`

-----------------Uttar iPradesh-----------------
Term iPaper
on

INDIAN iSPACE iPROGRAM

Submitted ito
Amity iInstitute iof iAerospace iEngineering
In ipartial ifulfilment iof ithe irequirements ifor ithe iaward iof ithe idegree
iof

Bachelor iof iTechnology i(Aerospace iEngineering)

Submitted iTo i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i i i iSubmitted iBy
i i i i i i i i i i i i iMs iAnkur iVats i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iName: i iManjusha
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iEnroll iNo: iA3705518023
DECLARATION iBY iSTUDENT

I iManjusha istudent iof iB.tech i(AE) ihereby ideclare ithat ithe iSeminar
ititled i“INDIAN iSPACE iPROGRAM” iwhich iis isubmitted iby ime ito
iMs. iAnkur iVats, iAmity iInstitute iof iAerospace iEngineering, iAmity
iUniversity iUttar iPradesh, iNoida, iin ipartial ifulfillment iof
irequirement ifor ithe iaward iof ithe idegree iof iBachelor iof
iTechnology iin iAerospace i, ihas inot ibeen ipreviously iformed ithe
ibasis ifor ithe iaward iof iany idegree, idiploma ior iother isimilar ititle
ior irecognition.
The iauthor iattests ithat ipermission ihas ibeen iobtained ifor ithe iuse
iof iany icopyrighted imaterial iappearing iin ithe iDissertation i/ iProject
ireport iother ithan ibrief iexcerpts irequiring ionly iproper
iacknowledgement iin ischolarly iwriting iand iall isuch iuse iis
iacknowledged.

Place: iNoida
 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
i i i i i i i i i iName: iManjusha
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
i i i i i i i i iEnrollment iNo: iA3705518023
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
i i i i i i i i iSemester:3

GUIDE iCERTIFICATE

I ihereby icertify ithat ithe iProject iReport iby iManjusha, istudent iof
iB.Tech i(AE)3rd isemester i iA3705518023with ititle i“INDIAN iSPACE
iPROGRAM” iwhich iis isubmitted ito iAmity iInstitute iof iAerospace
iEngineering, iAmity iUniversity iUttar iPradesh, iNoida iin ipartial
ifulfillment iof irequirement ifor ithe iaward iof ithe idegree iof
iBtech(AE) iis ian ioriginal icontribution iwith iexisting iknowledge iand
ifaithful irecord iof iwork icarried iout iby ihim/her iunder imy iguidance
iand isupervision iand ito ithe ibest iof imy iknowledge ithis iwork ihas
inot ibeen isubmitted iin ipart ior ifull ifor iany iDegree ito ithis iUniversity
ior ielsewhere.
Noida
Date:

Ms iAnkurVAts
Amity iInstitute iof iAerospace iEngineering
AUUP, iNoida

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
i

It iis ia ihigh iprivilege ifor ime ito iexpress imy ideep isense iof igratitude
ito ithose ientire ifaculty iMembers iwho ihelped ime iin ithe icompletion
iof ithe iproject, iespecially imy iinternal iguide iMs iAnkur iVats iwho
iwas ialways ithere iat ithe ihour iof ineed.
My ispecial ithanks ito iall iother ifaculty imembers, iBatch imate i&
iSeniors iof iAmity iInstitute iof iInformation iTechnology, iAmity
iUniversity, iUttar iPradesh ifor ihelping ime iin ithe icompletion iof
iproject iwork iand iits ireport isubmission.
I iwant ito ithank imy ifriends iand ifamily ifor itheir isupport iin ireport
isubmission.
Manjusha

A3705518023

TABLE iOF iCONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE iNO.

1 Declaration
2 Certificate

3 Acknowledgement

4 Abstract

5 Chapter i1: iIntroduction

6 Chapter i2: iObjective
 7 Chapter i3: iContents iof iterm ipaper

8 Chapter i4: iConclusion iand ifuture

iscope
9 References

ABSTRACT

In ithis itechnological iera, ithere iis ia iraising ineed ifor ipowerful iand
istrong icommunication ithus ispace iscience ito iconnect ithe i1.3 ibillion
ipeople icountry, iIndia. iSpace iscience iand iresearch iare ilevers iof
idevelopment iof iour ination. iThe ipurpose iof ithis istudy iis ito iknow
iabout ithe ispace iprogram iof iIndia iwhich iis ialso iworld isixth ispace
iagencies iin ithe iworld. iThe iIndian ispace iprogram iaims ito ipromote
ithe idevelopment iand iapplication iof ispace iscience iand itechnology
ifor ithe isocio-economic ibenefit iof ithe icountry. iUsing ithe
ilongitudinal ianalysis, ithis istudy ianalyzed ithe idevelopment iof ithe
ispace iprogram iin iIndia. iThis iincludes iresearch iinstitutes, itechnical
icentres, idesign, idevelopment, itesting iand iimplementation iof ilaunch
ivehicles, ilaunch istations, imanufacturing iof isatellites, iobservatory
ietc. iPrior iresearch ianalyzes idifferent iorganisation iunder ithe ispace
iprogram iof iIndia ithoroughly. iIndia iuses iits ispace itechnology ifor
itelecommunication iwhich iis ione iof ithe ilargest iin ithe iworld- ifor
iapplications isuch ias iland imanagement, iwater iresources
imanagement, inatural idisaster iforecasting, iradio inetworking,
iweather iforecasting, imeteorological iimaging iand icomputer
icommunication, imilitary, iacademically, itelemedicine, iresource
imanagement, ibiodiversity, iinformation isystem iand icartography.
iThis istudy ianswers ithe iquestion iregarding iworking iof ithe ispace
iprogram. iFurthermore, iit ialso iestablishes ithat ispace iprogram iin
iIndia iwhich iwas istarted ito isolve ithe ireal iproblems iof iman iand
isociety iby ilaunching iIndia's ifirst isatellite iARYABHATTA iwith ithe
ihelp iof isoviet iunion ito iexploring ithe imoon iand iother iplanets ion
iour iown. iThe ispace iprogram iin iIndia icome ia ilong iway.
 INTRODUCTION

