PRE – SPANISH LITERATURE Enchantment.

 MAXIMS – These are verses with rhyming couples of 5, 6 or 8

(early times – 1565) syllables, each line has the same number of syllables.
 SAYINGS (KASABIHAN) – These are used in teasing or giving
BACKGROUND
remarks or comments on a person’s actuations.
 Our ancestors already had their own literature  SAWIKAIN (SAYINGS) – These sayings do not have hidden
Stamped in the history of our race. meaning.
 The literature of ancient filipino was handed from one
generation to another by word of mouth SPANISH PERIOD (1565 – 1898)
 Pre-spanish poets and storytellers had gifts of good BACKGROUND
Memory.  Spain colonized the Philippines for more than three
 First alphabet (alibata) Malayo – Polynesian like countries.
 Records were burned by the spanish friars (work  Filipinos embraced the catholic religion, changed their names
of the devil) and were baptized.
 They built houses made of stones bricks, used kitchen
LITERATURES utensils and furniture. They held fiestas to honor the saints,
 LEGENDS - A form of prose and the common theme pope and the governor.
of which is about the origin of a thing, location or  Introduced the theater which popularized the komedya,
a name. Cinakulo, Sarswela, Playets, and Drama.
The Legend of Mount Makiling, Ang Alamat ng Pinya
e.g Why Women Wash the Dishes A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHIL. LITERATURE
 FOLK TALKES – Are made up of stories about life,  Alibata was the first filipino alphabet which was replaced by
Adventure, love, horror and humor where one can the roman alphabet.
derive lessons about life.  The Spanish language which become the medium of
e.g The Moon and the Sun instruction and literary language during this period.
 EPICS – Long narrative poems where a series of  Legends and traditions from Europe were assimilated in our
heroic achievements or events, usually by a hero. songs, corridos and moro-moros.
e.g Biag ni Lam-Ang  Ancient literature was collected and translated to tagalog
 MYTHS – Are narratives that describe and portray in and other dialects.
symbolic language the origin of the basic elements  Grammar books were printed in filipino like tagalog,Ilocano
and assumptions of a culture. and visayan.
e.g Malakas and Maganda  Our magazines and periodicals gained a religious tone.
 FOLK SONGS – One of the oldest forms of Philippine
Literature that emerged in the pre-spanish period.
e.g Kundiman, Ang Oyayi o Hele, Kumintang B . THE FIRST BOOK
 THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE (Doctrina Cristiana) – Was the
OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH POETRY first book printed in the Philippines in 1953 in Xylography. It
was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva.
 EPIGRAMS (SALAWIKAIN) – The served as laws or  NUESTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO – This was the second book
rules on good behavior by our ancestors. printed in the phillipines written by Fr. Biancas de San Jose in
 RIDDLES (BUGTONG) – These are made up of one or 1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help of
More measured lines with rhyme which consists 4 to Juan de Vera, a Chinese mestizo.
12 syllables.  LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO POST PRIMERAS DE HOMBRE
 CHANT (BULONG) – This is used in withcraft or (In Spanish and Tagalog) - This is the first book printed in
 Typography. 2. Halbada – Which has a more dignified theme
 ANG BARLAAN AT JOSEPHAT – This is the first where the lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner.
biblical printed in the Philippines and translated from  The cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8
Greek to tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja. Has 556 verses in each stanza.
pages and believed to be the first tagalog novel  PANUNULUYAN – Is a reenactment of Virgin Mary and Saint
published in the Philippines. Fr. Agustin Mejia Joseph in search of an inn to deliver the baby jesus.
translated this novel in Ilocano.  SALUBONG – Is an Easter play that dramatics the meeting of
 THE PASSION – This book is about the life and the risen Jesus Christ and his mother.
Suffering of Jesus Christ. There were 4 versions :  CARILLO OR SHADOW PLAY – Is a dramatic entertainment
1. Pilapil version (1814) by Mariano Pilapil of performed on dark nights projecting cardiboard figures
Bulacan before a lamp against a white sheet.
2. De Belen version (1704) by Gaspar Aquino de  ZARZUELA – Is considered the Father of Drama. It is musical
Belen of Bataan. comedy or melodrama in three acts.
3. De la Merced version (1856) by Anecito de la  SALNETE – Is a short exaggerated musical comedy performed
Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan. by characters from the lower class.
4. De Guia version (1750) by Luis de Guia  MORO-MORO – Is performed during town fiestas to
 URBANA AT FELISA – This book was written by entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian
Modesto de Castro, known as the Father of Classic religion.
Prose in Tagalog. The book contains the letters  KARAGATAN – Is a poetic contest where a ritual is performed
between two sisters Urbana at Felisa. based on a legend about a princess who dropped her ring
 ANG MGA DALIT KAY MARIA (Psalms for Mary) – into the middle of the sea………
This is a collection of songs praising Virgin Mary.  BALAGTASAN – Is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in
It was written in 1865 by a Filipino priest , Fr. debate on a topic or issue. This is held in honor of Francisco
Mariano Sevilla. “balagtas” Baltazar.
 DUNG – AW – Is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person
beside the corpse of the dead. Without definite meter or
C. FOLK SONGS
rhyming.
 During the Spanish period, each region had its nation
-al song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon JAPANESE PERIOD OF THE PHIL. LITERATURE
, Visayas and Mindanao. Folk songs truly manifest the (1941 – 1945)
Filipinos artistic feelings and appreciation for love of  Philippine literature was interrupted in its development,
Beauty. E.g Japanese stopped the use of the English language.
Leron-leron sinta, Dandansoy, Atin Cu Pung Singsing  There was no freedom of speech and of the press. Victoria
Abelardo described Filipino writings during this period as
D. RECREATIONAL PLAYS pessimistic and bitter.
 TIBAG – Means to excavate. This is ritual to remind  The magazine liwayway was placed under strict surveillance
the people about the search of Saint Helena for the until it was managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara.
Holy Cross were Jesus Christ was nailed and died.  The common theme of most poems during this period was
 LAGAYTAY – Is a special occasion to get together nationalism, love and life.
during the month of May for the Pilarenos of  The only contact with the outside world was done with
Sorsogon. utmost secrecy through the underground radio program
 CENACULO – Is a dramatic performance to re-enact called “Voice of Freedom”.
the passion and death of Jesus Christ.  Tagalog was favored by the Japanese military authority, and
1. Cantada – Which is chanted like the passion eventually influenced and
 encouraged the filipinos to develop vernacular  Journalist include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma Guerrero, Paul

