System Model

S w itch in g S yste m SS AUC

V LR O the r n etw orks

H LR

E IR

GMSC

MSC

B ase S ta tio n S ystem B S S

BSC

N M C and O M C

S ig na lin g tra nsm issio n C all con n ectio ns a nd sig na lin g tran sm ission
BTS

MS
9 80 46 49

Network elements in GSM

PLMN PSTN ISDN GMSC

AUC

HLR

EIR

VLR MSC

BSC

BTS

MS

AUC HLR

Mobile identity SIM card

GMSC

EIR

SA1
VLR MSC

SA2
VLR MSC

BSC

BSC BTS

LA1

LA2

SA - Service Area LA - Location Area BTS - Base Transceiver Station BSC - Base Station Controller MSC - Mobile Switching Center VLR - Visitor Location Register GMSC - Gateway MSC EIR - Equipment Identity Register AUC - Authentication Center HLR - Home Location Register

Base Station System

BSC BTS

B a se S tatio n S ystem

BSS in Ericssons GSM Systems

BSC/ TRC

RBS

RBS

MSC

TRC

BSC

SS BSS

9805050

Transmission Rates in BSS

RBS RBS RBS RBS 16 K b/s full-rate

BSC
RBS RBS

M SC/ V LR

BSC/ TR C
64 kbits /s per call RBS RBS

16 K b/s full-rate

RBS

RBS

BSC

M SC/ V LR

TR C

16 K b/s full-rate

RBS

RBS 33.8 K b/s per full-rate call

BSC
64 kbits /s per call RBS 16 K b/s full-rate RBS

9 80 5 0 51

Switching System

SS

AUC H LR

IL R E IR
S M S -G M S C S M S -IW M S C

GMSC

D TI

MSC/ VLR

VLR-HLR Interaction

H LR
le De te
Up da

te

M S C /V L R

M S C /V L R

9805099

HLR interrogation
MSC/VLR HLR
Send Routing Information

GMSC
IAM

PSTN/ ISDN

Provide Roaming Number Provide Roaming Number

Send Routing Information IAM

Mobile Station

S IM S ub scrib er Iden tity M od ule

ME M ob ile E qu ipm e nt

96 00279

GSM interfaces

B V LR

G V LR

D Um MS B TS A bis BSC A C MSC H LR H AUC

E MSC F E IR

A Cell

C e ll

96002 70

Macro, Mini, Micro and Indoor Cells

M ac ro A ntenn a positio ns

M ini

P ico

M icro

96 00223

MSC Service Area

LA 3
MSC

LA 1
VLR

LA 4

ce ll 6 ce ll 1 ce ll 5

LA 5

ce ll 4 ce ll 2 ce ll 3

96002 71

Relation Between Areas in GSM

GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area (one per operator) MSC Service Area Location Area Cell

96003 67

"Hardware" view of a Sample Network

MSC Service Area 2 MSC Service Area 1 BSC 1C BSC 2C

BSC 1B

BSC 2B

BSC 2A MSC/VLR 2 PSTN AUC GMSC ILR BSC 1A MSC/VLR 1 HLR EIR

MSC Boundary BSC Boundary PCM Links Base Station

LEGEND

"Software" view of a Sample Network

MSC Service Area 2 MSC Service Area 1 LA 1-B LA 2-A Cell 2-A-25

LA 2-B LA 2-C LA 1-A MSC/VLR 2

LA 2-D PSTN AUC GMSC ILR MSC/VLR 1 HLR EIR

MSC Boundary BSC Boundary PCM Links Base Station

LEGEND

Authentication Procedure
1. RAND

MSC/VLR

3. SRES MS 2. MS calculates SRES using RAND + Ki (SIM-card) throug A3 and Kc using RAND+Ki through A8. MSC/VLR MS RAND SRES Mobile service Switching Center Mobile Station Random number Signed Response

4. Compare SRES received from MS with SRES in triplet. If they are equal access is granted.

Authentication in GSM
AUC
Random number (RAND) Signal response (SRES)

HLR

Subscriber number (IMSI) Code key (Ki)

