11/8/19

Tutorial
Solid-Liquid Extraction
a.k.a Leaching

AP Dr Syed Mohd Saufi

2019/2020-I

Dr SMS

FE 2018/2019-II
A Bean company carried out process to extract oil from fresh soybean
containing 21 wt% soy oil. The extraction is using pure hexane, targeted to
remove 90 % of the oil in a countercurrent multistages leaching process.
The company prepare 1000 kg fresh soybean per hour and the final exit
overflow solution is to contain 65 wt% soy oil. The slurry underflow is
assumed N = -0.5 yA + 2.

a) Calculate LO, LN, V1 and VN+1.

b) Determine the total number of theoretical stages

Dr SMS

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FE 2018/2019-I
Oil is to be extracted from soybean by means of benzene using a
countercurrent extractor. The unit is to treat 1000 kg of beans (based on
completely exhausted solid) per hour. The untreated beans contain 400 kg
of oil and is contaminated with 25 kg of benzene. The fresh solvent
mixture contains 10 kg/h of oil and 655 kg/h of benzene. The final
concentration leaving the last stages was set at 0.12. Using the equilibrium
data in the Table 1, determine

a) the number of stages required for the separation.

b) the flowrate of the outlet stream and the amount of oil accounted in
the underflow and overflow stream.
c) the percentage of oil being extracted at stage n=2.

Suggestion: Use 1 cm: 0.1 for x -axis and 2 cm: 1.0 for y-axis.

Dr SMS

FE 2018/2019-I

Table 1: Equilibrium data for oil in soybean extracted using benzene

Concentration Concentration
[kg oil/kg solution] [kg solution/kg solid]
0 0.5
0.1 0.505
0.3 0.529
0.5 0.555
0.7 0.621
0.9 0.714

Dr SMS

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FE 2017/2018-II
Oil is to be extracted from 10,000 lb of granulated halibut livers, based on oil free
livers, which contain 0.06 gal of extractable oil per pound of oil-free livers. 700 gal
of diethyl ether containing 5 wt % of oil is used as the extraction solvent. It is
desired to extract 93% of the total oil present in the system using a multistage
countercurrent extraction tank. The final extract is to contain 0.7 gal oil per gal of
extract. The entrainment of solution by the granulated liver mass was obtained
from experiments and the data is presented in Table 1. Determine the number of
theoretical stages and the amounts and concentrations of all streams leaving the
process.
Table 1: The entrainment of solution by granulated liver mass obtained from experiments
Solution retained by 1 lb of Solution concentration,
exhausted livers, gallon gallon oil/gallon solution
0.035 0
0.042 0.1
0.050 0.2
0.058 0.3
0.068 0.4
0.081 0.5
0.099 0.6
0.120 0.68

Dr SMS

FE 2017/2018-I
Oil is to be extracted from halibut livers in a countercurrent extraction
battery using ether as solvent. The entrainment of solution by the
granulated liver mass was obtained from experiments and the data is
presented in Table 1. In the extraction battery, the charge per cell is 100
pound of halibut livers, based on completely exhausted livers. The non-
extracted livers contain 0.05 gallon of oil per pound of exhausted material.
For this system, an oil-free ether is used as solvent and 92% recovery of oil
is desired from the process. The final extract is to contain 0.65 gallon of oil
per gallon of extract. Determine the number of stages and calculate the
amounts and concentrations of inlet solvent stream and all streams
leaving the process.

Dr SMS

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FE 2017/2018-I
Table 1: The entrainment of solution by granulated liver mass obtained from experiments

Solution retained by 1 pound of Solution concentration, gallon

exhausted livers, gallon oil/gallon solution
0.035 0
0.042 0.1
0.050 0.2
0.058 0.3
0.068 0.4
0.081 0.5
0.099 0.6
0.120 0.68

Dr SMS

FE 2016/2017-II
Oil is to be extracted from 6320 kg/h of fresh granulated halibut livers
containing 21wt % of extractable oil. The leaching process is conducted in
a countercurrent solid extraction system using 1955 kg/hr of recycled
diethyl ether which inclusively contained 1wt% of oil. Due to the
malfunction of the oil compressor, only 30 % of the total oil can be
extracted from the system. Table 1 shows the equilibrium data for
granulated halibut livers, where N is kg inert solid/kg solution retained and
yA is kg oil/kg solution.
a) Calculate the amounts and compositions of the exit streams.
b) Determine the total number of theoretical stages required.

