Name: Linsley H.

Malinao Ma’am Jennifer Araja

BSEd- English 1A Introduction to linguistic

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

Definition of Grammar
Introduction

In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases and
words in a natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules and this field includes
phonology, morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics and pragmatics.
Grammar is the system of a language. It is sometimes describe as teh rules of a lanuage. Studying
grammar can help you to learn a laguage more quickly and more efficiently. Grammar is putting the right
words to form a sentence. grammar provides the rules for common use of both spoken and written
language so we can more easily understand each other.
The building blocks of grammar are the eight parts of speech the verb express actions, events, or
states of being. Nouns name a person, animal, place, thing, or abstract idea.Pronouns take the place of
nouns or another pronoun. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns by describing, identifying, or
quantifying them. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it
modifies.Adverbs modify a verb, adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause and indicate manner,
time, place, cause, or degree. Adverbs can be recognized because they answer the question how, when,
where, or how much. Adverbs often end in ly.Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other
words in a sentence and usually indicate a relationship of time, space, or logic.Conjunctions link words,
phrases, and clauses.Interjections are added to a sentence to convey emotion and are usually followed by
an exclamation point.

Body

There are lots of given deffinition for grammar based on different authors. According to :
Noam Chomsky The universal grammar, comes from our innate language faculty, it means that a
person have an innate capability to learn and speak a language.
 David Crystal grammar is the study of all the contrast of meaning that is possible to make within the
sentence.
W.Nelson Francis said that grammar is the set of formal patterns in which the words of language are
arranged in order to convey larger meanings
Richard Nordquist said that grammar is the systematic study and description of a language.
Sandy Chung and Geoff Pullum grammar is the collection of principles defining how make a sentence.
Robert Lawrence Trask define Grammar as the part of the structure of a language which includes
sentence structure (syntax) and word structure (morphology).
Patrick Hartwell definition of grammar is that grammar is a set of formal patterns in which the words
of a language are arranged to covey larger meaning.
Martha Kolln and Robert Funk definition of grammar is The system of rules in our heads. You bring
the study of grammar a lifetime of “knowing” how to produce sentences. This subconscious,
internalized system of rules is your “language competence”.
Huddleston said that the grammar of a language may be understood to be a full description of the
form and meaning of the sentence of the language or else it may cover only certain, variously
delimited, parts of such description. Here we shall use it in one of these narrower senses, embracing
syntax and morphology.

Conclusion
All in all most of the definitions given by the linguists define grammar as a set of formal patterns
and rules to form a sentence. Grammar is the rule of the language that is need be followed in order to
make a correct sentence that will be able to understand by the readers. But always Remember that,
language is always changing: new words are being created therefore we cannot be sure that the write
way of writing today will be the same in the future.Grammar is made up of lots of little rules that work
together to create a language. Since there are so many rules, you can’t expect to remember everything,
especially not at once.

Reflection
Studying grammar is significant for me because I want to be an English teacher. And in order for me
to be an effective educator of English language I need to master it ang understand it’s real purpose. One
of the thing that read about grammar is that garmmar can help you to easily learn another laguage. That
is why learning grammar wiil play a significant role for me to be effective teacher. If I can master
grammar I will be able to express my thought and opinion to other people that can understood by them.
And I will be able to communicate effectively.
 Parts of a sentence

Introduction

In non-functional linguistics, a sentence is a textual unit consisting of one or more words that are
grammatically linked. In functional linguistics, a sentence is a unit of written texts delimited by
graphological features such as upper case letters and markers such as periods, question marks, and
exclamation marks.
Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose:

 A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonly makes a statement: "I
have to go to work."
 An interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information—"Do I have to
go to work?"—but sometimes not; see rhetorical question.
 An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement
expressing emotion: "I have to go to work!"
 An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do something (and if done strongly may
be considered both imperative and exclamatory): "Go to work." or "Go to work!"
 An "instructive sentence" or instruction is used to provide information on what something is or
how something can be done.
Body

Subject
In general, the subject refers to the part of the sentence that tells who or what the sentence is about.
The subject is a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. For example:
 Kelly walked down the street.
 They went to school.
 The black cat is sleeping.

Their are different types of subjects. A simple subject is just one word, without any modifiers, usually
a noun or pronoun. A complete subject is the simple subject plus all modifiers. A compound subject is
made up of more than one subject element.

