[tis a popular miconcepion that the American Chil War ws fought be tween Union and Confers amis Atlrnd in all lve and drab grey reat tm et oth ars included” "cxoicalynar dred ina variety of European ste ‘these. gogeour uniforms compared Thore dan avcurably with the most mate of Napoleonic France osaves and Chancurs, Hussars and Highlanders, Lancer, Berar td Rillemen ‘Ths book iatratsthe regulation fll readers dew vey ranch Sf tath arin, and those of stumber of ea volunter and mia fepmen nado fre number i smtp hive sii lee earns we repmestaly and lndidoly Ihotified on campaign, on occasion {izing al scmblanee tothe extme Dress Reg: ‘strated the unre of more than 6 ober regiments and corp are decribed in the text. There are Separate sections on rank markings, ‘es tate and buts Tae Do tenes ane on troduction on the evens ofthe Ci War, comparison ofthe capable thao ary and nallara fh ami, anda “Order of Bautle” of the opposing forces at Getybrg. "The Bok thertore of ‘alse tthe historian, the matary entume cath, the mex ard the wargamer, and in the words of Abraham Lincl, People who ike thissor of thing wil ind his thesort of thing they ike £395 net UNIFORMS OF THE, AMERICAN CIVIL WAR in colour 1861-65,By the same author Uniforms of the Peninsular War Uniforms ofthe Retreat from Moscow Uniforms of Waterloo Worlé Uniforms and Bates, 1815-50 UNIFORMS OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR in colour 1861-65 PHILIP J. HAYTHORNTHWA Mlustrated by Michael Chappell “All quit along the Potomac oight No ound ace thrash of the ricer; While sof fl he den the fc of he deed The pike’ of ty foes” Popular song of the Civil War BLANDFORD PRESSFirst published inthe U.K. 1975 Reprinted 1g Copyright © 1975 Blanlford Pres Ld, Link House, West Stcet, Poole, Dorset, BH VLE. ISBN 0 7137 0757 7 All sighs reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprodced, or transmitted in any fran ot by any means, electronic oF mechanical, ine cluding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and. retrieval system, ‘without permision in’ writing from the Publisher, Printed and bound in Great Britain by Fakenham Press Limited, Fakenham, Norflle Sources and References Historical Introduction “The Colour Pats “The Armies ofthe Civil War Uniforms ofthe Gil War Rank Markings Bele-Platesand Buttons Federal Corps Badges Acie ofthe Civil War Fucarmsof the Gv War aged Weapons othe iil Wer Regimental Uiforms ‘Testto Colour Pates Orders of Baile ~Getysburg 104 105 107 16 195 135 185SOURCES AND REFERENCES REGULATION DRESS “Reis Regulations forthe Army ofthe United Stats 1851 Sections T4163 ‘nati he Uni and Drs of he Ary fhe Une States June 10512 ‘Regulations fr he Uniform and Dres ofthe Army ofthe United State 10612 ‘Revised Relations forthe Army ofthe United States 18 ‘Regulations for Uniform and Dres ofthe Navy ofthe United States’ {8 March 1852) ‘Regulations for the Uniform and Dress of the Navy of the United State (8 January 186). ‘Regulation fr the Uniform and Dress ofthe Marine Corps ofthe United Stats, October 1830" “General Orden’, War Department, Aries ofthe Potomac, Cumber- and and Tennence, 11-65 “General Regulations othe Military Fores of New York’ 165 “Uniform and Dre ofthe Army ofthe Confederate Sats 1861 “General Order Confederate Wat Department 1851-05 ‘Regulation forte Army of te Confederate Sats 1055 "Uniform and Drs of the Navy ofthe Confederate State PHOTOGRAPHIC SOURCES Oficial photographs iusrating the Regulation Dres of the United States Army Phatographic History of the Civil War [10 vos}, F. T. Miller and R. 8. Lanier, Review of Reviews Co,, New York 191 Other collections of contemporary photographs; these are more easily ‘avalable in such collections as Best Photos of the Csi! War, H. D. Milhollen and J. KL Johnson, Arco, New York, 169; and The Gil, War As They Krew Bantam, 1961. PICTORIAL SOURCES. Contemporary Paintings and sketches Plate CLXXII of the Atlae of the Offial Racrd of the Union and Con- Sederate Aries 1861-1865 (1854-1927), llusteating Regulation Dres. (Catalogues of miliary clothiersand suppliers. 7ori sources ta tena une sneer Faeaterme tt ar Fea Lord, Yost Now Yor, Ce aa eG War) Cg, Doble, New Yor, “Tin Ci War (elton of wa ai’ etch) 1S. Mr, ‘Golden Pres, New Vork, 1961 | Cota Al of the Git War, MH, Pakula, Yoseoff, New York, Use . r eof he td War WF: Arama Yost, New ork, 16 (this ea cae of eel Oro ro tae Cad Stats drig the War of he Rbalion, List of Sons of ‘reontztns tthe Voter Sec of the Cried State 1885) Lec Degnaions of Confedre Trop (1876 and Meerandum of ries Cute Coxplcl Cooands inthe Confederate dy Daring the ‘Tr 1861-63 (1875) : ‘Bingephl Dichnary othe Americon iil War 1861-65, M. ML Boater, cel London, 1073 Amore Gi Wer Cay, M. Blake, Alar, London, 1973 teen Chat War If, MBs, Aarh London, 1970 Gomemporary nevopapers Civil War darks, autobiography and (uch information on Civil War uriforms can be found i the publica ese meow ay Nor soda both the United Stes of Ameria and Britain HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION ‘The Givi War 1861-65 In to 8 short a survey, there is litle room for an enumeration of the ‘causes of the most devastating war ever waged in America. Very bets, the United States inthe late 1850's was sharply divided. The porthern states, in particular those on the eastern seaboard, were democratic and forward-thinking, with large numbers of European immigrant, basing their economy upon industry and (inthe western sates) agriculture. The southern states, on the other hand, were ‘reactionary in ideas to the point of almoxt medieval feudalism their ‘economy was principally based upon the growing of cotton, but by the late 18:0%s were conscious of gradually becoming the ‘poor relations’ of dhe moet “The most significant bone of contention, however, was the question of slavery: forbidden in the north, yet part of the very nature of the south. In the northern states there was growing antialavery move- Iment, which erupted into violence in 1859 when John Brown, a religious fanatic, seized the Armoury at Harper's Ferry t we asa base for a religious crusade’ to free the saves in the south. After a sharp fight with U'S. Marines under Colonel Robert E. Lee, Brown was captured and hanged for reason, ‘Town's death aroused righteous indignation among. the anti- slavery factions and it was obvious thatthe coming Presidential election ‘would concentrate upon the slavery question, in particular how it affected the new territories on the fringe ofthe westward expansion of ‘civilisation’. When the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, was lected President, the southern states saw only one way to kep slavery fand thereby preserve their agricultural economy: seeesion from the Union and the establishment of ther own, independent nation. On 20 December 18bo the legislature of South Carolina declared the state an independent commonwealth, no longer a member ofthe Union. ‘Such a decision was anathema to northern politicians, who regarded the Union asin indivisible entity, but South Carolina was soon joined by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas, who elected their own provisional government and appointed Jeferon Davies as President ofthe Confederate States of America (9 February 161)1 was obvious tll that the north would not take the secesion of x0 large a part of the country eithout a word, so two days afer Lincoln's inauguration, President Davis called for 100,000 one-year voluntect bby mid-April 1861 the Confederacy had 95,000 men under arms, a force vice as bg a the small Federal army. ‘Lincoln made-an attempt 10 supply the U.S, garriwon at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbour, which precipitated a bombardment by South Carolinan forces under General Beauregard. On 1 April Fort ‘Sumter capitulated, and the following day Lincoln ealed for 75,000 olunteer to suppress the insurrection, Virginia ~ stl part of the Union claimed this all was an act of war upon the seceded states, and seceded herself, followed by Arkamas, ‘Tennessee and North Carolina; by 20 May eleven sates were in armed, open rebellion; Kentucky declared neutrality oa 24 May. In retaliation, Lincoln proclaimed a blockade ofsouthern ports. ‘Theta couric? On paper, the twenty-two northera states had an overwhelming fndvantage: their population was 22000000 (as against 5,500,000 ‘whites in the South); the North had both agriculture and heavy Industry, while the Confederacy depended upon export of its cotton, sugar and tobacco in exchange for the war materials it was largely lunable to manufacture for ill, Lincoln's lockade exerted a strangle- hold fom which the South could never free isel, causing shortages of ‘weapons and ammunition which inereased steadily as the war pro- “The Confederate ‘army" consisted solely of new recruits and local rliia and voluntecr companies, pootly-tained and equipped, rein- forced by the profesional dite of 313 officer sho had left the U:S. ‘Army upon the socesion oftheir native states; only twenty-sit other ranks deverted to the Confederacy. In the eaely months ofthe war, the [North also had to rely upon their militia companies, asthe regular “army was small and spread along the western frontier and the eastern ‘coast. When the war broke out, the Union had only four warships in ‘commission in northern waters; though the Confederacy had no shi Stal, only a quantity of seceded” officers, and indeed Kile provision for building any ship, che major shipyards al being inthe North. The greatest tragedy of the war was the fact that it was, truly, a ‘civil war ~the numberof divided families was quite staggering. Three tases show how America wat “a-nation divided’: President Lincoln's trifle bad 1 brother, thre half-brother, and three brother in The Confederate Army; at Geutysburg, the Union 7th West Virginia {commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Lockwood) attacked the Cone federate 7th Virginia. One of the Confederate ofcers wounded and faptured was Colonel Lockwood's nephew. But the wagedy which tvertook the entire nation is best demonstrated by the cate of Captain Franklin Buchanan, commander of the C.5S. Virgina, which sank the USS. Congress in March 1862. Bachanan’s brother was Paymaster of the Congres, killed when the ship sank. Such tragic events were re- peated throughout the war; at Shiloh a young Kentuckian was een to point atthe enemy lie and call to his brother at his side: “Hold on Bil, don’t shoot any more! There's father! ‘The opening bates (On 20 April 1861, Virginian militia captured the Norfolk Navy Yard, fan important gain for the Confederacy, together with the seam figate Morimack and large quantities of heavy armaments. In May, Washington (the Federal capital) was brely menaced, and at Boon. ville (1 June) a Confederate threat to St. Louis was defeated. ‘Throughout the month there was skirmishing in West Virginia ‘The first main sphere of operations was around the two capitals, Washington and Richmond, Virginia, where the Confederate govern- tment was installed, General McDowell with 38,000 Union troops (les than 2,000 regulars among them) moved out on 19 July to attack Beau- regard, who had 20,000 Confederates near Centerville, Virginia Unaware that Confederate General Joseph Johnston had arived with ‘812,000 reinforcement, MeDowell attacked atthe Fist Batle of Bull Run with a plan too complicate for his untrained mia. His asault ‘was stopped by General Thomas J. Jackson's Virginian brigade, ‘Jackson being described as ‘standing lke a stone wall, impervious to ‘Union attacs, thus earning him his famous sobriquet, ‘Stonewall. As {Johnston's reinforcements came up by ral (an important innovation in the history of warfare), McDowell's volunteers were outflanked and fled in panic. The few regulars covered the retreat of the militia, and President Davis forbade any pursuit, which might have led 10 the ‘eapture of the Federal capital had it been allowed.“The Union replaced McDowell with General McClellan, who set bout reorganisng and training what was to become the “Army of the Potomac’ so thatthe debscle of Fist Bull Run should not be repeated. On to August 1961 Union Geaeral Lyon stopped a Confederate Sdvance on Misouri at Wilton's Creek, though at the east of his own lle: In mid-September, General Robert E. Lee (who had captured {John Brown), now in the Army ofthe Confederacy, was repulsed by Union troops at Cheat Mountain in an attempt 10 recover West Virginia, Prior to his personal secesion, Lee had been cflered com- mand of the Union force: by Lincoln:’ he declined and joined the Contederaey. On 2¢ October at Ball's Bluff small Union force was annihilated, but on 7 November Union General UlysesS. Grant made &hitand-run attack on Belmont, relieving. Confederate presurc on ‘Misouri, 1961 ended without further military setion; MeClellan was appointed Union General-in-Chief in place of the ancient hero, Win Feld Seott, relied because of his advanced age; an unforunate decison on the part ofthe Union as Seot (a Southerner by birth) was still the most capable military brain nthe country despite his years. “The naval actions of 1861 were confined tothe Nort Southern ports including the exablishment of two Ui Confederate coat, at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal, The only Cone federate ‘naval sips in existence were a few ‘privateer’, converted tmerchantmen which prowled the cost looking for easy “kills "The fist year ofthe war ended in stalemate; both sides were arming for the fist serious campaigning, the Confederacy having to rely to 8 fgeat extent upon imported war materials brought from Europe by ‘Blockade runner’. The only major batde ~ First Bull Run ~had shown the amateurism of both sides; though a Confederate victory, their failure to pursue the broken Union army wasa major blunder. Wor inthe Bat, 1862 McClellan, with 180,000 men near Washington, was nervous of advancing’ on Johnston's go,000 Confederates opposing him, until goaded into action by Lineoln personally; MeCiellan thereupon Fesolved upon a circuitous advance on Richmond. ‘On fl March the CS. Virgina ~ the old Merimack converted into a strong “ironclad? warship, proof against most naval aller, sailed out of Norfolk towards the Union blockading squadron. In a spectacular ale, the Fria rammed and sank the US. Gamba sank the USS! Cmgren and forced the USS. Mimate aground. Retorning Goamaged to Nori the Virgins intended to defeat the remaining ree Union ships the allowing day But to counter the threat ofthe Svincle™ Conederte warship, the U.S. Navy rushed the US Monier 10 the scene, smal, revoluionary, armoured warship de- Ered as resembling‘ cheec-box on tral armed with only to {fom inte evlving ture. Next day the two armoured ships batered SEray at eachother without effect unl the Fig weithdre, leaving the Noor in conuol of Harupton Roads. This iconcusive action ‘evolutionsed naval warfare by proving wooden ships obsolete Lincoln, uncertain of McCklan's capable, auned overall command penonaly, an understandable move bu one which proved uastros. Maid ofan atack on Washington by ‘Stonewal’ Jacksons {mall firce (4390), Lincoln detached part of MeCielan's army 10 fever the capil, Jackon atacked his covering fore at Kerstown {ep March) and tovgh repulsed threw Lincoln into such a panic over fas for the safety af Washington that he detached even more of McClellan's force. Robert. Lz, realising Lincs’ sensitivity over the capital, advised President Davis to reinforce Jackson, who could then diver even more Union troop ‘As the Valley Campaign opened, Jackon vigorously began his tk of kecping the Union forces occupied defeating Federal free at McDowell (@'Mayiy Front Royal (23 May) and the Fit Bate of Windioter (25 May). Lincoln's reaction was as expected: he drew amore men fiom McClellan’ planned ofemsve; Jackson skilfully traded converging Union forces, beating them at Cros Keys (8 June) (o June) tn hin brillant He campaign Jason's ‘ip 7000 Fedral rope, captured vas quantien af'valuable arms, cannon and stor, and changed the ene Union plan ofcarpsign. The Pernsla Compaign ‘McClellan, with a much-depleted force, moved up the Peninsula between the York and James Rivers towards Richmond. Faced with a Aen-mile line of entrenchments manned by dummy guns, the nervous ‘McClellan requested siege atllery and slowly began to bombard the fortiied line. Johnston's Confederates had rezed two days before the 3bombardment commenced! As McClellan moved ponderousy for- ‘ward, he was beld up at Williamsburg by General Longstrec's Con- federae ‘then presed on within sight of Richmond. Dividing his force in hal, MeClellns left was fallen upon by Johnston at Seven Pines [1 June 1862), but poor co-ordination in the Confederate attacks led to their repulse when MeClellan hurried up reinforcement. With ‘Johnston severely wounded, the Confederate government reorganived ‘ee fores in the area as the Army of Northeen Virginia, with General RIE, Leen command. ‘Lee then set about repelling the threat to Richmond;, General J, EB. Stuart led a cavalry rad tothe Federal rear, destroying much ‘i McClellan's stores, but dhe rst Confederate atack which opened the ‘Seven Daye” Battles was repulsed by the Union at Mechaniile (26 June), Next day, Lee attacked General Porter's Union corps, which fll, back in good order. As Lee followed, McClellan was unable to see that Richmond was open for capture, ane continued to withdraw. On 29-30 June more Confederate attacks were repulsed, and at Malvern Hub (i July) Lee was dechivey thrown back by Porter. Incredibly, “McClellan ordered Further withdrawal I the Seven Days Bates, the Confederacy had lot more men (about 20,000 to the Union 15,000), tnd had been beaten everywhere except at Gaines’ Mill; bat stra- tesically, MeClelan’s retreat had brought about a Confederate Second Ball Ran Campion Linco, well aware ofthe need for a change in command and onganisa- tion, appointed General Pope to command the Union Army of ‘Virginia, General Halleck as Generaln-Chief, and ordered the Army of the Potomac back to Washington. On g August, Union General Banks attacked ‘Stonewall’ Jackson at Cedar Mountain, but was driven buick; Jackson also withdrew. Lee, learning that MeClellan was coming to jin Pope {which would mean tha the Confederate army would be ‘outnumbered by three to one) decided 1 defeat Pope before MeClellan arrived “Jackson marched fifty-four miles in two days, placed himself behind Pope, and captured the Union general's supply depot. Again acting as decoy, Jackson revealed his postion deliberately by an attack at Groveton, leading the enraged Pope on toa prepared defensive positon 4 atthe old Bull Run battled. The decoy worked: Pope threw himself At Jackin, only to Bnd himself taken in the flank by Lee with Long’ ftreer's Confederate corpe (30 August). Deckively beaten, Pope with ‘Grew towards Washington, the Confederate pursuit being checked by ‘Union reinforcements under General Kearny at Chantilly (31 August), where Kearny was killed Anita Campaign Davie was anxious for substantial Confederate victory, which might win the recognition ~ and perhaps assistance ~ of Britain and France. Lee was therefore ordered 9 cary the war into the North. Spliting his army (55,000 strong), Lee began his advance, though put himself at the merey of McClean, coming up with the Army of the Potomac. (Pope had been transerred and his surviving unite incorporated in ‘McClellan's army.) Vacillating a ever, McClellan marched only ten rails in two days, allowing Lee tine to concenteate his divided com. fmand at Sharpsburg, delaying McClellan further by a covering action ft South Mountain (14 September). McClellan stil refused to attack, losing a golden opportunity of destroying Lee piecemeal, until Lee and Jackson (having captured the Union garrison of Harper's Ferry) prepared a defensive postion along Antietam creck, ‘On 17 September ~ three days too late ~ McClellan decided to attack, In an all-out assault on Lee's position, the Union fores achieved ‘early successes, General Burnside's Union corps storming a bridge over the creck. With Lee on the brink of defeat, McClellan refused ‘commit his 20,000 reserves to deliver the coup de gree; Lee counter- IMtacked and Burnside was Dung back across the erek, In the Blodiest Single day of the war, Lee had turned the brink of defeat into vietory, lasisted by McClellan's incompetence, However, having lost 13,700 the Union 12,400, Lee's invasion was brought to an end; dough a tactical Confederate victory, Antictam was strategically. a Union ‘This ‘victory for the Union gave Lincoln the chance to jiu his Emancipation Proclamation. Taking effect from + January 1853, this [reclamation marked a dramatic change inthe at's focus: no longer ‘a war to preserve the Union, but now a crusade to fee the slaves in those states stil in rebellion, Giving the Union cause a high mo tone, the Emancipation Proclamation strengthened the resolve ofthe 5Confederacy to resist as fiercely as posible, since the consequence of the enforcement ofthe proclamation in the south would not only mean ‘economic disaster, bt would alo bring about a fundamental change inthe social fabric of the area. Fredericksburg Campaign MeCllan reused to follow Lee's withdrawal until ordered 1 ds by Lincoln; he then advanced so wt that he was relieved of command ‘and Burnside appointed in hk place. Intending to attack Richmond via Fredericksburg Dursid allowed Lee to prepare defensive position nite heightsabove the town; when he did attack, Bursie found am impregnable penton facing him, yet poured regiment ale regiment ino sueidal tacks (1g December)” "The day ended with 12.500 Union troops mown down without a chanee; Burside wanted to tack aga nextday, but fortanatly for his army he was disuaded {rom so doing by hs corps commanders. B53 had ended in the eastern Sper of operations with another Union bic ‘The War inthe Wert, 1862 West the Mississipi Lite of strategic importance oocurred west of the Misisippi in 18625 jn March, a. Confederate attack was beaten off near Fayetteville [Arkansas atthe Batle of Pea Ridge, In February, a small Confederate force attempting to invade California defeated a Union detachment at Valverde, New Mexico, capturing Albuquerque and Santa Fe, but was fue defeated at Peralta on t5 April nd retired to Texas. In December 1 Confederate attempt to occupy northern Arkansas was defeated by a Union force at Pratie Grove, ‘The War inthe West, 1860 ~ East ofthe Missions Confederate fortunes in this sphere began inauspiciouly when an tance in eastern Kentucky was decisively repulsed by a Union force SUMII Springs (19-20 January). Between February and Apri General U.S. Grant coordinated a combined army and gunboat attack up the Tennesee River, capturing Forts Henry and Donelon, Sand then moved to occupy Nashville. In an atiempe to restore fast Fading Confederate hopes of holding the area, General Allert Johnston fall upon Grant's bivouses at Shiloh on 6 April, the surprise almost twinning the day; Grant somehow gathered enough men to countes fvtack (assisted by the fire of wo gunboat), and the Union postion ‘was temporarily restored when Johnston was killed leading a charge. Next day, Grant received reinforcement and attacked immediatly; ‘the new Confederate commander, Beauregard, wisely decided to with- dae, with the low of 10,600 men; Grant had lost 13,000. Grant was much criticised for allowing himself to be surprised, but Lincoln Fefused toreplace him: Tean'tspare this an. He Bight! Tn May, Halleck took command of Grant's army, but left when appointed General-in-Chiefin July, turning the western command over to Generals Grant and Buel. in September, Grant beat off a renewed Confederate attack at Tuka, but the Confederates were allowed to ‘exape by the error of Union General Rosecrans; in early October {Grant's plans for trapping the Confederates at Corinth again fll foul Rosecrans lity. "Meanwhile, Bull's wing of the western army found itself opposed by Confederate General Bragg, a thoroughly incompetent commander Defeating a small Federal detachment at Richmond, Kentucky (30 August), Bragg and Buell came face to face at Perryville (8 October). ‘Mier a Union attack was turned back, Bragg for some reason decided towithdrave, and Buell, equally negligent, failed to parse him Disgusted by Buell's apparent lack of effort, Lincoln replaced hie with Rexecrane, who followed his predecessor in avoiding action, as did Bragg. Only Confederate cavalry generals Forrest and Morgan were sctive, raiding Union postions and destroying supplies. Throughout ‘the war, the cavalry war the Confederacy’ best arm, being dave from the hereditary horsemen of the south; only in the later stages did the ‘Union cavalry ever approach the excellence of the ‘natural horsemen’ ofthe southern states. Berated by their respective governments, both Buell and Bragg, decided to attack the enemy's right flank; Bragg attacked first at ‘Stones River (31 December 1862) and 0 mishandled his reserve that Ihe threw aviay the chance of a complete victory; Buell managed to patch together a defensive line which turned back a second Cone ederaveassait, ad Bragy withdrew. Tactically drawn, with casualties about equal (Buell 12,990, Bragg 11,740), the Batlle of Stones River 1wat a strategie succes for the Union, though Roseeran (the senior ‘Commander deserved lite credit frit. ‘During 1862, Union forces had been advancing down the Missisipp, engaged by Confederate gunboats at Plum Point (9 May), until all but tne of the Confederate fet wae snk atthe Bate of Memphis (6 June). From the other direction, Union Admiral Farragut sank nine Cone federate gunboats tthe Batle of New Orleans (24 April), captured the city and established a Union stronghold there, and moved upriver to Tink up with the other Union vewes, imponing a river blockade upon Vieksburg. On land, Grant and General William ‘T. Sherman also converged on Vieksburg, while General Banks moved up from New ‘Orieans. Union plans for a combined assault on the town eame to 8 temporary end, however, when Sherman attacked a Confederate Position at Chickasaw Bluiy just north of Vicksburg; alter thre days (Fighting (27-29 December) Sherman withdrew with 1,776 casualties, leaving the Confederates safely in possession of their entrenchments, with only 207 casualties, ‘Ac the end of 1062, therefor, though Grant was sill in a powerful positon, the Confederacy was by no means downhearted; Misisippi From Vielaburg to Baton Rouge was safely defended, andthe decisive victory at Fredericksburg had raised Confederate hopes in the eastern sphere. 