RAND / SRES

VLR
RAND

MSC
SRES

Figure D.6.4

Equipment Identification

3. C heck IM E I

1. IM E I request

E IR
4. A ccess/barring info

M S C /V L R
2. IM E I MS IM E I E IR M S C /V LR International M obile station E quipm ent Identity E quipm ent Identity R egister M obile services S w itching C enter

72 7

OSS

CNA

OSS Provides Central Supervision of all Network

O p e ratio n a n d S u p p o rt S y stem

NMC

OMC

OMC

HLR

MSC BSC TRC

A U C /E IR

BTS
9 8 04 6 4 5

SOG and BGW

Gateway products for billing information and service

GSM Modes

Operation Overview
Roaming Detached (Off) Idle

Paging
Mr. Bond!!

Attached (On)

Handover Busy

Roaming
LA 1

M S C /V L R

LA 2

M S C /V L R

960 0275

The RBS Listening for Channel Requests and Measuring the Uplink on an Established Connection
Access burst!
MS

Signal strength! Quality! Timing!

MS MS

MS

RBS

Monitoring BCCH Carriers

96 00479

GSM Frequency Bands

G S M 900 G H z 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

G S M 1800 1.7 1.8

G S M 1900 1.9 2.0

9805092

Frequency bands for the different GSM-based networks. (Values within brackets refer to E-GSM)

Network type
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Frequency band UL/DL

(880)890-915/(925)935-960 MHz 1710 - 1785/1805 -1880 MHz 1850 - 1910/1930 -1990 MHz

Ericssons Implementations
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Uplink and Downlink on a Radio Channel

D ow nlink

U plink

9 8046 46

System Parameters
up link down link

f
Carrier spacing Duplex spacing Bandwidth spacing

Duplex Distance

U plink MHz D uplex D istan ce (4 5 M H z) B andw idth (2 x 25 M H z) 890 915

D ow nlink 935 960

9805042

Duplex distances for different frequency bands

S tan d ard D u p lex d ist.

G S M 900 45 M Hz

G S M 1800 95 M Hz

G S M 1900 80 M Hz

Carrier Separation

MHz C arrier S ep ara tion (200 K H z)

895 .4

895 .6

9805041

Neighboring Cells Cannot Have the Same Frequency (Simplified)

B G A F E D F C G A

96003 68

TDMA

F reque ncy 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9805008

Basic TDMA frame, timeslot, and burst structures

4.615 m s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

D a ta

T rain ing

D a ta

57

26

57

B urs t 14 8 B its

15 6.2 5 B its 0.577 m s

Analog Signal

9805018

Digital Signal

9805019

A/D Conversion

A nalog A /D C o nversion

D igital

96003 71

Analog Signal Sampling

Ts

A na log ue signa l

S am pling

S am pled sign al

96 00372

Regeneration of Digital Signal

T ransm itted

R eceived

R egen era te d

9805020

Quantization
q7 S am pled va lu e
}

Q ua ntize d va lu e

q6 q5

D = Q ua ntize d e rror

q4

q3 Ts q2 q1 q0 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5 Ts 6 Ts 7 Ts 8 Ts tim e

96 00373

Radio Parameters that are important for GSM

     

Path loss Shadowing Rayleigh fading Signal strength Time dispersion Time Alignment

Problems
Fading
Distance Shadowing Rayleigh

Solution
Eventually leading to handover Make a better coverage of the cell or smaller cells Antenna diversity- two antennas on the BS, 5-6 m apart Repeated change of frequencies after each frame

Shadowing

96003 77

Rx Signal Strength

S S (dB )

G loba l m ean va lue

F ading dip (R ay leigh ) F ading m argin R ec eiv er se nsitivity

D istance (m eters)

96 00380

Rx Signal Strength Versus Distance

P ath lo ss ( S ignal lev el (dB )

L og norm al fading ( )

R ay leigh fading (-)

log (dista nce)

96 00379

Rayleigh Fading

96 00378

Time Dispersion
1 0 1 0

0 1 1 1

1.

2.

3.