Predicate
The predicate of a sentence includes the verb and everything that follows it. This typically tells what
the subject does with an action verb or describes the subject using a linking verb and a complement. For
example
Ivan jumped far.
In this example, “Ivan” is the subject and “jumped far” is the predicate. Here, far is an adverb to
describe how Ivan jumped.

Optional Parts of a Sentence

Object
Objects are noun phrases that are included in the predicate. They are the things being acted upon by the
verb. For example:
 Susan bought the gift.
 The dog caught the ball.
 The boy spilled the milk.
In each of these sentences, there is a direct object in the predicate. It is the thing being acted upon; for
example, the gift is the thing given by Susan.
It's also possible to have an indirect object that includes more information about the person or thing
towards which the action is directed. For example:
 Susan bought him the gift.
 He wrote them a long letter.
 The man gave her an ultimatum.
In the sentence "Susan bought him the gift," "him" is an indirect object because he is not the item
bought at the store, but rather the person for whom the action was completed.
Complement
In predicates that use linking verbs rather than action verbs, items following the verb are known as
complements. Complements modify the subject by describing it further. For example:
 I am a teacher.
 The cat was the laziest creature.
 The woman seems smart.
In these cases, the words following the linking verb describe the subject, whether they are nouns, noun
phrases or adjectives.
To write a complete sentence, you must include at least a subject and a predicate. If you only include
one of these, you will have only a sentence fragment, which is grammatically incorrect.
Modifier
Modifiers are words or phrases that describe parts of the sentence by adding additional information.
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. It is
possible for parts of speech to do this work alone in the sentence in either the subject or the predicate.
For example:
 The blue boat sank.
 The boat slowly sank.
In the first example, the adjective modifies the subject, but in the second example, the adverb modifies
the simple predicate.
Adverbial
Not all modifiers are single words. Sometimes they are groups of words that work together. When these
words are in the predicate and explain how, when, where or why the action was performed, they are
known as an adverbial. For example:
 She exercised in the morning.
 The boy reached out to the teacher for help.
 I skipped school because I was sick.
Each adverbial above modifies the verb, therefore performing the function of an adverb in the sentence.
The first two examples are adverbial phrases - groups of words that function as an adverb but don't
contain a subject and a verb. The final example is an adverbial clause, which performs the same
function but does contain a subject and a verb. Adverbial clauses are dependent clauses and are not
complete sentences on their own.
Modifiers are optional when it comes to writing sentences since they merely give additional information
and are not required the way a subject and verb are. Note that complements are considered to be a type
of modifier as well.

Conclusion
Sentence Structure is important because it provide us with the framework for the clear written
expression of our ideas. The aim in writing is always to write in complete sentences which are correctly
punctuated. Sentences always begin with a capital letter and end in either a full stop, exclamation or
question mark. A complete sentence always contains a verb, expresses a complete idea and makes sense
standing alone. A sentence always consists of subject and predicate. Their ar different types of a
sentence A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonly makes a
statementAn interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request
informationAn exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement
expressing emotion: "I have to go to work!"An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do
something An "instructive sentence" or instruction is used to provide information on what something is
or how something can be done. Each types of sentence can be used in different kind of situations where
it is suitable to use,

Reflection

As a future educator this kind of topic is very important for to lear everything about it specially as
an English major student having a proper knowledge about it is very significant to finish my course.
And this topic I will be able to use it in my daily life, because knowing how to make a proper sentence
is a must. Because if I can’t make a proper sentence I could send a wrong message to my students or to
the people whom I wanna send the message. Every part of a sentence is very important even na periods,
commas, excalamation and question marks, because using a wrong panctuation can change the whole
meaning of a sentence.
 Noun phrase and Verb phrase

Introduction

A phrase that acts like a noun in the sentence is called a Noun Phrase. It contains a noun & other
associated words (usually determiners & modifiers) which modify the noun. A noun phrase comprises
of a noun as a head-word and other related words (determiners & modifiers) may come before or after
the noun. Verb Phrases Every
sentence will generally contain a verb. But sometimes the action being described requires a more nuanced
multi-words verb phrase. The phrase consists of the main verb/verbs and then auxiliary verbs, i.e.
helping verbs. Some such verb phrases are as follows,
Noun Phrases These are the phrases contains a noun- name, place or things and at least one modifier
associated to the noun. The modifier can prefix or suffix the noun. The entire phrase will act as a noun for
that particular sentence. Noun phrases are simply nouns with modifiers. Just as nouns can act as subjects,
objects, and prepositional objects, so can noun phrases. Similarly, noun phrases can also work in a
sentence as adjectives, participles, infinitives, and prepositional or absolute phrases.A verb phrase is the
portion of a sentence that contains both the verb and either a direct or indirect object (the verb's
dependents). We're going to take a look at what verb phrases are, and then view some verb phrase
examples.