1B5g was to prove somewhat diferent. War inthe Bas, 1863 Despite orders to halt, Burnside tied to cross the Rappahannock bogued down by muddy roads, the Union offensive became a face, and Burnside was replaced in command of the Army of the Potomac by General Joueph "Fighting Joe’ Hooker; Hooker brought his private habits with him, so dhat his headquarters became ‘a combination of barroom and brothel"; even Lineoin thought him better fitted for running tavern than an army, but anyone seemed preferable to poor Bure “Hooker planned a two-pronged attack on Lee's illsupplied Army of| Northern Virginia, sending General Sedgwick to attack the Con- federates at Frederichaburg, while Hooker himself would asault Le's lef. Leaving General Early t0 contain Sedgwick, Lee met Hooker's jvance at’ Chancellonville (1 May). Despite his overwhelming strength, Hooker went onto the defensive and allowed ‘Stonewall 8 Jackson to smash the Union right wing (2 May). On 9 May Lee Jresed forward against increasing Federal resistance, until he received ws, that Sedgwick bad overcome Earlys small detachment at FFredericlaburg. Despite the worsening Confederate situation, Hooker declined to advance, allowing Lee to turn upon Sedgwick and defeat jhim at Slern Church (4 May). Hooker pulled back acros the Rappa- hhannock River, having lost 16,792 men. Lee had won a tremendous atic victory, ata cost of 12,754 casuals, but had Tost one mat the Confederaey could not spare: ‘Stonewall Jackson, perhaps the most ‘outstanding general ofthe war, had been fred on by his own troops in tmistake, and died from his wounds on 10 May; it asa grievous blow for Southern hopes. Gatybarg Campaign Lee determined to maintain the initative and moved over to the ‘Shenandoal Valley: on 9 June there occurred the largest cavalry battle ofthe war at Brandy Station, when Federal General Pleasanton surprised “Jeb? Stuart’ cavalry corp. It was a dain action, Pleasan- ton losing goo men to Stuart's soo. Union setbacks continued when on 19-14 June the Federal force in the lower Shenandoah was smashed at the Second Battle of Winchester. "As Lee advanced over the Potomac and into Pennsylvania, Hooker's 115,000 men followed the Confederates northwards, Hooker’ plan for a fworpronged attack was overruled by Halleck (femembering what Thad happened to Hooker at Chancellorvill), and Hooker resigned ‘is command, General George Meade was appointed in his stead, the ‘Army of the Potomae’s fifth commander in ten months. Lee, though deprived of Stuart's cavalry by the later raiding in Maryland, con ‘eenrated to meet the Federal army. On go June 1853 a Confederate brigade heading towards Gettysburg and the store of boots it ws ‘reputed to contain, ran into a Union cavalry fore, and so began the ‘greater battle ever fought in North America ‘On 1 July heavy fighting took place Between the vanguards of both armies, Union General Reynolds being killed as he led his corps into faction” As the Union forces organised a defensive line based upon Gemetery Ridge, Cemetery Hill, Culp's Hill, Round Top and Lite ‘Round Top hills, the renewed Confederate attack drove the Federals back onto their hil-ine. As more of Meade's troops eame up the fist 19day's fighting ended with the Confederates very much in command, ‘Gna July Lee renewed his attacks on the swong, now entrenched Union position, Ignoring Longstrets advie, Lee thre his divisions in with litle co-ordination in the late afternoon; attacks on the Round “Top-Litle Round Top area were repulsed, and atthe other end ofthe Union defence-line the Confederate advance broke down entirely in the face of heavy fie. The advantage gained by the Confederacy on the first day had been wiped out by these haphazard attacks on the Union flanks. Despite Longstree’s vehement objections, Lee (now reinforced) termined to attack again on 3 July. The fist Confederate attack on ‘Meade’ positon ~ on the right lank established on Culp's Hill ~ as Ibeaten buck with severe loss 10 both sides. Having attacked both fanks, Lec decided to hit the Union centee with ten brigades, including thove of General Picket. At 1.45 pum. the Confederate force rolled forward in the face of severe fire; they penetrated far enough to engage the Federals in hand-to-hand fighting in what has become known a5 “Picke’s charge’, but the contest could never have been in doubt. As ‘the Confederates retired shatered, elements ofthe Union line counter- ftiacked and Longotrect rallied his men to form their own ragged Aefence-line. The expected general advance by Meade never material Jsed, and Lee began his retreat on the following afternoon (4 July). The ‘waggon-train evacuating the Confederate wounded was seventeen, miles ong. "A minor access by Stuart's cavalry (which arrived on 2 July) and a deluge of tain delayed Meade's pursuit and Lee escaped. The Cone federate invasion of the north had been thrown back in the action ‘which has been seen as the turning:point of the war, In all, 8,28 Federals and 75,000 Confederates were engaged at Gettysburg; total Temes were a staggering 23,049 and 28063 respectively, a fearful tll. ‘Whole units were shattered: the Union Tron Brigade was destroyed as an effective fore, while the 18t Minnesota sufered an incredible 82 percent casualties in a fifteen-minute charge in Trosle Woods, The 46th North Carolina went into the action over Boo strong; it had of ‘flectves atthe end of the third day. "Meade failed to fallow up his rucces; a new advance by Lee was checked at Bristoe Station (14 October), and at the end of November ‘Meade himself was replied at Mine Run. The war in the east in 1063 fended with neither side having recovered from the climactic and appalling bate of Gettysburg. Wari the West 1865, {as the year opened, Grant detersined to preston towards Vicksburg. Sporadle navel actions took pace on the ver, Farragut teaming up Sher to amit Diverting the Confederate army of General Pemberton fending Viekburg by sill cavalry raids Grant pushed back a Geederte reinforcement tempting to reach she tw at Jackson (14 May), and drove Pemberton into. Vicksburg ill Grants achieve fen was quite incredible in nineteen days he had marched 200 fll, Iving off the land, and defeated a numerically superior ncsny Jno les than five separate actions; this eampaig aking fs name ffm the Big Black River, hasbeen called the most bean ever waged fn America ol Tvsting Viekburg, Grant con starved the gars into surrender Pemberton captlated on 4 July, and onthe sare day Confederate attack on Helena, Arkansas, was repulsed. Av Lincoln say the Min Reed wren smn Gry bd oe ‘While Grant campaigned around Vieksburg, Rosecrans was finally shaken ot osx mont’ nativity by Halles reat to replace him, fad moved on Bragy’s Confederate army. Paling back on Chattar ooga, Bragg sea forced (0 abandon the town as Burnside — now mmm ofthe Union Army ofthe Oko = came up behind him. AS esecrans lowed, President Davis rshed Longstreet corp rom the “Army of Northern Virginia to reinforce Bragg, With Reseerans army strung out online of marc, Bragg atacked at Chickamauga on 19 September, hampered by deasely wooded terrain. Atempiing (© change his formation onthe flowing day, Reseerans opened gap in Tis ine through which Longsrect plunged; only the Tet wing of the Usion army, commanded by General G. H. Thomas, “The Rock of (Ghickamauga’ ccaped destruction. Bragg, indecisive as ever allowed Roscerans to withdraw to Chata- ‘ooge, to which the Conederate ary laid siege. Cut of from re Inreement, Roerans faced starvation, but Grant (placed in com- sand of all Union forces in the west by Linesin on 47 Octobe) broke Ahrough the Conlederate cordon and relieved Chattanooga. Bragg fetrenched his army outside the town on Lookout Mountain and Misionary Ridge, and, 0 confident of the impregnabiity of his forication, ent Lngsret to besiege Burnside in Knowle, leaving ‘nly 4,000 1 defend the entrenched position -Reinforced by General Sherman to 61,000, Grant attacked Lookout Mountain on 24 November. A combined assault of Sherman and Hooker's corps earied the postion, though Sherman’ column was repubbed from Misionary Ridge. Much to. Bragy’s horror, Grant tnttacked Missionary Ridge on the fllowing day; Brag’ troops, find- ing their “impregnable” positions anything but, panicked and fled. Sherman was detached to relieve Knoxville, and arrived to find the siege already ited, With Tennesce cleared of Confederate troop, the Southern heartland lay open acl Operations, 1863 ‘With the Federal blockade slowly strangling the south's suppy-tines ‘with Europe, the ports of Wilmingten, North Carolina and Charleston ‘Were the main haven for blockadeerunners. Repeated Union attacks on Charleston harbour finaly resulted inthe capture of Fort Wagner on 6 ‘September, but no further fothold could be gained by the Federals ‘On 5 October came another innovation; a submarine atack by the CSS Dovid, which severely damaged the USS. New Irnsids with an exploding torpedo, Confederate naval activity was otherwise restricted to the ravages on Union sipping of two Brtsh-bult privateers, the C.S.S, Alabama and the CS. Porida, though the career of the later was brought to an untimely cad when she was captured in Bahia harbour by the USS. Wachuelt, in complete disregard for Braiian neutrality. The Alabama, however, continued to wreak have on the igh eas, War in he Bast 1864 ‘Ulyses §. Grant was appointed Federal Genera-in-Chief in March 164. The tide of war wae already turning against the Confederacy, and Grant planned to end the contest quickly: he would keep Lee's ‘Army of Northern Virginia occupied, while Sherman from the West penetrated into the deep wut. Lincoln realised that he had found the Teader whom he had sought fr so long, and tld Grant: "The partieue lars of your plan T nether Know or seek to know -- «1 wish not to ‘obtrude any constraints or restraints upon you." By forbidding further prsonerenchanges, Grant struck a severe blow at the Confederate manpower sation 1864 began, however, with wo Confederate successes: a Union. _dcsent upon Flotida wasrepulied atthe Battle of Oluste (2 February), land a Federal raid on Richmond by General Kilpatrick and 4,500 ‘Cavalry ended in disaster ‘Grant planed to take personal command of Meade’s Army of the Potomac, leaving the administrative duties of Generalin-Chief to Halleck in Washington. His intention was to cutoff Lee fom Rich= ‘mond, protecting his own Tine of communication based. upon the ‘Virginian pors with the Union navy. Two leser fores would hope- fay preven Linc nin we 'As son a8 Grant moved, Lee opposed him in the 140-square-mile ‘Wilderness, an almort-impenetrable tangle of brush and thicket. On May the fighting was a confused, uncontrollable jumble of small uni ‘and on 6 May Grant attacked in force, meeting strong counterattacks. ‘The third day wae spent by both armies ying to extinguish forest {ire started by the bate, and attempting to rescue wounded from the flames. "Moving round Lee's right, Gran’ sporadic fighting from 8 May t 12 May gave Lee the opportunity to form his ine into an immense 'V, “with the apex the ‘Bloody Angle’ ~ pointing north. Meanwhile, Sheridan's ‘Federal cavalry raided towards Richmond. Sheridan's tojo00 met ‘Jeb’ Stuart's 4,500 Confederate cavalry on t1 May at ‘Yellow Tavern; heavily outnumbered, Stuart was killed and his force broken, a tremendous blow othe South Lee repelled an attack on his postion at Spossyivania on 12 May, whereupon Grant moved off and again tried to outlank him. Lee however, in a brilinnt piece of defensive warfare, opposed Grant at ‘North Anna (23 May) and Haws Shop (28 May), which forced Grant fino an allout frontal attack on entrenched Confederate positions at (Gold Harbor. Losing 7000 men in les than an hour, Grant withdrew, Ihaving let 5,000 from 3-12 June, against Lee's sso nly 9,000. "The two smaller Union forces working in conjunction with Grant, those of Gencrals Butler and Sige, were also thrown back at the bates ‘of Drevry'r Bluff and New Market respectively (15 May). Unshaken, Grane sent Sheridan's cavalry on a diversionary raid (Which was re- Pelled at Trevian Station on 11-12 June), while Grant at last sue- ‘ceeded in fooling Le, slipping past, crosing the James River on a ‘Pontoon-bridge, and vending Butler to attack Petersburg. Butler failed Inberably and by the time Grant arrived and renewed the attack, Petersburg had been garrisoned by Lee to withstand a siege. %3 eTha Valey Campaign In July, General Ealy's Confederates almost caused a major upset in the wat, invading Maryland, routing a Union force on the Monocacy [River (o July) and threatening Washington. ‘The eapeure of the capital ‘was averied at the last minute by reiaforcements sent by Grant, which oped Early in the very outskirts ofthe capital. Eaely retired, then Turned forward again and destroyed the Union Army of West Virginia it Rermstonn and Winchester (24-25 July). Grant placed Sheridan in Command of the Washington defence forces with orders to secure the capital's safety by devastating Vieginia, so that erows fying over it will haye to carey their own provender’ ‘Sheridan turned back the Confederates at the Third Battle of Winchester (1g September) and heavily defeated Early at Fisher's Hill {G2 September), then moved down the Shenandoah Valley turing it into a wale of desolation’. Having completed his task (despite harass tment by Confederate guerrilla), Sheridan left his army. at Cedar Greek just before Eatly fell upon i (19 October). ‘The Union VEIT ‘Corps stampeded (and was ony rallied two days later); but Sheridan returned, reformed the remainder of his army, counter-attacked, and beat off the assault, The defeat ended serious Confederate resistance in the Shenandoah Valley, though Early was not finally overcome unit ‘he Battle of Waynesboro in March 1865. Pelasburg, Phase One Petersburg and the Confederate capital, Richmond, formed one lange Aelensive network; the eapture of one or the other would strike the final inal imo the Confederate coffin, Grant therefore began a slow en- CGrclement of the Peterburg Richmond area, to cutoff Lee from his sources of supply ‘On 22-23 June 1864 a Union probing advance was thrown back; on go July, 8 Union mining operation culated with the explosion of iui tons of gunpowder under the Petersburg defence system. Burnside ‘charged his IX Corps through the gap, but in tragic re-enactment of his disaster at Fredericksburg, Burside's men were eut to pieces by the (Confederate defenders. Yet another setback for Grant eame when six days of asauling another sector of the defences, Deep Bottom Run, fest him 2,900 easuales without denting the Confederate postion (14-20 August. 4 ‘On 18-24 August Grant cut the Confederate supply-line of the Weldon Railroad by the Batde of Globe Tavern, though at fearful east to the Union detachments involved. A Confederate attempt to reopen the railway was beaten back at Reamn’s Station three days later. On 29-50 September, Fort Harriwon on the Richmoad sector of the Gefence-line was eaptured along with Chaffin’s Bluff, and the enctcle- tment inched farther on the soth when Peeble's Farin was taken. As winter closed in, Grant attempted to eu the last rail link, the South- fide Railroad, but was beaten off (27-28 October), and both sides Settled doven Yor the winter, the Confederates to a decidedly un- ‘comfortable and hungry one War inthe West 1064 “The fint operations in the west in 1864 were upon Halleck’ orders (before Grant was appointed to overall command): the Red River ‘expedition, a combined mitary and naval (by siver gunboats) ine ‘ation of Texas, intended primarily to discourage any French inter= Yention on behalf of the Confederacy via thelr army’ of occupation ‘currently controlling Mexico. Union General Banks was ambushed at Sabine Cross Roads (8 April), fought a delaying action at Pleasant Hill (g Apri), and excaped, the expedition in ruin Confederate operations wert of the Mississippi were ended when a Confederate force under General Price invaded Missouri; despite ‘cores at Lexington (10 October) and Independence (22 October), Price was defeated and driven back ito Arkansas on 23 October atthe Battle of Westport, ‘in northern Mississippi, General Forrest’ hand of Confederates, enjoyed considerable wecess against greatly superior Union lores the Batle of Olona (22 February) @ Union force of between two three times Forrest strength was routed. Forrest then raided into Kentucky, capturing Fort Plow (12 April) where it was alleged some of his men massacred Union coloured troops afer ther surrender. On to June Forrest rovied a much superior Union force at Brice's Cross Roads, but recived his rst setback at Tupelo (14-15 July) Im August, however, Forret raided Memphis, the Union commander (General Washburn) escaping in his ightshire, Forrest riding off withthe un- fortunate man’s clothes! Raiding with impunity, Forrest even capeured six Union ships onthe Tennesse River, uni ordered east in November ‘sa reinforcement to General Hood. EzAllenta Campaign nite Forres’ bilan ile operation was making ol of the Ui Commanders who opposed his, General Sherman led three Union Sica into Georgia; the Arms of the Cambrian, the Tennesee, Si the Ohi. Opposing his goo was Jose's Confederate Any SFremnence,Sextoo trong, who siy reed before Sherman, SEiemshing st Dalton (9 May), Reaca (15 May) and Case (19 May). Hawton established himself on Kenesiw Mountain and the sur- rounding area, Sherman, aiming to capture the Hnportan town of ‘Manta wed fst a rota ast (27 Junie) which was thrown back ‘win ety Tones then turned the Confederate let, Fring Jobson Into atvcdrement to proce Atlante Aw Joboon' eta again ftined, “an ungateal and_ nearsighted Confederate government feleved johnston of command. Against fa serio for, Johnston trad vested Sherman's advance to one ile a day while suring nl miner loses hin, a emarkable achievement Ts succes, the mpulve General Hoody atacked the Union fore inmedintly a Pentre Creek (20 Jl) the Confederates were Tepe snd fred into the defences of Aantal. The impetuous Hod thew ou atc ro the defence a the Bates of ana and ars Church (aaa 28 July, oun sie +2300 Confederate ops tovonly 43o4 Chin, Sherman's cavalry, swinging behind Adana Tied tot Ganfederate al communications Sherman moved hit fntire force towards the ray ines uth ft city. A Confederate Sumerttach at Jonesbor (3 August) aed, and Flood was forced toevacvate Ania that ight March th Sea [As Hood retorted by trying to cut Sherman's own line of eommunica- tion, ‘Sherman hit upon a unigue plan 10 fil his opponent: he abandoned the line of communication voluntarily rather than we ‘aluable troops 1 protect i, and marched eastwards with 68,000 men Towards Savannah and the coast living off the country. Cutting a ruthie filfy-mile wide strech of devastated country tothe sea (300 tiles away), Sherman destroyed. the war-supporting agricultural economy of central Georgia by his “scorched earth’ policy. Arriving 6 before Savannah in December, Sherman stormed Fort McAllister on 15 December, opened communications with Union naval frees of the const, and forced the Confederate abandonment of the city of 21 December Franklin Nasville Campaign Hood, meanwhile, tried to divert Sherman's attentions by invading ‘Tennesce with his own and Forress army, the laters detachment being ordered to support Hood. Oppesed by General Thomas’ Union Army of the Cumberland (detached by Sherman prior to the match through Georgia), Hood advanced, impetuously_as ever, until he reached a Union entrenched potion at Franklin. Hood threw his army to the attack without any’ tactical sense, and was repuled with horefic casualties ~ 6,300 out af 38,000 engaged (go November). Franklin war a delaying action which allowed Thomas tne to re cxganise, recquip and train new recruits in garrion at Nashville Hood arrived outside the city on 2 December, but was attacked by ‘Thomas on the 15th. Without Forrest (folsbly sent om a raid), Hood had litle chance against Thomas great superiority; eying to continue the fght nextday, Hood's entire army was broken; only 5,300 became ‘asualis, bt the remainder became a fling rabble, Te was the most ‘decisive tactical victory ofthe war, poor Hd paying the penalty for bis imprudent conduct. ‘The sinking fortunes ofthe Confederacy received no relefin the war sea. The CSS. Hunley, a submarine ‘seeret weapon’, succeeded in Aorpedoing and sinking the U'S.S. Howatmic in Charlesion harbour on 17 February 164, but sank along with her victim. The Confederate privateer dlabane, after an amazing voyage of destruction, was en- aged by the USS. Kearargoff Cherbourg on 19,June 1864, and sunk, “On 5 August 1864 Admiral Farragut sailed his US. feet into Mobile Bay in the lace of heavy fir, practically ending blockade-running in the Gull of Mexico, The C'S. Tennese bravely Wied to take on the ‘entire Union flee, but was pounded to pieces. On 27 October the powerful Confederate iconclad Albemarle, which had wreaked havoc 27among many Union coastal operations, was attacked by a specially ‘designed Federal launch; torpedoed, the lbemare sank at Plymouth, North Carolina ‘With the dllomarle no longer a danger, the Union moved on the last, blockade-runnen’” port, Wilmington, North Carolina. On. 23-25 December 186y Admiral Porter and General Butler led a combined Federal atack on Fort Fisher, the key to Wilmington harbour. Afier & farcical amphibious landing, Butler withdrew mach to Porter's disgust; Grant replaced Butler in command of the army contingent of the ‘expedition with General Terry. Together, Porer and Terry attacked Fort Fisher a second time, on 13-15 January 1865; after @ cosy astult and bitter Confederate resitanec, Fort Fisher surrendered. The last sca-gate of the South was closed. Supplies could no longer come through; the Confederacy was doomed. ‘The Carolina Campaign Far too late, President Davis recognised Lee's true abilities and appointed him General-in-Chiet, perhaps eighteen months after the time necessary to save the Confederacy. Lee at once restored Johnston tocommard what remained of Confederate forces in the Carolinas. ‘Marching from Savannab, Sherman occupied and burat (probably sceidentaly) Columbia, South Carolina (17 February 1853). On 22 February a. Union amphibious expedition captured Wilmington {Johnston hoped to bolster up the collapsing Confederacy by defeating ‘Sherman's army in detail; at Bentonville (19 March) he surprised and mauled Sherman’ lef wing, but when the bulk of the vastly superior Union army came up on the following day, Johnston retired having suffered twice at many casualties av he had inilicted. Sherman, having arched 425 miles since leaving Savannah, was joined by the expedie tion from’ Wilmington, and rested for three weeks until the muddy roads had become sufficiently dry in spring Yor him to join Grant foutside Petersburg. Selma Compeign General Wilkon's Federal cavalry corps, 13,50 strong, was detached by ‘Thomas into Alabama to capture the vital Confederate supply-depotat 8 Selma. Brushing aside Forres 3.000 Confederates, Wilion arrived Susie the orifcations of Selma in late March, Storming the defences Forrest and the local militia were overcome (2 April); Wilon destroyed the stores, ammunition dumps and foundries, crosed the Alabama and ssrept through into Georgia. The noose was tightening rapidly around the Confederacy Paurbur, Phase Teo Lee, with 60,000 hungry, ill-equipped men, sil held the thiry-seven- mile strech of entrenchments around the Petenburg-Richmond Aelencedline. The morale of Le's outnumbered army wat til high, a8 ‘they demonstrated by repelling yet another Union probe at Hatcher’s Run (5-7 February 1865). The situation inside the defence-line was 39 citcal that Lee resolved to abandon the capital and break out with the ‘Army of Northern Virginia, in an attempt to Hak up with Johnston's fore in North Carolina. On 25 March. Lee threw almost half his mobile force into an attack on Fort Stedman, in an attempt to break Gran’s encirclement and leave a passage open for the Confederate ‘it. The Fort was taken, but an immediate counterattack not only ‘recaptured the Union position, but took several Confederate advance- [ptt ar well Lee lost 4,00, Grant about half ar many, ‘The Con- ederate situation deteriorated even further when Sheridan arrived from the Valley campaign, bringing Grant's strength 1 123,00, ‘On 29 March Grant awaulted the Confederate right; Lee brilliantly ‘ountersattacked and drove the Federals back at Dinwiddie Court House and White Oak Road. On + April Sheridan hit the Confederate ‘entrenchments at Five Forks; the southern Line collapsed in pane, ‘exporng the entre right of the Confederate army. On'2 April Grant ‘ordered a general advance; as Sherman swept behind Petersburg, three columns smashed through the Confederate lines; General Hill was Ailled in a vain attempt to rally for counter-attack. Petersburg isl, sided by reinforcement from Loagsteet's corps in Richmond, some- hhow held on until nightfall. Lee then ordered the evacuation of the Petersburg. Richmond defences, Apponatts Campaign Lee tied to join Johnston south of Danville, where President Davis had fet up. temporary capital, Harased all the way, a whole Confederate icorps was forced to surrender at the Battle of Sayler's Creek (6-7 ‘Apri, leaving Lee with barely 30,000 ragged, halfstarved troops. Lee’ final effort was an attack on the Union advance-guard at Appomatton tong April As the remainder ofthe Union army came up, Lee realised the bopelesimest of the situation and asked for an armistice; Grant faeepicd the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia (28,336 Strong) at Appomattox Courthouse at 3.45 pan. on 9 April 1865. To allinents and purposes, the war was over. "Abraham Lincoln had been reelected to the Presidency of the ‘United States in 1854, due largely to the succeses of Grant and ‘Sherman, He realised that the war was reaching is conclusion, and planned the reconstruction of the Union, in the words of his second ugural address, With malice towards none; with charity towards all. Under Lincoin, the Union could have been reassembled with ‘inimam of bitternes; but, tragically for the nation, Lincoln was fssassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a southern