96005 21

The Time Alignment Problem

T D M A -fram e

TS0

TS1

TS2

A. B.

B . F ar a w ay fro m B T S

B TS

A . C lo se to B T S

Intermodulation in a 900 MHz cellular system

D uplex distance (D ) R X b and
89 0 90 0 91 0 92 0 93 0 94 0

T X band
95 0 96 0 M H z

A llocate d R X ba nd (B ) (10 M H z in this e xam ple)

A llocate d T X ban d (B ) (10 M H z in this exam ple ) IM 7 IM 5 IM 3

Intermodulation (IM) in cellular systems

System Duplex distance, D, (MHz) 45 95 80 10 Maximum band, B, (MHz) to avoid IM order: IM3 22.5 47.5 40.0 5.0 IM5 15.0 31.7 26.7 3.3 IM7 11.3 23.8 20.0 2.5 IM9 9.0 19.0 16.0 2.0

GSM900 DCS1800 PCS1900 NMT450

Worst-case relations IM3 in Rx band if D/B < 2 IM5 in Rx band if D/B < 3 IM7 in Rx band if D/B < 4 IM9 in Rx band if D/B < 5

Definitions:
IM3, IM5, etc.=Intermodulation products of 3rd, 5th, etc., D = Duplex distance (MHz) B = Allocated band (MHz) Worst case = IM from the lowest and the highest frequencies in the allocated band

Co-Channel Interference
Carrier f1 Interference f1 dB

Distance

Reuse distance and carrier-to-interference ratio

A S (dB) S(A,f1) S(B,f1)

C I

>18 dB in analog systems >7 dB in digital systems

Reuse distance for f1

Figure D.5.4

Distance from A

Co-channel interference
Speech quality

f1 A

f1

Acceptable

Figure D.5.3

Adjacent Channel Interference

Carrier f1 dB Adjacent f2 f2 = f1 + 200 kHz

-9 dB 3 dB

Distance

Locating the BTS close to the reflecting object to combat ISI

D1

D2

D0

Pointing the antenna away from the reflecting object to combat ISI

M o unta in

S ite w ith a nten na po inting aw ay

Space Diversity
Tx Rx R e ce ive d S ig n a l L e ve l R e ce ive r S e n sivity L e ve l

N o D ive rsity

R e ceiver A

Tx R x (A ) R x (B )
R e ceiver B

A n te n n a D ive rsity

D ive rsity S yste m O u tp u t

A , B com bin ed

9805015

Block coding

Inform ation B lo ck B lo ck codin g Inform ation B lo ck R e du nda nt dig its

Interleaving
T x sid e M essa g e VERA ANNA STAN PETE b lo ck P S A V E T N E T A N R E N A A PSAV ETNE TANR ENAA P S A V ? ? ? ? T A N R E N A A R x sid e V ? R A A ? N A S ? A N P ? TE S in g le b it e rro rs

Interleaving for full rate speech

1 9 17 25 2 10 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 8 16

57 bits

44 9

45 0

45 1

45 2

45 3

45 4

45 5

45 6

8 fram es

Second level of interleaving

A1 A 17 A 33... A9 A 25 A 41 ...

1st C O LU M N IN A 2n d C O LU M N IN A 3rd C O L U M N IN A

A4

A 20

A 36...

A 12

A 28

A 44 ...

4th C O L U M N IN A 5th C O L U M N IN A + 1st C O LU M N IN B

B 1 A 5 B 17 A 21 B 33 A 37...

B 9 A 13 B 25 A 29 B 41 A 45...

B 4 A 8 B 20 A 24 B 36 A 40... C 1 B 5 C 17 B 21 C 33 B 37...

B 12 A 16 B 28 A 32 B 44 A 48... C 9 B 13 C 25 B 29 C 41 B 45...

LA S T B U R S T W IT H IN F O R M A T IO N B IT S F R O M T H E A -B L O C K

C 4 B 8 C 20 B 24 C 36 B 40...

C 12 B 16 C 28 B 32 C 44 B 48...