Body

A noun phrase is made up of a noun and all its modifiers. It can function in a sentence as a subject, an
object, or a complement. Some noun phrases begin with an infinitive (to go) or a gerund (going); this
type of noun phrase is always singular:

To sail the seven seas was her lifelong dream. (subject)

Dieters prefer green salad. (object)
A ham sandwich is a popular lunch. (complement)

Her face red with embarrassment, she took (Noun phrase as an absolute phrase to the
her seat beside the man she had tripped. subject "she")
 They walked into the sunset, their laughter (Noun phrase as an absolute phrase to the
carrying on the breeze. subject "they")

A verb phrase can be the predicate of the clause or sentence. A verb phrase can also be a phrase that
functions as an adverb or adjective and contains a verb and its complements, objects, or modifiers.
Following are some verb phrase examples where the verb phrase is the predicate of a sentence. In this
case, the verb phrase consists of the main verb plus any auxiliary, or helping, verbs.
 She was walking quickly to the mall.  Words were spoken.
 He should wait before going swimming.  These cards may be worth hundreds of
 Those girls are not trying very hard. dollars!
 Ted might eat the cake.  The teacher is writing a report.
 You must go right now.  You have woken up everyone in the
 You can't eat that! neighborhood.
 My mother is fixing us some dinner.

Some verb phrases have a single function which means it can act like an adverb or an adjective. The
phrase would include the verb and any modifiers, complements, or objects.
 Texting on his phone, the man swerved  Finally, we can afford to buy a new
into a ditch. house.
 As the cat watched, the two puppies  Walking on the ice, she slipped and fell.
fought over a bone.  Open the door to let the fresh air in.
 The small dog was reluctant to learn new  To make lemonade, you first need some
things. lemons.
 When he arrives, we can try to build a  It takes two people to tango.
fort.

Conclusion
In conclusion, noun phrases, either basic or complex are potentially very complicated. Most simply,
basic noun phrases consist of just one overt element, pronouns of different types or numerals. Basic
noun phrases, more complicatedly, comprise pre-determiners, determiners, post-determiners and the
head nouns, the order of which is fixed. Complex noun phrases, as their names imply, are the most
difficult of all. They consist of pre-modification, head noun and post-modification. Pre-modification
includes closed-system and open-class items which are in the given order. Post-modification can be
finite or non-finite clauses and adjective, noun, prepositional and adverbial phrases. Though noun
phrases are complicatedly constructed, hopefully, by now enough has been presented to help learners of
English find it easy in learning noun phrases in English, both basic and
complex.Verbs fulfill five functions in our language. In their conjugated form, they enable us to form
clauses, either as complete sentences or as dependent clauses. They also appear as infinitives (to verbs),
as present participles (-ing verbs), and as past participles (ordinarily -ed verbs). In these three forms,
they appear as phrases. And, in their -ing and -ed forms, they can appear as single-word adjectives. We
can use two of the verbal phrases (to phrase, -ing phrase) as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. We can use
the third verbal phrase (the -ed phrase) as an adjective. In short, verbs can perform the roles of
all major parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

Reflection
A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun. And
learning this topic I will be able to encourage my future students to understand what a noun phrase is.I
wiil also be able to provide interesting prompts to encourage students to use noun phrases. Noun
phrases and verb phrases are equally important. So noun phrases really shouldn't be ignored by teachers
or the students. In the future I can help my students to understand how noun phrases fit into the sentence,
produce more complex noun phrases (as they become more advanced), and become aware of how noun
phrases operate differently in different registers.

