B1andlord Colour Series Blandford Colour Series

Uniforms Uniforms
and Battles1815-50 and Battles1815-50

Philip Haythomthwaite Michael Chappell ~ Philip Haythomthwaite Michael Chappell

The p... iod from the Batde of Waterloo
lUlU) t8)O hal bern tnmed 'the Iorlg
~', a time ..ben IILlhtal}' unibmI WORLD U~IFORMS
adue\.-m their -.1 GOtic and deoorati\-e AXD B.\TrU:S
appear&Dtt- 'The Iont: ~', boo<m.-a-, ~-,
..... muna.mcd; tha-e "'1lI a coaunuaJ 181 5-50
"!Cll"CM!OC\ of ..-an., ra'OlulJo()lW; and in-
wrnctionI throu&hout Eu~, the
AmuicM and the European ovax&I
colQlliCi.
Th~ book briefly talalogUCI the gener-
ally unfamiliar hillory of the 18'~·50
period, and illustratCi over, 30 uniCorIlll
of IOttle 1I7 armia, both the magnificent
full-dre. unifonnl and the COItuma
worn on aeth-e ICOn in IUCh .."idelr-
differina c:ampaigl1l .. the many Euro-
pean il1lUl'T«liona, the Culnt War, the
Sikh W..... the US/Mexican War, the
War ol Taan Indcpcndcnc:c, the
cam.....P ol Bolivar and San Martin,
and many ochen. Soone ttithcno UD-
publilhcd pictorial and documentary
matcnal hal been used in the compila-
tion. ol the book.
W,..U U.if_ uJ &/IUJ "'5-50 g th£
fint book e\oer to dcal IOldy with this
cokIurCul period, and ..iUlIOt onlr be of
interest to the historian and. the uniform
cllthuaiul, but ...ill be a fund or infor-
mation for the model.makcT and the
wargamer.
This book., Philip Haythomth..-..itc·s
IOurth lOr Bl&ndlOrd, pt'O\icIa further
evidCll«: ol his enthusiNm and ability
III a military ..nttr. He has .,am
coUahonucd with Micbad OtappcU, an
arltSt with a fasl"'!!'O"'"in& rcputalion as
a spkndicl military &niIt.

£1.,5 Nc:.:"_-' _
 B.1 IN 1(1,,", (II/fIrM WORLD NIFORM
Uniforms of Walerloo in Colour AND BATTLES
Uniforms oflhe Ameriean Ci\'il War in Colour
in colour
IBIS-5 0

PHILIP J. HAYTHORXTHWAITE
JlllISlrQ/~ti by
:\Iichacl Chappell

•R.JI, "!7 W17.1 tinuru, _ell lUI.<q.

$Q/dllrS' ,1«7 liru III 1• .1.
flu I.TtU au "«11 KItn !iiI l«h (ITt
Tlltll f!.,.,,), ftr 1M lift ~ " JtlitJllr.'
"9.
Popular song c. 18~o

BLANDFORD PRESS
POOLE DORSET
 8landford Pros Lid CONTENTS
Link HolUt:, Wcst Street,
I'oole, Dor$t-I OI-lIS ILL
I II troduction 1
Fint published 1976 111e Colour PlatCi ,3

Copyright _ 1976 BlandJon:I Prus Ltd

All nghlS rl"SerlOed. ~o part of this book may

Europun Uniforms, ISIS
Operations in Europe, 1815-30 .,
11

Ix: reprodu«d, or tnlrumiucd in any form or

RC"olulioru: in Europe, 18300-31 '0'
Operations in Europe, IS30--40 '''9
by any mcaru, drctronic or mtthanical, in-
cluding phoU:JCop>·ing, l«:otding or by any
information Itongc and rctnc,.-al s)"Stem,
Campaigns in South America, 1815-SO
'3'
without fll"I""liwon in writing from tM
Publishtt.
Operations in ~orth

Colonial Campaigns.
America, ISIS-.J6
1815~SO ,.,
'39

Opcratioru: in Eul'Of'l", II4G-.J8 ,sa

The U ..-),(e:xican War, 1146--.J7 'l4
The Year of Rn-oI.utioru, IS¥' '69
81i1ck and White Pbtes '19
Sourc:a and Bibliography ,86