LA S T B U R S T W IT H IN F O R M A T IO N B IT S F R O M T H E B -B L O C K

Channel Coding

50

V ery im p ortan t bits

B lo ck c o d er

5 3 b its 1 :2 C o n vo lu tio n al C o d er

3 78 bits 4 56

1 32 Im portant b its

4 T a il bits

78

N ot so im p ortan t bits

9805016

Channel coding and interleaving for control channels

BCC H, CCCH , SDCCH, FAC CH L 2 b lo ck 2 3 o c te ts 184 L 2 b lo ck 184 224 40 E rro r D e te c tio n (F IR E ) SACCH L 2 b lo ck 21 o c tets 184 2 o cte ts

L2 b lock + F IR E
224 228

TA IL
4

L2 b lock + F IR E co ded w ith R = 1 /2

2 x 228 = 456 456 4 5 6 b its in te rle a v ed o v e r 8 h a lf bu rs ts 57 57 57 57
FACCH

57

57

57

57

B C C H , C C C H , S D C C H , S A C C H /C

4 fra m e s
S A C C H /T

8 fra m e s

1 0 4 fra m es , 4 8 0 m s

Frequency Hopping
D ow nlink C 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

U plink C 1

3 N

N +1 T D M A fram e no .

D ow nlink C 2

U plink C 2

3 N

N +1 T D M A fram e no .

96 00535

Timing Advance
S tart S en din g

T im e

S ynch ro nizatio n tim e

96 00538

Segmentation and Speech Coding

S peech S ignal 20 m s 01100011000111110011100 S peech C ode

96 00522

Interleaving of 20 ms of Encoded Speech

1 9 17 25 I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 49

2 10 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 50

3 11 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 51

4 12 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 52 8 bloc ks

5 13 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 53

6 14 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 54

7 15 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 55

8 16 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 56

5 7 b its

96 00531

Speech Frame

A
2 0 m s sp eech 4 56 bits = 8 x57

B
2 0 m s sp e ech 4 56 b its = 8x57

C
2 0 m s sp eech 4 56 bits = 8 x57

D
2 0 m s sp eech 4 56 bits = 8 x57

96 00532

Second Level of Interleaving

A /8 A /8 A /8 A /8 B /8 B /8 B /8 B /8 C /8 C /8 C /8 C /8 D /8 D /8 D /8
9600534

A /8 A /8 A /8 A /8 B /8 B /8 B /8 B /8 C /8 C /8 C /8

GSM Transmission Process

M ob ile equ ip m ent G S M N etw ork S p eake r

T ran sm itte r M od ulato r 3 3.8 kbit/s B u rst form attin g C ip he ring In terlea vin g 2 2.8 kbit/s C ha nne l coding 1 3 kb it/s S p eech cod in g S e gm entation 8 kH z 1 3 b its A /D -co nve rsion M icro pho ne T ra n sm ittin g p art

R eceiver D em od ulato r A d aptive E q ualization D e-cip he ring D e-inte rlea vin g C ha nne l deco ding S p eech de coding D /A -co nve rsion R ec eiv in g p art

R eceiver D em od ulato r A d aptive E q ualization D e-cip he ring D e-inte rlea vin g C ha nne l D e co ding R ec eiv in g p art

T ran sm itte r M od ulato r B u rst form attin g C ip he ring In terlea vin g C ha nne l coding 1 3 kb it/s D /D -con versio n 8 kH z 8 bits 6 4 kb it/s P C M T ra n sm ittin g p art

9 6 00 5 3 9

GPRS Logical Architecture

Um

BTS
Abis A

ISDN/ PSTN

BSS
TE MT

GMSC MSC/VLR
Gs

EIR
Gf

BSC
Gb

MS
Traffic and signaling Signaling Terminal Equipment Mobile Terminal Mobile Station Base Station System Base Transceiver Station Base Station Controller Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center MSC Mobile services Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AUC Authentication Center EIR Equipment Identity Register SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node Um Air Interface A, Abis Interfaces (GSM) Gx Interfaces (GPRS) TE MT MS BSS BTS BSC GMSC

AUC
Gr

SGSN
Gn

HLR External IP Network (Internet) GGSN

Gi

IP-Backbone Network
Gp

External IP Network (Corporate LAN)

Other PLMN

External X.25 Network