Word Order
Introductiom
Word order is important: it’s what makes your sentences make sense! So, proper word order is an
essential part of writing and speaking—when we put words in the wrong order, the result is a confusing,
unclear, and an incorrect sentence.In linguistics, word order typology is the study of the order of the
syntactic constituents of a language, and how different languages employ different orders.

a. Indirect Objects

When we add an indirect object, a sentence will follow a slightly different order. Indirect objects always
come between the verb and the object, following the pattern SVIO, like this:

I fed the dog some popcorn.

This sentence has “I” (subject) “fed” (verb) “dog” (indirect object) “popcorn” (direct object).

b. Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases also have special positions in sentences. When we use the prepositions like “to” or
“for,” then the indirect object becomes part of a prepositional phrase, and follows the order SVOP, like
this:

I fed some popcorn to the dog.

c. Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, adding things like time, manner, degree; and often
end in ly, like “slowly,” “recently,” “nearly,” and so on. As a rule, an adverb (or any modifier) should be
as close as possible to the thing it is modifying. But, adverbs are special because they can usually be
placed in more than one spot in the sentence and are still correct. So, there are rules about their placement,
but also many exceptions.

In general, when modifying an adjective or adverb, an adverb should go before the word it modifies:

The dog was extremely hungry. CORRECT adverb modifies “hungry”

Extremely, the dog was hungry. INCORRECT misplaced adverb

Body

Word order refers to the way words are arranged in a sentence. The order of words in English is
important if you want to communicate your thoughts and ideas. English has a strict word order in basic
sentences:
The basic word order of an English sentence is Subject + Predicate.

The predicate is the part of the sentence that tells something about the subject. The predicate always
includes the verb.

So, Subject + Predicate word order can be broken down into smaller pieces like this:

subject + verb Or subject + verb + object

Let's review the definitions of these parts of speech.

 subject = noun or pronoun

The person, place, or thing that the sentence is about.

 verb = action or state of being

one verb or a verb phrase

 object = the noun or nouns that receives the action of the verb or is affected by the action of the
verb

Remember, in English sentences, word order is very specific. The subject always comes before the verb.

To make sentences more descriptive and complex, we add adjectives,adverbs, and indirect objects.

Adjectives are words that describe nouns. There are many adjectives in English. Here are a few:

happy sad funny blue large

quiet pretty three green simple

We can make sentences more descriptive by adding adjectives to describe the subjects and objects in a
sentence.

Adjectives often come before the noun that they describe.

Examples:

The smart teacher taught the quiet students.

The happy students listened to the serious teacher.

We can also make sentences more descriptive and complex by adding adverbs. An adverb is a word that
describes or gives more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even an entire
sentence. There are many adverbs in English. Here are a few:

yesterday quickly really heavily fast sometimes

hard suddenly today too never very

Examples:

(The adverbs are in purple.)

 The teacher quickly taught the students.

 Yesterday, the teacher taught the students.

 Yesterday, the teacher quickly taught the students.

 The teacher quickly taught the students yesterday.

Conclusion
To sum up, word order in English is related to the morphology of the language: languages that are
highly inflected could not have a fixed word order. The inflection of each element of the clause in
languages like Latin, allow for the words to be rearranged without altering the meaning of overall the
sentence. Instead, the meaning in these languages is given by the individual word endings. However,
languages like English, which are less inflected, rely on a particular resource to maintain the function of
the word: in this case, the resource is the word’s position in the clause.

Reflection
Word order is a key component to teaching English language students to form and create a
grammatically correct sentence. Once a student has developed a basic vocabulary, word order and parts
of the sentence should be taught to help students understand the basic building blocks of the English
sentence.

The word order in the majority of English sentences is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). And as a future
English teacher it is my duty to study this topic and to master it in order for me to share my knowledge
about this topic to my students. It is very important to know the right order or words in a sentence, to be
able to send the right thought or message to the person you are talking to.

Noun Determiners
Introductiom
A determiner is a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a noun, not after, and it also
comes before any other adjectives used to describe the noun. Determiners are required before a singular
noun but are optional when it comes to introducing plural nouns. the determiner is placed before the
noun or noun phrase, regardless of whether the noun in the subject or predicate. In the first example, it
comes directly before the noun.