&f~t ':! BI.t.- 1V4J1t pt.,"

(P.,u 179 to 1831
Sct in 10111 pt
Baskerville Plate A, Pellluylvania Militia
by Woowton Parke:r Limill"d, Le:iceste:r Plate 8, Offictts' Coatec, 13th Bombay l'\ati,,"t' Infantry, 1830
Printl"d in Crtat Britain by I~ate C, Fruch Head-drt:U
Fletcher &- Son Ltd, Norwich
and bound by Plate 0, British Yeomanl'")- Head-drCSII
Richard Clay (The: Chaucer Prus) Ltd, Plate E, Service Dreu, Britain and U_S.A., 1146
Bungay, Suffolk

ISBN 0 7137 0776 3

 11 TRODUCTION

'l1n: Ixriod of military history be:twttn lh~ Balll~ ofWat~fioo in 1815

unlil th~ outbreak of the Cri~an Waf in 1854 has bttn populafiy
u:nnro 'th~ long peace', being the fint linK in C~lllurio that th~
nallons of E.urope enjoyed a period of almost forty r~an lI\ithout the
int~rt"uption of a major war; a time when EuroIXan armies were able
10 adopt uniforms which w~ ffa:d from the underlyin'l: necosity of
being fuoctiooal enough for amuoUi eampaigning_
• 11K fint sign of the rapid changes in milit.ary COIlume lI\ luch were to
occur during this period ca~ immediau:ly after tllt' Baltle ofWal~fioo,
lI\ hen troop: of the four major Allied nations Britain, RUSSia, AUSlria
and Pross.ia - compriJt:d the anny of occupation of France, and mixed
with ~mbcn of th~ French Ro,-a.list forces. J)n'eLoprllCnlJ in mililary
('(lItume have alwa)"J depended upon the interchange betll\ttn nations
of uniform 'style' - items of dress copied consdously or oth~no isc: from
other nalions, other armies; but fOf' the fint ti~ C\'t':r all the major
European powers wtte compres«d inlO a m(:!tin'l:-pot I't':\'olving around
Parisian society, where English genU)' lI\-ith cigbtcc:nth-ttntury lIlanners
mlJ[ed lI\,th eo.acks and Rashkin from the Steppes, where killed High-
landers walked with tighHrotUCred Hungarians, wher't': the tarnished
opulence of the French coun mi.. occd the awesome fopper)- of the
Ruv.ian Guards. Whilst the annies tllt'msches fulfilled lillie useful
PUrpoK - the Russians boastfully displa}ing wir might in a JoeneS of
unending pandes, the Pnwians looting, the AustOalU en'l:'lging in a
InorC ducrect form of smash-and-grab, the English be:muscdly wander-
in'l: about the city or getting drunk, the Scou bah} iUin'l: Of' dl~in'l: the
gardelU of their billets - the authorities raponsibl~ for the uniforms of
Ihf'tr respective .linnit's jealowly copied, planned and adapted in an
effort to outshine each other_
For the fint time in )'t':an, uniforms of the ordinary troops bqpn to
be designed not for practical purpotlCS, but fOf' protige teMOllJ.
Britain and Russia forsook their distineti\'e head-dress to copy that of
Prussia, the PnwialU copied the Russian ler.-ear, while unifonllJ
became progressi\'dy tighter and equipmellt less functional, until the
whole process resulted in an o\'erdressed, o\'erdrilled and ICSl dflCient
\'t':rsion of the mighty armies which had brought about the downfall of
Napoleon,
,
 While thoe startling innovatiOIU were in progrcs.s. while armies were
becoming more ornate, the so-called 'Holy Alliance' of European
monarchs which arose from the ashes of the Napoleonic \Van was
cracking at the seams. A succession of political upheavals, coupled with
a decline in the alread)' often wretched living-standards of the mass of
the population, and the resulting growth of republican and democratic
ideals, mcant that the armies of Europe had to be utilised for the most
distalltefultask ever given to soldiers, the duty now known all 'internal
security'. Instead of fighting in the open field against a recognisable
enemy as they had been trained, the Kapoleonic \Var veterans were
deployed in the suppression and prevention ofillsurrcction, or used for
political rcasolU as the great po.....ers interfered in the alTain of smaller
states.
These operations which involved anything from the arrest of
troublemakers and democrat.! to full-scale pitched battles against
organised opposition - e1imaxed in the 'year of revolution', IS..S, when