The ispace iresearch iactivities iwere iinitiated iin iIndia iduring ithe iearly
i1960s iwhen iapplications iusing isatellites iwere iin iexperimental
istages ieven iin ithe iUnited iStates. iWith ithe ilive itransmission iof
iTokyo iOlympic iGames iacross ithe iPacific iby ithe iAmerican iSatellite
i‘Syncom-3' idemonstrating ithe ipower iof icommunication isatellites,
iDr iVikram iSarabhai, ithe ifounding ifather iof iIndian ispace
iprogramme, iquickly irecognized ithe ibenefits iof ispace itechnologies
ifor iIndia.
As ia ifirst istep, ithe iDepartment iof iAtomic iEnergy iformed ithe
iINCOSPAR i(Indian iNational iCommittee ifor iSpace iResearch) iunder
ithe ileadership iof iDr iSarabhai iand iDr iRamanathan iin i1962. iThe
iIndian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation i(ISRO) iwas ilater iformed ion
iAugust i15, i1969. iThe iprime iobjective iof iISRO iis ito idevelop ispace
itechnology iand iits iapplication ito ivarious inational ineeds. iIt iis ione
iof ithe isix ilargest ispace iagencies iin ithe iworld. iThe iDepartment iof
iSpace i(DOS) iand ithe iSpace iCommission iwere iset iup iin i1972 iand
iISRO iwas ibrought iunder iDOS ion iJune i1, i1972.
Since iinception, ithe iIndian ispace iprogramme ihas ibeen iorchestrated
iwell iand ihad ithree idistinct ielements isuch ias isatellites ifor
icommunication iand iremote isensing, ithe ispace itransportation
isystem iand iapplication iprogrammes. iTwo imajor ioperating isystems
ihave ibeen iestablished i– ithe iIndian iNational iSatellite i(INSAT) ifor
itelecommunication, itelevision ibroadcasting, iand imeteorological
iservices iand ithe iIndian iRemote iSensing iSatellite i(IRS) ifor
imonitoring iand imanagement iof inatural iresources iand iDisaster
iManagement iSupport.

OBJECTIVE

The iobjective iof ithis iresearch ipaper iis ito istudy ithe idifferent iarms
iof ithe iDEPARTMENT iOF iSPACE iOF iINDIA iand ihow ithey ihelp iour
ispace iprogramme iof iIndia ito ibecome ithe isixth ispace iagencies iin
ithe iworld. iBut, ifirst, ilet ius iknow iwhat iis ithe imain iobjective iof
ispace itechnology iin iIndia.

The ideclared iprimary iobjective iof ithe iIndian iSpace

iProgramme/Mission iis ito iachieve iself-reliance iin iSpace iTechnology
iand ito iexecute iprogrammes/missions ifor ithe isocio-economic
idevelopment iof ithe icountry.
Indian iSpace iResearch iOrganization i(ISRO) iharnesses ispace
itechnology ifor inational idevelopment iwhile ipursuing ispace iscience
iresearch iand iplanetary iexploration. iISRO iis ione iof ithe isix ilargest
ispace iagencies iin ithe iworld iand ireportedly ithe imost icost-effective
ispace iagency iof iall. i
The iprogrammes/ imissions idrawn iup iand iproposed iby iIndian iSpace
iResearch iOrganization i(ISRO) ifor ithe isocio-economic idevelopment
iof ithe icountry iinclude:

 Earth iObservation iprogramme ifor inatural iresources iinventory

iand imanagement i(like iagriculture, iland iand iwater iresources,
ifisheries), inear ireal-time idisaster imanagement isupport, iweather
iforecasting, ismart igovernance; i
 Satellite iCommunication iprogrammes ifor itelecommunication, i
itelevision ibroadcasting, iDirect-to-Home iservices, isearch iand
irescue, itele-education, itelemedicine iand
 Satellite iNavigation iprogramme ifor ilocation-based iservices. i
i
To ienable ithese, iISRO ihas iembarked ion ithe ifollowing iprogrammes:

 Launch iVehicle idevelopment iprogramme icomprising iof iPolar

iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle i(PSLV), iGeosynchronous iSatellite iLaunch
iVehicle i(GSLV) iand inext-generation iGSLV iMark-III ilaunch ivehicle
imissions. i
 Earth iObservation iprogramme iconsisting iof istate-of-the-art iIndian
iremote isensing i(IRS) isatellites iviz. iResources, iCartosat, iOceans,
iRadar iImaging iSatellite, iGeo-Imaging iSatellite iand
iweather/climate isatellites iviz. iINSAT-3DR imissions.
 Satellite iCommunication iprogramme icomprising iof iINSAT/GSAT
icommunication isatellites. iGSAT iis ia igeostationary isatellite iwhile
iINSAT iis iIndian iNational iSatellite) i
 Satellite iNavigation iprogramme iconsisting iof ia iconstellation iof i7
iIndian iRegional iNavigation iSatellite iSystem i(IRNSS) ialong iwith
iassociated iground isegment iintended ito iprovide iaccurate
ipositional iinformation iand itiming iservices. i
 Space iscience iand iplanetary iexploration iprogramme
i

CONTENTS iOF iTERM iPAPER

1. History
2. Major iachievements
3. Organizational istructures iand ifacilities
a) Research ifacilities
i. Vikram iSarabhai iSpace iCentre
ii. Liquid iPropulsion iSystems iCentre
 iii. Physical iResearch iLaboratory
iv. Semi-Conductor iLaboratory
v. National iAtmospheric iResearch iLaboratory
vi. Space iApplication iCentre
vii. North-Eastern iApplications iCentre i
b) Test ifacilities
i. ISRO iPropulsion iComplex
c) Construction iand ilaunch ifacilities
i. U iR iRao iSatellite iCentre
ii. Laboratory ifor iElectro-Optics iSystems
iii. Satish iDhawan iSpace iCentre
iv. Thumba iEquatorial iRocket
d) Tracking iand icontrol ifacilities
i. Indian iDeep iSpace iNetwork
ii. National iRemote iSensing iCentre
iii. ISRO iTelemetry, iTracking iand iCommand iNetwork
iv. Master iControl iFacility
e) Commercial iWing- iANTRIX iCorporation
f) iHuman iResource iDevelopment
i. Indian iInstitute iof iRemote iSensing
ii. Indian iInstitute iof iSpace iScience iand iTechnology
iii. Development iand iEducational iCommunication iUnit
iv. Space iTechnology iIncubation iCentres
 History

The iIndian ispace iprogram ibegan iin i1962. iIn i1969 ithe iIndian ispace
iResearch iOrganization i(ISRO) iwas iset iup iand iheadquartered iin
iBangalore i(presently iBengaluru) ifor ithe irapid idevelopment iof
ispace itechnology iand iits iapplication. iIn i1972, ispace icommission
iwas iestablished. iIn i1975, iIndia ilaunched iits ifirst isatellite,
iAryabhata, iand ithus ientered ithe ispace iage. iOver ithe ilast ifour iand
ihalf idecades, ithe iIndian ispace iprogramme ihas imade iimpressive
iprogress ithrough ia iwell-integrated, iself: ireliant iprogramme. i
 In i1961, ithe iGovernment iof iIndia ientrusted ithe iresponsibility ifor
ispace iresearch iand ithe ipeaceful iuse iof iouter ispace ito ithe
iDepartment iof iAtomic iEnergy i(DAE), ithen iunder ithe ileadership iof
iDr iHomi iJ. iBhabha. iIn i1962, ithe iDepartment iof iAtomic iEnergy
i(DAE) iset iup ithe iIndian iNational iCommittee ifor iSpace iResearch
i(INCOSPAR), iwith iDr iVikram iSarabhai ias ichairman, ito iorganise ia
inational ispace iprogramme.
In i1969, i(INCOSPAR) iwas ireconstituted ias ian iadvisory ibody iunder
ithe iIndia iNational iScience iAcademy i(INSA) iand ithe iIndian iSpace
iResearch iOrganisation iwas iestablished. iThe iGovernment iof iIndia
iconstituted ithe iSpace iCommission iand iestablished ithe iDepartment
iof iSpace i(DoS) iin i1972 iand ibrought iISRO iunder iDOS imanagement
ion i1 iJune i1972.
Dr iKailasavadivoo iSivan iis ithe icurrent ichairman, iSpace iCommission,
iSecretary, iDepartment iof iSpace. iVanditha iSharma iis ithe iAdditional
iSecretary iof ithe idepartment.