fanatic, as he satin Ford's Theatre, Washington, on 16 Apri. The President died next day. Booth and his accomplices were hunted down, Booth dying by bullet, the remainder by hanging, “The last acts of the Confederacy were soon played out; Johnston surrendered to Sherman on 26 April; General Taylor suirendered ‘Confederate forces east of the Misisippi on 4 May. On 10 May President Davis was captured by Wilson's cavalry’ at Irwinsvll, ‘Georgia. The last Confederate contingent wnder arms was surrendered bby General Kirby Smith on a6 May 1865. ‘On 29 May, Lincoln’ succesor as’ President, Andrew Johnson, issued the Proclamation of Amnesty, which offically ended the Givi ‘War, but there remained one Confederate command sill at large: the CSS. ‘Shenandoah, a Britah-built raider under Commander J.T. Waddell who, unaware of the Confederate surrender, continued to prowl the high seas from the Cape of Good Hope to Australia, and {hence north tothe Bering Sea, where he effectively destroyed the U.S. whaling industry, sinking twenty-seven ships and capuuring five. Learning of the end of the war from a British ship off California, ‘Waddell sailed for England and surrendered his ship at Liverpool on ‘9 November 1063, The final act ofa tragic war was ove. “This book i primarily concerned with the most attractive facet ofthe Civil War: the comumes worn by the participants, But there should never be misconception about the true cost of the Civil War; a brief “analysis of figures demonstrates larly why the echoes ofthe war ean Eo ssl, perhaps, be heard taste lingered fr generations ‘No amount of impersonal figures can convey « hundredth ofthe cost of the Civil War in terms of human misery and sulfering, but those lppreximations which fallow may emphasize the enormity of the tragedy which befell America in the years 1861-65: out Lincoln's humanity, the war's biter USA GSA, Killedin action 67.038 , Diet wounds som oss Died in prison eamps 30.156 gous Died of disease 204,586 70,0004? Died of accidents, ee. ag872 Unrecorded ‘Wounded in action goo,cco+? —_295,000++? Property destruction 100,000,000 Highest percentage laces in oe ation 1st Texas, Antietam Minnesota, Gettysburg 21st Georgia, Bll Run 41st Pennsylvania, Getysburg 01st New York, Bull Run 6th North Carelina, Getysburg 25th Massachusetts, Cold Harbor 6th Misisippi, Shiloh In a war which incongroously combined slmos-Napoeonic tactics ‘with ited arr, torpedo, landmine ad arial observa Tae were to be expeted; but even at this tance in ‘which occurred are staggering: Garnet’ Virginian "Picket change’ at Getyaburg witha strength of 427; 486 returned to the Confederate lines, Pating impersonal statistics into. more human terms, ofthe combined wnforined strength of both sides, ne ‘manin five was kled and another wounded, sAbraham Lincoln wrote the following toa Mes. Bixby ‘Dear Madame — I have just been shown in the files of the War Department a statement ofthe Adjutant General of Massachusets that you are the mather of five sors who have died on the feld of battle: I feel how weak and fruits must be any words of mine which should atte to beguile you fom the gi ofa asso over~ Ywhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consol tion that may be found inthe thanks ofthe Republic they died to save. [pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of ‘your Bereavement and leave you only the cherished memory of the foved and lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours o have lal catly a sacrifice upon the altar of Freedom. Tewas the sacrifice ofa nation The dsriptice notes onthe olloing color plates conomenceo page 135. #cosa ae. ‘THE ARMIES OF THE CIVIL WAR In the early part ofthe Civil War, both sides relied largely upon the volunteer and militia companies which were already in existence prior to the outbreak of war. These companies, many haltrained and hardly 4 man ever having seen a shot fred in anger (excep the veterans of he Mexican War), were “regimented” ito battalions for active service, cofien each company wearing a different uniform to the test of the battalion, Asan example, the 6th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Militia of 1860 may be cited: each company as was customary wore fits own uniferm and bore ts own tie “A” Company — Lawrence Cadets, Blue frockcoats and pantaloons, white comets, “‘B’ Company ~ Grotoa Alley. Dark blue frockcoats and light blue {C’ Company ~ Mechanic Phalans. Grey with yellow trimming. ‘D’ Company’ — City Guards, Grey with buff trimming. ‘E? Company Davis Guards, Dark blue frock-coats and light blue “F Company ~ Warren Light Guard. Dark blue frock-oats and light blue trowers {G? Company ~ Worcester Light Infantry. Pull dre uniforms of blue’ “SH? Company ~ Watson Light Guards. Gey. 'V Company Lawrence Light Infantry. Blue frock-coats, red Lwowsers, Frenchatyle kei. K? Company ~ Washington Artillery. Grey ‘Many companies of larger formations on both sides bore individual names of the most guilandish character: included among the most bizarre were the Misssippi Yankee Hunters, Mounted Wild Cats, New Garden Fearnoughts, Nickelsville Spartan Band, Pee Dee Wild Cats, ‘Tyranny Unmasked Artery, Hook and Ladder Guard, Clinch Mountain Boomers, Seuppernong Greys, Cherokee Stone Wall, Franklin Fire Eaters, Kaights of the Border, Hell Roaring Horse snd the One-Eyed Battalion! A typical Union infantry regiment at fll strength consisted of ten ‘companies, each of ninetyaeven men and three ofcers: one captain, ‘one tat Hentenant, one and lieutenant, one se sergeant, four sergeant, 97 8) Paty Steer US Ney, Summer Cresight corporal two musicians, one waggoner and ight wo private Regimental sail comsted of one colone, one leutenancolonel, one major, one adjutant (a lewtenant), one quartermaster (eutenanty ‘ne surgeon, one asisant-urgeon, one sergeantajr, one regimental SQuarermastersergeant, one, regimental gant, one espa steward, two musicians, nd twenty-four bandsmen (band Inter abolsbod). Average strengths, however varied from about 300 down to 0, Confederate reine were similar in compeniton "When Union regiments reached the level of 130-200 llectivc, they were sully broken up into new formations; Conederate regiment, omever; were never drafed but retained the ergial cadre ad built tp from recruits. This eablshed a ital ep de cops which kept ‘morale higher than that ofthe spiel Union regiment, a policy which sror continued bythe igadng gether of regiments Beane eae ‘Roughly, Union cavalry regiments (alice 068) conated of twelve troops: Each troop compre one captain, one Ist lieutenant, one and Tietenant (plus one supermumery Hieutenant prion to 186s), with between 82 and 100 men inclding one tt sergeant, one quarter iavterergeant, one commimary-argeant, five sergeants, eight co poral two teamstrs, two farrier, one sadder, one Waggoner, and fo muclane. Regivertal staff conited of cne colonel, ene lice tenant-colonel, three majors one adjutant (eutenant),one commisary iewtenant), one quartermaster (lieutenant), one. surgeon, one Asstantargcon, one sergeantemajor, one quartermastersergeant, ne Comminary-sergcant, one saddlersrgeant, one chit fair (back: trnkh), ood to howptl towards Av inthe infantry, setal strength tras generally well below ectablshment; Confederate regiments were Silany onganze. "The Confeeracy revived the old European-style ‘legions for a biet prod, this term being applied o regimental combinations of infantry, ovary and ofen artis im eect a Gay miniature army of tes tment strength apable ofeperating independently of any suppor. ‘Arillry organisation varied considerably, battercs varying between sic and four gan cach, the weight and type of gun usualy varying within the individual battery. Each gun wat ually manned by ix oF sven men, and was compte with limber and eaison (ammunition: sraggon), cach drawn by astchrse team. Each battery was equipped Tb avelling lng, extn cxions ond baggageraggzoe Te 2am {>the baer) sat (competing municane ate sll arifoen) there ‘eas whenever posible, an exces of mento man the guns, inorder that 8 the battery would have sulficent crew to keep fring ater sustaining considerable casualties, Brigades were formed of two or more regiments, the average brigade strength being four to five regiments. Two oF mere brigades formed division; at Chancellorville for example, Federal divisions averaged 6.200 men and Confederate 8,700. Two or more divisions formed a ‘corps. Standard organisation on the Union side consisted of forty-five Infantcy regiments and nine batteries of light alley (nine brigades organised in thre divisions). Two ar more corps comprised an arm, ‘hone of the Union taking their name from the river which flowed in the Department in which the army was organised, wile the Confederates generally named their armies from the sate. Ths rule, however, Wa Toowely applied as can be scen from the fllsring lst of the sixteen Federal and twenty-three Confederate armies which existed as inde- ppendent ‘operational organisations Federals Army of the Cumberland, the Frontier, Georgia, the Gulf, the James, Kansas, the Misisippi, the Mountain Department, the Ohio, the Potomac, the Shenandoah, the South-west, Virginia, West ‘Tennesse, West Virginia. Gonfederate: Central Kentucky, Bast Tennesee, Eastern Kentucky, the Kanawha, Kentucky, Louisiana, Middle Tennese, the Missi Sippi, Misouti, Mobile, New Meaico, Northern Virgins, the North-west the Peninsula, Pensacola the Potomac, the Shenandoah, the South-west, Tennessee, Trane-Missisippi Department, Vicks burg, the West, West Tennessee In the Union army a total of 2128,948 men are known to have served, of whom 75,215, were regulary 1,933,779 were volunteers 45.347 were drafted, and 73,607 were draft-substtutes. Confederate ‘ecards are less precise; between 1,237,890 and 1,406,180 men en- listed during the war. These figures represent approximately one in ‘leven and one in nine respectively ofthe total population ofall ages, ‘aces and both sexes ‘One point often forgotten i the extreme youth of many of the combatants, a fact which is partly disguised by the fashion of growing heavy bearde prevalent in both armies, thereby providing deceiving photographs. OF the Union troop, itis known that atleast 100,000 ‘were sixteen years of age, and another 100,000 were fifteen; in other ‘words, limos ne i ten Federals was sateen of less No similar figures 9are available for the Confederaey, but iti kely that an even larger percentage (particularly in the later stages of the war) vere of a nilar age-group. At New Market (1864) the cadet ofthe Virginia Military Institut formed part of the Confederate battle line. ‘John Clem, a private in the 2and Michigan, was twelve years old ‘aid small even for is age’ when at Chickamauga he was attacked by 4 Confederate colonel, Clem shat the officer dead, To protect the boy from farther danger, (his hat was pierced by three bullets that day), Rosecrans promoted him to sergeant and assigned him to ‘special uty’ at headquarters. How many more Cems suffered the fate oftheir elders atthe hands of bullet and shrapnel? UNIFORMS OF THE CIVIL WAR ‘At the outbreak of war, the Union army had an existing st of Dress Regulations, but the Confederacy had to write thee ovn- As the Con- {ederate army was based initially upon the local volunteers and militia, ‘whose uniforms of ‘cadet grey" were popular for such corps throughout the country, the South wisely decided (in the first Dress Regulations of September 861) to authorise ths colour as the standard for their army. ‘Those Union regiments which were alo dresed in grey were ‘esunilormed as toon a8 posible inorder to prevent confusion occu fing amid the smoke of battle "The volunteer companies of both sides often dressed themselves laborate and quite impractical costumes, which oon became modified {olicially or otherwise} when serious campaigning began. ‘The soldiers ‘both armies had the good sense (or sometimes improvidence) to make thet cumberiome equipment as comfortable and easy to carry as posible, often to the extent of throwing away valuable items ~as the hills of winter came oy many ale regret carding hi rea ‘oat tosave weight nthe summer Gradually, the armics became progresively more unkempt and shoveled as all attempts at martial Dearing gave way t comfort and. lily, The knapsack, for example, disappeared rapidly in some rege ‘ments: ‘Tt was inconvenient to change the underwear to0 often «the better way was to dres out and out, and wear that outfit ual the ‘enemy's knapeacks, or the flls at ome supplied a change’ Eventually, “Reduced to the minimam, the private soldier consisted of one many fone hat, one jacket, ane shirt, one pair of pans, one pair of drawers, ‘one pair of snes and one par of chs. His baggage was one blanket, fone rubber blanket, and one haversack’. ‘Even the water canteen (or, in Confederate eases, often a wooden Darrel) were "at general thing discarded. A good strong tin cup was found better =~ easier to fill ata well or spring, and was service able a.a boiler for making coffe’. "The metal canteens were frequently split in half to make two rying-pans! ‘OF the regulation equipment, oaly the haversack was universally stained: the ‘odorous haversack, which often stinks with its mixture of Bacon, salt junk, sugar, caller tn, desicated vegetables, rice, bits of yesterday's dinner, and old serape..” Other equipment was carried Tolle in the blanket over one shoulder.[Numerous units of both sides were dresied in ornate uniforms styled aftr the French zouaves and chasseurs& pied, European élite oops ‘which botd amis liked to emulate. Theis impractical dress was soon Inodified, but surprisingly the sprit decerprof many such unisresultedin their keeping the ditinetive costume wherever possible, no matter how incongruous baggy Cosacketyle trousers and Arabian turbans might appear! ‘As uniforms gradually became functional instead of decorative, many soldiers ~ in particular officers ~ designed their own costumes so that they assumed an almost civilian appearance, log overcoats, coloured ‘watenats and straw hats being popular. Some ofcers, ike Ulysses 8, (Grant, achieved an almost disreputable appearance; Grant ofien wore 8 shabby privates jacket with General's rank bars sewn on, and a atiered fle hat, An English witnes to the Battle of Chattanooga, Henry. Yates ‘Thompson, wrote in amazement of how Grant as dresed in plain citizens clothe... wearing nothing military about Ih except a large opera gla. Grant wore ‘a black surtout with black, braid on and quite loose, black wousers and a black wideawake hat ‘and thin Wellington boot’, General Hunter, standing next to Grant, tras similarly dresied, except that “his black wideawake having gold ‘ord around it but having the brim turned down all round over his ‘cadaserous ace ‘Other Generals, like George A. Custer, designed their own, orate uniforms with ludicrous amounts of gold brad: described as "a circus rider gone mad’, Custer’ favourite suit was made entirely of black velvet with a blue silor-collar, the whole half-covered in gold em- Doidery. The black fel eampaiga-hat oon lst its shape, so that many ‘Union troops took ona ridiculous appearance a limp, sagging affair down around the ears, blocked-up like a shabby top hat, squashed down like a straw ‘boater’ or punched up; General Burnside wore his that with the crown in this latter fshion, 10 that it resembled a tall dunce’s eap! ‘The practice of wearing civilian clothes was naturally ‘confusing and sometimes fatal; at Logan Crass Roads, Confederate ‘General Felix Zollicffer apparently mistook a body of Federal oops {or his own, and rode up to speak to their commanding ofce. Zoli coffer was wearing a white raincoat so voluminous that it completely ‘covered his uniform, and it was only after several minutes conversation that the Union officer realived who Zollicoffr was and shot him dead! Th addition to the personal idisyncracies of many officers and men, an additional factor ~ which brought about the most radical change in the appearance ofthe uniforms of the war ~ was the Union blockade ‘which eaused desperate shortages among the Confederate army. Such twas the situation that itis doubiful whether the correct regulation “ilorm was er worn in lange numbers (fat all), but by the middle of the war the woop of the Confederacy were dresed in a mixture of ‘what few regulation uniforms were available, much captured Federal Costume, purely civilian dees, and home-dyed uniforms, which, the Supply of grey dye having run out, were of a light brown, bull or yellowiah tone known as ‘butternut’ dhe dye being made from boiled futshells and ion exide (rust). With this costume was woea large (quanttis of civilian clothes unt soldiers lost all resemblance members ofa military unit; shoes were improvised by nailing leather fnto wooden soles, wing horseshoes as bootirons, or as one Con Tederate wrote: ‘Shoes are very seare. The men get pieces of rae hide from the butchers, and, after wrapping their feet up in od rags, sew the ide around them... which they wear unt it wears ou ‘Corpe-robbing, a repellent but extremely common habit, led to a large proportion of the Confederate army wearing Federal light blue trousers and captured boots; s0 popular did this practice become that soon Confederate regiments were wearing Union head-dres and Jackets as wll! Oficers tried to prevent such largescale appropriation ‘of Union ‘uniforms as it could cause tactical problems (both sides assuming the same basic appearance) as well as dificulties concerning ‘captured Confederates who could offically have been regarded as spies. Official disapproval (except in cates of absolute neceaity) of Tobbing the dead often restricted Confederate appropriations 10 trouser, boots and miscellaneous equipment “The expected wear-and-tear of campaigning was not the only reason ‘why uniforms quickly became ragged or wore out entirely; many une orm (particularly at the beginning of the war) were made of a ‘material called. ‘shoddy’, which was described by the magazine Harper's Weakly (perhaps the most popular reading-matter of the wo lrmies during the war Js ‘villains compound, the refuse staff and Sweepings ofthe shop, pounded, rolled, glued, and smoothed to the ‘extemal form and glow of cloth, but no more like the genuine article than the shadow isto the substance. soldier, onthe fst day's mareh ‘or in the caliest storm, found their clothes, overcoats and blankets, feattering tothe wind in rags, or disolving inc their primitive elements ffdust under the peltng ain” Tn actual fact, the term fll dres' was not wsed atthe time, but i 103tied here forthe sake of convenience, to signify the ornate regulation tniform, as being ferent from the fatigue dress worn almost in- ‘variably after the fist fee months ofthe war) on campaign RANK MARKINGS Rank markings, whilst varying between the two armi same basic syle, though the following details should not be regarded 4 univer it'was not uncommon to find Union officers wearing Confederatestyle rankemarkings and vicesersa, Such the arrangement of buttons, sashes, ete which were also indicative of rank will be found in the text tothe individual plates which lstrate these details Norscommissond Officers (bth armies) Corporal two chevrons, wor on upper sleeve. Sergeant three chevron tat Sergeant three chevrons with a lace lozenge above Ordnance-Sergeant ~ three chevrons witha five-pointed star above (Quartermaster Sergeant ~ thee eevrons with a horizontal te’ of lace he upper corners Sergeant Major three chevron, an are of lace linking the upper firs (Union) Rank indicated by laced should of cloth of the colour of the arm of service (cavalry yellow, infantry light blue, atillery red) with rank-bars thereon; in Tull dress, similar badges on sold lace epauletes except where others stated below: 2nd Liewtenant ~ No rankebadges on epaulets or shoulder-bars, {st Lieutenant ~ One gold barat ether end of shoulder-bar; one silver ‘baron epaulete Captain - Two gold barson shoulder-bars; two silver bars on epaulete Major ~ Gold aak-leafonshoulder-bar,epatetes plain Liewenant-Colonel~ Siver oak-leaf at either end of shoulder-bars and ‘on epauletes 104 Brigadier-General - One silver sta. Major-General Two silver sas Liewtenant-General~ Three silver Oficers Confederate) Rank indicated in Unree ways ~ by thicknest of lace decoration on sleeve-cufand képi, and by gol rankcbadges on cither side of ella tnd Liewtenant-~ One baron collar, one braid on kei {st Lieutenant Two bar on cellar, one braid Captain Thecebarson collar, two braids ‘Major One star on ella, thre braids. Lieulenant-Colonel Two tas on collar, thee braids, Golonel~ Three starson cola, thre braids General (all ranks) ~ Three stars in laurel-wreath on collar, four braids, DELT-PLATES AND BUTTONS [No universal rules can be established for the designs of waist- and shoulder-belt plates worn by both armies; plain brass buckles were popular in the Confederacy and as the Union blockade tightened shortages became dsperat "The regulation belt-pate for both officers and men of the Federal, army consisted ofthe heraldic crest ofthe United State, an eagle with futspread wings surrounded by wreaths and star-constellation. ‘The pattern usually worn by Union enlisted men was oval, bearing the fewers ‘vss om the shoulder-bele the plate was circular, bearing the American eagle. Almont without exception, all belplates were made ‘of brass (git and silver for officers). The more common regulation Confederate pattern was (for officers) a circular beltclasp of the letters ‘6 often surrounded by stars, inside one oF two wreaths; for other ranks, a rectangular plate bearing the leurs ‘08.4 or rect Angular with rounded corners bearing ‘Many Confederate beluplates were manulnctured in Europe, and numerous semi-offial patternsare sil n existence: circular clasp with lion-head mot, rectangular plates bearing the Battle Flag surrounded by a laurel wreath ~ even copies of Union designs. The Confederacy ako wed many prewar militia plates and, ofcourse, a large quantity 105often worn with the“ of captured Union Jextering upsides ‘down Both armies used ‘state’ beleplates, as worn by the militia and volunteers before the war. Some New York units, for example, wore ‘oval plates bearing the letters 3x.¥. (State of New York), while other (rectangular) example ineluded the words “vinesan' or a" Vieginia), ‘se (South Carolina) and ‘xc (North Carolina), the leters often boeing surrounded by wreaths. Plates also bore staie emblems ~ the Palmetto tce and the Texas"Lone Star" were popula. ‘Numerous regimental’ plates also existed ~ the New York National Guard for example wore plates bearing the letters ‘xc.’ whilst some Confederate units of Scottish backsround even had plates decorated with a border of thistle, with dhe nit tile stamped inthe mide, for trample "Scotch Greys Arillery’,‘Seotch Rifle Guard’, ete. Une fortunately, any study ofbetoplate of the Civil Waris complicated by the lange numbers of fakes and re-strikes which were produced decades alter the end ofthe war. “Many ofthe above notes also apply to the design of buttons used by both armies. Union enlined men’s brass buttons bore the American tage with wings outstretched, but the gilt buttons ofthe officers had ‘arm of service’ distinctions, usually having the leters‘c' or" for Cavalry, Infantry, and Artillery, placed upon the shield on the eagle's breast. "The Engineer corps hada design of an eagle flying over a Tortres the Ordnance one of cromed eannons and the corps ile, while thore of the Topographical Engineers bore a shield over the letters “ron? in Gothic letters, Musiiane’ buttone were distinguished by the design ofa large lyre; in addition, there existed numerous regimental patterns, many based upon the state seal; the Rhode Island Milita, {or example, had buttons bearing the anchor device ‘Confederate General officer?” buttons bore an eagle with out- stretched wings, though without the trappings of the Union version, Engineer officer’ butions bore the lewer "in Gothic leering, whilst thote of Cavalry, Infantry, Artillery and Riflemen bore the plain block letters“c', A” and "x respectively. Enlisted men ofthe arly had ‘buttons ofa’ similar design to those ofthe officers; those ofall other branches bore the number of the regiment upon their buttons. Each fate, however, and including the “border states’ of Maryland and Missouri which supplied regiments to both sides, had thei own design ‘of button, almost invariably based upon tha state sea, though thse of Florida appear to have been of an eagle design not representative of 106 the sate crest, Notable among such designs was the ever-present ‘Lone Star’ of Texas, «similar design for Mninippi with the state name Around the edge, the pelican of Lousiana, the Palmetto tee of South Carolina, a minburst with the eters 6. in the middle for North Carolina, and the proud ‘Sic Semper Tyrannis’ motto of Virginia. As shortages became more desperate, the Confederate army tok to wear ing eaptured Union buttons, sometimes covered with cloth to hide the design, but many were forced into providing “home-made? buttons carved fom bone, wood and even acorns! FEDERAL CORPS BADGES “The we of distinctive badges to identify individual military formations ‘within armies dats back tothe heraldry ofthe medieval period and to the ‘field signs’ wed in seventcenth-century warfare. Such distinctive features were later restricted to the members of individual regiments, tenting today a the regimental badges worn by many armies The we ‘of badges to identify larger formations, however (corps and division, ttc), which reached ite zenith in the heraldry of the Second World War, originated with the adoption by the US, Army of eloth I badges in 1863, cach Union corps having a distinctive pattern, “The Washington Artillery apparently wore red flannel strips as unit identification at First Bull Run, but tht can hardly be clawed as a “Tormation’ badge, though an unusual distinction atthe time; the fist true “corp badges originated when Philip Kearney ordered his men (Grd Divison, IIT Corps) in 1862 to wear a piece of ed cloth on the Front of their caps to identify them from other members ofthe Union army. When Hooker asrumed command of the Army ofthe Potomac, hhe ordered that al his corps be thus identified, and credit for the designing of many of the various insignia gors to General Daniel Baterield, The badges were stamped from flannel, about 1} inches actos (the ste varied), and were fastened to the képis of the various Comps, usually on the crown whieh, from the practice of allowing the fap to ouch’ down, was vibe from the front: and on the front af the Felthac. Thin stamped metal versions ofthe distinctive badges were not unknown, and ofcer” badges were sometimes produced in. metallic thread. “The badges appeated in the Army ofthe Potomac in spring 1863, but rot in the West until the following year. A storys tld of how a veteran (ofthe XV Corps frst aw men of the XII Corps, each wearing a star on 107his cap, whereupon he joked: ‘You boys all generals?” When asked bout his own corps insignia (the XV Corps not having received thet), he lapped his cartidgerbox and said ie was “Forty rounds inthe ear. ridge box and twenty ia the pocket’. General Logan heard about the ory, and so war bom the design of XV Corps’ distinctive badge [Another story refers to the XIV Corps’ nickname of ‘the acorn boys, ‘which originated when the men were s0 short of ratons that they ate Toasted acorns; when the time came to choote a corps distinctive twas an acorn which was selected to commemorate the event. Sete tine afer Cars badges were prmibed, became wal 10 indicate individual divisions within the corps by varying the colouring ofthe design, the tt, and and rd Divisions having badges f red, ‘white and blue respecvely. Ifa 4th or 5th Division existed, another ‘Colour (usually green or orange) was used. ‘A listo designs of Corps badges fllows: 1 Girculardise or an open rng. WM Trefil (ab). MIT Lozenge (diamond). IV Triangle with two equal ides and a longer base. Vo Crow Pate VI Saltaire (diagonal) cro. VII Inverted crecent (points dover) with a fve-pointed star be- tween the points. VITT Sixpointed star IX Shield bearinga crossed anchor and eannon-barrel. X- Plan of a square bation; or alteratively, a square with the figure‘10" thereon. XI Crescent, X11 Fivespinted star. XIN Nobadge worn, XIV Acorn XV Black cartridge-box with or without the lettering ‘roxty sows jon a square ofthe Divisional colour. XVI Grosed cannon-barrels; or a saltaire cross pattéy with rounded corners XVI Arrow. XVIII Trefall cross: ora square wit the figure‘18” thereon XIX Grom patie with the centre arms joined by a citele; with or ‘without the numeral 'r9'in the centre. 