it seemed that the forces of disaffection had masterminded a general
revolt in the so-called 'oppressive' states. As a welcome break from
these security duties, however, the armies of three natiolU - Britain,
"'rance, and Russia had a chance to see some genuine soldiering, in
their far-flung colonies. Service in tropical areas not only resulted in the
regiment.! thus employed becoming efficient, fighting organisations for
the fint time since ISI5, but also brought back the modified, more
comfortable and infinitely more practical 'campaign dress' which had
been largely foresaken in 'peace-time' Europe. It was from these
'colonial' uniforms, and from the Crimean War which finall)' marked
the total collapse of the always-improbable 'Holy Alliance', that
the first steps were taken in the deliberate design of uniforms suited
to extended operations in the field, rather than primarily for 'show'.
The intemaltroubles of Europe, howe\'er, provoked another change
in the theories on military dress; by 1(48, certain t)'pe5 of uniform-
and even haint)'le - had become associated with 1>olitic....1 philosophy.
Republicans and democrau could be identified by their loose 'smocks',
a superbly functional garment owing iu inspiration 10 labourers'
clothing. In Hungary and Germany the open-necked shim and low_
crowned, wide-brimmed felt hau with flowing plumes, copied from
the 'Bohemian' style of the avant-garde society, were evidence of
revolutionar)' ideals, and contrasted strongly with the top hat.! and
starched collars so inseparably linked with the autocratic 'establish-
mellt'. The French - who generously allowed themselves t.....o revolu-
8
tions in this period (1830 and IRt8) provided another syml>ol of
liberty in the cloth 'k~pi' head-dress and loose clothing.
The great wave of romanticism which s.....ept through Europe also
inspired military camp....igns in the widespread support for the 'wars of
liberation', c1aS5ieaJly in Poland and Grcc<:e, and TlOt only galle the
radicals an identifiable dress, but began also to inlIuence their 'oppres-
son'. Nicholas I of R uS5ia almou certainly designed the spiked helmet,
betlcr known by it.! German name of'pickelhaube', but the prOtotype
(according to a popular and perhaps apocryphal Slory) was 5t1:n by
Frederick William I V of Prussia, who copied it so quickly that his army
.....as wearing the helmet before the Rus.sians had issued theirs! B)' IS..8
it was the standard head-dress for both Prussian and Russian armies,
and, probably due to the efforts of Prince Albert, had made it.! appear-
ance in the IJritish army. In the revolutions of IRt8 the spiked helmet
became a symbol of repression, a reputation which, after a barrage of
propaganda during the period and later in World War I, it nill shares
today with the jackboot.
A classically 'romantic' and political dress was worn by Garibaldi's
'Lcgione ltaliana', a corps of dedicated republicalU proud to be
identified as such by their uniforms. This marked an at times blatant
use of politically-symbolic costume - .....hieh has continued to the present
day (the classic case being eOlllemporary Chinese dress) - bUI occasioll-
ally descended to the level of farce. The composer Liszt, for example,
ran into trOuble with the Karlsruhe I>olice for wearing a 'democratic
hat', while in 1846 Prus.sian postmen .....ere prohibited from .....earing
moustaches, so that they .....ould not be mistaken for republicans,
socialist.! or fugitive radicals I
,\fter the five great powers .....ho were copying uniforms from each
other came the myriad smaller uates, the vast majority of which
slavishly copied one of the large po.....er.blocks, some acwally wearing
uniforms manufactured by a 'protecting' power. Tlte Germall states
dressed partly in PruS5ian and partly ill Austrian styles, though Il..w aria
retained a more traditional uniform, and even had her copyisu,
nOiably Grcccc; the Italiall states used a be..... ildering variety of