Body
Articles
Articles are among the most common of the determiners. There are three singular articles: a, an,
and the. Articles specify (or determine) which noun the speaker is referring to. A and an are indefinite
articles and are used when you are talking about a general version of the noun. For example:
 A dog is a good pet.
 An ostrich would beat a chicken in a race.
In these examples, the sentence is talking about dogs or ostriches in general, meaning any dog. When
your meaning is general, use an indefinite article. Note that a is used before words that begin with
consonants while an is used before words beginning with vowels.
On the other hand, the is a definite article, meaning the speaker is referring to a specific noun. For
example:
 We went to the best restaurant in town.
 The dog is barking too loudly.
Here the speaker is referring to a particular dog and a particular restaurant. It's not a general category,
but only one animal or place that's important. When your meaning is specific, use a definite article.
Demonstratives
Demonstrative pronouns are also used as determiners in English. There are four of them: this, that,
these and those. Demonstratives are used in a situation in which the speaker can point to the item they
mean, making them even more specific than a definite article. For example:
 Do you want this piece of chicken?
 I don't want to go to that movie.
 These black raspberries are sour.
 He wanted those boys to go away.
This and these refer to items nearby; that and those refer to items far away. Note also
that this and that are singular while these and those are plural.
Quantifiers
Quantifiers are determiners that indicate how much or how little of the noun is being discussed. They
include words such as all, few and many. For example:
 He took all the books.
 She liked all desserts equally.
 Few children like lima beans, so the cafeteria stopped serving them.
 Many kittens are taught to hunt by their mothers.
Note that all can be used with other determiners to specify which particular items are meant (i.e. all the
books in this pile). In this case, the quantifier always comes before the article or demonstrative. It's also
possible to use all alone to refer to items generally, as in the second example.
Possessives
When referring to a noun that belongs to someone or something, you can use possessive pronouns to
show ownership. Possessive pronouns include my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. For example:
 Where is your car?
 The dog growled and showed its teeth.
 My best friend is a cat.
 Which one is his house?
As always, the determiner comes before the noun and any modifying adjectives. In English, you can use
the same possessive whether the noun it references is singular or plural.

Like articles, quantifiers are words that precede and modify nouns. They tell us how many or how
much. Selecting the correct quantifier depends on your understanding the distinction between Count and
Non-Count Nouns. For our purposes, we will choose the count noun trees and the non-count
noun dancing:

The following quantifiers will work with count nouns:

many trees a couple of trees

a few trees none of the trees
few trees
several trees

The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns:

not much dancing a good deal of dancing

a little dancing a great deal of dancing
little dancing no dancing
a bit of dancing

The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns:
all of the trees/dancing a lot of trees/dancing
some trees/dancing lots of trees/dancing
most of the trees/dancing plenty of trees/dancing
enough trees/dancing a lack of trees/dancing

The three articles — a, an, the — are a kind of adjective. The is called the definite article because it
usually precedes a specific or previously mentioned noun; a and an are called indefinite articles because
they are used to refer to something in a less specific manner (an unspecified count noun). These words
are also listed among the noun markers or determiners because they are almost invariably followed by a
noun (or something else acting as a noun).

The is used with specific nouns. The is required when the noun it refers to represents something
that is one of a kind:

The moon circles the earth.

The is required when the noun it refers to represents something in the abstract:

The United States has encouraged the use of the private automobile as opposed
to the use of public transit.

Conclusion
Articles: these are the best known determiners. The indefinite articles (a and an) are used when we
assume that a hearer cannot identify the referent of the noun in front of which they appear. By
contrast, definite articles are used when we assume that the hearer can identify the referent of the
noun. In my earlier post I contrasted the phrases a cat and the cat.demonstrative determiners: these are
determiners that have a ‘pointing’ (deictic) function. They identify the referent of a noun as nearby
(this/these), or as distant (that/those).Possessive determiners: these typically indicate possession, as
in my hair, her bike, their teachers

Reflection

Determiners are words that come before a noun and serve to modify the noun. Determiners modify
nouns by providing context and specificity to the noun.Determiners typically indicate whether the
referent of the noun phrase is assumed to be known to the hearer/reader. I need to read more clear
grammar explanations and example sentences to help me to understand how determiners and quantifiers
are used. For me to gain more knowledge about it and to be able to make good sentences. And to be
qualified to be an english teacher someday.
 Adjective Modifiers And Adverb Modifiers

Introduction

Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs.Adjectives describe, quantify, or identify pronouns and nouns. Remember, a noun is a person,
place, or thing. Pronouns, such as I, me, we, he, she, it, you, and they, take the place of nouns.
Adjectives also answer the following questions: What kind? How many? How much? Which one?