108 XX Five;pointed star. XXI_Nobidgeworn- XXIL_ Pentagon (ive-armed) cro. XXIII Shield, separated by an inverted“ into thre sections. XXIV Heart, with orwithout the figures'24'in the entre XXV_ Locenge within a square. 109ARTILLERY OF THE CIVIL WAR FIELDPIECES (All ranges given are approximate, and. are thove attained with a barrebelevation of 5 degrees. Calibre specifations refer to inches) pounder ‘Napoleon’ gun-howitzer, model 1857. Smoothbore, cal "4.62, Rate of fre: two aimed shots or four canister per minute ‘Maximum range 2,000 yards. "Workhorse of the Civil War; used extensively by both sides. Reliable and most effective. Also existed In6-pounder version. S-pounder, model 184-44. Smoothbore, cal. 367. Range 1,55 yards ‘Used almost exclusively by the Confederacy ive, replaced ‘wherever posible by 12-pounder smoothbores and 3-inch ville. Lee recommended that all pounders should be melted down to make ‘2-pounders pounder, model 1841-44. Smoothbore, cal. 4.62. Range 1,663 ‘yards. Used by both sides: performance similar to the Napaleon but ‘weighed 5go pounds heavier, therefore not as convenient. pounder Howitzer, model 1841-44. Smoothbor, cal. 4.62, Weight ‘of shot &9 pounds. Range 1072 yards. s4-pounder, model 1842-44. Smoothbore, cal, 5:82. Weight of shot eg pounds. Range 122 yards. ge-pounder Howitzer, model 1841-44. Smoothbore, eal. 6.2. Weight ‘of shot 25 6 pounds. Range 1,504 yards. ‘aepounder Mountain Howitzer. Lightweight, caried on mule-back. ‘Could be asiembled and one round fired in one minute. Range goo yards to-pounder Parrott. Ried, cal. 3.00; Range 1,900 yrds, Used by both “Zio: und to be nein, replaced wheres posible y Redman. aovpounder Parrott Ried, cal. 357. Range 1,900 yards (maim ‘Eee sm yar) Hs eile cmon age yah grinch Rodman (Ordnance Gun). Rifle, cal. 3.00. Developed by US. ‘Ordnance Dept 1863; 1o-pounder Parrots were modified 9 take ‘ame ammunition. Range 1,830 yards; maximum range 4,00 yards. Popular: favoured by Hore Arllery. sa-pounder James. Rilled, cal. 367. Range 1700 yards, Not in omnes supouner Jes. Ried, cl. 462, Range fo0 yards. Not in ‘amon ge pounder Wind: Ried cal: 256: Range 1,90 yards torpourder Wir Ried caso. Range yard pounder Whitworth Ried, ca. 215, Range aso yards English made uve bythe Confoerny, Used largely wld hang, tin “Tape fsthell known a abt) aid no peri eet quan, ‘tplwderto benserted tomate ancfocvecxplosive te tarpounder Whitworth. Ried, el 273, Breceonding, range 2800 ‘ards (insimum range almost 6 iis). Muznle-losing verso, Fane S00 yack Bngsbmade wed by the Confederacy exec: ‘Tom aceuacyand performance sa-pounder Blaby. hile, ca 340. Range 850 yards, Engi rade, med in small numb by the Confederacy; Wade Hampton Sugita batery at his wm expense. Abo larger version one bate toed by South Carolina for cons defence: Several type of sel Cred fnlading flanged. and wedded projet,” Excpton Seatac, though unpopular because of ge rec Blakely beech inaders i ite ere pounder Armstrong, Brccvloading, ried, cal 9.0. Range 2100 Yards, Englshmade, exceptional acaracy. Muzzleloading version EMG range ef sy yards Breecronder sll had lead driving tandt around cae; murslelondor had thee roe of bras stds 1 funder and cinch versions produce in small numbers A mamber EFArmtrongs wed by Confederacy. Confederate Mt Rie. Cal 235, Weigh of poset 3 pounds. Range coke Gun Invented by JM. Broke, Chi of Confederate Naval ‘Ordnance, Rifle, reerbling Part with Bikey rifing. Various tale, including janch fedpcces tring topotnd sel. Maxi mumrong:s.gooyarde SIEGE AND GARRISON ARTILLERY Not always wsed fr siege work; for example, siege trains wed inaction ‘a€ Shiloh and Malvern Hill. Only more important patterns listedGun Cal. Weightof Range jectile proj (ibs) (yards) inch muzale-loader, ried re 2078 Pepounder Paro riled mursleloader $29 2,200 24-pounder smoothbore 58a 3 1,900 pounder smoothbore 53. 18s sae ‘2-pounder smoothbore 462 123 1834 ‘inch smoothbore Howiteer S505 tage SEACOAST ARTILLERY Immense in ste, used for fing fom fixed postions. Largest (2ocnch Rodman) weighted 117,000 pounds. ‘92-pounder smoothbore 64 26 gaa |42-pounder smoothbore 7) 27 1955, ‘Binch Columbiad smoothbore bo 1815 10-inch Columbia smoothbore 1 ue 1805 {pinch Columbiad smoothbore 15 359 S030 so.inch Rodman smoothbore 20 tof shies teo-pounder Parrot rifled murale-loader 6.4 j0-100 2,370 aoo-pounder Parrott riled muzsleloader 8192-175 2,00, goo-pounder Parrot riled muzzleloader 10 230-250 2,00, orpounder Whitworth fled muzzle- Toader 5s & 15,665, 7o-pourder Armstrong riled breech Toader 64 798 23183 G.inch Blakely riled muzeleleader 8300 go-pounder Armteong riled muzale- loader 85150 taf inch Blakelyriled musrleloader 12.35 700 NAVAL ARTILLERY Naval gun sre outside the scope of this book, but many naval 12- pounder Howitzers were mounted on field carriages for use in Amphibious landing operations; cal. 4.6, projectile weight 10 pounds, range 1085 yards. MORTARS Cumbersome to transport, mortars were uted only for siege work and garrison duty, on occasion being mounted on railway fatears for the former purpose, the most famous being the “Dictator used by the Federals at Petersburg. Mortar Weight of Range Projectile (45-degree clevation ) (bs) (yards) Binch morte “5 1300 sorinch mortar 3 aheo ‘24-pounder Cochorn (bore 5.83 inches) 15 200 {osneh garrison mora 85 4850 pinch morar 20 $385 ROCKETS A limited number of Congreve rockets were used by the Confederacy they were no more reliable or accurate than the earlier version exn= ployed by the British army at Leiprig and Waterloo: of litle use; some wed by J. EB. Stuart. The Federals had Hale rockets, of to sizes, and 1d-pounders, maximum range 2,200 yards, with explosive for incendiary heads. More reliable than the Congreve, but stil un- popular and generally unserviceable. GRENADES Large numbers of explosive grenades were sed in the war; over 90,000 ‘Ketcham grenades were purchased by the US. Government, Other types: Adams and Excelsior, the later most unpopular because of the rt of exploding before being thrown. In addition, thousands of rounds of 6-pound spherical shell were wed as grenades by being rolled down Incline after the fuse was ignited.MISCELLANEOUS ARTILLERY ‘A few experimental cannon were designed by both sides; Union troops Captured » Winanesteam-gun in 1851, an unlikely contraption using eam a8 4 propellant. Tappey & Lutnsden of Petersburg, Virginia, fasta pair of revolving cannon (Uke a huge revolver on wheels); one blew up and billed the crew during tests. The Confederacy also had a double-barrlled cannon, consisting of two 6-pounder barrels joined together, intended to fie two roundshot connected by a chain which, ie'eas thought, would mow down the enemy. All it achieved in tests ‘was to demolish the chimney of a log cabin, cut down some saplings snd kill cow! COMPARISON OF ARTILLERY Although the best fled cannon were up tofilty times as accurate asthe ‘rdinary smoothbore, some artillerymen preferred the latter; when firing explosive shot, the rlled guns drove their projectiles so deep into the ground that when the shell burst, no splinters penetrated through the surfice ofthe ground: General Imboden recalled that at Bll Run, the ground he occupied ‘looked as though a drove of hogs had been rooting there for potatoe’ from the shells exploding below ground, ‘using no casualties, The smoothbores compensated for thei defects in accuracy by never burying their shells. Imboden claimed that one battery of southbores was worth two of illed cannon. This is perhaps a rather extreme view, but certainly at close range, fring canister and {rapesho, the Napoleon and other smoothbored guns had no equal MACHINE.GUNS Several designs of machine- and volley-guns were wsed with mixed effect by both sides. Willians Gun. The fst machine-gun to be used in action, the Con federate ‘secret weapon” wat invented by Captain R. S. Williams Single barrel, breecteloader, tinch bore, it Bred paper cartridges and ‘was mounted on a spall mountain howitzer earriage. Range 2,000 Yards. Fist used at Seven Pines (31 May 1862), several batteries of ix guns cach were ordered by the Confederacy; apparently seven such ove batteries were completed. Firing 18 to 20 shots per minut, the breech ‘was prone to expansion when hot, causing jamming. Despite this, ‘evulls were impresive and the gun was considered quite reliable ‘Ag Gun. The “Unlon Repeating Gun’, otherwit known as ‘Coffee ‘Mir. Single barrel, fired 98 cal. bullet, 120 roands per minute. ‘Mounted on light wheeled carriage, with shild to protect gunners from small-arms fire. Adopted only on Lincoln's personal instance, these guns were unpopulaf, though apparently effective; two guns of ‘the a6th Pennsylvania Volunteers at Middleburg, Virginia (a9 March 1862) shot up two squadrons of Confederate cavalry at 800 yard, Dt, were then returned to Washington as ‘unreliable and unsafe to operat’ "Though Confederate witnesses testified to thei effectiveness, the Agar Gun as relegated to state defence works, Galling Gin. The 1862 model (6-barrel, cal, a50 rounds per minute) was vasly inferior to the much-improved 1865 model Gatling which ‘came too late for the war. Though even the 1862 version was Superior to the Agar Gun, the US. Ordaance remained uninterested until General Butler personally ordered twelve (using them at Peterburg), Porter one, and Hancock twelve. Not ofcially adapted uni 1656, Bilinghrst Regu Batery Gun. Ofcally nota machine-gun, but a vlley- ‘gun; 25 barrel, 25 cal. Mounted on two-wheeled cariage, all barrels fired simultaneously, clips of a5 cartridges being inserted at once Seven volleys pr minute with a crew of three; became virtually useless in rain as wet cartridges often misired; could explode if touched by stray sparks. Used mostly as defence for covered bridges. Range over 1,000 yards Vandenberg Vollo-Gen. Not a machine-gun; ftom 85 wo 451 bartels, firing muske-balls the whole enclosed fn a single barrel resembling & very thick Howitzer. Mounted on standard artillery carriage. Could be fired in volleys or all barrels charged in unison. Less succesful even than the Billinghurst;vieious reco and extreme weight rendered the ‘gun unmanageable. 5FIREARMS OF THE CIVIL W, RIFLES AND CARBINES As late as 1863 the Union had over 100 models of rile and carbine fisted as official isue weapons; together with the numerous aon regulation patterns wed, that figure could well be doubled. The details ffven below are forthe most important firearms used by both sides fusing the war. USS. Percusion Musket, Model 1842. Smoothbore, calibre 65, ‘elccive at 100 yard; two to three shots per minute, mise rate a Tow a one in 108 shots About 150,000 used in the Civil War: the standard weapon ofthe Confederacy uni after Gettysburg US Rifle, Model ge (Misssippi or ‘Jager’ Rifle). Rifled, cal. 54, ‘modified to. 58 upon introduction of de Minié bulletin 1850. Total rodetion 101,096. Palmetto Muskets Several patterns copied from the 184r-42 US. ville ‘and musket models mantfactared before the war by the Palmetto factory, South Carolina; 6,000 muskets and 1,000 rifles produced 152-55; no weapons made during the war. US. Ritle Musket, Model 1855, Riled, cal 38, using Maynard Tape ‘primer system.” About 47,000 produced. 1857-1. Reasonably ‘Rccurate at 00 yards; usclese for hiting specific target at longer ne. USS Rill, Model 1855 (Harper's Ferry’ Rill). Shorter version of the US. Rifle Musket, Mode! 1855. U.S. Rifle Musket, Model 105; with two modifications, Model 1853 (jt) and 1853 (2). The principal infantry longarm of the war, the Springfield Armoury manufacturing about 800,000, other sources producing 9oo,000 more. Known a6 ‘Springfield’ musket, Con- Tederacy captured about 130,000, Esentaly the same as the Model fgg, with the Maynard system (which proved unsatisfactory) replaced by the normal percussion cap. Rifld, eal. 58; maximum ange 1,000 yards efletive range soo, rate of Bre from thre toa ‘Shots per minute. Shorter version produced for artillery wse- Model {fg (2) was last U.S, mualelonding pattern U.S, Musket, Model 1803, Surprisingly, as late as 1862 many Con- Tederates were armed with outdated findocks ofthis (and earlier) 6 patterns Smoothbore, muzzle-loading, cl. .6; effetive range 100 Yards or les, rate offie two to three shots per minute; misfired about fone out of se. Virtually uicles in wet weather when powder in priming-pan became wet. Shortages in the Confederate army meant {hat many units were encumbered with these archaic weapons: at Fort Henry, the roth Tennessee ~ ‘the best equipped regiment inthe cemmand was armed ith Tower Hints cased bythe Enfield Rille Musket. After the Springfield, the most numerous weapon in the war; British-made, over Boo,o00 purchased by both sis, Rifled, eal 577, muzzle-loading. Considered superior in workman ship and accuracy to Springhied; maximam range 1x00 yards, Accurate at goo, Rate offre two to three rounds per minute Remington Rifle Musket, The Remington Arms Co, provided the US. ‘with 39,000 Model 1063 rife muskets Brunswick Rifle. Imported from Europe, outdated and ‘neatly worth- Tes Litde improvement (any) on the findoek; wildly inaccurate, dificult to load and much prone to fouling. Whitworth Rifle. Engish-made precision sper's arm, used by Con- federacy in small numbers (probably less than Yoo wed). Cal. 45, deadly at 800 yards in tained hands; deviation of only 11} fet at 1,800 yards. Often fitted with telescopic sight; slow to load and fouled badly Sniper rifles, Often privately-owned; heavy and cumbersome, but ‘compared favourably to modern weapons. With telescopic sights, Berdan's US. Sharpshooters performed incredible feats with such rifles. ‘Sharps Rill. Breec-loading, cal. 52 (al produced in 427 and 373) ‘Only 9,141 purchased by US. Government, but many by individuals and State governments, Standard arm of sharpshooter units in later ages of the war. Accurate to 600 yards, but main advantage was ‘ae of fire (up to ten rounds per minute), over three times as fast as muzzleloaders. Gould be leaded from prone position, which was lmost imposible with muzzleloader without easing reduction in Tate offre or causing great inconvenience. Excellent, reliable fre: arm. Confederacy bought 1,600 in 186 “Richmond Sharpe’ Rifle. Confederate copy of the Sharps; workmane ‘hip and performance generally inferior to the original Spencer Rille. Toyether with the Spencer Carbine, the best breech- Toader ofthe war; 12,000 purchased by U.S. Government Produced “7in several calibres; main advantage was the fact that it was a re= ‘eater, magazine holding 8 shots. Rate of fire up to at rounds per Iminute, eer of which was quite devastating. Used copper Spencer ‘cartridge; captured Spencer useles #9 Confederacy when ammmni- tion ran out, as the South had no way of manufacturing these cartidges. Henry Rifle. US. repeater; magazine held 15 shots. Cal. 443 about {ojo used. Could fire 1 shoei 11 seconds, #20 shots in minutes 54 seconds (including reloading time). Faster than Spencer, but ‘ore likely jam. Colt Rie, Mode 1835, 5 shot, revolving chamber rifle, al. 56; unsafe ‘because of posibiity fall chambers igniting at one, causing severe ‘explosion; unpopular and replaced as soon as pouible Hall Rifle, pattern 184. Strange brecch-loading fintlock, cal. 53, ‘though made in other calibre; smoothbore versions alo existed, and many converted to muzzleoaders early in war. Used in small rnumbers by Confederacy. Little more accurate than ordinary flinlock Kerr Rifle, English-made, wed in small numbers by Confederacy; cl. "i. Used as siper’ifle Spencer Carbine. Like the Spencer Rill, the best breechloader in we ‘mare than 94.000 used by Federal troops. Cal. 525 rate offre as Spencer Rie. Waterproot; sae cartridges as ile. Best cavalry arm of the war, being the decisive factor in numerous cavalry actions. Eecive at 4oo yards Sharps Carbine. Breech-loader, eal. .52. Over 80,000 purchased by "US. Government. Range and rate offre as Sharps Rifle; excellent cavalry weapon, only slightly inferior to Spencer, and then only in rate of fire. Burnside Carbine. Singleshot percussion weapon, using brass cart ‘eel Ove sgn brug by US. eee range no Sith Carbine. Sigleshot, peeusion cal; args of brs, per or rubber. Brechloadig; ove 0,000 purchased by US. Maynard: Carbine. Hreecloading, percussion, cal. 30. Brae ca~ teidge- 2,208 bought by US Star Carbine. Breeh-lading, ereusion, eal. 54. Linen care. ‘Over 35,000 bought by US. Gallager Carbine. Breeevioding, percussion: cal 54, Bras or fi ‘and pape cartridge. Over 2,000 bought by US 18 Joslyn Carbine. Breeel-oading, eal. 525 fired Spencer 6-32 care ‘tidge. Over 10,000 bought by US. Remington Carbine. Singleshot, cal. 30, using Speneer cartridge. ‘Used in small numbers in later part of war Confederate carbines. Many captured Federal weapons used by Cone federate cavalry; Bish muzzle-loading 577 Enfield Carbine wed by both sides early in war and remained popular with Confederacy throughout Reliable and accurate though slow in rate offre when compared to more sophisticated. Federal weapons. Other Con Federate-manufactured guns included the ‘Richmond Sharpe’, and ‘seo muzzleloading guns, the Murray and Cooke & Brother. More single-shot breech-loader fring metal cartridge was produced in Small numbers. Confederate cavalrymen seem to have prefered double-barreled shotguns to carbines, fring both bareels from the saddle into their enemies’ faces and then continuing the fuslade with revolver ‘wore ~ in general, carbines were reasonably accurate at 500 yards, but 130-200 was considered effective range {An interesting sideght on ealeulations of accuracy of various fre- arms concerns the loading dri; inexperienced troops in the heat of Date frequently panicked and fired away their ramrods, making thie ‘guns temporarily weles; rammed the cartridges down bullet first, oF ‘continued ramming charge after charge down the barre in a Irena’ of terror. After Getysburg, of more than $7,000 muskets salvaged, 24,000 were loaded, 18,000 of which had more than one cartridge in the barrel; one gun had 23 loads! From these remarkable figures, it has ‘been calculated that 35 per cent of troops engaged at Geutysburg were ineffective as far as thei firearms were concerned! Pistous About $74,000 revolvers were purchased by the Federal Government; the pistol was a favourite sidearm of Confederate volunteer early in the ‘war, and thousands were purchased privately by both sides. In add tion othe principal types noted below, many outmoded fintiocks were tured; numerous types could be fited with shoulderstocks, the 1951 Colt wy revolver even having a shoulderstock which contained a canteen! 119Colt Revolvers. The most famous revolving pistol manufactured in the ‘world, three basic patterns were used during the Civil War. The Model 1848 ‘Dragoon’ war a massive 44 eal rifled pistol, weighing ‘ver four pounds. The two most popular styles ~ the Model 1831 Navy’ and Model 1850 "Army" ~ became the favourite sidearm of the South and North respetively. The Navy (al 30) was the pro- totype for many Confederate copies while the Army (cl. 4) was the principal revolver of the war. The Model 1861 Navy was not as popular, only 2036 being purchased by the army and hardly any by the navy. Total Federal purchases during the war topped 145/000 (107.156 being ofthe Army pattern), though the total number in we twas probably theee times as many: over 200,000 of the 1851 Navy tnere produced up to 1053. Maximum range was up t0 900 yards, bat the pistol (in all its many forms) was essentially a clove-quarter weapon, efleeve range being between 25 and so yards All were Singleaction (the hammer having to be cocked manually before tach shor) Confederate’ Colt copies. Most ‘home-produced’ Confederate pistols ‘vere copies of various Cole patterns, sometimes including new in- ‘ovation in mechanism; the principal manufacturers were Griswold £& Gunnison, Dance Bros, Leech & Rigden, Rigdon-Ansley, Tucker, Sherrod & Go, Spier & Burr, and Columbus. Palmetto pistol The Palmetto factory of South Carotina produced ‘copies ofthe Mode 1842 single-shot cal. .54 percussion pstl before thea, whch wre dy the Confer seu USS, Springfield singleshot pistol carbine, percussion, 1855, Made obsolete by the more accurate and faster-fring revolver. Equipped with detachable shoulderstock, Remington revolvers The Remington New Model revolver eal 4, ‘was sceond in popularity behind the Calt; 125,314 were purchased by the US Government during the war. Sixabot, singleaction, percussion, Similar in range etc. tothe Colt. The Remington 6 was Tess popular, being made principally forthe U.S. Navy. Stare revolvers. Next in popularity after the Remington .f, the Federal Government purchased 47,95 Most popular was the Stare ‘Army 44, sheahot, double-action (elLeocking); fred sl-consum ing cartridge or could be loaded with loose powder and ball Percusion; single-acton model was also produced, as well asa Navy 6 model, the ater much less popular than the 44 ‘Savage Navy revolver, 11,04 purchased by U.S. Government; cal.96, equipped with two trigger, one of which revolved eylinder and cocked hare, th other firing the cartridge Whitney revolver Cal. -36; 1414 purchased by Federals Deane & Adams revolver. Englinhemade, though many manufactured ‘by Massachusetts Arms Co. Army model, al 44, fiveshot, double: action. Alo produced in. 6 calibre. Le Mat revolt. Invented by Dr Le Mat of New Orleans, due to lfiulis of supply of raw materials and lack of facilites, Le Mat ‘went to Paris where he prodiced 3,000 revolvers anda few carbines Revolver popular in Confederacy several ealibres, 40 and 44 most common. Double-arrelled, nineabot; upper bare! Bred bullets, lower barrel smoothbor, firing ca. .6 songun charge, hence nick name of “Grapes pistol. Mont effective very deadly and Very popular; used by Beauregatd, J E-B. Stuart and Anderson. Lefiucheaux revolver. Made in France and Belgium, various calibres, .41 most popular; U.S. Government bought almost 12,000, alo wed iy Confederacy. Pine. Weson & Leavit revolver. Patented 1857, somewhat outmoded. Hammer onside of pistol; sivshot, made in yo and =r; eas 40 ‘most popular. (Other revolvers. Namerous other designs were used in considerable quantities, including Tranter 6 and 4g double-action (eitsh), itmported by Confederacy; Buttered “44 Percusion Army, five shot; Sharp.g2 rife, four-barreled pistol; Rogers & Spencer #4 (purchased by US); Pettingell 4g (purchased by US); Beal (ia.a5r purchased by US); Jnl (1,100 purchased by US); Bentley imported by Confederacy); ‘Kerr (imported. by Com federacy) Raph.EDGED WEAPONS OF THE CIVIL WAR SABRES (Officially cavalry and light artillery weapon, the sabre was accorded rothing like the respect it had ia Europe. Apart from such notable Actions as Brandy Station, the cavalry on both sides was used more as ‘mounted infantry, having few opportunities to wee the sword. Cone sequently, it was often dlsearded as being an encumberance, the (Confederate cavalry in particular prefersing rifles, carbines, and more popularly shotguns and revolvers, sometimes up to four or six of the latter being carried by each man. An addtional difficulty was the fact that new recruits had considerable trouble in learning how to we the sabre; in the earlier part ofthe war one-eared horse were quite com- ‘me in volunter regiments "The sabre, however, did have its adherents among the regimental officers and staffs of both armies. ‘Sabres carried during the war included varying patterns of the ‘curved U.S. army issue, aswell as an asortment of European weapons Imported by the Confederacy, incading a quantty of straight bladed "Prsian’ sabres. An interesting sdelight onthe effectiveness of sabres comes from a Confederate general who werote that when his infantry were charged by Union cavalry, the Southerners raised the ery: ‘Boys, There are those fools coming again with their sabres; give i o them! Frequently, Confederates were camplled to fight a8 mounted infantry fiom the single fact that they had no sabres ~ Logan’s Brigade in (October 1864 san example of ‘sabreles cavalry command. swoRDs (Officially