Automotive Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)

Communication Using IoT

P. Janani, Siddhant Verma, S. Natarajan and Aditya Kumar Sinha

Abstract In today’s scenario, the automotive industry is upcoming with new tech-
nologies to compensate our current dependencies. In current scenario, it is seen to
be undergoing series of transition as the industry is moving towards digitization
and is therefore ahead to connected mobility. Therefore, the transports in today’s
generation have shifted from a conventional vehicle to intelligent vehicle which are
equipped with advanced communication systems which alert or assist the driver.
When the vehicles go online, it becomes the part of intelligent transportation system
with advanced connectivity features. This upcoming technology is said to be creating
a new era of connected vehicle services. Here in this paper, the implementation of
V2V and V2I implementation of communication is using beacons (Bluetooth Low
Energy) and LoRaWAN technology. This technology not only increases the safety
aspects but also will provide ability to talk to nearby vehicles and infrastructures.
Henceforth, this communication can enable drivers to act before in hand and respond
to adverse conditions more precisely.

Keywords Vehicle-to-everything communication · Vehicle-to-vehicle

communication · Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication · Bluetooth Low
Energy protocol · LoRaWAN · Result analysis

P. Janani (B) · S. Natarajan

Veltech University, Avadi, Tamil Nadu, India
e-mail: jananishri93@gmail.com
S. Natarajan
e-mail: drnatrajan@veltechuniv.edu.in
S. Verma · A. K. Sinha
CDAC, Pune, India
e-mail: Sid0308v@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 195

M. Tuba et al. (eds.), Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable
Development, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 933,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7166-0_19
196 P. Janani et al.

1 Introduction

With the upcoming technologies, the automotive industry is continuously bringing

us new technologies. In the future, the automakers would surprise us with new tech-
nologies that will come into production. Wouldn’t it be fascinating when if two
neighbouring vehicles are talking to each other? But still nowadays, we do not have
a reliable way for one car to communicate with another car to alert them in any exotic
conditions. This is called V2X communication, i.e., vehicle-to-everything commu-
nication. More [1] precisely to define that vehicle will be able to talk automatically
with nearby vehicles, architectures, pedestrians, etc. The communication that which
we used till now was mostly cellular, so what about in future is still under process.
The vehicles which are connected are considered to be a layer of network, and each
sector of the layer is a domain in which it is connected to vehicle [2]. By this, it forms
quiet an interesting way to see how two different ecosystems that evolved depen-
dently one on city side and one on the car side bring them together in an intelligent
way that makes sense to the driver as well.

1.1 V2X Communication

Communication type insights:—The V2X communication piles up different types

of communication which are widely used in various safety features such as
autonomous cruise control, blind point detection and lane-changing assistance.
Hence, this technology is said to dominate the market in future. Inclusion of V2I
and V2V communication would be playing the major role in resolving critical situ-
ations such as congestion in traffic and will reduce emissions caused due to traffic.
This [3] also paves new way that is convenient for e-parking and automated toll
payments.
Connectivity type insights:—Nowadays, the V2X systems that are being
installed in cars are mainly based on dedicated short-range connectivity (DSRC).
The cellular connectivity has some drawbacks; BLE can be extensively used owing
to its extensive coverage area; it requires considerable time for deployment. So, the
upgraded hardware required to fulfil automotive industry requirements pertaining
that V2X is expensive in nature.
Vehicle type insights:—The V2X communication technology is expected to have
largest market as it takes the largest share in global automobile production in 2030.
For example by the statistics of (OICA) Organization International Des Constructer’s
automobiles, the CV sales are increased by 6% from 2015 to 2016; hence [4], the
need is in high demand in the CV which would drive V2X market to high peek.
Automotive Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication Using IoT 197

2 Problem Identification

This developing technology V2X communication is facing many hurdles to overcome

nowadays. This is mainly due to some un-resolved question whether the minimum
that is short and medium-range communication “bandwidth can be brought into
existence to meet the needs of V2V and V2I [5]. Hence, preferably the main issue
is said to be minimum range that would be possible to communicate within 150 m
in any direction [6]. On the analysis of Government Accountability Office (GAO),
most of the issues are listed as:
• Most of the information shared over the wireless medium of radio-frequency spec-
trum used by V2I communications is said to be not affecting the V2I performance.
• The mode of the feedback addressing states and local agencies is lagging of
resources to maintain and deploy infrastructure technologies.
• Ensuring interoperability by developing technical standards.
• More looking forward to data security and privacy.
• To make sure that drivers respond appropriately to warnings.