literature. Manglapuz, and Carlos Bulosan. Nick Joaquin produced the

 Filipino writes who were able to write freely were The woman who looked like Lazaruz.
Those residing in the US. Most of writers and authors Salvador P. Lopez wrote an essay entitled literature and
Were forced to go underground or write in tagalog.
society. Juan C. Laya wrote his novel entitled His native soil.
 Movie houses showing American films were closed.
Stages plays translated from English to tagalog were President Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography The good fight.
Shown in big movie houses. TRANSLATOR :  Playing and listening to music were among the leisure
1. Jose Ma Hernandez – Panday Pira
2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – Pula sa Puti activities that made life bearable during this period.
3. Clodualdo del Mundo – Bulaga  Western music identified with the allied nations of the war
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda –
was probihited. The first Japanese musical mission to the
Sino ba kayo?, dahil sa anak, and
Higante ng patay. Philippines held on May 7, 1943 headed by Kosak Yamada.
 The usual and common form of poetry that emerged Music remained a popular pastime in Filipino homes.
during the Japanese period is the HAIKU. It is made
 Opera and classical music flourished during the war. The first
up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. First has
5 , the second line has 7 syllables and third,5 syllables all-Filipino orchestra, The new Philippine symphony, was
 TANAGA is similar to haiku, It is also short with organized. With Francisco Santiago as conductor, it
Measurement and rhyme with 17 syllabales. performed an all-philippine symbolic program in July 1942
 Many wrote short stories during this period. Among
Them were: Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda,
PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE :
Serafin Gunigundo, Liwayway Arceo. Atbp
 Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, NVM
 In 1945, the best writings were selected by a group
Gonzales, Bienvenido Santos, Gregorio
of judges composed of Francisco Icasiano, Jose Brillantes, Guida Cordero Fernando
Espreranza Cruz, Antonio Rosales atbp
 The following short stories got the first three prizes:
NATIONAL ARTIST AWARDS :
1st prize: Narciso reyes with his lupang tinubuan
 Jose Garcia Villa
2nd prize: Liwayway Arceo’s uhaw ang tigang na
 Nick Joaquin
lupa
3rd prize: NVM Gonzales’ lunsod, nayon at
dagat-dagatan. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN THE POST WAR-
 Carlos P. Romulo was an outstanding writer CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
of the period. He won the PULTILIZER PRIZE for (1945- PRESENT)
his bestsellers: I saw the fall of the Philippines,
I see the Philippines rise, Mother America and
 THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970) 1. The Molave and the Orchid – by F. Sionil Jose
( Young Adult Fiction, 2007 )
HISTORICAL BACKROUND
 FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE – Born : December 3,1924
 The americans returned to the Philippines in 1945 to Education : UST, Period : 1962 – present (age of 93)
end the Japanese rule. The filipinos were jubilant - Is one of the most widely read filipino writers in the
and the guerillas who fled in the mountains joined english language. His novel and short stories depict the
The liberating American army. social underpinnings of class struggles and colonialism in
filipino society.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD  MELVIN BANGGOLAY – He is presently residing at
 The post liberation period was marked by a Tabuk, Kalinga Philippines and presently working at the
“struggle of mind and spirit” posed by the Department of Trade and Industry as a Senior specialist.
audden emancipation from the japandes rule Examples of his poems :
and the strong desire to experience the freedom of 1. Only you (English)
writing. 2. Ikaw Lamang (Taglog)
 The Filipinos learned to express themselves more 3. Siksika Laeng (Ilocano)
confidently but post war problems in connection to
4. A Love that Endures
language and print had to be dealt with side by side.
 The newspaper like the Free press, Morning sun of
BICOLANO LITERATURE
Sergio Osmena Sr, Daily mirror of Joaquin Roces,
 MARIANO PERFECTO Is the first Bicolano writer who
Evening news of Ramon Lopez, and the Bulletin of
published Bikola newspaper, he was also responsible for the
Menzi, proved that there were more readers in
development of the first printing press named “imprenta de
English that any other vernacular.
nuestra de penafrancia”
 During this period, journalist indulged in more
 Protest Drama became a form of expressing that people’s