Major iAchievements
1. Indian iSpace iProgramme ibegan iat iThumba iEquatorial iRocket
iLaunching iStation i(TERLS) ilocated iat iThumba inear
iThiruvananthapuram. iThumba iwas iselected ifor ibeing irocket
ilaunching istation ibecause igeomagnetic iequator iof ithe iearth ipasses
iover iThumba. iThe igeomagnetic iequator iof ithe iearth ipasses iover
iThumba.
2. On iNovember i21, i1963, ithe ifirst isounding irocket iwas ilaunched
ifrom iTERLS. iThe ifirst irocket, ia iNike-Apache iwas iprocured ifrom ithe
 iUS. iA isounding irocket iis ia irocket, iwhich iis iintended ifor iassessing
ithe iphysical iparameters iof ithe iupper iatmosphere.
3. The iSatellite iTelecommunication iEarth iStation iwas iset iup iat
iAhmedabad ion iJanuary i1, i1967.
4. India’s ifirst iindigenous isounding irocket, iRH-75, iwas ilaunched ion
iNovember i20, i1967.
5. Aryabhata i- iFirst iIndian iSatellite iwas ilaunched ion iApril i19, i1975. iIt
iwas ilaunched ifrom ithe iformer iSoviet iUnion. iIt iprovided iIndia iwith
ithe ibasis iof ilearning isatellite itechnology iand idesigning.
6. During i1975-76, iISRO ialong iwith iNASA ideveloped imeans iof iusing
ispace icommunications isystem ifor iTV ibroadcasting. iThis iresulted iin
ithe icreation iof ithe iproject iSatellite iInstructional iTelevision
iExperiment i(SITE). iIt iwas ia ione-year iprogram icovering iIndian
ivillages iand idistricts. iThe imain ipurpose iof ithe iSITE iwas ito
iexperiment iusage iof isatellite ibroadcasting ito ieducate ithe imasses.
iSITE ihailed ias i‘the ilargest isociological iexperiment iin ithe iworld'
ibenefited iaround i200,000 ipeople, icovering i2400 ivillages iof isix
istates iand itransmitted idevelopment-oriented iprogrammes iusing
ithe iAmerican iTechnology iSatellite i(ATS-6). i
7. During iJanuary i1, i1977 i— iJanuary i1, i1979, iSatellite
iTelecommunication iExperiments iProject i(STEP), ia ijoint iproject iof
iISRO-and iPost iand iTelegraphs iDepartment i(P&T) iusing ithe iFranco-
German iSymphonie isatellite iwas itaken iup. iConceived ias ia isequel
ito iSITE iwhich ifocused ion iTelevision, iSTEP iwas ifor
itelecommunication iexperiments.
8. Bhaskara-I i- ian iexperimental isatellite ifor iearth iobservations iwas
ilaunched ion iJune i7, i1979.
9. First iExperimental ilaunch iof iSLV-3 iwith iRohini iTechnology iPayload
ionboard i(August i10, i1979). iThe isatellite icould inot ibe iplaced iin
iorbit. iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle-3 i(SLV-3) iis ithe ifirst ilaunch ivehicle
iof iIndia. i
10. Second iExperimental ilaunch iof iSLV-3, iRohini isatellite
isuccessfully iplaced iin iorbit. i(July i18, i1980).
11. Ariane iPassenger iPayload iExperiment i(APPLE), ian iexperimental
igeostationary icommunication isatellite iwas isuccessfully ilaunched ion
iJune i19, i1981. iIt ibecame ithe iforerunner ifor ithe ifuture
icommunication isatellite isystem. i
12. Indian iNational iSatellite iSystem i(INSAT)-1A iwas ilaunched ion
iApril i10, i1982. iThis isystem iwas ifor icommunication, ibroadcasting
iand imeteorology.
13. On iApril i2, i1984, ithe ifirst iIndo-Soviet imanned ispace imission
iwas ilaunched. iRakesh iSharma ibecame ithe ifirst iIndian icitizen ito igo
iinto ispace. iHe iflew iaboard iin ithe iSoviet irocket iSoyuz iT-11, ias ipart
iof ia ithree-member iSoviet-Indian icrew. i
14. The ifirst ioperational iIndian iRemote iSensing iSatellite, iIRS-1A
iwas ilaunched ion iMarch i17, i1988.
15. On iMarch i24, i1987, ithe ifirst idevelopmental ilaunch iof
iAugmented iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle i(ASLV) ithat isupported ia ilarger
ipayload ithan ithe iSLV-3 iand iwas imeant ito ibe ilow-cost ihappened.
16. Launch iof ifirst ioperational iIndian iRemote iSensing iSatellite,
iIRS-1A ihappened ion iMarch i17, i1988.
17. Second idevelopmental ilaunch iof iPolar iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle
i(PSLV) iwith iIRS-P2, ionboard itook iplace ion iOctober i15, i1994. iThe
isatellite isuccessfully iplaced iin iPolar iSun-synchronous iOrbit. iPSLV
iwent ion ito ibecome ia ifavoured icarrier ifor isatellites iof ivarious
icountries idue ito iits ireliability iand icost-efficiency, ipromoting
iunprecedented iinternational icollaboration. i
18. The ifirst idevelopmental ilaunch iof iGeosynchronous iSatellite
iLaunch iVehicle i(GSLV)-D1 iwith iGSAT-1 ionboard itook ioff ifrom
iSriharikota ion iApril i18, i2001. iIt iwas ideveloped ikeeping iin imind
ithe iheavier iand imore idemanding iGeosynchronous icommunication
isatellites.
19. INSAT-4CR iweighing i2130 ikg iand ilaunched iby iGSLV-F04 ion
iSeptember i2, i2007, iis ithe iheaviest isatellite ilaunched ifrom iIndia.
20. PSLV-C11 isuccessfully ilaunches iCHANDRAYAAN-1 ifrom
iSriharikota ion iOctober i22, i2008. iChandrayaan-1 iis ia iscientific
iinvestigation i– iby ispacecraft i– iof ithe iMoon. iThe iname
iChandrayaan imeans i“Chandra- iMoon, iYaan-vehicle”, i–in iIndian
ilanguages i(Sanskrit iand iHindi), i– ithe ilunar ispacecraft.
iChandrayaan-1 iis ithe ifirst iIndian iplanetary iscience iand iexploration
imission. iChandrayaan-1 iwas ioperational ifor i312 idays itill iAugust
i28, i2009.
21. November i5, i2013 i- iPSLV i- iC25 isuccessfully ilaunches iMars
iOrbiter iMission i(Mangalyaan) iSpacecraft ifrom iSriharikota.
22. On iFebruary i15, i2017, iPSLV-C37, ithe i39th imission iof ithe
iworkhorse ilaunch ivehicle iof iISRO, iinjected iISRO’s iCartosat-2 iSeries
iSatellite iweighing i714 ikg iand itwo iISRO iNano-satellites inamely iINS-
1A i(8.4 ikg) i& iINS-1B i(9.7 ikg) iand i101 iNano-satellites, ifrom isix