3 Proposed Framework

The process is described as (Fig. 1),

(1) For Vehicle-To-Vehicle communication (V2V), beacons are used to advertise it
and collect the needed information. (I am using Raspberry Pi to act as a beacon.)
The beacons advertise themselves so frequently to its neighbouring vehicles and
also will be able to scan the nearby vehicle/situations in its surrounding.
For example, if vehicle 1 is travelling in gradual speed, then vehicle 2 is at
the back on the same lane. In case if vehicle 2 approaches with high speed, it
automatically indicates vehicle 1 that a vehicle is approaching at high speed,
and in vehicle 2, an alert message is given that the vehicle is running at high
speed. Hence [7], collision is avoided in this case, and both the vehicles pass
without any interruption.
(2) In the case of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication [8], it can be
done with the cloud through a gateway in bidirectional way. Here, LoRaWAN
is used to connect with cloud.
For example, (1) if the vehicle has to be parked in nearby area, it directly fetches
information from the cloud through the gateway locating the available parking
area nearby.
For example, (2) the vehicle can directly talk with the approaching traffic signal
and predict which lane is free to move further.

Bluetooth Low Energy

Bluetooth classic and Wi-Fi are the historic choices of people as it is most commonly
198 P. Janani et al.

Fig. 1 Proposed framework

supported by all the smartphones. None of these connections are idealistic for IoT
devices or applications. Normal Bluetooth classic although it supports large transfer
of data, it is said that it consumes energy which in turn will easily drain small battery-
powered devices which had to run for a long periods of time. Hence, BLE serves as the
best that must operate for long periods of time on small energy sources, for example,
coin cell batteries. The advantage in BLE is that its pairing is greatly simplified as it
can advertise them easily and N number of devices can easily connect to the central
server (Fig. 2).
LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN is defined as WAN [9]. Its features include at most very lower cost,
in the case of IoT communication is said to be securable in bi-directional ways,
(M2M) machine-to-machine, industrial applications and smart city. This favours
to communicate over a distance of about 15 km. On the other hand, LoRaWAN
consumes less battery life, bandwidth, features, etc. Key features of LoRaWAN
include low power, geo-location, low cost, interoperability, long range (Fig. 3).
Automotive Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication Using IoT 199

Fig. 2 BLE protocol stack

Fig. 3 LoRaWAN architecture

4 Implementation of Proposed Framework

V2V Communication: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication. The beacon (Raspberry

Pi) here advertises its details and also scans for the nearby devices. I am using a
32-byte beacon address such that first 8 bits consists of the manufacturer code, next
20 bits consists of the vehicle information, next 2 bits gives the type of vehicle, and
last 2 bits gives the emergency situation. This communicates with the nearby vehicle
through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) (Fig. 4).
UUID—This universally unique identifier (UUID) which is further split into five
groups contains hyphens between them. It is a character set of 16 hexadecimal digits
which is splitted into five sections of groups with a hyphen in between them. Its
uniqueness is to mainly distinguish between iBeacons in network while comparing
other beacons in network which are outside your control.
Major value—It is given by 16-bit unsigned integer. It is used to group the beacon
that has the same proximity UUID.
Minor value—These values are designed to identify and distinguish from other
beacons, given by 16-bit unsigned integer.
TX power—This is the broadcasting or transmits power with which a beacon is said
to be broadcasting its signal.

E20A3911-444C-3443-4146-343934331111—16-byte beacon code

200 P. Janani et al.

Fig. 4 Beacon data structure

(E20A3911)—First eight characters are manufacturer code in hexadecimal format.

(444C-3443-4146-34393433)—Second 20 characters have vehicle no in hexadeci-
mal format.
(11)—Last before two characters defines what type of vehicle is nearby like
10—CAR
11—BUS
12—TRUCK
13—EMERGENCY VEHICLE
14—TRAIN
15—MOBIKE
16—BICYCLE
(11)—Last two characters define the situation in the surrounding.
10—Normal Situation
11—Emergency Situation.
V2I Communication: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication. Vehicles commu-
nicate with infrastructure such as traffic light signals, available parking lot nearby,
etc., through LoRaWAN. It collects the desired information from the cloud through
this protocol.
Automotive Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication Using IoT 201