Militant attititude in their reporting.
growing resentment of the Spanish rule.
 “Comdia” writers such as Sabas Armenta, Juan Alvarez
ILOCANO LITERATURE
Guerra and Juan Miraflor have protest plays credited to their
 Ilocano literature is one of the most vibrant filipino
names. “Corridor” popular among the tagalog speaking folk,
literatures throughout the ages.
was adapted into the local “Bikolcorrido”.
 Prior to the Spanish colonial period, the Ilocano
 ANG DUWENDE (folklore from bikol)
literature is purely alive in form of written and
 Damiana Ligon Eugenio (sept 27, 1921 – oct 10, 2014) –
oral literature.
Known as the “Mother of Philippine Folklore”, was a filipino
 DALLOT was a popular form of literature, which is an
female author and has several publications in the field of
improvised, versified and impromptu long poem
Philippine literature (folklore).
delivered in a sing-song manner.
 When the Spaniards arrived in ilocos norte in 1572, it
 Example of Cebuano story : The Santo Nino of Cebu
Took a toil on Ilocano literature.
(Visayang folktale)
 The earliest known written Ilocano poems were the
Romances translated from Spanish by Francisco
Lopez was an Augustinian Friar who published his
Iloko translation of the Doctrina Cristiana ( First book
Published in the Philippines by Cardinal Bellarmine)
In 1621. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD ( 1910 – 1945)
EXAMPLE OF ILOCANO STORY: (1899 – 1940)
 During the American period in the Philippines,the
Literary production was inspired by two developments
In education and culture :
 The introduction of free institution for all
hildren of school age,
 The use of English language as a medium of
instruction in all levels of education in public
schools.
 During the Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)
- The filipino writers imitated English and
American models. Their writings clearly
Depicted their love of country and their
Longings for independence
 The Period of Emergence (1920-1930)was highly
influenced by western literary trends like
romanticism and realism. During this period,
short stories were the most prevalent literary form
and Jose Garcia Villa earned the international title
“Poet of the Century”.
SHORT STORIES
1. Dead Stars (1925) was the first short story
written in english by Paz Marquez Benitez .
2. The Small Key by Paz Latorena.
3. Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa.
4. How my Brother Leon Brought Home a
Wife – by Manuel Arguilla
5. Children of the Ash Covered Loam – by
NVM Gonzales
6. Clay – by Juan Gatbonton.
NOVELS
1. Child of Sorrow (1921) – Was the first novel
Written in English by Zoilo Galang.
2. Filipino Rebel – by Maximo M. Kalaw
3. His Native Soil – by Juan C. Laya
NEWSPAPERS
1. El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) – Established
By Sergio Osmena in 1900
- The americans censored, twice banned and threatened
Osmena with banishment because of his nationalistic
writings.
2. El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) – Established
by Pascual Poblete in 1900.
3. El Renacimento (The Rebirth) – Founded by Rafael Palma
in 1901.
4. The Philippines Free Press – published in 1905.
5. Manila Bulletin – Established by Hemogenes Pobre in
1900.
PLAYS
1902
1. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes
2. TANIKALANG GINTO by Juan Abad
3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio
1903
1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS by Aurelio Tolentino
2. HINDI ACO PATAY by Juan Matapang Cruz
1922
1. ANAK NG DAGAT by Francisco Mariano
LITERATURE IN SPANISH
 Dr. Jose P. Rizal, being a national leader, was the inspiration
of filipino writers in Spanish. Those who were inspired to
write in praise of him were :
1. Celilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to filipino heroes.
2. Fernando Ma. Gurrero shared with apostol the title in
balagtasan during their time. He compiled the best of his
poems in a book called “Crisalidas”, which means a black
wooly caterpillar. Mostly used eternal sadness as a
theme.
3. Jesus Balmori is a famous of his pen name BATIKULING. In
a debate on the topic remembrance and forgetfulness, he
was declared Poet Laurete.
- Premio Zobel Awardee
4. Manuel Bernabe defended the issue on forgetfulness
against Balmori.
5. Claro M. Recto is also famous for his nobility of speech
and theme. He compiled his poems in a book entitled
Bojo Los Cocoteros (Under the Coconut Trees).
 THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS KAPAMPANGAN LITERATURE
PERIOD  Juan Crisostomo Soto (1867- 1918) – “Father of
 The Philippine literature in tagalog was revived. Most Kapampangan literature”. The word Crisotas (meaning
1