iforeign icountries iinto ia iSun-Synchronous iOrbit i(SSO) iat ian iorbit iof
i506 ikm iabove iearth, iwith ian iinclination iof i97.46°. iThe imass iof
inano-satellites ivaried ifrom i1 ito i10 ikg. iThe itotal iweight iof iall ithe
i104 isatellites icarried ionboard iPSLV-C37 iwas i1378 ikg.
23. PSLV-C38/Cartosat-2 iSeries iSatellite iMission iwas ilaunched ion
iJune i23, i2017, ifrom iSDSC iSHAR, iSriharikota. iIndia's iPolar iSatellite
iLaunch iVehicle, iin iits i40th iflight i(PSLV-C38), ilaunched ithe i712 ikg
iCartosat-2 iseries isatellite ifor iearth iobservation iand i30 ico-
passenger isatellites itogether iweighing iabout i243 ikg iat ilift-off iinto
ia i505 ikm ipolar iSun iSynchronous iOrbit i(SSO).
24. India's ilatest icommunication isatellite, iGSAT-17 iwas iinducted
iinto ithe iINSAT/GSAT isystem ion iJune i29, i2017, ifrom iKourou,
iFrench iGuiana iby iAriane-5 iVA-238. iWeighing i3477 ikg iat ilift-off,
iGSAT-17 icarries iPayloads iin iNormal iC-band, iExtended iC-band iand
iS-band ito iprovide ivarious icommunication iservices. iGSAT-17 ialso
icarries iequipment ifor imeteorological idata irelay iand isatellite-based
 isearch iand irescue iservices ibeing iprovided iby iearlier iINSAT
isatellites. i
25. India's iPolar iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle, iin iits iforty-second iflight
i(PSLV-C40), isuccessfully ilaunched ithe i710 ikg iCartosat-2 iSeries
iSatellite ifor iearth iobservation iand i30 ico-passenger isatellites
itogether iweighing iabout i613 ikg iat ilift-off. iPSLV-C40/Cartosat-2
iSeries iSatellite iMission iwas ilaunched ion iFriday, iJan i12, i2018.
26. GSLV-F08 iis ithe i12th iflight iof iGeosynchronous iSatellite iLaunch
iVehicle i(GSLV) iand iSixth iflight iwith iindigenous iCryogenic iStage.
iGSLV i-F08 i/ iGSAT-6A iMission iwas ilaunched ion iThursday, iMarch
i29, i2018.
27. India's iPolar iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle, iin iits iforty-third iflight
i(PSLV-C41) iin iXL iconfiguration, ilaunched iIRNSS-1I iSatellite. iThe i'XL'
iconfiguration iof iPSLV iis iused ifor ithe itwentieth itime. iThe iIRNSS-1I
iis ithe ieighth isatellite ito ijoin ithe iNavIC inavigation isatellite
iconstellation iand iwas ilaunched ion iApril i12, i2018.
28. PSLV-C42 iSuccessfully iLaunches itwo iforeign isatellites ifrom
iSatish iDhawan iSpace iCentre i(SDSC), iSHAR, iSriharikota ion
iSeptember i16, i2018. iThis imission iwas idesigned ito ilaunch itwo
iearth iobservation isatellites, iNovaSAR iand iS1-4 i(together iweighing
inearly i889 ikg).
29. PSLV-C43 ilifted ioff ion iNovember i29, i2018, ifrom ithe iFirst
iLaunch iPad i(FLP) iof iSatish iDhawan iSpace iCentre iSHAR, iSriharikota
iand isuccessfully ilaunched iIndia’s iHyperspectral iImaging iSatellite
i(HysIS) iand i30 iinternational ico-passenger isatellites.
30. India's inext-generation ihigh ithroughput icommunication
isatellite, iGSAT-11 iwas isuccessfully ilaunched ion iDecember i05, i2018
ifrom iKourou ilaunch ibase, iFrench iGuiana iby iAriane-5 iVA-246.
iWeighing iabout i5854 ikg, iGSAT-11 iis ithe iheaviest isatellite ibuilt iby
iISRO.
31. GSLV-F11 isuccessfully ilaunched iGSAT-7A, iISRO's i39th
icommunication isatellite, ion iDecember i19, i2018, ifrom iSatish
 iDhawan iSpace iCentre iSHAR, iSriharikota. iGSLV-F11 iis ithe i13th iflight
iof iIndia’s iGeosynchronous iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle i(GSLV) iand iits
i7th iflight iwith iindigenous iCryogenic iUpper iStage i(CUS). iGSLV i–
iF11 iis iISRO’s ifourth igeneration ilaunch ivehicle iwith ithree istages. iIt
iis ia igeostationary isatellite icarrying icommunication itransponders iin
iKu-band. iThe iSatellite iis ibuilt ito iprovide icommunication icapability
ito ithe iusers iover ithe iIndian iregion.
32. Gaganyaan iProgramme i- iCabinet ihas iapproved iIndian iHuman
iSpaceflight iInitiative i- iGaganyaan iProgramme. iTwo iunmanned i&
ione imanned iflight ihas ibeen iplanned. iEstimates ifor iPhase-I
iexpenditure- iRs i9023 iCrores. iGaganyaan iProgramme iwill iestablish
ia ibroader iframework ifor icollaboration ibetween iISRO, iacademia,
iindustry, inational iagencies iand iother iscientific iorganizations.
33. India’s itelecommunication isatellite, iGSAT-31 iwas isuccessfully
ilaunched ion iFebruary i06, i2019 ifrom iKourou ilaunch ibase, iFrench
iGuiana iby iAriane-5 iVA-247.
34. India’s iPSLV-C46 isuccessfully ilaunched iRISAT-2B isatellite ifrom
iSatish iDhawan iSpace iCentre i(SDSC) iSHAR, iSriharikota ion iMay i22,
i2019. iThe isatellite iis iintended ito iprovide iservices ito iAgriculture,
iForestry iand iDisaster iManagement idomains.
35. Geosynchronous iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle, iGSLV iMkIII-M1
irocket, icarrying iChandrayaan-2 ispacecraft iwas ilaunched ifrom ithe
iSatish iDhawan iSpace iCentre, iSriharikota iin iAndhra iPradesh ion iJuly
i22, i2019. iChandrayaan-2 iis iIndia's isecond imission ito ithe imoon. iIt
icomprises ia ifully iindigenous iOrbiter, iLander i(Vikram) iand iRover
i(Pragyan). iThe iRover iPragyan iis ihoused iinside iVikram ilander.
iChandrayaan-2 ihas iseveral iscience ipayloads ito ifacilitate ia imore
idetailed iunderstanding iof ithe iorigin iand ievolution iof ithe iMoon.
iTo iknow imore iabout iChandrayan2.
Indian iSpace iProgramme iStructure
The iDepartment iof iSpace iis ian iIndian igovernment iorganization
iresponsible ifor ithe iadministration iof ithe iIndian iSpace iProgramme.
i iSome ivarious iagencies iand iinstitutes icome iunder iit iand ireferred
ito ispace iexploration iand ispace itechnologies.