carried by officers, senor N.C.Os and musicians, swords ‘were generally restricted to thore of commisioned rank, the lower ranks finding the sword an unnecesary piece of equipment. Generally, the sword was a symbol of rank rather than a useful weapon: the short arilery sword was almest totally useless for everything except chop- Ping firewood. BAYONETS Issued to almost all nfantrymen inthe war; the bayonet (generally of ‘socket’ pattern, though a number ef “sword-bayonets! were ised to Zouave and similar units) was most woeful asa roasting pit can opener, ‘entrenching tool ~ in fact anything except asa weapen, Though there ‘were a large numberof hero ‘charges daring the war (often executed Ata slow pace), the contest was almost invariably sethed by a clowe- range firefight before the combatants could come within hand-to-hand range. Few actual bayonetfights occurred, thowe which did being care- fally recorded as exceptionally unusual events: the charge ofthe 178 Wisconsin at Corinth, Misiippi, 3 October 1862, for example, Oficial casualty figures show the incectivenes of the bayonct as any thing but a morale-booster even more clearly: in Grant's Wilderness ‘campaign, only six ofthe 7,302 wounded were injured by bayonet or ‘sword; of approximately 259,000 wounded treated in Union hospitals ‘during the war, only ga2 bore wounds inficted by bayonet or sword, & large percentage of which occurred as the result of private quarrels ot brawls in camp, LANCES Another important cavalry weapon in. Europe was almost totally neglected in the Civil War, The bth Pennsylvania Cavalry (Rush's Lancers) were armed with lances for atime, until it was realised that the weapon was totaly unsuited fr the type of warfare in which they were engaged. The 26th Texas Cavalry may have been armed with lances, and other corps bore the name ‘Lancers’ ~ for example, the Kelley Lancers (1st West Virginia Cavalry), The United States Lancers (The Westfield Cavalry [part of the gt New York Cavalry), land Lucas Sobolasi’s Independent Company of Lancers (Misour). ‘The Americans were the first to realise that the day of the lance as & cavalry weapon was over ~ some European nations persisted with it for more than fity years afte KNIVES Known by the generic term ‘Bowie knife’ (though few actually re- serbled the original designed by Colonel James Bowie of Alamo fae), All manner of fighting knives were carried at the outbreak of war, principally by Confederate volunteers. Indeed, some of the early 125portrait photographs would lea one to believe that the Knife was the ‘nly weapon, 30 prominently were they displayed! The heavy knives trent of limited value and mow went the same way as all other pices of non-essential equipment - thrown down by the roadside on the line of march, PIKES Apart from a brief resureetion a the principal arm ofthe il-equipped rusian mila in 1819, the pike had been abandoned as archaic by ven the most backward European nations two hundred years prior 10 {he Civil War, yet incredibly there were members of the Confederate War Department who presed for the introdvetion of whole reyiments of pikemen. Tn 1862, twenty such regiments were planned, and in [April of the same year it was authoried that every Confederate regi- ‘ment should include two companies of pkemen: even Lee fll in wit this inane plan. Large numberof pikes were produced at considerable expense and waste of time and materials, but fortunately for those Intended to be armed with pikes, the plan was never put into effect. my REGIMENTAL UNIFORMS ‘The following brief descriptions concern regimental and departmental uniforms of corps not illustrated; they are miscellancous examples of the type of dress worn by whole regiments which did not conform (0 oficial regulations UNION ARMY gd New Tork Wore rey mila uniforms early in the war. “ik New York (Wiles Zouaes) This notably inefficient regiment wore grey jackets of ‘shoddy’ furnished by the Sate {oth New York (National Zeuaze) Originally wore dark brown Zouave uniforms with fed trimming: received new uniform in October 1861 consisting of dark brovn jackets trimmed red, red waistcoats, ight blue trousers trimmed red, fez, and white canvas leggings. Uniform ited ‘easly but yet not too lowe” 11th New Tork (Eller 1t Fire Zouaces) Originally wore red bépi, blue Zouave jacket with yellow trimming, loose red trouser tucked into leather legings, and ‘high shoe. Soon after commencement of war adopted a grey jacket with blue facings and red lee, red shits, ed cap ith blue band, trousers red or grey with red stripe, tan calfskin gaitrs, {ath New Tork On 8 May 1864 received a handsome “Chasseur unk form consisting of long dark blue coats, light blue baggy trousers, and a ‘mmoified fatigue ea 13th New Tork At Fist Bull Run wore uniforms of appalling qual “hastily ordered and hastily made’ by an unscrupulous contractor; the dull grey ‘shoddy* uniforms were dubbed “Penitentiary Uniforms’ ‘Many ofthe men "were dresed only in shirts and drawers ~‘a ragged ‘mob, asthe uniforms fell apart ater few hours wear, 14th New York Wore French-style ‘cutaway shelljackets and white Daggy trousers at First Bll Run, 16th New Pork Wore straw bats inthe Peninsular Campaign. 420th New York For some time after frst muster in Apri 1061, wore sof, light-coloured ‘Harde’ hats. gist Neo Tork This regiment had several Polish Companies: the men. ‘wore ‘Polish quadrangular caps of red and whit’ (thse might possibly hhave been of the czapka (lancer-cap syle, but are more likely to have resembled the Iower-erowned ‘Konfedrata! 195{goth New York (Mozart Regine!) Many of its members coming fom Masiachusets, the regiment let for the front in Masiachusetts grey ‘uniforms, including double-breasted frock-coms. These uniforms were fordered to be returned to Massachusetts, but probably were sold to ‘New York second-hand clothing dealers! The regiment had overcoats of heavy black material trimmed with reds these were later replaced by the regulation light biue is New York (Ellesri's Acengr) Officers and N.C.0.s wore regula: ‘ibn infantry uniform: the privates had a Zouave-style costume, co Siting of Blue képi, blue jackets with red trim and brass buttons, red. Shirts with yellow trim, biue trousers with red stripes, yellow leggings and linen havelocis, Soon replaced by regulation uniform. 54k Naw Tork (Schearse Jager) Conssted exclusively of Germans, ecruited in 1861 as the Schwarzer Jager (‘Black Rife"), copied from the famous Prusian unit, Litzow's "Black Corps’. Uniformed in lack ‘with uve rimming [55 New York (Gardes Lafayette) Wore Frenchstyle uniforms; red kp, “and light blue coat with black braid on the sleeves. Gnd New York (Andaroe’s Zouses) In October 186t this regiment was the most sloppy, unclean and generally disgraceful regiment in Union service, The gaudy Zovave costume always attracted a rowdy element (asin Wheat’s Louisiana Tiger’, but ths corps contained nothing but ‘vagabonds who stole from fiend, foe and civilian alike. The camps of {his corpr were permanently covered with rubbish and Sth, Goth Naw York (Muapha’s aaves) Dark blue Zouave cap and jacket wth red braid ight blue shire, sash and trousers, tan gates. Officers probably wore regulation infantry uniform; the whole corps later adopted regulation dress, 5th New York (1st US. Chass) Details lacking; regiment wore a “natty uniform’ of chasseur pattern. 128th New Tock Wore regulation dress of sickly bue’, probably due to bad dye, being much paler than the regulation colour. 1 4ath Now Tork Wore & Zouave costume similar tothe 3th New York. 146th Now York Hack Infantry) On 9 June 1863 the 146th received Zouave uniforms consisting of ved fez with red tasel, baggy blue ‘rowers, red sash ten fet long, and white loth knee-length leggings, the remainder apparently being ofthe regulation pattern Also eeued ‘with white turbans tbe worn around the fez in fll dres, which was dificult to put on: “after much perspiting and considerable profanity, ‘the entire regiment looked not unlike the soldiers of Mahomet’ 136 163th New Yak (and Duryle Zona) Simias in syle 1 that of the ena Duy Zonas wor aed Zoe ce ir, Zane ‘BE New York Natonal Guard Siler to that ofthe 7th National Guard, bu photographs show Merican-War xyle cape with large, Bat Int New Tink Marne Ailey Siilar uniform to that of the navys “fice wore double breasted rck-coats and cap with a gold band 2 ‘Sah, but red shoulder-bars bearing erosed anchor and eannon-bareel in siver embroidery. Other ranks wore naval wim of dark blue Infantry detachment was sed with shor Belgian rifles and sword: bayonets while the detachment which worked howitecrs had pistols sd ctl “and Pomlone Wore blue militia uniforms carlin the wa 25d Pamplona (Bir Znuaes) Wore a handsome dark blue Zouave {ifom fr fst x mont ols service; when that wore out, dark blae {ifm with bras shoulderscale was ued, mon unpopular with the zen air thee prevows comforiabledrom and Pensa (Bases Piladdphia Pie Zoavr) Zovave det ‘nok dearly as chowy and foreign as that of the New York Zouawes cone Siting of hep, cutaway jacket with rows of bright bel buttons held by {tok and eye atthe throat, blue sir, often with the company Teter embroidered onthe chest ight blvetowsrs rit red ord atthe ides, find white grin the later unpopular with the ren for being too ‘conspicuous on the skirmish anda ight {8th Persona Conspany red to imitate the ‘Bucktal by wear ing wget in thei headgear: this greatly displeased the Catone, ‘who ordered them removed immediately 159t Pnlsanie Magnificent Zouave costume much liked bythe men, titi one drawback ~ it ented sragyle to be Herbed foo tly. Heavy dart blue jacket with yellow trim on collar, cally and breast; wide, dark blue kne-breeches; red dane ath trimmed with yellow, tenet long by one foot wide; white canvas leaingy; and {urban ‘af Turkish model” composed of a piece of white flannel the fun sie the ath eld by rel a i tel on al but al Sth Massacasts Inthe early months ofthe war had black overcoats of Shedd the dye of which ran into thei uniforms at the slightest shower of rain Aste regiment marched down State Strcet in. Boston fon tele way tothe transport ship, the whole corps dumped thei over- a7coats in the street by way of protest. They soon rece ‘0h Masachuets (Salm Zouaes) Wore modified Zouave dees, cons ting ofred kepi, dark bive jacket and trousers trimmed with scarlet braid, an whit ein 13th Macuachuts Wore blue miliia-style wniorm. ‘and Massckuults On 2 September 1962 at the end of the Peninsular Gaimpaign, described as drened in rags, with straw hats and ‘slouch’ hate, many with no sock, some completely barefoot: this was the typical condition of any regiment after afew months hard campaigning ‘without a replacement of unifrt. ‘ard Masschucts Wore Zouave jackets of grey flannel faced blue, dark blue trousers and grey cap all rimmed with red; olfcers had single- breasted grey frock-coats with Blue collars and culls, darkblue trousers, ad blue kepis the eap and coat trimmed with gold braid, The uniform was replaced by regulation fatigue dress alter some’ members of ‘Company ‘A’ had been seen sealing turkeys: the Colonel turned in the distinctive uniforms because he did not want his men to beso easily ‘dented on their next foraging expedition’! ‘at Batalion, Maachuets Rifles in Apel 1861 wore a dark green uni- form trimmed with ight green, Baston Rie Cmpony On 12 May 1861 wore fatigue cap, light blue trousers red shirt and dark grey overcoat. Armed with Whitney rifles and sword-bayonet. ‘MassachustsIndipedent Cars of Cadets Fromm 1851 to 1854 wore grey ‘uniforms trimmed red, and leather shakos with red pompom and red land white rete. In full dress wore black chapeau with Fed plumes a ‘blue uniform was worn in the eld, {ih Comectcal Wore very uncomfortable uniforms in 1851, consisting of thoct coats without skirts and trousers of thick grey woollen material “imade, one would have thought, expecially for midwinter wear in Greenland’, with matching heavy grey felt hats. The uniforms were ‘eu coats were too big, touser-waists too wide, some trousers three inches too long and others the same length too short. Shirts were of heavy, grey coarse flannel, Naw Haven Greys Wore typical volunteer uniform in +859; blue frock ‘oats with red shoulder knots and blue pants, all ihly Bnished in git and braid, a very striking and handsome uniform’ tt Vent Wore grey mailiiastyle uniforms in early months of regulation 1d New Hampshire Wore helmets in early part of service, these being Shaped like topical pth helmet {nduna Reginents OF the first six Indiana regiments in 1861, only the Wallace Zouaves wore a uniform of it own designs the other five apparenuly wore grey oF blue jackets and trousers and ‘Hardee’ hat. It Rhode Llend Rifles Apparently wore “hunting shirt of “Rhode Islana blouses in 1861, of blue o leather colour, with Hardee’ hat 1 Rhode Tiled Light ‘Aviliry Judging from photograph of a regi- ‘mental chaplain, the corps wore “Rhode Island! blouses of dark bie. Light Arillery dress shakos were sued but worn only brie, ‘it Iova Wore grey milia-style uniform early in war; the neckerchiet worn by E: F. Wate of Company. "E” provides an example of non ‘regulation dress He purchased this item for 50 cents in Boorwlle, Misour, in 1861, and used itas a neckerchief, necktie and havelock. It ‘was a large, red-bordered cotton square, with a printed picture in the ‘centre of large blue steamboat ona yellow ever! Eile’s Miuiuipi Marie Brigade Comprising 10 companies of infantry, Tour of cavalry and a gun light artillery battery, the corps operated Federal gunboats and kept rver-banks clear of Confederate guerillas attempting to fire on Union boas. Wore regulation uniform, but the ‘aps vere made ‘with fll, round tops, broad straight visor’ and had a {green band trimmed with gold lace. “Teleraphrs Officially Telegraph Corps operators were civilian per- sonnel, but General G. H. Thoenas erdered that as from 26 March 1854 all telegraph operators in his Department of the Cumberland were to wear offices’ kepis without badges, dark blue fatigue-blowes tvth Staff buttons, and dark blue trousers with a one-eighth inch silver ripe on the outer seam. This led to some embarrassment and much [ntsement as operators were frequently mistaken fr staff colonels and teven generals! Many reverted to theit former civilian dre, though ome wore uniform until the end of the war-On 5 July 1864 a similar dress regulation was isued for telegraphers of the Department of the ‘Tennessee, except that it also included a small silver cord around the capeband. Balloon Corps Balloon-observers were civilian employees and as such ‘wore no uniform, though some sported unoficial hat badges of the Tetters 2.” (Balloon Corps) orb (Aeronautic Department) which usualy provoked so much ridicule that they were quickly discarded! Chaplain: Regimental chaplains were authorised (on 23 November 41861) to wear black felt hat or hep without ornament, double-breasted 139black frock-coat with nine buttons, and black trousers, with plain black chapeau worn in full dress On 25 August 18654 black coat-braid tnd the Stall hatcbadge were authorised, the former to be worn around the button-ole. Many’ chaplains, however, adopted regimental uniform of eaprain, complete with sash, shoulder-bars, sword and often pistol; Chaplain Winslow of the 5th New York, for example, wore Zouave olicer's uniform. The chaplain of the g4th Mawachusets {shed the colonel to publish a regimental order allowing him to wear Captain's shoulder-brs, as his pay wat equal to that ofa eaptain, and ‘only by wearing shouldes-bars was he allowed to purchase whiskey? ‘Proust Marials To wear uniform of a captain of General Sta when ‘engaged on such duties. Offer ofthe Day To wear regimental uniform with the sash not worn faround the wait, but actos the body ftom the right shoulder, the tastels on the left ip. Signal Oficas To wear uniform of a Major of General Staff (General Order 15 June 1861), Miltary Strearper To wear civilian frock-coat of blue, with buttons of the unit towhich attached; round black hat, white or dark blu trousers and waistcoat, black erava. ‘Marin Corp Ia full dress, Field Officers wore a chapeau with red feather plume, company officers and other ranks having leather hao with red pompom and bras plat, the latter bearing the marine ibadge of the infantry hunting-horn with the letter "xin the ring. Officer wore epauletes on their frock-coats with insignia of rank as sworn by the arm; all ranks wore the fock-cat for service ashore, with white crose-belts; ordinary fatigue uniforms including blue kept with the Marine huning-horn in brass were the most comaon form of dress fon active service. In fall dress, senior N.C.Oss (Sergeant Major, Quartermaster Sergeant, Drum-Major and Chief Musicians) had double-breasted dark blue frock-coats with two rows of seven buttons, tro loops of yellow lace with buttons on each side ofthe collar; collars ‘edged red (Drum-Majoe’'s and Chief Musicians’ edged white); ound ‘uf with dashes, each slash having thee smal loops of yellow lace and ‘buttons, edged red (white for Drum-Major and Chief Musicians); rear pockets edged red (or white). Drum-Majors and Chief Musicians had frockecoats of scarlet ll coats were lined black. Other ranks wore two loops af lace on the cus; Musicians wore frock-oats like the privates, Dut of scarlet with white piping like those of the DrunneMajor and Chiet “Musicians, Marine Corps chevrons were of yellow lace, worn points up 130 (unl those ofthe army): Sergeant-Majo, three chevrons and an are ‘oma scarlet patch; Quartermaster Sergeant, thee chevrons and a "ie! ‘on a sarlet patch; Drum-Major lke the Quartermaster Sergeant, but ‘with a white star in the entre, on a scarlet patch; other ranks wore army-stye chevrons, of yellow lace, point up. CONFEDERATE ARMY ‘SruthCartna The Volunteer companies of this state wore a wider range ‘of uniforms than perhaps ay other; Beitsh war correxpondent William 1H, Ruse wrote on t2 April 1851: “There is an endles varity — often of ugliness ~ in dress and equipment and nomenclature among these companies .. the tunic i of different cuts, colour, facings and ‘materials ~ green with grey and yellow, grey with orange and black and ‘white, blue with white and yellow facings, roan brown, burnt sienna ‘and olive ~ jackets, roe, tunis, blouses, lath, linen, weed, anne! Head-drese were generally of some type of képi, though strave and felt thats were common, while “some men wore leather helmets, either the crested dragoon type or the Prussian spike type’. Its interesting toleara {at eome ef these leather eles ‘probly dated bck tothe War of tra cra, which doesnot rule out the possibility of thee being of the British for-creted “Tarleton pattern; whilst others wore mare modera ‘pickelhaube’ spiked helmets. ‘Corsican’ eaps were also wed, these ‘being peaked cloth forage caps with a hanging bay and tassel at one fide. An early South Carolina uniform was described as being worn by Clicer in Charleston in mid-April 186r; these consisted of Blue képie ‘vith Palmeto tee badges, blue coats with standing collar, shoulder- fraps, git buttons bearing the Palmetto in relief, and blue trousers ‘with gold lace cord stripes, Officers of the U.S. Army who changed thee allegiance upon secesion wore their U.S, uniforms until they ‘wore out or until they could obtain new grey ones; many South CCarolinana wore U.S. blue for several months after the outbreak of war. States like North Carolina and Georgia also wore blue uniforms in ‘early 1861, ike Federal costume but wit state insignia. ‘4th Virginia Cavalry Company "H’ (Rockbridge Dragoons) wore leather helmets probably of 1812 vintage inthe early stages ofthe war. Citadel Cadets (South Carlin Volaiers) This Chareson-raised company ‘wore black shakos with brass plates and white plumes, rey frock-coatswith black collars and euace, grey trousers with Black stripes, and ‘white of black leather equipment Uk Virgina: The Elliott Greys (Company ‘T’) wore (according to a photograph of a drummer) a tasselled Zouave-cap, grey cutaway coat With dark shoulderstraps and three rows of buttons dark trousers and white aiters Tit Alabema In Montgomery, Alabama, the 1st Alabama was ised vith enamelled cloth knapsacks and cedar barrelcanteens in March 1862; otherwise the men provided their own ‘uniforms’, of which no twowere alike! Alabama Volacr Cadets At Alexandkia, Virginia in 1061 (September) thiscompany wore caps decorated with the leters‘Av.c" oth Tomnecae Composed of Tennesse farm boys, wore several styles of plain grey shelljacket and trousers, with black hats and equipment; friginally armed with 1812 fintloks, later with Enis ‘Nonth Carlna Miitia May have been one of the units to wear fatigue ‘uniforms of butters’ even before the war. s Gogia Company B (La Grange Light Guards) wore pre-war Initia style uniforms; for oficers, grey frock-coat with black collar and Dlack edging to pointed cuffs, biack shoulder-bars edged god; black eps grey troucrs with black stripe, red sash, black belts with brass plates bearing Georgia state seal Indians The various Tndian regiments (composed mainly offll-blood land hal-breed Cherokees, Chickasaws, Chociaws and Creeks with Some Osages and Seminoles) were isued (when available) with andard Confederate grey shelljackets and ‘slouch’ hats, but many ‘Wore Indian trousers, moccasins, and shirts of buckskin or trade-lohs {large number were virtually indistinguishable from ‘wild’ Indians. ‘The Cherokee Mounted Rifles had grey jackets wth yellow facing. Anns were an asiortment of Confederate, captured Union and civilian ‘weapons together with native items like lances, bows and arrows, tomahawks and knives, Union Indians (Creeks, Cherokees, Osages with some Senecas, Delawares and Tuscaroras) wore Federal fatigue dees, with some native items. “Maries No regulations are knovn to exist of the Confederate Marine ‘Corps uniform: it x pomible that they were copied from those of the US. Marines, with grey substituted for blue, but itis likely that many individual variations existed. Officers wore grey frock-coats, usually ‘double-breasted, with rank indicated by shoulder-bars or sleve-lace; i is known that double-breasted frock-coats with turndown eallars of ig blue or black material alo existed. Képis were worn indiferent weights of cloth for summer and winter; trousers were blue or grey. Other tanks wore képit or felt hateike the army; shies were blue flannel, and {rowers sky blue like those of the U.S. Marines. Grey jackets were probably worn also. On 6 May 1061 Captain A. C. van Benthuysen's Marine company at Pensacola, Florida, wore blue pants and grey flannel shirt; ater in 1961 they revcived white pants, blue flannel shirts and white ‘jumpers’. ‘These items were probably intended s+ 8 temporary dres until regulation items could be tsued, Prisiners of War The United States Government provided thousands of ‘uniforms for Confederate prisoners, these conforming to Confederate regulations in every way except forthe buttons. Thus many “exchanged” pruoners rejoined the Confederate army wearing uniforms supplied bythe Union! Gurl and “Busheackes* Confederate guerrilla sometimes wore items of regulation dres but were more often dresed as civilians. The following is a contemporary description of a “bushwhacker” seen in Virginian a: “aso, viciousJooking countenance, an ungainly fgure in ‘a garb of the coarsest texture of homespun linen or insey-wooley, tattered and torn, and 30 covered with drt as not to enable one ues its original colour a dilapidated, rimless hat or eap of some Wild animal covering his head, which has not been combed for ‘months; his Feet covered with moccasins, and a rifle by his ide, a ‘Powderhorn anda shot-pouch slung around his neck 135HEAD-DRESS (from contemp 1, USA. Major-General, the reulaon double-breasted God faut eth ela and ef af lak or SEvoted by the arangement of the thts: Brigadier General had but tach vow? and LewtenanisGenerls tho india bythe badge om the fol lace epaulets ~ one ser star Toe Brigadier Generale, wo for Major General ane thee for Leterant Generale. The bacge the fle hat Crasted of te let “ea in ser Snider, mebsnded, by a gold Crnbreered. laurel wicathy as. an fice were autboried to wear 3 Towesowaed black. bear in fall ftom, wih geld laee decorson i practice it sent to have been aed nly ravly. In design fe roembied that worn by the Confederate army (latte ia Pate 39, The bull alle wastub wat a further dation of ut 8 wu th trate shabraqee, bearing ale gn inthe form of tars he ear farmers, Laced heaps to match the shabraque were rome use, ough many prefered pain Diack leather dei typall General Ofewin fal dren: he regulation ptiern (ode 050) bad’ {Edn ig blade, often teplace by mote ards verson fr active sence. 