balagtasan)
Theme in their writings dealt with Japanese
In tagalog is taken from his name.
Brutalities, of the poverty of life under Japanese  Aurelio Tolentino (1867-1915)– Translated KAHAPON,

Government and the brave guerillas exploit NGAYON AT BUKAS into Kapampangan NAPON,NGENI
AT BUKAS.
 Newspapers and Magazines publications were
reopened. VISAYAN LITERATURE
 Tagalog poetry acquired not only rhyme but
 Eriberto Gumban – “Father of Visayan literature”. He
substances and meaning.
wrote zarzuela,moro-moro and play in visayan
TAGALOG LITERATURE language.
 Tagalog short stories :  Magdalen Jalandoni (1891-1978) – Wrote the novel
1. Mga kwentong Ginto (Golden Stories) TUNUKSAN ISA CA BULAKLAK
Was published in 1936.
2. Kwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang Kwentista
Was published in 1939.
 Tagalog poets during this period were able to
Compose beautiful poems.
Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)
1. Inigo Ed. Regalado (1888-1976) – Son of
Odalger, famous writer during Spanish period.
His pen named “Sumpong”.
e.g May pagsinta’y walang puso, Madaling
araw, Sampaguitang walang bango.
2. Carlos Gatmaitan
3. Pedro Deogracias del Rosario –
“Father of tagalog short stories”, Uses realism,
Modernized the genre and gave short story a
tighter structure.
e.g The Democracy, The Vanguard, Dahil sa Pagibig
4. Amado V. Hernandez (1903-1970) – Poets of the
Laborers “Makata ng Manggagawa”.
e.g Bayani (1928), Munting Lupa (1957), Hagdan
sa Bahaghari (1958).