The iDepartment iof iSpace imanages ithe ifollowing iagencies iand

iinstitutes.
1. Indian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation i(ISRO)-
iThe iprimary iresearch iand idevelopmental iarm
iof ithe iDOS.
The iIndian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation iis ithe ispace iagency
iof ithe iGovernment iof iIndia iheadquartered iin ithe icity iof
iBengaluru. iIts ivision iis ito i"harness ispace itechnology ifor
inational idevelopment iwhile ipursuing ispace iscience iresearch
iand iplanetary iexploration." iThe iIndian iNational iCommittee ifor
iSpace iResearch i(INCOSPAR) iwas iestablished iin ithe itenure iof
iJawaharlal iNehru iunder ithe iDAE iin i1962, iwith ithe iurging iof
iscientist iVikram iSarabhai irecognizing ithe ineed iin ispace
iresearch. iINCOSPAR igrew iand ibecame iISRO iin i1969, ialso
iunder ithe iDepartment iof iAtomic iEnergy i(DAE). iIn i1972
iGovernment iof iIndia iset iup ia iSpace iCommission iand ithe
iDepartment iof iSpace i(DOS), ibringing iISRO iunder ithe iDOS.
iThe iestablishment iof iISRO ithus iinstitutionalized ispace
iresearch iactivities iin iIndia. iIt iis imanaged iby ithe iDepartment
iof iSpace, iwhich ireports ito ithe iPrime iMinister iof iIndia.
ISRO ibuilt iIndia's ifirst isatellite, iAryabhata, iwhich iwas ilaunched
iby ithe iSoviet iUnion ion i19 iApril i1975. iIt iwas inamed iafter ithe
imathematician iAryabhata. iIn i1980, iRohini ibecame ithe ifirst
isatellite ito ibe iplaced iin iorbit iby ian iIndian-made ilaunch
ivehicle, iSLV-3. iISRO isubsequently ideveloped itwo iother
irockets: ithe iPolar iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle i(PSLV) ifor ilaunching
isatellites iinto ipolar iorbits iand ithe iGeosynchronous iSatellite
iLaunch iVehicle i(GSLV) ifor iplacing isatellites iinto igeostationary
iorbits. iThese irockets ihave ilaunched inumerous
icommunications isatellites iand iEarth iobservation isatellites.
iSatellite inavigation isystems ilike iGAGAN iand iIRNSS ihave ibeen
ideployed. iIn iJanuary i2014, iISRO iused ian iindigenous icryogenic
iengine iin ia iGSLV-D5 ilaunch iof ithe iGSAT-14. i
ISRO isent ia ilunar iorbiter, iChandrayaan-1, ion i22 iOctober i2008
iand ia iMars iorbiter, iMars iOrbiter iMission, ion i5 iNovember
i2013, iwhich ientered iMars iorbit ion i24 iSeptember i2014,
imaking iIndia ithe ifirst ination ito isucceed ion iits imaiden
iattempt ito iMars, iand iISRO ithe ifourth ispace iagency iin ithe
iworld ias iwell ias ithe ifirst ispace iagency iin iAsia ito ireach iMars
iorbit. iOn i18 iJune i2016, iISRO ilaunched itwenty isatellites iin ia
isingle-vehicle, iand ion i15 iFebruary i2017, iISRO ilaunched ione
ihundred iand ifour isatellites iin ia isingle irocket i(PSLV-C37), ia
iworld irecord. iISRO ilaunched iits iheaviest irocket,
iGeosynchronous iSatellite iLaunch iVehicle-Mark iIII i(GSLV-Mk
iIII), ion i5 iJune i2017 iand iplaced ia icommunications isatellite
iGSAT-19 iin iorbit. iWith ithis ilaunch, iISRO ibecame icapable iof
ilaunching i4-ton iheavy isatellites iinto iGTO.

I. Vikram iSarabhai iSpace iCentre i(VSSC),

iThiruvananthapuram
The ilargest iISRO ibase iis ialso ithe imain itechnical icentre
iand ithe ivenue iof idevelopment iof ithe iSLV-3, iASLV, iand
iPSLV iseries. iThe ibase isupports iIndia's iThumba iEquatorial
 iRocket iLaunching iStation iand ithe iRohini iSounding
iRocket iprogramme. iThis ifacility iis ialso ideveloping ithe
iGSLV iseries
The iVikram iSarabhai iSpace iCentre i(VSSC) iis ia imajor
ispace iresearch icentre iof ithe iIndian iSpace iResearch
iOrganisation i(ISRO), ifocusing ion irocket iand ispace
ivehicles ifor iIndia's isatellite iprogramme. iIt iis ilocated iin
iThiruvananthapuram, iin ithe iIndian istate iof iKerala.
The icentre ihad iits ibeginnings ias ithe iThumba iEquatorial
iRocket iLaunching iStation i(TERLS) iin i1962. iIt iwas
irenamed iin ihonour iof iDr iVikram iSarabhai, ioften
iregarded ias ithe ifather iof ithe iIndian ispace iprogram.
The iVikram iSarabhai iSpace iCentre iis ione iof ithe imain
iresearch iand idevelopment iestablishments iwithin iISRO.
iVSSC iis ian ientirely iindigenous ifacility iworking ion ithe
idevelopment iof isounding irockets, ithe iRohini iand
iMenaka ilaunchers, iand iSLV, iASLV, iPSLV, iGSLVand iGSLV
iMk iIII ifamilies iof ilaunch ivehicles.

