&thehome
network.Thisagreementisestablishedafteraseries oftesingprocessescalled
IREG&TADIG.WhiletheIREGtesting istotesttheproperfunctioningof the established
communication Links, the TADIG testing is to check the billabilityofthecalls.

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 RoamingProcess
RoamingTariffs

Roamingfeesaretraditionallychargedonaper-minutebasisandtheyare
typicallydeterminedbytheserviceprovider’spricingplan.SeveralcarriersinUSAhaveeliminated
thesefeesintheirnationwidepricingplans.Allofthemajorcarriers
nowofferpricingplansthatallow consumerstopurchasenationwideroaming-free
minutes.However,carriers define“nationwide”indifferentways.

Anoperatorintendingtoprovideroamingservicestovisitorspublishesthe tariffs that would be

charged in his network at least sixty days prior to its
implementationundernormalsituations.Thevistedoperators tariffsmayincludetax,
discounts,etc.andwouldbebasedondurationincaseofvoicecalls.Fordatacalls,
thechargingmaybebasedonthedatavolumesent&recieved.Someoperatorsalso
chargeaseparatefeeforcallsetupi.e.fortheestablishmentofacall.Thischargeis calleda
Flagfallcharge.

CONCEPTS
Wireless Concepts
Frequency Concepts – The following table summarizes the frequency-related

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specifications of each of the GSM systems.

GSM TransmissionProcess

FrequencySpectrumforGSMandothersystemspecifications

Feature Details

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 Uplink–890MHzto915 MHz
Frequency Band
Downlink–935MHzto960MHz
DuplexDistance 45MHz
CarrierSeparation 200KHz(1stCarrier–890.2/935.2)
No.ofCarriers 124
Modulation GMSK
Transmission Rate 270Kbps
Access Method TDMA
TimeSlots 8percarrier
Speech Coding RPE-LTP-LPC
ChannelCoding
Interleaving
Diversity
AdaptiveEqualization
FrequencyHopping
Uplink–880MHzto915 MHz
ExtendedGSM Band
Downlink–925MHzto960MHz
Uplink–1710MHZ to1785MHz
GSM 1800
Downlink–1805MHzto1880MHz

TimeDivisionMultipleAccessmethod(TDMA)

GSMusesthetechniqueofTimeDivisionMultipleAccess(TDMA)totransmitand

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receivespeechsignals.WithTDMA,onecarrierisusedtocarryanumberofcalls,
eachcallusingthatcarrierat designatedperiodsintime.Theseperiodsoftimeare
referredtoastimeslots.EachMSonacallisassignedonetimeslotontheuplink
frequencyandoneonthedownlinkfrequency.Informationsentduringonetimeslot
iscalledaburst.InGSM,aTDMAframeconsists of8timeslots.Thismeansthata
GSM radiocarriercancarry8calls.

TDMA ANALOGY

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA):

FDMA is a familiar method of allocating bandwidth, where a base station is allowed to

transmit on one or more number of preassigned carrier frequencies and a mobile unit
transmits on corresponding reverse channels. No other base station within range of the mobile
will be transmitting on the same forward channel, and no other mobile within range of the
base station should be transmitting on the same reverse channel. Both the base and the mobile
usually transmit continuously during a conversation, and fully occupy their assigned forward
and reverse channels. No other conversation can take place on these channels until the first

conversation is completed.

Signaling Systems
Thetermsignalingisusedinmanycontexts.Intechnical systemsitveryoften

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referstothecontrolofprocedures.Thebasicpurposeofsignalingintelecomtraffic
systemsistodelivercontrolinformationtodifferentapplicationsinordertoinfluence procedures.
Themainpurposeofusingsignalinginmoderntelecomnetworks–where different
networknodesmustcooperateandcommunicatewitheachother–isto
enabletransferofcontrolinformationbetweennodesinconnectionwith:
Traffic control procedureas set-up, supervision, and release of telecommunication
Communication services.
Databasecommunication,forexample,databasequeriesconcerningspecific
services,roamingincellularnetworks, etc.
Networkmanagementprocedures,for example,blockingordeblockingtrunks.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
References:
o www.google.com
o www.bsnl.co.in
o www.newbsnl.co.in
o www.wikipedia.org.in

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