ILOCANO LITERATURE
1. Pedro Bukaneg - “Father of Ilocano Literature”
His name was derived from the word bukanegan
Which means Balagtasan (Poetic Contest in Ilocano
2. Claro Calayo – “Prince of Ilocano poets”
3. Leon Pichay – Known as best bukanegero
 DEFINITIONS OF LITERATURE
 Literature is the total of preserved writings belonging PROSE - “Prosa” which means straightforward. Is a discourse
to a given language or people (Webster)
 Literature is a written record of man’s best
thoughts and feelings.
 Literature is the written or printed productions
Of human mind collectively.
TYPES OF LITERATURE
 Oral Literature – Is generally the literature of the
ancient times when did not yet have much concern
about a permanent preservation of the expressions
of their wits and emotions….
 Written Literature – Is one that gets its form from
The use of the pen by literary genius.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE WRITE:
 For self-expression – “The mouth speaks what
The heart is full of”.
 To spread knowledge and information
 To pass on ideas and values
1
 To import truth,accuracy, and evaluation.
LITERARY STANDARDS
 Permanence – Great literature stands through the
ages and still opens new world of meaning and
experience.
 Universality – Great literature appeals to anyone,
anywhere, anytime forever relevant
 Artistry – Great literature appeals to our aesthetic
ense or sense of beauty.
 Intellectual Value – Great literature stimulates our
thought.
 Spiritual Value – Inspire and bring out moral values
making us better persons.
 Style – Marked with the pecullar way in which the
writer sees life,forms his/her ideas, and expresses
them distinctly
 Suggestiveness – Appeals to our emotions, stirs our
Imagination,feeling,move us deeply and evokes visions.
DIVISION OF LITERATURE
that follows the usual flow of conversation which uses
sentences forming paragraphs to express ideas,feelings and
actions.
DIVISION OF PROSE
1. Fiction – Is a literary work which is a result of the
author’s imagination.
a. Short Story – Is a narrative involving one or
more characters, one plot and one single
impressions e.g Dead Star
b. Novel – Is a true-to-life divided into chapters
where many characters are involved and spans
long period of time. e.g Things fall apart
c. Play – Is a scripted story executed on a stage.
e.g Call me flory
d. Legend – Is a narrative about origin of man,
place, event and happenings
e. Fable – Is a narrative were tha characters are
animals and inanimate objects that speak
and act like people.
f. Folktales - A traditional narrative, usually
anonymous and handed down orally.
g. Myths – A traditional sacred story, typically
revolving around the activities of Gods/Heroes.
h. Anecdotes – These are merely products of
written imagination
2. Non-Fiction
a. Essays – This expresses the view point or
opinion of the writer about a particular problem.
b. Biography – Is a literary work that gives the life
account of a person written by another person.
c. Oration – Is a formal treatment of the subject
and intended to be spoken before a crowd
d. Autobiograhpy – Is a literary work where the
author writes his own life account.
e. New – Is a report of expected and unexpected
events in society and government….
f. Letters
g. Diaries and Journals
 POETRY – Is “The spontaneous overflow of powerful
Feelings taking its origin from emotions”. Is a type of
literature that combines the sound and meaning of
language to create and express ideas and feelings.
THREE TYPES OF POETRY
1. Narrative poetry tells stories and has
Two forms :
a. Epics – Are long poems that exemplify the
adventures of epic heroes and divine forces.
they are the oldest surviving form of poetry
Popular ancient epic – Without a definite
author and is of slow growth.
Modern epic – With a definite author.
b. Ballads – Are narrative poems intended to
be sung.
c. Metrical Tale – This is narrative which is
written in verse.
2. Dramatic poetry – tells stories but one or
more characters act out the poem.
3. Lyric poetry – Is the most common of the
three, is a short poem that expresses the
poet’s thought and feeling.
a. Haiku one of the shortest lyric poem, is a
Japanese of 17 syllables.
b. Ode is a serious elebrate lyric poem full of
high praises and noble feelings.
c. Elegy is a poem of meditation on life and
death.
d. Sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a certain
pattern of rhyme and rhythm
e. Song is a lyric poem intended to be sung.
f. Psalms Is a song of praising God.
g. Awit have measures of 12 syllables.
h. Corridos have 8 syllables
 Imagery refers to the sensation that languages
creates in the mind. Images are words and phrases
that appeal.
 Figurative Language makes language more colorful,
Suggestive, powerful and therefore exciting.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
1. SIMILE is an explicit or direct comparison between a sound that imitates what they denote.
Two things of different classes. Using words “Like” or “as”
e.g She turns cold as a freezer.
2. METAPHOR is a bolder than simile and the comparison is
implied or indirect between two objects of different classes.
e.g The lord is my shepherd.
3. PERSONIFICATION gives human qualities or attributes to
non-human or inanimate object.
e.g The waves pounded furiously against the jetties
4. SYNECDOTE names a part of an object to stand for the
whole, or the whole for a part.
e.g He is my right hand
5. METONYMY involves the use of a term connected with an
object to represent that object
e.g I give you the floor to speak.
6. HYPERBOLE involves a deliberate exaggeration used for
effect.
e.g A million thanks to you!
7. OXYMORON is putting side by side of two normally
contradictory words.
e.g Cruel Kindness, Bitter-sweet memories, beautiful mess
8. PARODOX is saying something which seems untrue, but
on close examination, proves to be true or partly true.
e.g What you keep what you lose
9. ALLUSION Is a casual reference either by directly or by
borrowing familiar phrases from the bible,history or
literature.
e.g bible : Henry and Edison are the David and jonathan in
the class
10 . IRONY involves a contrast, a discrepancy between the
expected and what actually happens.
e.g You’re so kind to answer back your parents.
11. ONOMATOPOEIA the formation or use of words having
 e.g Don’t bang the door

12. LITOTES is a deliberate understatement used to

Affirm by negating its opposite.

e.g Even in her plain dress, I find her not all

displeasing.

13. APOSTROPHE is a direct address or someone

Absent.

e.g Jose Rizal, Where are the youth today?

 Purpose of act – To express man’s feeling about

Surroundings……