II. Liquid iPropulsion iSystems iCentre(LPSC),

iThiruvananthapuram
Formerly icalled iLPSC-Mahendragiri iwas ideclared ia
iseparate icentre. iIt ihandles itesting iand iassembly iof
iliquid ipropulsion icontrol ipackages, iliquid iengines iand
istages ifor ilaunch ivehicles iand isatellites. i

The iLPSC ihandles idesign, idevelopment, itesting iand

iimplementation iof iliquid ipropulsion icontrol ipackages,
iliquid istages iand iliquid iengines ifor ilaunch ivehicles iand
isatellites. iThe itesting iof ithese isystems iis ilargely
 iconducted iat iIPRC iat iMahendragiri. iThe iLPSC, iBangalore
ialso iproduces iprecision itransducers
The iLiquid iPropulsion iSystems iCentre i(LPSC) iis ia
iresearch iand idevelopment icentre ifunctioning iunder
iIndian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation. iIt ihas itwo iunits
ilocated iat iValiamala, iin iThiruvananthapuram iof iKerala,
iand iBengaluru iof iKarnataka. iLPSC iis iaugmented iby iISRO
iPropulsion iComplex iat iMahendragiri iof iTamil iNadu.
LPSC iis iengaged iin ithe idevelopment iof iliquid iand
icryogenic ipropulsion istages ifor ilaunch ivehicles iand
iauxiliary ipropulsion isystems ifor iboth ilaunch ivehicles iand
isatellites. iActivities irelated ito iliquid ipropulsion istages,
icryogenic ipropulsion istages iand icontrol isystems ifor
ilaunch ivehicles iand ispacecraft iis idone iat
iThiruvananthapuram. iPrecision ifabrication ifacilities,
idevelopment iof itransducers iand iintegration iof isatellite
ipropulsion isystems iare icarried iout iat iBangalore. iThe
idevelopmental iand iflight itests ialong iwith iassembly iand
iintegration iare idone iat iISRO iPropulsion iComplex,
iMahendragiri iin iTamil iNadu.
The idevelopment iof iliquid ipropellant istages ifor iPSLV,
icontrol isystems ifor iSLV-3, iASLV, iPSLV iand iGSLV, isatellite
ipropulsion isystems iincluding ithose ifor iINSAT iand iIRS
iand iproduction iof ipressure itransducers iare idone iby ithe
iLPSC ifor iIndia. iThe iLPSC ihas ideveloped ithe iindigenous
icryogenic iupper istage ifor iGeosynchronous iSatellite
iLaunch iVehicle i(GSLV) iwhich iwas isuccessfully itest-fired
iby iISRO ion i4 iAugust i2007.

III. Satish iDhawan iSpace iCentre(SDSC-SHAR),

iSriharikota
 With imultiple isub-sites, ithe iSriharikota iisland ifacility iacts
ias ia ilaunching isite ifor iIndia's isatellites. iThe iSriharikota
ifacility iis ialso ithe imain ilaunch ibase ifor iIndia's isounding
irockets. iThe icentre iis ialso ihome ito iIndia's ilargest iSolid
iPropellant iSpace iBooster iPlant i(SPROB) iand ihouses ithe
iStatic iTest iand iEvaluation iComplex i(STEX). iThe iSecond
iVehicle iAssembly iBuilding i(SVAB) iat iSriharikota iis ibeing
irealised ias ian iadditional iintegration ifacility, iwith isuitable
iinterfacing ito ia isecond ilaunchpad.
Satish iDhawan iSpace iCentre i(SDSC) ior iSriharikota iRange
i(SHAR) iis ia irocket ilaunch icentre ioperated iby ithe iIndian
iSpace iResearch iOrganisation i(ISRO). iIt iis ilocated iin
iSriharikota iin iAndhra iPradesh. iSriharikota iRange iwas
irenamed iin i2002 iafter iISRO's iformer ichairman iSatish
iDhawan
IV. ISRO iInertial iSystems iUnit(IISU),
iThiruvananthapuram
The iISRO iInertial iSystems iUnit i(IISU) iis ia iresearch iand
idevelopment iunit iof ithe iIndian iSpace iResearch
iOrganisation ilocated iin iVattiyoorkavu,
iThiruvananthapuram ithat ispecialises iin iinertial isensors
iand isystems iin isatellite itechnology. iIts ispecialized ifields
iinclude ithe ifields iof ilaunch ivehicle iinertial isystems,
ispacecraft iinertial isystems, iinertial isensors ievaluation
iand isimulation, iinertial isystem iproduction, iinertial
isystems ielectronic iproduction, ireliability iand iquality
iassurance iand iadvanced iinertial isystems igroup.
 V. National iRemote iSensing iCentre(NRSC),
iHyderabad
The iNRSC iapplies iremote isensing ito imanage inatural
iresources iand istudy iaerial isurveying. iWith icentres iat
iBalanagar iand iShadnagar, iit ialso ihas itraining ifacilities iat
iDehradun iacting ias ithe iIndian iInstitute iof iRemote
iSensing.
National iRemote iSensing, ior iNRSC, ilocated iat iShadnagar
iis ione iof ithe icentres iof ithe iIndian iSpace iResearch
iOrganisation i(ISRO). iNRSC imanages idata ifrom iaerial iand
isatellite isources
VI. Development iand iEducational
iCommunication iUnit(DECU), iAhmedabad.
The icentre iworks ifor ieducation, iresearch, iand itraining,
imainly iin iconjunction iwith ithe iINSAT iprogramme. iThe
imain iactivities icarried iout iat iDECU iinclude iGRAMSAT
iand iEDUSAT iprojects. iThe iTraining iand iDevelopment
iCommunication iChannel i(TDCC) ialso ifalls iunder ithe
ioperational icontrol iof ithe iDECU.
Development iand iEducational iCommunication iUnit iis ian
iarm iof ithe iIndian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation iwhich
iaims iat iplanning iand iimparting itraining ithe ipersonnel
ifor ithe iusage iof isatellite-based icommunication isystems
ifor isocietal ineeds. iThe imain iobjective iof ithe
iorganisation iis ito iplan iand ienvisage isatellite iusage ifor
ithe igeneral ipopulation iin idomains isuch ias ieducation
iand imedicine, ias iwell ias imany iothers.
VII. Master iControl iFacility(MCF), iHassan
 Geostationary isatellite iorbit iraising, ipayload itesting, iand
iin-orbit ioperations iare iperformed iat ithis ifacility. iThe
iMCF ihas iEarth istations iand ithe iSatellite iControl iCentre
i(SCC) ifor icontrolling isatellites. iA isecond iMCF-like ifacility
inamed i'MCF-B' iis ibeing iconstructed iat iBhopal.
The iMaster iControl iFacility i(MCF) iis ia ifacility iset iup iby
ithe iIndian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation i(ISRO) iin ithe icity
iof iHassan iin ithe iIndian istate iof iKarnataka. iEstablished
iin i1982, ithis ifacility iis iresponsible ifor imonitoring iand
icontrolling igeostationary iand igeosynchronous isatellites
ilaunched iby iISRO. iThis iwas ithe ionly iMaster iControl
iFacility iof iISRO itill ianother ione iwas iestablished iin
iBhopal iin i2005.
VIII. ISRO iTelemetry, iTracking iand iCommand
iNetwork i(ISTRAC), iBangalore
Software idevelopment, iground ioperations, iTracking
iTelemetry iand iCommand i(TTC), iand isupport iis iprovided
iby ithis iinstitution. iISTRAC ihas iTracking istations
ithroughout ithe icountry iand iall iover ithe iworld iin iPort
iLouis i(Mauritius), iBearslake i(Russia), iBiak i(Indonesia) iand
iBrunei
The iIndian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation i(ISRO), iover ithe
iyears, ihas iestablished ia icomprehensive iglobal inetwork
iof iground istations ito iprovide iTelemetry, iTracking iand
iCommand i(TTC) isupport ito isatellite iand ilaunch ivehicle
imissions. iThese ifacilities iare igrouped iunder iISRO
iTelemetry, iTracking iand iCommand iNetwork i(ISTRAC)
iwith iits iheadquarters iat iBangalore, iIndia.
 IX. Indian iInstitute iof iRemote iSensing(IIRS),
iDehradun
The iIndian iInstitute iof iRemote iSensing i(IIRS) iis ia ipremier
itraining iand ieducational iinstitute iset iup ifor ideveloping
itrained iprofessionals i(P.G. iand iPhD ilevel) iin ithe ifield iof
iremote isensing, igeoinformatics iand iGPS itechnology ifor
inatural iresources, ienvironmental iand idisaster
imanagement. iIIRS iis ialso iexecuting imany iR&D iprojects
ion iremote isensing iand iGIS ifor isocietal iapplications. iIIRS
ialso iruns ivarious ioutreach iprogrammes i(Live i&
iInteractive iand ie-learning) ito ibuild itrained iskilled ihuman
iresources iin ithe ifield iof iremote isensing iand igeospatial
itechnologies.
The iIndian iInstitute iof iRemote iSensing iis ia ipremier
iinstitute ifor iresearch, ihigher ieducation iand itraining iin
ithe ifield iof iRemote iSensing, iGeoinformatics iand iGPS
iTechnology ifor iNatural iResources, iEnvironmental iand
iDisaster iManagement iunder ithe iIndian iDepartment iof
iSpace, iwhich iwas iestablished iin ithe iyear i1966. iIt iis
ilocated iin ithe icity iof iDehradun, iUttarakhand
2. Antrix icorporation- iThe imarketing iarm iof
iISRO.
Set iup ias ithe imarketing iarm iof iISRO, iAntrix's ijob iis ito
ipromote iproducts, iservices iand itechnology ideveloped iby
iISRO. i