2, US.A. Brigadier Generals, Service Drew Bodh gues on hia plate are taken from orginal photographs, and show ow he pencral whi of nid ‘fice ed to mameron non-regle service. The black felt hat could be rnched up nthe crown (oe sere dances exp, which syle, was favoured by General Burside Sed tense "opied by hi fl The more ual methed of wearing ‘semble the ful drs sles Genera the suns i was de- ested aie an averted wast ‘Reguaion undre ‘ufort con sted of plain dark ble focl-cot, ‘dobleteated wih buttons ar ranged according to rae ain fall emp wih oding collar, and lation, both with trned-down collars find one wth ct lapels, both reveal ing the shievolla, Th ype of fame was often worn whut "ink-bary deed even Uys Grant ws dered on various aceon ing alin nding fom Trsire niet, Burnie wae Be esrb ‘wore a rong bluse onthe collar of chcattered and fide st flieting Bank. he wore a Sack “Slouch hat, the bein well down over bis ce" 5 USA.) s9t Lcutenant, 135Cavalry, Service Drews 1) Private, Cavatey, Service Dress. ©) Corporal nd ‘Gavaley, Fall Dress ob When the US. Cavalry was re forged in 185, the to dragoon fegiments became the ts and. and {Cosley. Prior to this reorganisation, fey ad been distingwhed, by frange bead and timing, which Sarehanged othe envalry distinctive ‘olor (yelow): for atime, hom ‘rent appear that de old deagoon ‘im setae The bck fet Bat, standard ise for all branches ofthe army i. all (Grey war Known as the Harder’ ‘Romulo "Jot Das patterns i eda yllow hatcord_ and. black plume he Inter reserved fr parade Bethe font war bran crowed sabes badge with regimental uber Sh companyWentieation Fete; the rnedup ban wa secured by = ta badge contiting of the US. ‘isle and shield. vie. A variation fan the "Hardee pattern an the ‘Burmide hat, acally «Tower wed epic, fll dre he regulation shel. Jacket with ylow piping was worn, ‘ith two lope of lace at ether side of the collar, One sich Loop was the ‘ficial dotinctin of voluneer rei= tment, bu it appeas tht the and (Gave dug & regula egies) swore one laces The shoulder- Scale and wit loves were reserved for parade The oficial Regulations tpeaiied dark ve towers forall ‘ranches of the army except Light Aruiery, but General Orders of 16 December 1061 authored the more fama sky-blue wouses very few of the dark Bue being ied. Equip- tent was of black later ith Brass tings the Mode 1 light cavalry fabre wee the regulation ary at Shove unite retained the Mode 18qo Dragoon abe, the only asic i ference between the to being the shape of the bandegip and a sight ‘anauoninleneth. Teron common woifoem worn on campaign consisted of the lth épt and standard pater aiguee ‘ose seeaonally orm with elo Tad wiming.” The ht ive ‘Mouser fw ofthe dark ble patter seve in evidence) could. be worn ‘Siter imide or oud the boos. The ‘owed sabre badge ofall orn (the feat of the hep wan often tated othe wp; tallow the cap tobe worn inthe Ghionablepresed- flows syle athe war prosresed, epcbadaes were often abandoned fntrely= Al! mariner of oneyulae tion ules were commen on active sevice batered fall dre hat or tier black fot Mowe att being ‘extremely popular 4 US.As a) ast Sergeant, Cavaley, with Sheridan’ Guidon. Carley fice al de uiform n= fd’ the “Hardee hat with to feather plimes and cords of ried back aad gold. The hatbadge was ‘embroidered in gold ona black velvet ‘val constng of exe sabre, with teginenal number and company Jeter for company officers (up to Abd including the rank of Capa), Sd jot the revimental number for feitenal effcer (ve. Major and Spwards. A.desgn of the erased bre ale abo ex Tn fal dee all ofcee wore the frocecst, hs garment being singe treated with ne Butons for com pany ffcen, and double-breasted ith two town of seven batons for Tesimental fice "The. epaueter tro in fll dese were of old Ice ‘nth bul ringesfor all excep and Tewtenants, whose epaulets had ‘hin cord ingen the epauete Strap was aver cre being the regimental” number (nearest the ‘erocent), and higher up te badges of rank cartesponding to thre worn tn heshoulde bars of ordinary des. ‘Trower were sky Bue (though dark Bue wat the original regulation), with £ebinch welt on the outer seam. The save could be hooked on- {o he belt by the upper hanging ng ‘ofthe reabbar, allowing the wearer to walk with ese without te nec siya earyng the word in one had ‘Sword:know were mined gold and Wack for lfc and Back. eather foother anh The wt Sergeant strated wears ‘more eles standard campaign dros (the waite being worn under the fatigue jacket); he cartes the pet= sonal lag of Major-General Philip H. ‘Sheridan, Cavalry Corps Ary of the Potomac” (855) who, like other cavalry leaders signified his poston Inthe eld by hs wn unique gudon, Federal exalry formation di ess Gore badges a id ee i fant counterparts, but two corps ad similar badge, worn om de hat ‘kei Sheridan's Cavalry corps had 1 alge coming of white mane bm (the rays aving oquared-off ds), with a dark blue oral centre eatig yell cred sas (tis Inge ca be ten the front ofthe Ist Sergeants hep) Wile! Cavalry Corp ad badge conning of Inrtaontal yellow carbine fom which ‘hung verdaly'a ted swallow alle {iden suspended Toe the arbine By seo yellow cord and. bearing Yellow crowed sabres om the centre of ‘he uidon. ‘The Segean trated nth plate swear the regulon fall resale Jeter sien worm on campaign with the hep The tomers had finch $ellow stripe on the oe sears for noted cavalry genera intended 0 foark hr poston on the bate: Feld: Fedral generals Sheridan Kile paticks Merit and Caster all had ‘Beroeal”sandarde or geldom, that iterated being the third patter toed by. General GA. Custer (Gates Bt Mag was a red over se {jidon bearings crowed sabres badge {Td two bile Honour, the seconds tore caberate venison with Fag ied adional bonus the tid hat ‘tgarated bearing the ced sabres budge in white) and he fourth and "37faa pattern ager vein of the third wit a vite ape edge The {tag iaurated was wed oe Jame 1b wt March 1, when Caster onimanded. the ged Caray. Die Son Or al the ger produced by the war, George Armatons Cater dated te nent amon hgh ental for hr ding conduct Goring fh tenures corte, bt fre iat tna be and is command fll Vici yo an Indian ambos which Teuled ithe manace ofthe Lite ig Horn 176. “The gure ofthe oie of thet Rhode and Cavalry ian fom a phetgraph of Caione Aled Nate Bait Phong conforming to the Soe regsaton we inal fee tors inde nthe ifr are be doubleteated shell jacket with low piping ad very all sees, Sed the age” owes, te whale Srecmile appenring much more French than’ American. That 3 Tardy surprigy Du was fpadote of the St Gyr itary Skemp tnd foughcs with great ‘Entction withthe rene eaaly in ‘igor, Senegal andthe Crimea. He fier digas himael when be tmigrated othe United Stat ing from ha commision a Capa i the and New York Cavalry, con tand the vt Rhode Ian Cavalry, {0 Bigaie General and inal Commander, becoming a8 ostand- ing nly commander inthe Union 6, USA a) Private, Cavalry, {nga blanc 1) Corporal, Cavaley, ‘ith Regimental Sandara “The shy be exvalry overcoat wat dovbiereated, with 4 stand-and- Fa collar: the cape, lined yellow, fuld be thrown back over the uder, When wor buttoned, the Cape extended to ecu of te great Tach caaley regiment caida Regimental Standard, similar i design othe inant version but only two eet five inchs Hong by two Feet free inches on the pole-"The Blue found of the standard bore the ‘sgn of an case with wines 0 spreads wih ted, white and blue Ue ill on i bres, boing branch oflauc and a sheaf of arom in tala; above the eagle war 8 Seca isrbed "rnc Oxta in ‘ick leering, and elow a simlar rol beating ‘the te of the eek trent The tadardearer ies treats the Black ealber standarde Titevertheceat, but under the eae, 2a sul for al equipment ‘The waterproof "yun blanket” a shown on the be gure could serve fa ponchovavle garment, oF (y fmcane of eyelet oles In the omnes) Er rigged as = ce-man "pup tone Gae of the mont eal pices fee ‘cat ued during the wary fas ‘eved rolled around the blake or ‘Srapped ont the Enapeack. 7 USA a) Corporal, Cavalry, with Company Gulden. 1) Private, Cavalry, with Designating 38 Flog, Covairy Rateve Meadquncsers, ‘Army’ of the Potomac, 1852. ‘Both Sigres inthis plate ate shown in ampaign dram, being the bie fegulation fatigue dress but with umber of lew oficial’ deals? the Corporal for example, wears the olla of the fatigue-biowse tuned ‘den with 2 coloured. necherciel Under the collar, and the commen Moh’ ha. Bach Federal Corps, Divison and Ieigade adits om “Designating Flag’ incended o mark the potion of ‘he heater af the formation at alvmes, Designating ag were made fnavvarity fae ad an even larger ary of vgn That karate the Drsignating Flag of the Cavaley Reeve Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, which was authorised by a General Order of March 1862. The to brigade of the Cavalry Reserve sere signed flags atthe same time, these ao being yellow, with a fee ‘ome Blu start the centre forte Tet Brigade, and two similar tars om the ag of We ae, “The corpora shown carrying Company Gaon othe pattern wed ‘unl 106y and afer 1805, costing ft swallowtail lag, the red op Tearing the white leter "08a the shite lower poruen tbe company Hlnihing leer The Bag wa ow from a nine long pole, topped by the tandard bras earetiped pike Ted. Between 1Big\ and” 1055 4 ferent petern of puidon wae ‘carved by cavalry companicy, ofthe ‘ne shape but cooing of tars nd sri design the tha of he ‘atonal Hage 8. USA: Corporal 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry (Rash Lemeereh Ralied as hr7oth Volunteers, the 6th Fennyvania Cavalry” (Rush's ances) were med” afer the Golone, Richard Rash, Oneof the Irat Federal eavalry regiment tele ‘many battehonsur included Caine? Mil Antietam, Fredeicobur, Brandy Staion (where they charged find aght continouly for twee fours) and Gettysburg The ufo sau batealy of the relation se, With dark ue trouser being wom Carly in the regiments existence, ‘Photograph taken at Falmouth, Vee nia 152 shows them to have teem replaced bythe more convene ‘nal igh ues The regiment wore tne lop of lace on the ella (he Sstingubing mark of volunteer vali) the brut shouldoracales tre oon carded. Offers wore the ‘rood tabres badge on the font of the laps the other aks baving thes ‘on the crown, On the carbine-bet tras worn anormal bras ovale ped plate with pointed end braing the device of ered lances crudelyamped ins the mea “The regiment took ts mame from thee principal arm: sineeet Jong lances of Nerwesan fir, with elevene {ach threaded headend swallow: fled permons. Thee pennons, supposedly made bythe ladies of Phlndlphia forthe regiment, were cof cmon banting witha binding of Seat braid Finally being accepted 130x umerviceable im May 1863, the lancer were replaced by sabres and farbiney, though s numberof these Iehoen ned at the sare de as the lancom, twee carbines per oop ‘ing ed rir May 1363, Te plate show the typical ale- equipment seed yal branches ofthe Foderal cavalry, The eathercovered ‘wonder McClean sade was held in Place by a girth and vrengle of be Ieebbing. Straps were Covered with leather and inclding fatge leather hood’ whic all bat fered the ‘riders foot Honee nite war penealy of Black leather with bra fags and ste ‘he the blanket under the saddle was ten dark le ith 4 broad orange Stripe near the edge, with "os it range letters atthe ente, though (ey blankets with yew tim were ‘ot uncommon. On the side was Caried ans nov alld vere ‘Stat, Blanket, to black leather Sdebage ctaining rations, ame ‘munition, clothing, horsahoes and ‘ther equipment, anda thirty fet Jona Cavalry Goth Volunteers). 1) Ofcer, th Penneytvania Cavalry (64th Valansvers) “Thisplateiatrates wo ofthe peal hort uniforms adopted by ‘cer on eampaign: they are taken from photopraps of the sas of aloe W.W. Averell of the 3d Pennoyvania Cavalry (Young's Ken- tacky Light Cavalry Both Votan ten), and of Calne J. . Cle ot te sn Femina Cary The ofce ofthe gr wears hal nailer, hacen contume, oly the dave blve jacket indiatag ‘eich army he bons. ven inthis ‘Seno budge of ran age wor, and the eilan hat and bowie appear Somewhat incongurus wen coupled ‘Rithe sabre and pt “Te oficer of the qh wears argue Iason hat, battered almost beyond ‘ecogriting, and long Bue coat with breasepocker (fom which a Randkereie? potrade}, grams, Mtiped shirt and tte collar. Both ‘original photcgaph rm whic his Plate is taken include other olen Breed in more regulon ye, ‘wih Hepa and sbjackew, hough (hother fier f th qth wear the ‘ame type of lang cost, over a dark frascnt whitest and cola, and Tange dar Boe so, USA.) Private ged New Jersey Cavatey- by) Private, Benton Huvears. 1 the uniform of the 3rd New Jersey Cavalry 1st US. Huns) could be eon the French fluence which ‘ected many iorms. during the ‘Gril War Also known athe Trenton inary the ged New Joey wore the raided doiman-syle jacket and ‘pillow’ hat so typi of European Hist regiments Their attempt at Copying thee European elite cavalry war hardly am outtanding succes ~ 40 ontemptucly known as “The Bowers treme of ther itr, the regiments repataion in action ‘ess equally poor Forming part of the ‘Krmpafthe orn’ Cavalry Corps (gr Brigade ie Divison) the reac ‘em reteated in haste whem under Sly fe at Yellow Taser (11 May 1), The exewe that tho owes had lied fen the oe wae fot accepted by the major of the "The Renton Hamar _(Jneph emits Cavalry” Butalion) was fase in St Loui, Misouriy ia Tate "Wor and wore a wont ditinctive fentuiney the wal colours Being Fevese i the light be jacket (EnA be wouser The black Bride ing onthe jacket confined the "Hate, a dd We 1851 pattern doth shake which Inter em 2 ‘out gateway 1 the Rep once fie service wat commenced cor: forating Vow Dechy Mibwakec [acon Cavalry Company (Com= pany "Diy aferwards °C) and Free Ion’ Bodyguard (Company °C). {he Benton Husary served with the [Army athe Wet andthe 5 Brigade, {nd Diisier, Army of South-west Misourt unl Febrany 1862, when {eva incorporated withthe Holla Hoe ito the sth Misouri Cavalry, cveataly posing into. the 4h Mimo” whieh united both the ‘enten and Fremont Huse. 14, US.ALta) Officer, 1st Cavalry. 1) Oficer, ath Vermont Cavalry. ©) General of Cavalry. ‘The figures om this plate (all een Soom contemporary _ photographs) shoe verison ofthe aay wore | worn on campaign. ‘The afer of the’ US. Cavalry wearsachillan Feccllard overcoat nd civilian hat, with no vise badges of rank oy pil ening him sale “The officer of the ath. Vermont Garay ean 8. typeof "pata Jacket the other items of unio Tring ofthe regulation patter. “The General of Cavalry, taken fom 1 photograph of BrigadieGeneral ATTN Tarbert of Sheridan’ sta, stows a uniform probably designed by {he oficer hime The wearer rank ‘Sinden by the arrangement ote ‘atts andthe anktar worn on the fallar aed ‘ouch hat Thi pattem tunitirm was worn by ater General ‘ficer: Cater ore a Back selvet Serson with bie collar and Cone federaestyle cuff lacing, black Teche with gold ripe wth ther ‘ep or back slouch’ ha, the wie fovered. with yards of old braid While few slicers apprnched this ‘arora level, eompletywesuation Atoms were fo and far betwen ‘hela ge of the war sa, USA) Officer, lanery, 1b) Sergeant, and Infantry, Fall Drees. 6) Oficer, Infantry, Fall Dress. The regulation “Hardee bal, com plete with plume, eas worm in fal Sree by infantry fice the Badge fn the front costing of an re Vide unin horn badge (with un.¢ without regimental ideation). ‘Tae trckcomt was dovbledreaed foe fed offers [oe fom Major 10 Colon) has ing tw rows of batons, seven in each, spaced quay. fal ‘es, epaulets of 3 sala pater to thew of the cavalry were worm ‘herve the tame union wat ‘ror with embroidered rank bar on The dulder,Comminoned rank ves farther indicated by the nivel Fed su ether glove or gaunt swore worm. Trower (ofaly dark $B) ere more ofc ight Bn wih 2 thdnch wide sump ‘On campaign, oltrs adopted aumerous nor-teguation variations; {har iltrated is taken fom a on temporary photograph. “The kept Dear sir bade o that worn on the fulldres at the shor eket, tears ranicbare and ik worn wih calla tie and. waiteol. Ofer Sratcoats were oily dark blue Inte or but with nine butions and ‘anding or “role olla but mumer= tra varion ented ‘Other ranks wore a single-beated ‘rocco ull des, piped wth te {Sfanrydiingihing colour (light ‘ble}, with ra oulderscales, The cord the ‘Hardee’ hat were of te ‘ine colour a the piping. The badge ofthe enting-horn with resinental find company. sentation was in ras tor other rank borne on the front of the hat when the at was replaced. with tbe epi for active ‘ervice, tho badges were raafered ‘anal dvarded completely (as they FHequenywere)- The Hardee’ hat, though amare appearance, was of Iie value ia the eld, ad wan ee placed a 3908 as posible with the kip, though mot always falls (ered thee has, they took the pporanity of ridding themselves of the unpopular headgear by thrwing them ius the ver asthe regimental trait pomed vr Hoe Slesund Bede! ‘Sergeants wore the light-bladed N.G.O. sword fall res, but not the ‘sh, this bring served for the ras ral regiment cari two. clour, the National Fag (a ilatrated) and the Regimental Fag, The National Fg, the ‘Stas and Stipe, was a feet si inches long by i fet om the ‘ol; the dark be canton contained Tlre-three white saat the bagi ‘igo the wa, ater hit-four when Kansas joined the Union (each star Fepreeating one sat), and tity Fie fom 1863 when West Vira Joined. The ware were arranged in = “ality ofdigny ia rows ina ce, ‘oval, grouped around one age ‘at oe atrangd in the shape of one large star Even the colour and den of ndividaltars varied, with five oF ‘ccsionally seven point sometimes ‘haere gold. The resisental ie ‘ra inscribed in the mile one ed) oF the thirteen stipes, with bate ye honours sometimes above and bow {Thelinge (where there ee oe) wat Yellow, and the tcl of mie Bie and white, The Regent Flag wa ‘hese sxe a the National, af the ‘ive design a that ofthe Cavaley {Pate 6). Many corps, however rina volunteer regiments — nore the regulations completely, fcevying the National Flag and he State Flag, or on ccasion ome inde> pendent pattern of thet ow ia “The, corporal itrated. (ken from a contemporary plotegaph) trea the reulatien roek-cat with ‘tte ables, and the black Heather esloursbele. The Mel beast the brass huneinghoen badge often ‘Suearded on actveservie “This pit shoms te fll dre rock coat, andthe saan. wom by tmaicans The later wore the sa dard infantry unorm withthe ‘dition ofthe distinctive. Icing ‘common to all ofthe army, and on ‘ccatn a red wonted sath How erin many eae this lacing was 0 dlatincive, providing. an excelent targe for enemy sharpshooter, and f2°2 result was by bo means ne ‘cmon for mins to wear the Smple, unmarked fatiguecont tke thone of the rank and le. Te was ta to shield musicians fom ence ‘marksmen, at bugle and duals ster the only efleetive way of rae Imiting orden. amid. the noise of Dates Mose also provided’ a great Imorale-oont: Lae deciared that" ‘don't believe we eam have at any ‘rthout music, while one drummer ted that when the band led. he egiment + wih ter ge-ouetho: wayotdDen-Tuckersh syle of ‘uns made the men ithe rank ‘ep ei at thou they were bound for” Donnybrook Fair= General Porter deseribed how, a Five Forks in ‘May 1855, one of Sheridan's mounted tnd hel thee ground under heary fre, "Playing “Nelly Bly" as cer Fay a were furiting mae for country pcr “The. back view of the private itusrated. sows the black feather fareidge-pouch with bra plate bearing’ the lewers "Ua", and’ the lack Teather bayonetseabbard with ea tinge Dress. Although the “Hardee hat was the Droseibed. wear, many olce ‘Bdoped the Kei on active serie. the early stage ofthe war, te white Tinen eapeover and necieodh oamed 2 "Haveoc’ afer the Bh generat SF the Indian Mutiny, was Sued 0 ‘nan regiment often (wo per ma foe Connecti unit reeeved ‘er man) Intended wo be a protec: ‘om gaint the heat ofthe ain the ‘Hlavebeks were” unierally" une popular and were worm for only a far ime: "Arie made sulbienly large tcover the neck and sbulder, the effec, when properly adjusted, ‘rast deprive the wearer of any ait hoe ight othermise ey prompted thei immediat ante 43the plebeian wer ofa dshtoth or alfeestraine “Oficer of company rank (Liew tenants and. Captains) wore singe rented ockenats (Ube double: breated verion being reserved for ei officers} the feck was the com fon wear on ative serie though ‘ore ual varieties such as the jacket or faiguecoats ke theve {he ober rank, withthe ation 3f ak Bars The rion sah was sl ‘Som wer on campaigns pate were ‘aivemal, many ees being armed ith sword au wel, The wouter had Maine wide sips “The gretecat worn by the rank tnd le was sky buen cour, single Ieated with espe reaching to the chow with ¢ tandandal colar, $2) with our or mere lack slop ‘Som the ben The coat had hal {nc black sik aging and knot on the serve denoting rank by it thick ‘new: General ive bri dou Koc; Colonel ~ ve, single bot; [eatenant Catone Four Major = thee, Captain = evo; 1 Liew "The fs figure on this plate (ikem from a. contemporary” pbotoraph) ‘hows the servis anor of the 22nd ‘New York Militia about 1062-6) lof particuar notes he 185 pater ie with is long sword bayones, 15, US.A. a) Drum Major, Iatantey, Fall, Drews. b) Privace, gand Pennsylvania Votunteore (Bockeail). ) tot Sergent Infantry. ‘Campaign Dress, ‘The riforms of regimental bande ‘were ef tothe dicreton of the com Imanding oe, of the reximent: he ‘war allowed to make wich aditions Joeamentsas he may judge proper” Gonsequenyy « bewildering vatety fof band nil were worn, some (ike tar tsteated) based po the ‘Fela ifr, but with the de tion of plumed shakes or (in he ase of drum-majors) huge bean caps. (Odher tnd rire wore of gly Cour (eee ade rey Sr exe Sele, with lage amounts of soured raid or" metalic. lace, Stabe goudets and every type of cpasleue The other figures on this plate ‘katate the typical ifr worn on ‘ampaign, bated upon the regulation {igue ee The oth kip (shape: Je a eed ba’) and fea ronmny ‘cough to carry bit of clothing oF ‘ther equipment on tp ofthe head, ‘tically bore the Brass hunting hor ‘badge and company detingubhing Teter, but an more often than ot (led that they were allowed to Sinble along at ther own pace. 18 ‘August 1051 the yh Indiana arrived i Watington dad i rey dosin faimere and earying Enid ot Mine. By September 1861 all the grey ‘entmesad been replaced by dak be frokecoat, “Hardee hat ight ‘a rower and hie gaiter: ds ‘originated their nickname of “The Black Hat Brigade This was the ‘hse uniform of the Brigade, hough the ravage of campaign von took thes oll: by 18 the frock cout had been replaced by he fatiguecoat in perhaps half the brigade, thou Bhotograph show the emo beng worn fen within the ame company. The popular gaiters were 2000 three Ubeayras were the hatormament this item becoming progresively move battered and sapien Some oficers preferred the hep, but most of the Brigade chang othe ‘Hardee’ hat as {esluy-guarded unique ding ing feature. The ageh Michigan, the Inst f0 jin the brigade, wore the dinar taigu-coat and ki “The Iron Brigade of the Wet should not be confised with John Porter Hates Tron Brigade, con sisting of the and, 24th goth and ‘yth New York and the and US. Sharpahocer, which was braken up in May 105. 17. US.ALta) Pebvate, ast Mlchigan, Service Dros by) Peace eth Reign Petvate, 804 Whoceesin, The fi reso he sat Michigan and {ih Woconn (bth taken fre come ‘camry sap) how pa ‘ations of the campaign uniorm ‘The atm Michigan smo ntizely swore battered black ouch hat wih te without eater Bandy the fatigue Some fn thi ee worn with he top Duton unfsiened” andthe Tapes turned tack though a mamber of fall dre froktats were ako worn. “The 8s Wiconin apparcady largely retained the ocho wih the ubiquitous batered. bat The regiment wat known as “The Eagle Regiment” from thir cartom of {Siing te regimental macot = an ale ito bate with the, tng ‘ne specaly-connruced perch The fag, aed “Old Abe ater Pree dent’ Lincoln achieved fame by becoming the’ subject of « popular song "Old Abe the Bate Fale) by [fe and F. Marin Towne: After the wat, the eagle pased ino honourable retirement, mantined ate epee in Mitac, The ‘Sompanues of the Bh retained the {iter ofthe small companion which the regiment had bon formed Comeany tA" Wanapacs | Union Ries, 8" Sheborgan Counoy Inde: pendent °C Eau Claire Eagles, D> Fem Laie Volunteer Rill” 2° Rough and Ready Guatds, “F* Cenwiord County Voluieen, ‘G 7Jmenille Fre Zousves, “H Sugar River Rifle, i La Crowe County Rif, ‘K" Racine County Volunteer "The Irish Brigade (ist Divison, 1 Corp, Avmy of the Potomac) was ‘orginally compe ofthe 6a Cth nd kh New York, being the {stand 4thsth Regiments of Tomas anes Meagher Teh Brigade respectively, being raed rom Ib Iromigranin New Yor by Meagher, wea had been transported from Ire= Ion to Taran in 18a for reson, find sedition. tn autumn 18 the {ith Mawachusets (and Teh Regie ‘ent) and. the 16h Pennleann Inere ade, the Tater ting ane fered out in July 1864. The ath Mauachuets (snd Regiment, Mea: her's Brigade) served om June fo November 1962, the 7th New Yoo Heavy Artilery being add in September 1854. The Brigade spec sy digi a Frederick Durgand Antietam “The Tesh Brigade wore a disinc- sive uniform, comasting of the repa Hin fg Coat with the adition of sreen collars and cull and grey towers the badge worn on top of the kept was a fed overeat To emphasise ther ‘Trish origin, each regiment cared geen ag in ‘Mon wo thes regulation enous “The ath Mawachuset was abo known a the Faugiva Ballagh Reg sent, this same be a Gaelic war- ‘ry meaning dear the way 18, US.A. a) Offices 5th New York Zenaves, Fall Dress. ») Zouave, Campaign Drees «) Private, 5th New Fall Dress. Mastered into service on 9 May 1851 fora twowyear enliment, the th New York [Duryée Zour) as one tf the bet uit ere the Union feny.Jtly famous under is fist fomminder, Abram Dury (2 New ‘York merchant Tong active in the Sate Mila) for prec parade round drill he gth won the adi Son ofthe regula reiment of Syke Division in V'Gonp in which i spent Alli servce, when at Gaines Nl "ander a ear rete reginent cooly passed to “count of and realign 2 Fans after having esained. heavy ‘auahies Under Duryée andthe {Colonel who suceeded him (Gow: verneur Kemble Warten and Hiram Duryea) the sth maintained » mage ‘afi rem in ston fen te esiments enlistment expted 0014 May 105, large number of tree yea colts raafered tothe 14th [New York Another regiment bearing the same_mumber war raised by (Colonel Cleveland Winslow which tejoned V Corps tserve othe wat ‘The sth New York abo bore the same "National Zouaver': i should tot be confred withthe and Daye oases 16th New York "The, Zouaves fh sprang into ‘avour before the outbreak athe wat, nen driliears drone to resem ‘he dite French light infantry gave public displays throughout the ca fy, Volunteer and aia companies opie the style extensively. The sth New York wore typical Zouave femtume: fer wilh white turban 18 ‘round round fr parade, the blue SRN bey wore sone on Sve Te rank td fle wore he CSovenonal Zoe jacket and shi Sar aay oom eked i ih fer incommon with et Zee Sis oicon wre» modied were tthe regulation nif, bse theca with Confeerte ole cabal ed kp and women ‘Dapie ther repation, Beth va cerexpondent Willan Howard inal! who ad seen the genuine Trench Zouava) was nimptsed by the sh New York some men wore the urtan witout the fer under: cho the back uh the Sdbolured nap whe Rowell conadeed te ower = “lose ayo red alia —t be quite ‘edo, the net fled Beng" line of itary scareows’. Atos ftitcal eye, bower, would have een mast impresed with the rea ‘ents esourevard, many of whom tree appronchingpevea feet in Tope “The Zoauve offer in campaign dre Gen from. conemperaty Fetgraph) shows baw the worm teas modified on campaign only the ockingeap iene the man as = ‘member Zounveumit, sg, USA.) Prtvat,gth New ‘York Volunteers 18) Officer, ath New York Volunteers. Sercing in the US-Mescan war rhs sla teenager, Rush Crito- her Hawtin wat originally pre- Sidentof = military eu formed in 1860 fom which the oth New Work