Descriptions concerning What kind? offer descriptive details about the noun or pronoun. It may
describe physical characteristics or emotions. Here are a few examples: the black car,
the angry customer, the fashionable teen.
The questions How many? and How much? refer to quantity of the noun or pronoun being described by
the adjective. Quantity can be specific (four ducks) or general (some ducks). Here are some more
examples: fourteen cents, a few puppies, several kittens, a dozen books.

Which one? specifically describes which object is being referred to. These are workhorse words like
“this,” “that,” “these,” and other words like “them”: that car, this letter, those volunteers.

Adjectives are helpful when additional description is needed for a noun or pronoun. Like adjectives,
adverbs can also help add details to your writing.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They commonly describe how, when, or
where the action of a verb took place. How refers to the manner in which an action
occurred. When addresses the time of the action. Where investigates the place or location the action
took place

Body

An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (he sings loudly), an adjective (very tall), another
adverb (ended too quickly), or even a whole sentence (Fortunately, I had brought an umbrella). Adverbs
often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.

Tom Longboat did not run badly. The race finished too quickly.

Tom is very tall.

Fortunately, Lucy recorded Tom’s win.

Examples of Adverb modifying Verb:

o Alex was running slowly. o Please work carefully.

o Jenn is reading quickly.
Examples of Adverb modifying Adjective:
o The story was very interesting.
o The movie is really awesome.
Examples of Adverb modifying Another Adverb:
o Jeff is running very fast.
o Jenn is reading so quickly.
Definition of Adverb Phrase as Modifier:
o Robin was speaking rudely.
o The food was so delicious.
o Aric was so exhausted.
o Please work very carefully.
o Robin was speaking so rudely.
A prepositional phrase modifying an adjective, a verb or another adverb is called an adverb phrase.

Adjective appears before or after the word it modifies. When it appears before the word is called
pre-modifier and when appears after the word is called post-modifier.

Adjectives are words that modify nouns or pronouns. Adjective, Adjective Phrase, and
Adjective Clause can function as a modifier.

Examples of Adjective as Modifier:

o Suzan gave an outstanding performance in the program. (pre-modifier)
o How beautiful the scenery is! o Jack is exhausted. (post-modifier)
(pre-modifier) o Lisa is intelligent. (post-modifier)
o Anna is looking gorgeous. o Robin is a brilliant (pre-modifier)
(post-modifier) o All the flowers in the garden
o I have written several (pre-modifier) are beautiful. (post-modifier)
Adjective Phrase as Modifier:

A prepositional phrase modifying a noun or pronoun is called an adjective phrase.

Examples of Adjective Phrase as Modifier:

o Alice was reading a novel by Leo o All were dressed in black at the party.
Tolstoy. o Look at the man in a red shirt.
o The man with beard entered the room. o Pass me the book with blue cover.
o I like perfumes with a mild fragrance.

Conclusion
In conclusion Modifiers are usually placed next to the word they modify. Placed too far from the word
it describes, the modifier can end up as misplaced modifier, which is explained later. Adjectives as
modifiers come more often before the noun than after it. Adverbs as modifiers occur immediately
before or after the verb, and before an adjective or another adverb. And to able to distinguish between
an adjective and an adverb does help as the following show. Most adverbs end in -ly. Only a few words
ending in -ly are adjective.

Reflection
Essentially a vital modifier provides necessary information to identify the noun, where a
non-essential noun modifier adds descriptive details. To make our sentences clearer and moore
understandable for the people who we are talking to . When modifiers modify a noun they must be
adjacent (or touch) the noun they modify. This rule is one of the most important grammar rules to know.
When the noun modifier does not touch the noun it modifies it is called a misplaced modifier. I learn
that learning language or English is easy as long as you follow the rules and always remember it in
order to have a proper sentence and use of words.
 Three Types of Phrases
- Prepositional phrase
- Participial phrase
- Absolute phrase

