Opamp VS Transistor:

An op-amp has differential inputs, usually will provide rail-to-rail output, very low output
resistance and very high input resistance. However, it needs feedback to set its gain
and does not give high frequency gain.

A transistor is a building block, you still need to bias it and put it into a gain
configuration. A single transistor can not give you differential gain. However, a single
transistor gain stage does have limitted gain and can be degenerated to give you the
gain required without any multi-stage feedback. This means it won't oscillate and give
you a very high frequency response.

the reason to choose opamps than transistor for audio signal amplification is

1. opamps provide more gain(1000) than transistor(75-100). so more amplification can

be obtained by fewer stages.

2. No biasing, stabilising components required because its is build-in in opamp.

3. Common mode gain is reduced (which creates humming effect) thereby increase the
quality of o/p sound.

Applications of opamp:
1)Audio and video pre-amplifiers and buffers
2) filters
3)voltage regulator and current regulator
4)analog-to-digital converter
5)digital-to-analog converter
6)voltage clamps
7)oscillators and waveform generators
8)Analog computer
9)Capacitance multiplier
10)Charge amplifier.
Applications of Transistors:
The proper application of power semiconductors requires an understanding of their
maximum ratings and electrical characteristics, information that is presented within the
device data sheet. Good design practice employs data sheet limits and not information
obtained from small sample lots.
A rating is a maximum or minimum value that sets a limit on device capability. Operation
in excess of a rating can result in irreversible degradation or device failure. Maximum
ratings represent extreme capabilities of a device. They are not to be used as design
conditions.
A characteristic is a measure of device performance under specified operating
conditions expressed by minimum, typical, and/or maximum values, or shown
graphically.

This diagram represents a simple Bipolar Transistor shematic symbol.

More specifically, this symbol represents an NPN Bipolar Transistor.

Q9

Advantages of Analog Filter over digital

Passive analog filters can handle large signals (voltage and power) with little distortion. You
would never put a digital filter between a power amplifier in a transmitter and the antenna.
Active filters can handle a very wide range of signal levels without adding much noise. You
have to follow a DSP filter with an analog filter to remove the numerous harmonics. You will
get harmonics of the sampling frequency plus and minus the signal frequency. In digital filter
the power consumption is more than the anlog filters .There is no doubt that digitals filters make the
system more complex than the anlog filters

Disadvantage Of Analog Filter Over Digital

filter
This type fof filter has the greater accuracy.Dital filters are comparatevity cheaper than the digital
filter.The ease of data storage is one of the main advantages of the digital fiters.Implementatipon
ofsophisticated algorithm implementation is also very good for the the use of digital filters.Digital filter
allows to use of sophisticated algorithm implementation.
Now what is the application of the VLF signals?What we can do in digital filter is that we
can process very low frequency signals –signals which cannot be done with the analog
filters.

Next we discuss what are the limitation of digital filters.

There is no doubt that digitals filters make the system more complex than the anlog filters.A/D and
D/A converters are very much necessary for the application.Beacuse our real world is an anlog one.
For high frequency signals we need to sample as twice of the frequency in concern so because of
nyquest criteria.So forhigh frequecy signals samplig frequency becomes a too large which may be a
limitation for the A/D converters.

Industrial Applications - AC Induction Motor

Most motors are AC induction motors. In fact, more than 80% of all motors are AC induction
motors. An AC induction motor can be single phase, poly-phase, brushed, or brushless. Unlike
DC motors, they can reliably operate heavy workloads over one horsepower (750 watts) and
three-phases are required for the largest motors. In an induction motor, the stator windings
induce a current flow in the rotor, like a transformer (unlike a brushed DC commutator motor.)

Advantage of Digital Over Analog Signal Processing

1. The main advantage of digital signals over analog signals is that the
precise signal level of the digital signal is not vital. This means that digital
signals are fairly immune to the imperfections of real electronic systems
which tend to spoil analog signals. As a result, digital CD's are much more
robust than analog LP's.
2. Codes are often used in the transmission of information. These codes can
be used either as a means of keeping the information secret or as a means
of breaking the information into pieces that are manageable by the
technology used to transmit the code, e.g. The letters and numbers to be
sent by a Morse code are coded into dots and dashes.
3. Digital signals can convey information with greater noise immunity,
because each information component (byte etc) is determined by the
presence or absence of a data bit (0 or one). Analog signals vary
continuously and their value is affected by all levels of noise.
4. Digital signals can be processed by digital circuit components, which are
cheap and easily produced in many components on a single chip. Again,
noise propagation through the demodulation system is minimized with digital
techniques.
5. Digital signals do not get corrupted by noise etc. You are sending a series
of numbers that represent the signal of interest (i.e. audio, video etc.)
6. Digital signals typically use less bandwidth. This is just another way to
say you can cram more information (audio, video) into the same space.
7. Digital can be encrypted so that only the intended receiver can decode it
(like pay per view video, secure telephone etc.)
8. Enables transmission of signals over a long distance.
9. Transmission is at a higher rate and with a wider broadband width.
10. It is more secure.
11. It is also easier to translate human audio and video signals and other
messages into machine language.
12. There is minimal electromagnetic interference in digital technology.
13. It enables multi-directional transmission simultaneously