Antrix iCorporation iLimited i(ACL), iBengaluru iis ia iwholly-owned

iGovernment iof iIndia iCompany iunder ithe iadministrative
 icontrol iof ithe iDepartment iof iSpace. iAntrix iCorporation
iLimited iwas iincorporated ias ia iprivate ilimited icompany iowned
iby iGovernment iof iIndia iin iSeptember i1992 ias ia iMarketing
iarm iof iISRO ifor ipromotion iand icommercial iexploitation iof
ispace iproducts, itechnical iconsultancy iservices iand itransfer iof
itechnologies ideveloped iby iIndian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation
3. Physical iResearch iLaboratory i(PRL),
iAhmedabad
Solar iplanetary iphysics, iinfrared iastronomy, igeo-cosmo
iphysics, iplasma iphysics, iastrophysics, iarchaeology, iand
ihydrology iare isome iof ithe ibranches iof istudy iat ithis iinstitute.
iAn iobservatory iat iUdaipur ialso ifalls iunder ithe icontrol iof ithis
iinstitution.
The iPhysical iResearch iLaboratory i(PRL) iis ia iNational iResearch
iInstitute ifor ispace iand iallied isciences, isupported imainly iby
iDepartment iof iSpace, iGovernment iof iIndia. iThis iresearch
ilaboratory ihas iongoing iresearch iprogrammes iin iastronomy
iand iastrophysics, iatmospheric isciences iand iaeronomy, iEarth
isciences, iSolar iSystem istudies iand itheoretical iphysics. iIt
imanages ithe iUdaipur iSolar iObservatory iand iis ilocated iin
iAhmedabad.
Known ias ithe icradle iof ispace isciences iin iIndia, ithe iPhysical
iResearch iLaboratory iwas ifounded ion i11 iNovember i1947 iby
iDr iVikram iSarabhai. iThe ilaboratory ihad ia imodest ibeginning
iat ihis iresidence, iwith iresearch ion icosmic irays.
The iinstitute iwas iformally iestablished iat ithe iM.G. iScience
iInstitute, iAhmedabad, iwith isupport ifrom ithe iKarmkshetra
iEducational iFoundation iand ithe iAhmedabad iEducation
iSociety. iProf. iKalpathi iRamakrishna iRamanathan iwas ithe ifirst
iDirector iof ithe iinstitute. iThe iinitial ifocus iwas iresearch ion
 icosmic irays iand ithe iproperties iof ithe iupper iatmosphere.
iResearch iareas iwere iexpanded ito iinclude itheoretical iphysics
iand iradiophysics ilater iwith igrants ifrom ithe iAtomic iEnergy
iCommission.
Today iPRL iis iinvolved iin iresearch, irelated ito ifive imajor ifields
iof iscience. iPRL iis ialso iinstrumental iin ithe iPLANEX iplanetary
iscience iand iexploration iprogramme.

4. National iAtmospheric iResearch

iLaboratory(NARL), iGadanki
The iNARL icarries iout ifundamental iand iapplied iresearch iin
iatmospheric iand ispace isciences.

NARL iis ian iautonomous iresearch ilaboratory ifully

ifunded iby ithe iDepartment iof iSpace, iGovernment iof
iIndia iand iinvolved iin icarrying iout ifundamental iand
iapplied iresearch iin iAtmospheric iand iSpace
iSciences. iIt ihad iits ihumble ibeginning iin i1992 ias
ithe iNational iMesosphere-Stratosphere-
Troposphere(MST) iRadar iFacility. iOver ithe iyears
iseveral icomplementary itechniques isuch ias
iRayleigh/Mie ilidars, iwind iprofilers ihave ibeen
iadded. iNARL iis iadministered iby ia iGoverning
iCouncil iwith iSecretary, iDOS ias ithe iChairman iand
iDirector, iNARL ias imember isecretary. iThe iGoverning
iCouncil isets ibroad ipolicy iguidelines ifor iNARL. iA
iScientific iAdvisory iCommittee iconsisting iof ieminent
iscientists iin ithe ifield iof iatmospheric iscience
 imonitors ithe iresearch iactivities iand iprogress iof
iNARL iand iprovides ifuture idirections.