Volumes (Hawkins? Zouaves) was recraited,” Eales, included men From Albany, Broakiva, Hyde Fark, ‘Me Vernon, Staten and, Coencet fut New Jersey and Canada. Twas fnzaged i the Maryiand Campaign, South Mountain, Amtetam and in Eastern Virgina. The th was mastered out on 20 May 1863, having Tost 998 ofters and men on active ‘Unlloe for the rank and fle wa of the opie Zousve aye, of Bae With magenta or purple wimmings ‘ues were ight blue or purple, and fretecats ere ht blue Rank ‘chevron were of he eximental facing (low ln ul dre ones ao wore 3 Zoaavesssle uniform with sbako, tet i ltely tat on campaign 8 tore. regulation style would be opted. ‘Rs Hawkins was dicharged BrevetBrigadier General onthe same day as the oth were mustered out: Ihving made a forane from teal ‘cate and investment, he became ‘mous for te calcio of eenthe eury books and printed material Seemed by his wife and hime, ‘ciletion rivaled only by that of te Bria asc 0, US.AL 7gth New York Feanteera, 186, a) Private, Fall Dress, 1) Private, Service Formed atthe suggestion of Captain Roderick ofthe Betsh Consulate on 1 Octo 1859, this regiment of Newt 49‘York State Mila tok name and umber fom the 7th, (Cameron) Highlander ofthe Brith army four companies being compored of ‘Scout immigrants Called into Federal sevice en #8 May 1251, he {egiments strength wa incensed to yam bythe reetment of Scots, and Englah New Yorkers with ‘few of eter satonliten The Pipe Sed Dram are beng seconded for ‘dy at the White House, the rex Fira Ball Rar where Colonel Fames when the repent colours were confiscated as punishment for the Sin, but were retuned. afer ‘Sond Bull Ram ata reward foe te ap valiant conduct. Stevens who ‘eens extremely poplar wih te ‘regiment, wat kiled ae Candl with the colours a is Hands having taken them fem the sch calur-bearer have ale, After serving with distinc. on in liysine engagement, the ath wat mused ut on 13 May 185, the men with unexpired terms forming two company of the New Cameron Highander. The regiment teat dibande a a rgiment of New ‘Yor Sate Miia in January 1876. ‘As befied a regiment of Sch ‘rising the Toh wore ost distinc: the comune. In fal dress a Sota outta worn, wih ed shoulders ftrape bearing the numerals “9! in fra red cuffpatches piped ight bu, with elle of eiter ted edged Hah Ble, o ight ive with ed ane site patch ‘The rear tals of the Uoubiet bore embroidered yellow (reds, With huni aterm “Glengarry cap in fall dec, with the bordor and bra badge here ‘rata reximentl badge pee 10 the Grae be ths was later replaced by a Teplen of the Sate sel, Kit and feuibs irews) were worn in fall dren of Cameron of Erracht tartan lke tho of te eaunterpars i the British army, With the lt was worn Anite hair sporran wit black al {nla white metal thle ad, deed eee garters apd black shoes with ver buclen, NCOs wore ved {tues and yew epaulees: chev rons were light blue and thei swords tree ofaeypcally Sets pattern ‘The regulation kp was lo worn, ving brass bad a the foro ¢ nti horn with yin the ene the equipment wa of the standard US. ie. The Scott cota 308 ‘whew active campaign ing bezan, like the more exotic Conta of ether volunteer een fen before Fit Bal Rn many had Shandoned she kl ae tutor he Tegulaion ght Me wouers as Iiatrated, However, some of the former were worn at the bat confirmed by photographs of primers srering ile and tribe; nd. one Unnamed Captsin. is recorded. as having ben loudly cere for chs ing chicken over a fence wise swearing 2 kit! Those ls worn on {sivesevie were probably protected ty ball apron easing "79" im lege ‘thie numerals onthe roa By deed ofthe wat however, all, 50 traces of Seti comume had di sppenre the Ladies of the Seo Society of New York sent ew glen: aris 10 the regiment to, wear on Eo icenuy into the ty afer ‘mune on 19 June 1855 1 U.S.A a) Peivate, goth New York Valuntcore (Garibatal Gaara), b) Private, at Ma Mite. ©) Corporal, Vermont Brigade, Many of the New York regimens ‘were organised on atonal” bai, ‘ompanset being compan Of en of the same national ofa = fOr ex lample pare of the th New York frat nen a0 The Bish Voluees ‘et famous wa the 39h New Yor, Known an The Garibaldi Gunde the ‘at Foreign Ril. ‘Mastered on a8 May 1861, the regiment included one company of Taian, one of French, 9 German, 3 Hungarian, one Spanish and one Swing named after the famous Taian patriot and uniformed in Praneotalian style including he Ginincive alin "Berghe at ‘wth plume of eck feathers an the ‘a eters "0 on the font The ifr was of an Tan ny; the ‘Fe oll wn frequents worn over the hauler, Ofiers bad the same nic Form, with the addition of normal rank markings and ringed epacts. "The Gaba Guard tven ine ‘hed Canine gi of the Pench Sve these lies bring equipped with Inc of water and spire itended to sive sid to wounded soldier. The ‘ature wae copied from. their French counterparts ~ small Back Berar hat with green ples red wrabtlength jacket worn open 10 (capo white Hoan ad black ‘eine ingle-breated with white Shoulderstepe ted hrsedback lapel red ella ad pointed ef ll sleet gold laces Back gle Sethe tuinntiet Several ines above the knee, edged ‘eth red ine; ar Be tomer ‘ea tipe dows the ate seams worn Under the skit; anda small wooden Teel wor over the ight shoulder on a black eater bet The rexinent (Gavi tree colors, having at a ‘ficial standard based upon the align tricolour of ted, white and igen in adition tothe Natonal and Regimental colours Tro months after mater, the 3th served at Fint Bull Ray bat as Sproat Harpers ety on 15, Stptember le, Ue served out 8 foursyeateaitment after 8 prisoner fachange Doing cgaged a Get ‘rg, sould note confer the, Gasibaldt Legion Louisiana olunteer) ot the Garba Guard {Company By gdh Pennsylvania “The uniform of the ast Masa owes Sin trated almost “eal othe aigue uniform ofthe fegular army during the US.-Mexi can War (1245-8), coming of Tighe" Bicjreyshelacket and tuouers, the only dillerence being the headsdreny the regulation kept ‘replacing the are forage eap. Asn the Mexican War oes wore the egulaion dark he froc-coat in 15place of the shelljacet. The st losachuets lian became part cf the ae Monachseta Inlay, {ough Company C" (Slamachset ‘Troe Blea) became Company of thet Mi “The Vermont Brigade, contig of the and, gd, iy sit and Goh Vermont Regiment, was “othed Sompltely in grey inthe early part of the war, eth einen distinguished by the ‘colour of their facings and ‘tour, he and having eee, the ged red he ih dark le, he 5h bind and the fh lhe Bice. ‘This ‘ade tly rong. the mast famous ofthe war, steed tbe highest auats of any Fedral rade Pica hing the Wilders: {nd Spouylania for example, xt Ts men toa eal fo. The Sir htrated. (ken foo ‘intemporary photograph) shows the infor adopted to replace the ‘tiga greys it inteeting to note thatthe corporal wears small gaunt Jets; im the photograph mentioned, aly one adie (on. whom he faraton ted) wear thee onegunion te 2. USA) Private 70h New York National Gaara. +) Corporal, th New ‘York National Guard. 6) Sergeamt, New York Miles. “Tracing their descent 10 1B the tite ofthe 7h New York National ‘Guard wa adopted by the rien in hq7. An atv force i ety ot ‘contro the more wruty member of the'nm chinened the oh he old frevback te dite of the par time solr bing inereaed bythe Fact tht all ranks were drawn from the higheteaked member of He ‘commniny,clutment io the. 7h Re comidred move Hike. ox ‘hn cub. Under the command of ‘Aiea Dury (ate of Zouave fame rom 49 1 89 the regiment tecame the mont fous iin Cope ia the country Member, Served 4 seenear eaten, pure ‘Saud thee own frm and deed nce a ‘week for ten months of the Sear, beneting in return fr thie Xie by exemption from jury Ju fda deduction on city prope. ‘When Washington "was biy menaced a the outbreak ofthe war, FPraident Lincoln appealed for sate lta to come w the aid of the few equa twang the expeced Cone Federte attack on the capital. The Sih New York voluntecred wma ina were given a raprrous vendo ina parade down Bronway when they et 1000 mong, 19 Ape Cinder ‘Caonel ‘Maral! eile ‘Traveling to Philadephia by tain (Gere they were ued with vent {Ske round of smimniton per man en news came ofan attack on the Tit Mawachuset Mua by a rebel rob in Baltimore they ound en ‘comsaieatins severed by sabor fears Lefer therefore chartered © ‘eamhip: a Kis own exper to AAnnapeli, completing the journey by tin to Washing, hele cop reporting personally to the White ‘Howe. Falowed by other later eons the tvea Yo Was 5 ington was averiad. The 7h New ert retumal home afer serving tenn of gars duty in Washingen, evering to mata stat, thou members were eagerly sought 0 (ene officers in other volunteer Sts frming for the war; over 650 served with ditincton inthe Pera The uniform of the 70h was ofthe typical prewar mula se, cone onsting of hep sel jcke and rors fight sey with black i. ‘mings The Rep bore the company ‘ramet on he ft! fas all Er ‘numeral. ‘The baw wast bet plate tore the inal "nad the Com pny mute in eter) the eyper ‘Alo? wa repented in orate leering in the eantrdge pou. Equipment ‘omit of eantcen, napa, bull for black oihkin Raver, leathere ‘crvered mew-pal smpped. othe fear of the Enapiacky ands ed Blanket White leather equipment was wor from 184g unt 186 Ta 1853 Shakes were ted, ut thee were eserved. fr full cen. Greatoats tree light blue; the regiment wae ened wih the 15 Rill make. “The thie igure on this pate ken {rom eotemporary panting) show the inoence of Freh atin the tuniorm of another New York Mila ‘The tt Rhode Island Volunteers wa frxanised around Providence, and commanded by Ambrose Everest Burmide, later 10 become General ‘The 1 Rhode Ia engaged fr = {heron elite begining ‘Apri ior and ending on 2 Aue ‘tthe same pears I ved at Fit Bull Ren, where though pectrng well inthe eal stages ofthe action, beame entangled inthe general rout ‘whit flowed "The unlbrm was estar iter ‘at rom other Union volunteer orp, toch sand aod Rhode sand wen: ing at last two and poly three sine syle of Bowe, known st ‘Burmide’ or "Rhode Island” Bouse, (One, at pain Ue cloth, very nea, ‘eaembled the clasic “hunting shi beloved of American” "backwoods: ‘en! for generations: another sinlar lowe has pleated front snd tery wide cilar vas refered to a "Reming ache the third wat ofthe ‘same length but a butoned-o ‘laaron” feat and sanding colar, Probably npr by the dee of the unerou olunteer firefighting ‘companies fom which many volume teer regimens were raed. Trower, ‘were ether gtey Tight blue; the red Blanket, normally worn rolled acrom the bod could be worm av a"poncha? bby mean of aati the mile to Simancthole "The at Rhode Mand had a \ivandiére (wie), one Kady Brownell, daughter of Beth ‘cider, bom on campaign in Alia. She flowed her basbund, Robert 8. Brownrlly nto thet Rhode Flan, though fonosk er appeintnent to fight ale the mea wth ile and frends Tranwerting into the 5th 133Rhode Mand a the end ofthe the fone clistment, Racy ef the fy when Robert wa invaded ot tee being wounded at New Bern, rey ieoryey er tiend ies complete with dichare cre fate signed by Burmide and her ‘ordi The offcerilstrated farryingaBeaumont-Adans revolver The and New Hampahie Valu: teen served in Burmide’s Brigade 2c Fit Bull Run where he regiment, Though involved in the rat was abe to withdraw fom the fight and re Som i good order. Thereafter it terved in every major engagement Fought bythe Army ofthe Poomac unt mastered out on 19 December 1805, The rexient wore ae a the mot archaic uniforms ofthe war in the easly months of te service com: Sting of a Tong taileoat with ted turnbacks, lining, and piping, the Whole being of solute grey. Leather equipment was apparently titer white or black Ofcom probe Shy wove a ciilar syle of do Dethaps the more relation dark Bie ockcos, 24: USA.) Sergeant with ‘marker fag, th New York ‘Votenteera 1) Sergent, Company, ‘Disigth inate Velanteere (Ellsworth Zouave Cadees. Ephesia Elmer” lwo (afer ‘nom Company “Daf the th Tine wa named. a Eliot's Zouave Cades) could be comidered he instigator of the “Zouave move tment in Ameren, Bele the war {dipiaye given by his Chicago Zouaves {Companies "A and Ka the 1h Tina when the war commenced tours thraughout the country hich Svahout doubt was the an reson forthe popalaity ofthe Zouave sie ‘tong mia companies of both Now and South all wishing 0 malate Ellworth’s gaudy unit 18 ‘Sugar 1060" the Chicago Zouaver fave a dspley on the White House Kwa; when war ueatened El tron raed the 11th New York Votuncen, known’ as Eworth's Zovaves ot the at New Verk Fire Zocate, the er name coming from 16 composition, the teers beg dar mainly rom volunteer firesihting companies. On 24 May {6 Ellsworth was removing 4 Com Federae Hag fom the rool of the Marsal Howe Tavern ia Alexandria ven he was abot and Killed by he Proprietor «Southern sympather famed James T- Jace. Jackson ‘well war immediately lle. by Private Francs Edwin Brownell of "X" Company ofthe 11th New York, fr which he was awarded te Con: (geminal Medal of Honour. Tae ‘Seniieant dough the indent wast tras witnsed by a correspondent of the New York Te, howe te pore caused sensation and turned Ellworth io natonal hero over= ‘ight doing euch to. arom war ‘eatients is the North at well to Populate the Zouavewyle of unit Sen farther. “The rath New York Mila (ter qth Now York Tnfanry” [The 154 Brooklyn Chaseur)) were unformed te reemble the Chaneur A Ped {igh ilaney) ofthe Pench arm, ‘hous contemporary report of Fd legaed soumve of the 4th at Ante tam confined the two French styles Te hep af the tqth bore the rumerals "4° of the font, and was further tinguished by the blue Gace on the crown. ‘Though the Jacket appeared to hase been worn ‘vera fed shir the jacket and Si? Sere in fact one garment, the ise ‘eo ont there, the butions onthe ive being purely decorative. The detachable “wera? epauletes were ‘wor by all rank; he canvas gtr: Tatton up the side. The exppouch fon. the waistbeit- wat omamened ‘wat a bran Sate dove crenting of {eagle with outretched wings over hil, over seals the wasteele plate bore the State device of ox? ‘tae of New Yorks interpreted by the Confederate as “Somty-Nowed ‘Yank’? Ofcers wore a more rule tion anil or foebecont, at ith {he vegmeatal re wousers whic had 2d lace vrpe down, the outer “The sergeant illustrated is earring ‘marker fag attached to the mule rh ile; thee smal standards were ted 1 enable the men to Ke tele “resin” in ation; Bae pen the National fag, the blue canton con tained the Fegimental umber sur runded by thirteen stan, indicative ff the original thieen colonies forming the United States "The rath New York and the jth which it became) inched an em {iner compan,But's Company of ‘Seppe and Miners Thongh nose fucbionable a8 Zowave wit there were, comideable. amber of {Ghasear corp in both armies — for ‘example, te 7th Battalion Lian Tntanry of the Confederacy were town ne Chases Prd or the St Pauls Foot Rites, the later being ‘usta ‘anglican’ of the orignal French eames “The qh Michigan Volunteces were ‘rgaised at Adrian on 16 May 1851, Sed served thoughout the war with tinguished record, winning parti- sian disinctin ante five dys of Setion at Gainey Mil and Malverm Hill (where the regiment sustained 2332 canal), and at a desperate Eandtcohand ight in "The Wheat Field at Gerysurg, where the th low 165 men and Colonel arson Joos iled defending the rai ‘mental alow. The th Michigan tere dstinguihed by. the Zouave- Tle stocking-eap with ed tase, torn with the regulation uniform, {hough apparently the hep was alo fterively worn The dark blue ruses and tan gies were another ‘einenal Ghtneion, Oficrs probe ‘hi wore regulation infantry nic form. Company designations were as follows: Company °° Smith Guards "B" Adin Valuntet; °C Peninlar 135Guard; -D* Barry Guards" Hille tle Volunteers; 7” Hadoon Vol teers; "G" Tecumseh Volunteers; HP Gronenor Guard; cT"Trenon Vtunterss Dexter Union Guard “ous resists wee ot pop in ‘the Westen state the oar: ‘en read the onan of making themacver aie exelent targets by ‘wearing gaudy worms, ‘The 11th Tndiana Volume ere a notable exception, though thei uniform was Smbly plain af “the lamest gry ‘led ged not unlike homemade Sears’, "Greet in fom’ with trousers “baggy but wot peticoate “The grey unr, instead of making the seient an unduly good tage, tnsdo ther tne appear Hes Smoky ribbon lng drawn eu’, The fank and fle wore «sila uniform to that lutte, with tan oe white (gate and ght grey ove “The tit Tadiana was formed rom fndependent compais, else in ‘Apel 186 for a three-month erm af service, twice eventing foe a three Sear and aver an eigheen-month {ez of servis ending 26 Jay 185, ‘The eegimant) dating werd {included service at Shilo, Antietam, Genysburg, Chicamangs and the Willemen Named "the Wallace ‘Zouves” ar their Colonel, Lewis Wallace, the. regiment's fame is somewhat ‘lipned by that of is leader. Lew Wallace rose to Mare (General served on the court-martial Board OF Lincoln’ asain, was President ofthe court-martial which Convicted Henry Wire, commander (tthe tfanous Anderonvle prion ‘amp, and. wat appeinted "US. ‘Miniter to Turkey (1881-85- He is ‘pt remembered as Governor of New Mexico, in which office he was ine ftrumenal inthe demise of Wiliam TH Bonney, the murderer and dpe: ‘ado now at Blythe Ki and for ‘ing the autor o ex 26, USA a) Private Ord Pennoyivania Volunteers 1) Drwenamery 1th Pennsylvania Volunteers -o) Prtvacy 4c Pennsylvania ‘Yolunteers 1.7 Colla anerbors captain, crgaised an independent company of Permoyvania Zouaves to acta body guard to General N. P. Banh, the ‘Company containing a large number ‘of Frenchmen ‘who had served as Zonas in the French army. Banks! Redyguard, or the Zunes Algae, so. imposed General Banks tha Ghar Callin war seatback 0 Philadephia to recruit 4 fll rie ment, based upon his orginal om pny, which became Company °A" of the ew regiment, the 1igth Pea sylvania Volunteer (Coll Zouave ‘Thivrogiment wore the same uniform asthe earlier Independent Company, ata being specially imported from Fraser. Unlite many Zouave nit, the 114th saltained. their ) Private, Regulation Drews. ‘The Teas Ranger were originally fied daring the War of Texan Independence asa quasvmitary mobile police frce to protect the Seiler om. the ‘depredations of ‘marauding Tediars, Reoransed by Sain Howstoa, dhe Ranger companies seed at State Mbliia ring the Givi War, bat wee ame was trace ferred tothe Bh Texas Cavaly, "aed by B-F Terry and Thomat 8 TLabbock, generally known a the 1st ‘Texas Rangers ce ‘Torys Teast Range (filly the unifem consisted of spy Lei with yew band igh grey ShelLjachet with yellow facings and Sark grey trouser with yellow spe ‘down th outer sar. The gears of ‘ampaigning and the shortages of mae {eral competed te reget fo ret in whatever clothing they could find Ceateal-captred Federale black Gr grey Slouch’ bat, cloured scarfs brown, grey ot hve jackets with oF without red facing; roses of any flour, many captured fiom ‘the Union ia fae any ite of cething eas prose ino service, beg sven “nitemiy? by the addition of earl timming when posible. Wearing such costume had te angers! on 5 January 1Oig Private 169ES. Do ofthe oh Texas was shot by the Union asa apy, having been Captored wearing items of Federal tur! "As popular with “mont “Texan uni the "Lone Sta? ener ofthe State was always in evidence fon bxhepate, accoutrements and Fend-ru; Company ft, wa Known a he Lone Star Rangers ‘String inthe Wes the eh Texas hada ive record, ad in the 1870 the Teas Rangers were re-organied ta police foc to patrol and protect Seaint bands and Indians they CGntinue as an independent police force tthe present day, maintaining the high record of tee reas. Te {th Teas Cavalry should not be ‘onfned with eter uni Bering the fe tile! Romer’ Texas Mound Ranger (Company "Ky rth Vie- {iia Cavalry, oF with various unite ff evar Ranges’ "E, and Texas {Cavaliys RB Texas Cavalry and th Virginia ate. A CSA.) Major, Infantry, Fall Dress. ) Catone, aot ‘Alabama Reximent. 6) and Lieutenant, Campaign Dress. 1 full dre, Confederste infaniey fers wore’ the regulation fock- ‘oat wih ight lve facings ad tin ‘ning, hough algrey forms were ‘ot ncommon. Ralaing on the ‘ifs and raicbadges on the colar tree of gold lace; buttons were it The kp was ofall ight lve with dark be band and gl lee though {appeared in a combination of ght sd dark blue ‘and. rey as wel “Trower were light blue with «14 feck duk Die stipes tk wos forthe distinguished by the red ilk quently “underwent radical alters: fons though the focecoat was nine in many eases shorter jackets Tike those worn by the rank and fle sree popular, The Repl war fe: ‘quently replaced by lowe bat commonly black, with without ‘ecorative feather plumes Trousers ‘were often grey oe bluesy, some. {ines worn with knee-boot a se feat The shan frequently ‘Gscardd, and ofena pistol lone wat ‘atid, the sword not being univer lly popelarOvecons, when wed, ‘were lke ther of the eter ranks {hough numerous noneguation siplesexited, "The olor of the soth Alabama Infantry seated. (based upon ‘eontemporay photograph) wears the andard fnfatey uniform, with the ‘Mion of fe hat with tamed-up Trim. ham W. Garr, Colonel of the at was promoed Trigndier- ‘General "(28 May 1063); he. wat Kile by asharpooter at Vicburs fons Jue 18. "Te and. Liatenan istrated it armed wih an ormte, peat-baled Naty Coltrevalver "This plate sows the regulation fall 170 tron of elinted men of the Coo- federateinfantr, though doubt fat whether many were eer Sed i pau ha te ir fever went beyond the protoype ‘age, av materia ran short after the ‘pening monte of te war. Even if ‘ome were ted, i probable that ‘nly acer wore a iform com pletely in accordance with des Fegulaions. ‘According 10 the manual Ui form and Dress of the Army of the (Confederate Stats ied in Septem ber t86r by Adjutant and lmpeto. General Samuel Cooper spose that the regulation bead-dress was Intended tobe shake similar to the 151 patern of the US. Army, oniblyof black, dark Bive or grey ‘oth, with pompom ad presumably ‘ras plate: however the regulations revo vague tht the pattern af sha fr whatever cannot ‘be determined din any eae General Order No. tf Jasuary 1862 authorised the we of the frag cap hap) 10 be worm by Altra in fll dre the tap to Be Tight ae, wih dark be band. “The grey fechas was to extend taltmay eter the ker ais, Aoublebresedy with to row of seven buttons and ight bive facings Sid piping: NCOs! rank ehevrons fd ses (the latter ween when the Sword was cari) wee to be of the Tight blue dstngubtung colour alo. ‘Trower were 1 be ight He with {Hinch dak ve stipe for NCOs ‘moseiase were to have Federayle it Hue frogging onthe brent of the coat and light lve sah All ‘slpnent ast be of black ener, ‘The baw inkntry badge hunting born) was fly to be worm on the {op of the kept (lar badges were stheried for other branches fowed sabres fr envaly crowed fannon-tarcls for artillery), and, if pombe, the regimental number on the from of the exp; but it seems ‘extremely uniely that any of these Aevies wereever actually worn 46 CSA. Privat, Infantry, Service Dress. “This plate atate two version of (he em-egulation sevice erst ‘worn bythe rank and fe ofthe Cone FederateSntantry, before the thor Age of material led tothe complete Aegeneration of unierm ino seme ‘oian and home-dyed cote, "The authored fatigue, ulorm onsite of a grey double-breasted, ‘lose with two rows of even Batons ‘bt i bem key thatthe singer ‘breasted vei lsat was more ‘common. This sar wae worn wih fr without light blue facing and ‘emlonally ‘sasype call’ were fromm in place of the authored Printed variety. Trower were the Fegulation light bie sometimes ap ‘tre from the Peder Before the wearing ofthe rimmed ‘ha became almort univer the Calouring ofthe kep was changed to fey with a and of light blue, and Altprey kip were not uncommon. Ae SupplianBeeameseareer, the ‘Stipes coat was ofen replaced by = sry shellac often worn without Shy facing, oF wit just the collar af Tigh be. Grey rowers were worn swith oF witout a light blue step ‘down the outer seams. Equipment, m‘riginaly of black leather, gradually {eenme brown or natural fm calour 1 Black dye became seater: ch Federal equipment was captured and ‘pred ito sereice favourite ick being to wear the Union waistbelt ‘wih the! plate upside-down. 4. CSAs) Peteate, Infantry. 