Introduction

A phrase is a group or combination of two or more words. It is a unit of a complete sentence. By itself,
a phrase is not a complete sentence, as it does not relay a complete thought. It does not contain the
subject and the predicate both, so it is not a clause either.The length of the phrase may differ from two
words to many more words. This does not have any connection to whether it is a phrase or a sentence.
For example “old dog” is a phrase. So is “the old, smelly, shivering dog” is also a phrase.Prepositional
Phrase always starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (and its modifiers) that is
called the object of the preposition:

Participial Phrase start with either a present or past participle. Here are some examples of
each.A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective by modifying nouns and pronouns. A
participle can be either a present participle or a past participle. A participial phrase includes the
participle, plus any modifiers and complements. Absolute Phrase are the trickiest to identify. These
phrases are not closely connected to the rest of the sentence; they don’t describe a specific word, but
 modify the whole sentence. They add extra information and are usually separated by commas (or
dashes).At the heart of an absolute phrase you will find a noun or pronoun and some modifiers.

Body

A prepositional phrase includes a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. The
preposition’s object is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition. Prepositional phrases can
function as either adjective phrases or adverb phrases to modify other words in a sentence.Common
prepositional phrase examples include about, after, at, before, behind, by, during, for, from, in, of, over,
past, to, under, up, and with.
The bracelet in the storefront window is the one I want.

(In is the preposition, and in the storefront window is the prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase
functions as an adjective phrase, modifying bracelet.)

We stayed at the cabin by the river.

(By is the preposition, and by the river is the prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase functions as
an adjective phrase, modifying cabin.)

The store at the corner sells sandwiches.

(At is the preposition, and at the corner is the prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase functions
as an adjective phrase, modifying store.)

A participial phrase is a phrase that looks like a verb, but actually functions as an adjective; it modifies
a noun in the same sentence. Phrases like this can “spice up” a noun and provide added description
about what it’s doing or what it looks like.
A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective by modifying nouns and pronouns. A participle
can be either a present participle or a past participle. A participial phrase includes the participle, plus
any modifiers and complements.

Present participle
The sobbing child held his injured knee.

(Sobbing is the present participle. It modifies child .)

The cascading waterfall poured down over the rocks.

(Cascading is the present participle. It modifies waterfall .)

Sweeping across the night sky, the bats hunted their prey.

(Sweeping is the present participle, and sweeping across the night sky is the participial phrase. The
participial phrase modifies bats .)

Quickly checking over his answers, Patrick handed in his test just before time ran out.

(Checking is the present participle, and quickly checking over his answers is the participial phrase. The
participial phrase modifies Patrick .)

Searching the glove compartment, Evangeline looked for her sunglasses.

(Searching is the present participle, and searching the glove compartment is the participial phrase. The
participial phrase modifies Evangeline .)

Past participle

The broken window needed to get repaired quickly.

(Broken is the past participle. It modifies window .)

To make the batter, stir the beaten eggs into the flour.

(Beaten is the past participle. It modifies eggs .)

Excited about dinner, Hari ran the whole way home.

(Excited is the past participle, and excited about dinner is the participial phrase. The participial phrase
modifies Hari .)

Frightened by the loud fireworks, the dog hid under the couch.

(Frightened is the past participle, and frightened by the loud fireworks is the participial phrase. The
participial phrase modifies dog .)

Injured during the soccer match, Marco had to leave the field.

(Injured is the past participle, and injured during the soccer match is the participial phrase. The
participial phrase modifies Marco .)

Conclusion
In conclusion the Absolute Phrase is a noun followed by a participle may from a construction
grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence. It’s never a subject, nor does it modify any word
in the sentence, but it’s used absolutely and independently. the Function of the Absolute Phrase 1) 1)
Modify the entire sentence. 2) 2) Add information.A participial phrase is a participle modified by an
adverb, a prepositional phrase, or accompanied by a complement. The entire phrase acts as an
adjective.If a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma is used after that phrase, before the
sentence.

Reflection

There are so many useful everyday phrases in english that no single article will be able to help you
with all of them so just listen and practice. the great way to learn phrases which are actually bases on
real life situation by listening to people's conversation,listen to movie's dialogues or radio talk shows etc.
And as a student who is wanting to be an english someday I need to try and learn every topic and
lessons and do my best to fullfill my responsibility as a student and as a future teacher Phrases adds
flavor to the language. It gives color to your English and people start loving to talk to you. The more
you use the more you learn. Just keep on studying to master this topic