NARL ihas inow ibecome ione iof ithe iprime icenters ifor
iatmospheric iresearch iin ithe icountry iand ioperates ia
istate-of-the-art iMST iradar, iRayleigh/ iMie iLidar,
iBoundary-Layer iLidar, iSodium iLidar, iLower
iAtmospheric iWind iProfiler, iSodar, iDisdrometer,
iOptical iRain iGauge, iDual-frequency iGPS ireceiver,
iAutomatic iWeather iStation iapart ifrom iregular
ilaunching iof ithe iGPS iballoon isonde. iBeing
irelatively iyoung, iNARL's iresearch iactivities iare
ispearheaded iby ia iteam iof iyoung iand ivibrant ifull-
time iresearch iscientists iand istudents.

5. North- iEastern iSpace iApplication iCentre i(NE-

SAC), iUmiam
Providing idevelopmental isupport ito ithe iNorth iEast iby
iundertaking ispecific iapplication iprojects iusing iremote isensing,
iGIS, isatellite icommunication iand iconducting ispace iscience
iresearch.

The iNorth iEastern iSpace iApplications iCentre i(NESAC), ia ijoint

iinitiative iof iDepartment iof iSpace i(DOS) iand ithe iNorth iEastern
iCouncil i(NEC) iis ia isociety iregistered iunder ithe iMeghalaya iSocieties
iRegistration iAct, i1983. iThe iCentre ihas iprovided imore ithan i17
iyears iof idedicated iservice ito ithe ieight istates iof iNorth iEastern
iRegion i(NER) iof iIndia iusing ispace iscience iand itechnology. iThe
imajor iobjectives iof ithe iCentre iare:

 To iprovide ian ioperational iremote isensing iand igeographic

iinformation isystem-aided inatural iresource iinformation ibase
ito isupport iactivities ion idevelopment/management iof inatural
iresources iand iinfrastructure iplanning iin ithe iregion.
 To iprovide ioperational isatellite icommunication iapplications
iservices iin ithe iregion iin ieducation, ihealth icare, idisaster
imanagement isupport, iand idevelopmental icommunication.

 To itake iup iresearch iin ispace iand iatmospheric iscience iarea

iand iestablish ian iinstrumentation ihub iand inetworking iwith
ivarious iacademic iinstitutions iof iNER.
 To ienable isingle iwindow idelivery iof iall ipossible ispace-based
isupport ifor idisaster imanagement.
 To iset iup ia iregional ilevel iinfrastructure ifor icapacity ibuilding
iin ithe ifield iof igeospatial itechnology.

6. Semiconductor iLaboratory i(SCL), iMohali

Research i& iDevelopment iin ithe ifield iof isemiconductor
itechnology, imicro-electro-mechanical isystems iand iprocess
itechnologies irelating ito isemiconductor iprocessing.

Semi-Conductor iLaboratory i(SCL); ian iautonomous ibody iunder

iDepartment iof iSpace, iGovernment iof iIndia; iis iengaged iin
iResearch i& iDevelopment iin ithe iarea iof i iMicroelectronics ito
imeet ithe istrategic ineeds iof ithe icountry.

Formerly iknown ias iSemiconductor iComplex iLimited, ia

iGovernment iof iIndia iEnterprise, iwhich iwas iconverted iinto iSemi-
Conductor iLaboratory iunder iDepartment iof iSpace, iGovernment
iof iIndia iw.e.f. iSeptember i1, i2006. iSCL ihas iintegrated ifacilities i/
isupporting iinfrastructure iall iunder ione iroof iand iundertakes
iactivities ifocused ion iDesign, iDevelopment, iFabrication, iAssembly
i& iPackaging, iTesting iand iQuality iAssurance iof iCMOS iand iMEMS
iDevices ifor ivarious iapplications.
i

SCL iis ialso iengaged iin iFabrication iof iHi-Rel iBoards, iRadio iSonde
iSystems iand iindigenisation iof ielectronic isubsystems. i

7. Indian iInstitute iof iSpace iScience iand

iTechnology(IIST), iThiruvananthapuram- iIndia’s
ispace iuniversity
Indian iInstitute iof iSpace iScience iand iTechnology i(IIST) iis ia
igovernment-aided iinstitute iand ideemed iuniversity ifor ithe
istudy iand iresearch iof ispace iscience, ilocated iat iValiamala,
iNedumangad iThiruvananthapuram, iKerala. iIt iis ithe ifirst
iuniversity iin iAsia ito ibe isolely idedicated ito ithe istudy iand
iresearch iof iOuter ispace. iIt iwas iinaugurated ion i14 iSeptember
i2007 iby iG. iMadhavan iNair, ithe ithen iChairman iof iISRO. iIIST
iwas iset iup iby ithe iIndian iSpace iResearch iOrganisation i(ISRO)
iunder ithe iDepartment iof iSpace, iGovernment iof iIndia. iA. iP.
iJ. iAbdul iKalam, iformer iPresident iof iIndia, iwas ithe iChancellor
iof iIIST. iIIST ioffers iregular iengineering iundergraduate,
ipostgraduate iand idoctorate iprogrammes iwith ia ifocus ion
ispace iscience, itechnology iand iapplications. i
CONCLUSIONS iAND iFUTURE iSCOPE
ISRO ihad ialways ibeen ia iglobally icompetent ispace iagency, iwhich
ihas ibrought ilaurels ifor iIndia iin iterms iof ispace iresearch
itechnology. iThe ifuture iof iISRO iis ibright iwith iits icurrent isuccess iof
iChandrayaan iand iupcoming iproject iof iMARS imission. i iI iconclude
ithat ithere iis ia irise iin isatellite ilaunching iin iIndia. iDue ito ithe
iinvestment imade iin ithe ispace iprogramme iof iIndia, ithere iis ia irise
iin ithe ieconomy. iIt iis imaking iour icountry iself-reliant. iThere iis ia
imore igovernment-funded iinstitute iwhich iis ionly ifor iscientific
iresearch iin ithe ifield iof ispace iscience. iIt iseems ithat ithe ivision iof
iVikram iSarabhai icame itrue. iThe ilegacy iwhich iwas istarted iby iour
ifather iof ispace iscience ialong iwith iAPJ iAbdul ikalam idoesn’t idie.
iUsing ispace itechnology icomes iwith ia ilot iof iperks. icommunication
iis ione iof ithem. i

REFERENCES
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/indian-space-programme-1292225043-1

https://www.isro.gov.in/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation

http://vikaspedia.in/education/childrens-corner/science-section/isro-created-history-by-launching-104-
satellites-together

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cib2FNv8KyA&t=1353s

https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC/

https://www.lpsc.gov.in/

https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/

https://www.narl.gov.in/

https://www.sac.gov.in/Vyom/index.jsp

https://nesac.gov.i

https://www.isac.gov.in/

https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/laboratory-electro-optics-systems-leos

https://www.shar.gov.in/sdscshar/index.jsp

https://www.dos.gov.in/