2) Peiete, Infantry. ©) Peivate, Company ‘Br, sth Virginia Infantry. “This plate shown the regulation oblelnenstedtveroat and lb: Teng cape, with. sanding olla. ‘Greatest of completely result [pttern were sarer, merous seme Fula ylen beng the most ene ‘mon. One of the pate srted swear regulation kept (complete ‘ith regimental umber onthe mt, Troronment frequently not ied)? {he other wears home made coh ot ‘allen cap aed kaited fie’, “Company Bf he ath Virginia Aner, the "Viegni Life Guar, Woe ifr made atte Crenshaw Wosten Mil of Riimond, Virginia, cemiting of Blvefanel “hunt Shire with lve fringes, bse cap, ‘lack trousers and white gloves: This ‘wav anol vasiason onthe sal ‘ypeofvolumeer uniform. Fag. 1) Privates Infancy, ‘with Bottle Flag. “The corporal istrated wears a all sey Pedratye fatigue uniform of Confederate grey, with only the Steen tp toe fakntry Sette feloue, and Krapsack replaced y 8 freon lan Menke. Hi clout the Fit National Flag of the Cot federacy (adopted 4 March 1861), pwn ts the Stace and a fom the thee lage tips and from te seven white star arranged in ecie fon the Bige canton. There were ‘unerous variates on. this sgn, {he number and arrangement of tars ‘ring comers, ith sometimes 2s ay as fourteen Sars aranged in Tins onthe canton "Te private is notable because he wears nota single tem of regulon ‘prensa common sate of ain {the war moved it i ater sages Sd materia became progreitey more ware The, sraw at, ue ‘leached eoton hr, neckerchieand ‘natura lather bes are ll can item, wile the trouser and “ev Vasket”shouldersll_are_eapared Union ims, ‘The piel cried ina Sure gy tevolve. The Can- federate Bute ‘Pag. a llstrated fensined of a dark blue sala cross tang thirteen white stan. Oficial four fect aquare, the Bate Flag ‘ited in larger and smaller versions, Sed other degre baud upon the fate were not unknown =a blue Aig with white crm, o a white Hag trth blue com and’ white star, for ‘ramp: Regimental ile and bate nour were often inserbed. upon the Bate Flag aswell at pon the fottal white stipe of he Fist ‘ional Flag. “Confadrate colourbearen were (actording to regulator) 1 wear a co Inde of exaed Mason the atm 10 nly eh appointment, but Su {he high analyte among eau. far in many caves no ely this Eiape bat ao the clout was not “Cosiderabeconfsion rented in tate due to the simian of the Fine National Flag to the United Site fag, + new National Fag tra dsghed and adopted ont May 1s this contig of a all-white Mag twice as Tongs it was deep, writ the Bate Flag (or “Souter ‘Grow’ in he tp canton nares the ples Even thie eign wat ot sai toy, mt could ely be mistaken fee ag of srrender, on ¢ March to he Third National’ Flag wat Mepue_this being. tmsially the ine design atthe Second, noe {long snl with a vertial edb the end fares fom the pes but {hs design was never wed in bate iewar own only bry over Rich thon efor the wa ended Confederate rene en more than their Union eumterpar, ca Hed varied asortment of standards he dens might icude Natal Fag, Sate Fag, any number of Battle Flags and independent con pany or regetal ag ~ all within tbetame unit 49. CSA.) Sergeant, Texas nfnmery, widh State Flag, 1863, Sergeant Major, South Carelina| ‘Volunteers with Seate Flag, 1051. Many Confederate unis cated the »: Flag of te naive Sate; two such fev iotsed this plates The South Caotina flag, with ive back found bearing te Sate cee of Erocent moon and Palneto, We, asta filly doped on sce Porto tha (V000-61),- South rong nits cared ved ag bearing dark be cro with vera tnd heczontal arma the inter Section of the arma was age white ‘tar On each ofthe horn ars ‘were Your smaller sar and thee om ‘ach of he vere arc the ‘cocnt aed Pelmeto te 4 This ae wpper ane ae thepae. “Texan unit, proud of thee sole siquet ‘Lone Star Sia falar “Texan fag. Other State anes varied comiderabiy: Vir finan unis, foc example, aid ‘She fag bearing the Seat sea inthe cite ihe Neth: Carolina dxgn rar ike that of Team but wih Ite sar on a rod ber, and white (rer blue ip Arles eit oes ced atte Fags of «pain white ‘rom 0 lve fk Many corp alo ‘ried “egimenta’ banner of tht ‘wn deg, fen beating patie Sroer or camp, the hag af the Fayetvile Fndependent Light oe fantry" (Company ast Nort Garcina Tate) Bore the werd ‘He "that Hath’ No. Stomach For ‘This Fight, Let Him Depart, wit that ofthe Florida Independent Bus “(Company "Er Forida Tntauy) bore, ona Blue bake sound even white stars over three ‘te cottensblls with geen leaves, ver the white leer ‘Any Fate Bat Stbminiont 173“The South Carolin sergeant- major teas aor tpn of hee the early wouter corps, cone Sting of wblljackee, Kept and teousers of pain ery wih ight Blue hewn and athe The beleplate bears the Palit Tre emblem the Fegulation shoulderbeh te support the bat of the elour pole was worn fer one shoulder. "The Texan ‘tryean ako wear the State emblem, thing the “Lone Sear’ badge on at tnd beleplate The fuhion of weat- ing the sbelljacket fastened by ely fone button a the nec, hanging open ‘expose the shit, wat a Wry popular sve 5m GS.A. ) Private Sumter Light Guard. >) Bass Drummer, ‘Sumer Light Goard. (9 Officer, Sumter Light Guard. ‘The figures on this plate are based upon 2 photograph taken in. April Yor of the. Sumter Light Guard (Company "K, 4th Georgia Value teers) Being i Black and white, i ‘feet be pecs a 0 the exact felouring of the unlorme. The ‘company wore dark unfores (ip, Shelljacket and Wouser) with ight Celoured shoulderstape and tower: ‘ep ofcen being dtingused by rockon shes, hneeboos and the bond white shouldecbele Equipe tent appears to have been of sta dhrd Federal pater, though itis Iikey that some fren of State device ‘eat worm upon the beleplates. The Atummer appears to be wearing an almost civiiastyle ‘uniform’ wich Intge bowtie and shirceollar ‘ible teneath te urnedsback lapel of the jacket and remarkably battered felt eared up atthe rome. ‘Other deal (common to many CConlederatevolonteer amps) are Shawn on the photograph but not Hioraed.Shicaalary and even Gee ‘Show above the sbelljacket clas of ‘many ofthe vank and fle and not a Fe have vnblacred pst tacked Into ther waite. The company fnlouriearer has a, broad Back ‘Shoulder teary the colourspole, the tag ull being of the Fist Navona Fag dey with i white Sam arranged around a seventh star inthe bive canton. NCOS' chews fons ate the tne colour at the Soulderstape and wouser stripe ‘The company “bane in adition to he drummer stated, consid of 1 idedrammer and Ber, the former ‘Atying hi drum on Black leather Shauiderbelt. Bodh musicians are trening nt the ual Kei bt pk pestle of fatigue apy ike the pattern worn i the U.S-Mesiean Wars ia ole respeet they are deed ke the privates ) Private, Savana Volunteer Guard, Full Dress “The Bookiyn Grey were organise at Brooklyn, Halil County, Vig, cy v4 in May 1861 were designated Company "Ef the agrd Virginia ‘elnteers Other companies whic Compared the. regiment were the Aine Greys, Amelia Rifle, ‘Authony Grey, Blve Stone Gres Lien Greys; Lois Rifle, Prince award Contra Guard, Rickond Stipahooers andthe | Warwick Rangers Te irs ofthe Broke tym Greys comised of tall Rep of fey witha black or dark blue band Shing the letere “min Bra {he Kea shown covered with sek "waterproof" The grey Tooke coat were trimmed with Bick oF (2 the brad the ella being ct open to export the neck, or shit far and if worn’ colaloope were of yellow or gold brady one or {We Toop being worm at ea side Trousers were grey” with silat Uuimamingy and Tester “equipment teams terhave been white wih oval bras plates or lack with brass ‘kien, ‘One. of the more. elaborate eed volunteer ops the (Gity Light Guard formed Company “Dro iat Georgia Volunteers and later, varouly tied the Savannah Guards Savanna Volusters or ‘Stvannah:Velunter Guardy served fn the ith Bataion Georgia Ine fantry, The elaborate ifr no Soule gave way almost immediatly {oa more reglainstle fatigue Uniform, or at least the epaulets ould have been removed and the Sako replaced by a Kei. Officers Probab’ wore a sinular costume, Sih oronal edger of rank The Tit shuld not be conised with Company of boys abo known as the Savannah Volunter Guards (Cap. fain WG. Charon company af Georgia soknter), nor with the Savanna River Guards (Company “ged South Carlin Casal) 5 CSAs) Private, Maryland Guard Zouaver, Private Company 11, gth Georgia ‘Regiment, Service Drees ) Private, dita, Fall Dress. Drewed in typial Zoe fubion, the Maryland Guard Zouaves had ‘chequered career: originally Come pany HY ofthe 43th Vieginin Tnfaney, they beeame "of the 1st Battalion Starland Infantry, and ‘Aterwards became "Ef the and ‘Maryland tnfanty. Serving at Fist Bul Ran and. Getiaburg, they formed pare of ‘Brigadier eneral George 'H ‘Manan Steunr’s Brigade The Clinch Ries formed Company ‘A’ of the th Georgia Infantry, which incaded ether volumcer com panic (br example the Grifin Light Guards andthe “Hardee Ril), Simort all of whom wore diferent ‘deign of niorm. When in garruon in Permcola, Florida, General Braxton Brag nicknamed the corps "The Pound Cake Resiment frm the varying unlores ofhe companies ‘The Clinch Riles wore uniform in the. colouring normaly auociated wrth the Union army ~ dark Be Eph and forkceat and light lie ‘tour = which wa eolouracheme Adopted by a number of ma come ‘nt of the suthern sate rie 75the war. The capbadgeconsited of tbe Toten on surounded byt Incr wreath all in white ee Browder Tei tir was let identical wo that of anchor Georgia tia conp the Repubsian Bus of ‘Sivanaal onsite Companies and Cn Georgia Vaunte) Aho son his pit a uno of a member of the company on Site neice (taken fom on {Spray photograph: Yor coins tnd comb, suromer the Tok flat and Kp were replaced sn camp ta plan sir and. panna hat Shoat drew was worn by tnt re frente, The phsograph mentioned som tate Gach ile camp ere al punted with dhe Tage ietene “Tae th Georgia served at Mure fresbore, Chicken ering 35 per ent cama) and Getsburg, Zhe continued inthe Bld ater te Surender” at Appomati, under ‘General Edmund Risby Sth, oy fay laying dows is arm on 28 ‘Aon soy at Grcmsboro, North (Cootina, The company should not Te confned with the Clinch Cavaliers (Company 6", 1th Georgia State Gaard) the’ Clinch Mout Boomers (K's Bh. Virginia lo fare the "Glinch Ranges (Georia}, or the Clinch Volunteers (CG sph Geoesa Enfant). sy CSAs a) Private, ‘Alexandria Riles. ) Private, Woods Rifles, Fall Dress ©) Drum Majer, 15¢ Virsa Vetamteers; Fall A mia company raed in Nort, ini, the Woods Rie, neve maimed ater 3 mayor of the Gin, Hamer Woodie Originally fering part of the gid Batalon, Sith Viwinia Miia, they were led out on 18 Apel 1861 and Sdognated Company "6 of the 6th ‘Vineinia Regiment upon that unis rganhaton. From the Seven Days Tarte ina, the Weeds Ries ‘were continuation ul este Fender at Apponation, notably Tinguihing themselves im action. “Their warn war one of the most ‘nagnicent of the period, consisting ft rococo of hunting geen” with Uack velet facings git butons and rch old lace. The initials of the fame, wan! was tepeaed om he Iaetade and beltpate. Ts doubt fd whether the uniform was ever replaced once the original had wera rein al probably more regular ‘on uniorms would be adopted. The ‘company maintained an equally Linprenve band, wich was no sur Frhingly adopted ar the regimental Than of he 6h Virginia The Alesandeia Kills (th Ba tallon Virginia Voter) ao wore freon uniforms, but with the more ember of blak ee: Those ‘olurs were appropriate fora “ile tis they were the radiinalsemi- ‘camouflaged slows of European ‘iriser corps Tach company of the 1s Vien smainained te awn disintive form fora. period, uni more mundane “service form wae 16 dpted. Field oficers wore dark Slvr feckcoat and tomer, Vie fila State butions and the “ards? [hat 'SergeaneMajoe POE, Drar- Major of the it Virgina Volunteers, ‘aime from a Richmond mia com pany Hoown ae the, Virginia Rie, faving served in a US. Navy band telre the wats PICs emgricent ‘tire, which would arly have been out of place in Napoleonic France, was roerved for fal dre nly. The 1st Virginia’ regimental and come of thirteen mins, plas Corps of Drums of forte boys aged siaten or oer; both were Aland ‘upon the reorganisation ‘of the regiment a» year after it Inception, ‘st CSA Privates, Louisiana ‘Zowaven ‘Chatham Roberdenu (Rob!) Wheat Ted's varie career; 4 of an Epico- pal miniter, he served im the US. ‘Mesean War at the age of teary, ater wich he seed in New Orleans Sa criminal lawyers The call of ‘venture being too song, be went to South America as a mercenary, Fnaly being commision ine ‘Mesican army. Seeking Tesh fel, hae joined the Engh Volunteers of Garba army in aly bute turned to America upon the outbreak fof war He raed aie mostly fom Trash rough” in New "Orleans, Wheat lone could conta he unruly clement from which the corp was Saoposed. He led therm at Fit Ball Ran whee he was shoe through both hangs? told “tat the wound wae moral be replied “don fel Hike dying yet and indeed survived 1 lead hit tough bation in he Valley campaign. Ater his mortal wound st {Gain Mil the "Tiger were never again an ecctve fighting uit when deprived of Wheat leadership aed ecipline “The "Louiana “Tigen’ wore typi Zouave contame, consing tre stocking-cap with be tae dark brown ache with re braid ‘varying pattems ed shirt and aes, tnd tomers made fom bed-cking, sometimes white with blue sper ‘mitures of red, white snd blu, Ako Known as the 3t Lousiana Special Batali, the “Tigen” included the folowing cxotialy-xamed con panies: Walker Guards (A), Tiger Rill (1), Delia Rangers (C), CCaahoala Guerilas or Old Domi: rion Guards (D), and the Wheat Life Guards (E). ‘The batalion formed part of the ist Louisiana Brigade, coming alo of the 6th and 8th Louisiana Regiments and ‘The Pelican Regiment (7th Lousiana); the entire brigade adopted the nickname ‘of Wheat frp aling therelves the “Loui. si Tigers "An “unoficial addition tothe Tagen’ unllrm were patriotic ‘motos insribed upon thei stocking gaps of straw hats, for example “Tigen Win Or Dic, Tigen Away or Tiger!” ”iy OSA. net Battalion ‘Louisiana Zounves, 1) tat Lietemant, “The Lousiana Zouave Bataion was Ted own" Earopears in New ‘Grieans, aid wore a tpical Zounve Tiwecn the sors ofthe offers hd nen wan the styl of jake, the Seok and fe having proper "Zounve eeved waistcoats while the offces hd m ype ofall jacket with stand ing olla, bearing the Yak markings tthe cl and collar. The regent Sos nicknamed “The Pelican fom The design of the State seal often berne upon the wait-bel. The Feviment served throughout the war ‘inaning ane ecord ‘Several ether Loviana units bore the name “Pelicans the Pleas Greys (Company "A° and Louisiana Thianuy), the Pelican Guards (in fanry” Compaay Lousiana Tego), the Pecan Rangers CD" od HE, 3rd Loubiana)y and the Pelican Rifle (A" aed Loubiann, 6 ge Louisa). gf CSAs) Prteate, MeClelan’s Bath Zouave nis strated i this plate were raved a Charieston, South Earoina Lilet known about the ‘ongantaton of McClellan's Zounves, though the compe might have had seve connection to Captain C.F. CChicheters volunteer company of ouare Cadets wo gerber Caste Pinckney when it eld Pederal Priwoners afer Ball Run. The uni- Forme of oth corpe were similar in she, coming of grey jacket a trouser with red fang the Zounve {Cade an wove ta loging in ie ‘wine uray‘ belplates bore the nate devin of Palme te and the Tees "” (South Caria, {he Palmeno te beng repeated on the crown of the hep Oficen apparently wore nif of reglac ton et) but is te regimental ooelag ‘Wen the cadets of the Virgin itary Intute were called out to the Baile af Newmarket they wore 2 simple fatigue uniform consisting of ‘ane sheepgray jacket and ‘wou? and hep, with the simple ouipneat iste 57: GS.A. qth Texas Volunteers: 2) Sergeants Company by Private, ar, 9) Private, ow. ‘The qth Texan Volumes were rgd in October 1851 a Camp ‘Texae near Ricknood, Virginia, {hom the volunteer eompanics which ad rived from Teas, command of the regiment going to Colonel John Ba Hood, later promosed vo General Tacding volunteer companies tamed the Austin Cty Light Tafa tyr the Mawang. Grey andthe {Grimes County Greys te plate ‘lstrates the uniform of thre Com 18 panic: the Hardeman Ris (A), ‘Re"Tam Green Ris (1, and the Porer Guards (1H) "The uniforms worn by all three coined of = bane alrey fatigue le uniform, with eta company ‘2ntnctons: the Hardeman Riles Srore ey or Hack ouch “ha, the Pore Guards grey kei and. the ‘Torn Green illesgeey slouch hats snd’ black brad eimming on the Jkt and srower, NGOs chews fore being of the same Back raid ‘Black leather equipment was worn by All compan, the Lone Sta device being commonly diplayed on the elope and sometines (ano ally) ar a hacbadge, The sergeant lowed ie farther disngushed from the ether rans by a cimson vaivent. sh CSA. ged Temas infantry 3) Peteace, 1) Corpora “hi plate shows the being of he Aegeneration of the Confederate fl ‘uilorm, as regulation dres bran 1 wear out and replacements ~ due © The Federal blockade ~ became in ‘resingly more sare. ‘Slouch hats Gf all colours and. decipions se placed the hep (hin beng = habit Eong the top rather than because any shortage) and other ex of allrm became inereningly los ommon, civilian ots, captured Federal items and bome dyed gar mens sppessing in. thet send Confederate olden notably ime ‘provident on campaign ~ discarded tity a rlled blanket or any Tent {oF doth, worm over one shoulder, ‘otaining” personal poweasons and items of spare dating (where thse exited). The canteen shown, of fit, uncovered tin design, wat of the ‘ype supplied “by Sense and ibblower, Being stamped with the statename nang eters “Ava previously independent repab- lig) Tena considered themselves 2 diferent fromthe remaining Confederate sat which, probably explains why’ the me Sta" device Sm often procnincty payed as ficial) on pouches and bead-dres, Sellar on the State elepates ‘Tasesar badges wee made of ath, sewn on tothe hat or garment, o of ‘meu, some commercially prodiced fod purchased by the trop, and Sten homemade, sometimes” co ‘ered rom ve dolla [As the Confederacy deci td the Federal biokade iphtened, the Con Sederteuifre underwent prada ‘ange in colour fom grey to that Strate thin plate Once the supply of grey cot had run ot the material war dyed with "buternut (outsell and st being a commen encacton) which produced an end ie erty of brow, ll ad ight hak shades. This dre, often come bined with capeued Federal er sd pices of eviian clothing, wa i {way rudimentary form of exon fage, and led to the nickname of 179“Pasternu being bestowed upon the Confederate tonpe by the Federal (Aveary a6 tha pe of dre was ie eet Union reports spoke of Iundreds of Confederate ‘ead, at South Mountain. (ty. September 162) drewed in “rare buena ‘cloned uniform fore, wualy atthe commanding ‘tiers dreion. ORDERS OF BATTLE ~ GETTYSBURG NOTE - abbreviations wed below: Bae: Brigade B.Gen.: Brigadier-General M.Gen,: Major-General LeGen.: Lieutenant-General ‘Army of the Potomac (M.Gen. G. G. Meade) 1st CORPS (M.GEN. J. P. REYNOLDS) ‘tu Division (B.Ge. J-8. Wedacort) 1st Bde (B.Gen. 8. Meredith) ~ and, 6th and 7th Wis.; rath Ind. ‘24th Mich, ‘and Bde (B.Gen. L. Cuter) ‘nd, snd Division (B. Ger. J. Robinson) tat Bde (BGen. G. R. Paul) ~ ogth and xoyth N.Y.; 11th and toyth Pa 6th Maine; ngth Mast ‘and Bde (B.Gen, H, Baxter) ~ 8rd and gyth N.Y.; 19th and 8h a; 2th Mas 51d Division (M.Gon. A. Dobledey) st Bde (B.Gen, T. Rowley) ~ 20th N.Y.; rats 4gand and s5ist Pa 4th, 47th, 76th and 95th N.Y. 7h ‘and Bide (Col. R. Stone) ~r4ged,r4oth and 150th Pa, Sd Bde (B.Gen. G. Stannard) ~ ath, 19th, 14th 15th and r6eh Vi. Aillery Bde (Col. C: Wainwright) ~ and and sth Maines ‘B st Pa; “Dh USL aN. and CORPS (N.GEN. W. S. HANCOCK) 11 Division (B.Gen. J.C. Cale) ‘at Bde (Cal E. E, Cron) ~ 81st and a4Bth Pa. 5th N.HL; 61st NY. and Bae (Col P, Kelly) ~63¢d,6gth and 116th N-V.; 146th Pa.; ‘2th Mass rd Bde (B.Gen. 8. K. Zook) ~ gand, 57th and 66th N.¥.; goth Pa, 185{Hh Bde (Col. J. R. Brook) ~ sgrd and 145th Pa; 27th Conn; (qth N-Y.; and Det and Divison (Gon J. Gibbon) ist Bde (B.Gen. W. Harrow) N.Y. 1 Mina, and Bae (B.Gen. AS. Webb) - Both, 74, 72nd and ro6th Pa. ‘ged Bae (Col, N.J- Hall) ~ sgdh and 2oth Mass; znd and sth oth Maines agth Mass; Band 5 NY. 7h Mich. _grd Divison (B.Gen. A. Hays) tat Bde (Cal, 8, 8, Carroll) — 4th and 8th Ohio; rqth Ind; 7th Ws and fade (Col. T. A. Smyth) ~14th Conn; 108th N.Y.5 rath NJ 1st Del ‘el de (Col. G, Willard) ~ goth, rch, ragthand 126th N.Y. Ailey Bade (Capt. J. G. Hazard) ~*A’ and ‘BY ast RL ‘A and“? Tt US; Bit NY. (Cavalry Squadron (Capt. Johnson) "DY andK’ Gh N.Y, grd CORPS (M.GEN. D. E. SICKLES) [it Division (MGen.D.B. Bing) ‘at Bde (B.Gen. C. Graham) ~ Ggrd, 68th, rosth, 114th and 1433t Pa, and Bde (B,Gen, J. H, Ward) ~ grd and qth Maine; 6h and agth N.Y.; 20th Ind.; goth Pa,; 1st and and US. Sharp shooters 4rd Be (Col. P, R, de Trobriand) — grd and gth Mich.; 17th ‘Maine; goth NY. 110th Pa and Divison (B.Gen. A. Haphrss) 1st Bde (B.Gen. J.B. Ca ‘hPa; r1th Nfs 12 ‘nd Bade (Col. W. Brewster = ts 11th and 6th Masi; 26ch and H. iby 7st, rand, 73rd, 74th and ‘aoth NY. ‘ard Bde (Col. G. C, Busing) ~ 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th NJ. 115th Pa.jand NH. Anillery Bde (Capt. G. Randolph) ~‘B’ and ‘D's N.J.;‘E! 1st Rs YK 4th USD! 1st NY 5 ath NY sth CORPS (M.GEN. G. SYKES) {i Disson(B.Gen. 7. Bare) ‘at Bde (Col, W, 8. Tilton) ~ 18th and 2and Mass; 118th Pa. 185 ad Bae (Cl J.B. Swe) th and gad Mas; 4th Mich fe (al 8. V " ged {Cal 8, Vince) ~ ath Main; 44h NV; Bye Pa 16th Mich, ue ~ smd Dion Ben B.A) ts Bde (Ca Hay ih iy aad th US. taney End Bs (Cal 8. Barb) Sand yt than 9h US ‘ata sre (Gon 5, H, Weal) ~ 14th and 46h CY stand "sat paDivitn eS Casfod tt Bde (Ca W. McClean 6 dh and 0h Reserves. ‘and Hae (Col. J. W. Fisher) ~ sth, oth, 10th and tath Pa, Reserves, Awillery Bde (Capt, A, P. Marti) =D and 'T’ 5th US.5'C wt NAVs 1L' 1st Ohio; “G Mass. Provost Guard (Capt. H.W. Ryder) ~‘E' and“D’ 13th 6h CORPS (M.GEN. J. SEDGEWICK) 1st Division (B.Gen. HG. Wright) 1st Bae (B.Gen. A, Terbert) ~1s,and,grdand 15th N.J. ‘and Bde (1BGen. J. Bartlet) ~ 95th and gbth Pa: 5th Maine; aust NY. sgrd Bde (B.Gen, D. Rusell) ~ goth and 11gth Pa.; 6th Maine; sth Wis, sad Dison (B.Gen AP. Howe) and Bde (Col. LA, Grant) ~ 3rd 4th, sthand 6th Vermont. ‘rd Bae (B.Gen. T. Neil) ~ 43rd, 4gth and 77th N.Y. 61st Pa.; 7th Maine 31 Dizsin (BGP. Wheaton) 1st Bde (B.Gen. A. Shaler) 63th, 67th nd 12and N.Y.; 3rd and ‘Band Pa, and Bae (Col, H.L Eustis) 7th, 10th and gyth Mass: and RL ‘rd Bde (Col, D. I. Nevin) ~ gged, gBth, toad and 1goth Pa.; Gand N.Y. Anillery Bae (Col. C. H. Tompkins) -‘D' and ‘G' and U.S.; °C! and ‘G's RL; stand ged NY. 'A" ast Mass: P sth US, Cavalry detachment (Capt. W. L, Graft) "HP sta, 'L? 1st, 18711th CORPS (M.GEN. 0. 0. HOWARD) ‘ut Dission (B.Gen F.C. Bast) ‘at Bde (Col. L, von Gila) 41st, 5ythand Goth N.Y.5 159d Pa. and Bale (BGen. A. Ames) 25¢h, 7388 and xo7th Ohio; 7th ‘Conn. and Division (B.Gen. A. vn Stine) 1 Bde (Col, C, R. Coser) ~ 27th and 73rd Pa; rg4th and 154th NY. ‘and Bee (Col, O, Smith) ~ 45th and 7rd Ohio; grd Mass; 196th NY. 1d Division (MGen.C. Schr) ‘st Bde (B.Gen, von Sehimmelpfennig) ~ 45th and 157th N.Y. “ath Pa.;61s Ohio; Band Il and Dale (Col. W. Keyeanovski) ~ fh and 11gth N.Y.; 75th Pa ‘and Ohio; 6th Wis Artllery Bde (Maj. T. W. Osborne) NYS 4thUS.5 13th NY. and *K’ 1st Obio; ‘T ast ath CORPS (M.GEN, HL. W. SLOCUM) [it Disson (B.Gm. TH. Ruger) ‘wt Bde (Col, A. MeDougall) ~ 5th and goth Gonn.; 1agrd and 145th N.Y. bth Pa, grd Maryland, and Bde (Gen, H, Lockwood) ~ 150th N.Y.; 1st Maryland. sd Bae (Col, §. Colgeove) ~ and Mass; 107th N.Y. r3th Ns 7th Ind ed Wis. and Dicison(B.Gen J. Gear) Te (Col. €. Candy) ~ 5th, 7h, ath and 66th Ohio; 26th and 7th Pa. ‘and Bae (Col. G. A. Cobham) ~ zh, sooth and 111th Pa. 3rd Bee (B.Gen, G. S. Green) Goth, 70th, toand, 197th and y4gth N.Y. Anilery Bee (Lt, E. D. Muhlenberg) N.Y. Knap's Pa. Bey, Headquarter Guard ~ Bun. toth Maine. CAVALRY CORPS (M.GEN. A. PLEASONTON) 1 Disson (B.Gen. J. Buford) 1st Be (Col. W. Garuble)~ th ‘gsqdne. eI, and Bae (Cl. Devin ghUS5°R! gh USM ‘uh TL 2 sqdas. sath IL 6th and gth N.Y; 17th Pa, 188 Reserve Be (B.Gen. W. Merstt)~ it, nd, 5th and 6th U.S.: ‘th Pa, and Divison (Ui.Gen.D. M. Gress) ‘st Bde (Col J.B. Melntosh)~ stand ged Pa. 1st Maryland; 1st Mass. ‘nd Bae (Col, P. Huey) ~2nd and gth N.Y. 6th Pa; 6th Ohio, ged Bae (Col. J. 1. Gregg) ~ qth and aGth Pa; oth N.Y. ast Maine gr Division (BG. J. Kilpavick) "at Bde (B.Gen. E. Farnsworth) ~ 5th N.Y.5 1th Pa.; st Ves ast W.Va and Bde (B.Gen, G. A. Custer) ~ 1st, 5th, 6thand 7th Mich, HORSE ARTILLERY "at Bde (Capt, J M. Robertson) —‘B‘L’ and “M’ and U.S. ‘ged USE? qth US.;6thN.Y. 9th Mich "E and 'k’ USA ‘Krand US.;'C" ged US. ARTILLERY RESERVE (B.GEN. R. 0. TYLER) iat Regular Bde (Cape. D. Ransom) ~ ‘Hast U. A USC gh USC 5thUS. 1st Volunter Bae (LtCol, MeGilvery) ~ 5th and oth Mas; 15th N-Y.; Pa. ldepen. Bry. ‘and Volunteer Bae (Capt. ED. Tat) ‘Band °M? 1st Cons ‘and Conn. 5th N.Y. se Volunteer Be (Capt. Huntington) "st Obios"A’ ast NHey-C ast W.Va, 44h Voluntce Bde (Capt, Fitzhugh) —B",‘G? and ‘K? tet Maryland; 6th Maine, ‘A" 1st * and “K and ‘G? ast Pa; HY na Army of Northern Virginia (Gen. R. E. Lee) 1st CORPS (LT.GEN. J. LONGSTREET) ‘M.Gen. Ls MeLaus* Disiion ‘Kersaw's Bde ~ and, ged, 70h, 8th and 15th $.C.; gr S.C. Bin, Semmet Bde ~and, 13 17thand aoth Ga. Barksdale’ Bde~ 19th, 17th, 18thand 2ist Mis, Wolford’s Bde ~ 16th, 18h and agth Gi ‘Cobb's Ga. Legion, 189M.Gon. 6. B,Pickt's Divison Gamnew’s He - Bt, 1th, 19th 28th and 56th Va ‘Armistead’ Bde i, ath 380, 5gedand 57th Va, Kempers Bde 1st grd, 7h, ithand ath Wa, Moon J.B. Hosd's Division Law's Bade 4, a5th, 44th, ¢7dhand qth Ala ‘Andersons Bde 7th, 8th, gt and 11th Ga; toh Ga. Ben. ‘Roberton’s Best gthand sth Texas; gre Ark. Benning’s Bde oth, oth, sastand sgrd Ga. Ailey (Col. J.B. Walton Cabell’ Hin ~ McCarty’s, Manly’, Carlton's and Fraser's Bey. earings Btn ~ Macon’, Blount’, Sibling’ and Caske's Bry. Henrys Ben Beachman’s, Reilly, Lathams, and Gordon's Bry. Alexander's Bin ~ Jordan's, Rhets, Moody's, Parker's and Taylor's Boys. Eahleman's Bia ~ Squire's Miler’s, Richardson's and Norcom's Bays and CORPS (LIT.GEN, R. §. EWELL) ‘M.Gon j.A. Bart's Dison Hay’s Bde 5th, 6th, 6h, oth and 17th La, 6th, gist, 8h, Goth and 61st Ga. Smith's Bde th 91st, goth, sandand sth Va, MGen E, Foaso's Dison Steuart Bde roth, 29d and 27th Va.;astand grd N.C. (Stonewall) Brigade ~and, qth, sth, a7thand 33rd Va th, agthand 15th La, iiband goth Va M.Gin-R.E, Rode Distsion Daniel's Bde gend, 93rd, 54thand sgrd N.C. nd N.C. Bun. Doles’ Bae ~ qth, 12th, 218¢and 44th Ga Iverson's Bae ~ 5th, 12th, goth and aprd N.C. ‘Ramseur’s Bde and, 4th, 1th and goth N.G. [Rode Iie (O'Neal commanding) ~3ed, 5th 6th, rath and6th Al. Artillery (Col. 8. Crutchfield) TBraston’s Bin ~ Page's, Fry's, Carters and Reese's Bys Jones’ Bin ~ Carzington’s, Garber's, Thompson's and Tanner's Boys. 190 Andrew's Bin Brown's, Dermot’, Carpenters and Rain's By. Watson's, Smith’ Hull's and Graham’ ged CORPS (LT.GEN. A. P, HILL) ‘M.Gen. RI, Anders Division Wileox’s Bde Oth, ath, roby eathand 4th Ala Mahone's Bde ~6th, 12h, 6th, q1stand 61st Va Posey Bde rath, 16th, roth and 46th Mis Wright's Bde and, gd, 22nd and 48th Ga Perry's Bde~ and, 5th and 8th Fla M.Gex.H. Hat's Disision Pettgrew’s Bde~ 11th, 17th, 26th, gand, 44th, 47th and send N.C. Brockenbrough's Bde ~ goth, 47th and 5th Va Archers Bde 1st, hand 1th Tenn? th Als Davis Bde~and, 11th and gand Mis ih N.C. M.Gen. W. D,Pendr’s Discion ‘MeGowan’s Bde~as, rath, igdhand 14th N.C. Lane's Bde~ 70h, 18th, ath, 39rd and 37th Va, ‘Thomas Bde ~ 1th, 35th, 45thand goth Ga. Scales Hale asth, 16th, 22nd, g4th and 8th N.C. Anillery (Col. RL Walker) ‘Melntsh's Bin Hur's Rice's, Luck’sand Johnson's Buys. Games Ben Lewis!, Maurin's Moores antl Grandy’s Bys Gutshaw's Bin Wyat?'s, Woolfll’s and Brooke's Bey gram’ Ben ~ Brunsoa’s, Davidson's, Crenshaw's, McGraw’ and ‘Marye's ys Cutt’ Bin (Lane commanding) ~ Wingfield’, Ros and Patter son's Bays CAVALRY CORPS (LIT.GEN. J. E. B. STUART) B.Gen, W. Hampton's Bae. BGen. F- Lee's Bae. B,Gen, W. HF, Le’s Bde. (Col. Chambliss commanding) B.Gen. B.H, Robertaon’s Bde. B.Gen. W. E, Jones’ Bde. B.Gen. J.D. imboden’s Bae. B.Gen. AG, Jenkin's Be. 91Fig. 1, Rasim “CSA fae Fig. 2 Plate with « design eS bio] Fi. 4 Elabraly smal Fig. Noth Covi ee w® Fig. Vinge stat late, Fig ignite plate CONFEDERATE ARMY BELT PLATES. * ISBN 0713707577, ‘landond Pres Li. 1 Link Howse, West Stet, Pooley Dore HIS TLL ial a BgUniforms of the American Civil War