5 Result Analyses

V2V Communication
In V2V, the transmission of data is between the nearby or neighbouring vehicles. Early
the manufactures used dedicated short-range communication (DSRC). Its range was
up to 300 m or 100 m or 10 s in highway speeds. Though it was established, it had
some major problems like the radios are much expensive and is said that it is hard
to obtain and the protocol is not finished after 15 years of work. Wherein the case
of BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) [10] its data rate is 10 kb/s, consumes less power,
Frequency about 2.4 GHz. It is an open source and is of very ease in installation.
Scenario 1: To Avoid Collision
In case a line of cars in a highway are having high-speeds and imagine a situation
on the road that one of the cars needs emergency breaks due to unforeseen event. By
using the above V2V prototype using beacons through BLE protocol the message
can be sent from that car to the neighbouring vehicle and that in turns passes on the
message to other vehicles nearby. This continues until they will be able to take ease
of action or perhaps emergency breaks in that lane. The main intention is to save
lives and to take quick action precisely.
Scenario 2: Respond Quickly to Accidents
If suppose any vehicle had met with an accident outside the city where there is
no mode of communication (hill stations), the beacon in that vehicle continuously
advertises itself such that any vehicle passing that route would grab the data and
further passes to other vehicles. This is done until it reaches the coverage area of
RSUs [11] which then fetches the information and updates the central server. Hence,
the needed help is sent to the provided accident zone.
Advantages
It provides the ability to see around corners.
It provides the ability to perform these actions in real time (Fig. 5).
V2I Communication
The V2I communication provides 360° of awareness of the similarly equipped vehi-
cles. Hence, the driver remains in control with the vehicle as the driver will be alerted
with any visual display or buzzer or a seat vibration technique.
Scenario 1—Public Transport Prioritization
My proposed work enables connected network V2I communication [12] to give the
passengers real-time transit information so that they can predict when they can board
the public transport or they have to wait next upcoming public transport. This enables
to share robust data with each other. Such that passenger is informed before in hand
about the next public transport which will be reaching at his/her location abruptly.
Scenario 2—Vehicle-to-Road-Side Units (RSUs)
202 P. Janani et al.

Fig. 5 V2X subscriptions by network

School Zone:—My proposal here in vehicle-to-infrastructure communication [13]

finds a nearby school zone and intimates the driver to go slow in that lane. This
information will be directed from the road-side units at necessary conditions.
Weather Conditions:—In case of bad weather conditions, road weather data from
the vehicles are fetched and easily can be updated to traffic managing centres provid-
ing detailed real-time information to help, monitor and manage transportation. These
in turn help in adjusting traffic lights and speed limits alerting the maintenance crews
and notifying the motorists. Motorists before leaving their home will be notified by
a pop-up message that would be most relevant to the current situation of the weather
and traffic in their smartphones.

Scenario 3—City Information

In case if any construction work or road work is under process, it provides the warning
to the driver accordingly like “WARNING: Roadwork ahead in 500 m” using my
proposed architecture. In the cases of high classified building and marketing towers
or shopping malls, it provides the new offers put up. Driver will be informed before
in the case of intersection assistance [14], e.g., rail grid crossings. This will be
like an alert or warning through any visual display or buzzer or alarm to the driver
in situations when the driver is unable to see or hear the approaching vehicle.
Scenario 4—Parking Lot
In my architecture, V2I provides information hand to hand in your location from
cloud in case of any vacant parking lots nearby, along with the best route to be taken
to instead of going and checking that particular place. Adding to this in a more
convenient manner, it provides the calculated distance from the current locus to the
destination of the user. This also provides the precise route to be taken in order to
reach the destination as soon as possible.
Scenario 5—Traffic Lights
Here from my architecture, the vehicles could receive the signals from intelligent
road signs such as traffic lights. Intimates the driver to travel at 50 km/h to get
Automotive Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication Using IoT 203

GREEN signal or It will become RED soon please slow down your vehicle or if it
is YELLOW get ready to start. This technology grows day by day as it is said to
influence the future market trends and automakers.

6 Conclusions

Thus, this proposed structure allows the progress of useful applications oriented
to transportation systems [15]. This prototype mentioned above of V2V and V2I
communications leads to adding benefits by reducing problems faced till now and
minimizing the deficiencies that occurred while using these communication strategies
separately. Hence,

1. Gather data related to the most visited zones. Reduce traffic jams and pollution.
2. The arrival time for emergency vehicles in the case of accident zones will be
increased. Thereby, routing emergency vehicles to reach the zone faster by select-
ing routes has low density of vehicles.
3. The accuracy of data collected will be highly increased in case the RSU fail to
collect the required data.

The above architecture proposal paves way for the betterment of traffic jam mitiga-
tion, as is quickly facilitates the calculation of new routes for smooth transportation
modifying according to the data got in particular for heavy traffic conditions. All
of this information can help authorities to decide future actions, improving the effi-
ciency of transportation systems and reducing transportation costs. This is a key
point since transportation issues highly affect the productivity and economic growth
of developed countries.

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