Dr SMS

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FE 2016/2017-II
Table 1: Data for N vs. yA

N (kg inert solid/kg solution) yA (kg oil/kg solution)

4.88 0
3.50 0.2
2.47 0.4
1.67 0.6
1.39 0.81

Dr SMS

FE 2016/2017-I
Gold Mining Sdn. Bhd. had proposed to use pure cyanide solvent in their
countercurrent multistage leaching system to enhance the gold
production. The gold ore flowrate per hour is 1100 kg that consist of 27
wt. % of gold. Pure cyanide solvent was able to extract 97 % of gold from
the feed. The final exit overflow solution contains 67 wt. % gold. The value
for underflow is kept constant at 1.75 kg insoluble solid/kg solution
retained.

a) Calculate the amount and composition for all streams.

b) Calculate the total number of theoretical stages.
c) Calculate the total number of actual stages if the system has 75 %
efficiency of the process.

Dr SMS

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FE 2014/2015-II
Countercurrent multistage leaching was used to extract solute A from the
treated mineral. The feed charged to the extractor consists of 600 kg
solute A, 1500 kg solid B and 600 kg solvent C. Pure solvent C was used in
the process with 90% of solute A was recovered in the exit overflow
solution. The concentration of solute A in the exit overflow solution is
15wt.%. The underflow outlet stream has constant value of N = 0.5 kg
solute A/ kg solution.

a) Determine the number of stage required.

b) Calculate the amount of pure solvent C used for the leaching process
above.

Dr SMS

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FE 2014/2015-I
Cod oil extracted from granulated cod livers in a countercurrent multi-batch
arrangement using ether as the solvent. 100 kg fresh livers containing 35% oil
are to be extracted with pure ether and it is desired to obtain a 90% oil
recovery. 50 kg of pure ether is used to extract the fresh livers.

a) Draw a process flow for countercurrent multistage leaching.

b) Calculate:
i. The number of theoretical stages required.
ii. The inlet inert concentration, No
iii. The outlet inert concentration, NN
iv. The outlet underflow stream, LN
v. The outlet overflow stream, Vj
c) If the percentage of oil recovery increases up to 98%, what will happen to
the overall operating cost? Why?
d) If the mass of pure solvent decreases, what will happen to the number of
theoretical stages? Why?

Dr SMS

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FE 2014/2015-I

Dr SMS

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FE 2013/2014-II
Caustic soda (CaCO3) is manufactured by the lime-soda process in the following reaction.
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 à CaCO3 + 2NaOH
A solution of 60 wt.% sodium carbonate in water was treated with the theoretical
requirement of lime for producing 1000 kg/h caustic soda. After the reaction is complete, a
multistage countercurrent leaching was used to extract the NaOH from the sludge formed in
the reaction products. Pure water was used to leach NaOH from the sludge with 80% NaOH
recovery. CaCO3 is assumed to be completely insoluble in water. The concentration of NaOH
in the overflow stream is x1 = 0.2. The composition of underflow stream is shown in Table 1.
The molecular weight of Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, and NaOH are 106, 74, 100 and 40
respectively.
a) Calculate the amounts and compositions of the stream leaving the process.
b) Determine the number of stages required.

Table 1: Data on countercurrent multistage leaching process

N kg inert solid B/kg solution 0.667 0.571 0.455 0.370 0.278 0.180
yA kg NaOH/kg solution 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

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FE 2013/2014-I
Fresh halibut livers containing 25.7 wt % oil are to be extracted with pure ethyl
ether to remove 95% of the oil in a countercurrent multistage leaching process.
The feed rate is 1000 kg of fresh livers per hour. The final exit overflow solution is
to contain 70 wt % oil. The retention of solution by the inert solids (oil-free liver) of
the liver varies as shown in Table 2, where N is kg inert solid/kg solution retained
and yA is kg oil/kg solution.
a) Calculate the amounts and compositions of the exit streams.
b) Determine the total number of theoretical stages required.

Table 2: Data for N vs. yA

N (kg inert solid/kg solution retained) yA (kg oil/kg solution)
4.88 0
3.50 0.2
2.47 0.4
1.67 0.6
1.39 0.81

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FE 2012/2013-II
A multistage countercurrent leaching is used to extract the sludge produced from the
following reaction
Na2CO3 + CaO + H2O à CaCO3 + 2NaOH

The reaction is complete with no excess reactants present in the reaction products. The
products (i.e. sludge) from the reaction enter the first leaching with 1.667 kg CaCO3/ kg H2O
and also NaOH. Pure water is used to leach NaOH from the sludge with 97% NaOH recovery.
CaCO3 is assumed to be completely insoluble in water. The concentration of NaOH in the
overflow stream is x1 = 0.2. The composition of underflow stream is shown in Table 2. The
molecular weight of NaOH and CaCO3 are 40 and 100 respectively.
a) Calculate the amounts and compositions of the stream leaving the process.
b) Determine the number of stages required.

Table 2: Data on countercurrent multistage leaching process

N kg inert solid B/kg solution 0.667 0.571 0.455 0.370 0.278 0.180
yA kg NaOH/kg solution 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

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Thank You

Dr SMS

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