Prussian, Austrian and french st)'les coupled with some archaic
Napoleonic costume and nati\·c innovations; Scandinavia retained
some traditional features but gradually absorbed Germanic styles.
Ironically, Polish troops dressed in Russian style while every European
army contained Lancers dressed in traditional I>olish costume, and
Spain produced her contribution to the development of uniform in the
•
 doth ~ret, a fa\'ourite head-drltM during the Carlist \Vars but latcr
forsaken for a Fre.llch-st)Ie .hako,
Ap.1rl from the ":uropean nations and Iheir colonies, there remained
Ihe Ne.... World The United States, wearinl; in 1815 a uniform which
....as Brilish in style, followed the gen('fal European trend, goinq- from
'lklgic' shako to bell-topped and then to 'sto\'epipe' patterns, but at
tM Jallle tillle C"o'olvinl{ a drt'Sll of her o.... n, culminating in the ·r.1tigue
uniform' worn in the Mexican War and on the: frontier. ~lexKo her·
,df, in common with man)" central and South .\merican countries,
chose tM mOil ornale dress unifomu imaginable, copied originally
from r\apoleonic styles bUl embellished to a dcgrtt nC"o"Cr C"o'en seen in
thc: dandified days of ~lurat, King of :\aples, the famed 'c1othes-
hone' of the III Empi~, A popular story iIIu$1r.ues the degttt of
fbmbo)'anec reached 1»' some Latin AlTICJ"ican lUtes; when thc: p~­
sidem and Commander_in_Chief of Mexico, General Lopez de nta
Anna, was caPlUred after lhe Battle of San Jacinto, a pair of his
epaulelles was 'appropr~tcd' by a quick-witted Texan who meltcd
thc:m dO\o\n to make a set of sil\'cr spoons! .\.t the Amc time as these
gorgeous uniforms ....ere In ~, howC"o'er, the ab)~II)'-JJOOf", con-
scripted peasantry of uun Amc:ric.an armies had to be content with
raggro civil~n drca or ta.....dry·, coarse and ~dly-prodoa:d fati~e
uniforms.
To attempt a compre.hensi\"e sun.-q" of .....o.-Id-....; de unifOrms during
thc: mOil dttOr1lll\'e period C"on wulun thc: bounds of one volume is
dearly bc}'ond the realrm ofpoalbilny. What can be done, hown"Cr, is
to sho\.. a ,tfNt.,.,.t1t:~ sekction of unifomu worn by thc: major 'and
COItumc-wL5C IfIOI;t inOucmial armies. showing the many and \'aticd
altentions whKh transpired durin~ the ill-named 'long peace', to-
gether .... ith • selectIOn of uniforrm from the smalleT states, and to
illustrate either ho.... the d Igncn copied and modified existing, foretgn
pallems or ho.... , in a few enlerprisinl{ caJes, de'o-ised lheir own. I n ad-
dition to chartinq thc: nevtt-ending interchange of uniform-st)'lcs, the
funClional 'working dfCII' ~volved in the colonies and frontier areu, as
.....cll as the politically-inspired couumes .....om in the European insur-
rections, are abo sho\.. n.
Although there .....ere no campaigns on the scalc of thc: Xapoleonic
Wars during our p«kKI, the polilical ideologies arising from 'romantic'
ideals t:nsured lhat ccrtain campaigns receivfiJ more publicity(inan age
of widening news media) than had some battles of the Napoleonic
Wars; the European 'crusadc' 10 help in thc Creek War of Inde-
ptmknce, .... hich enmeshed the archetypal romantic figure oflhe age,
Lord Hyron, and the hystcrical reception in the United Stales of news
about the War of Texan Independl':nce provide typical examples.
Other .... an had far-reaching dfects which inOucnced the foreign policy
of involved nations, which in tum led to more serious conflict in the
fulUre. J\nd, imporlant in the dC"o'e1opmcnt of military COItume, .....an
.. hich appealed to popular, nationalOf' ideological .ympathy cn-
couraged the adoptioll of ch'ilian and ultimately military' dress
auocialed .....ith the heroes of the time. In the following text, each
important war is catalogued aJ brieOy as possible, and thc unifornu
auocialfiJ ....· ith it or arising from it are then described; in this manner,
it is hoped that the genenll)' unfamiliar military hislOl')' of the period
can be seen in greater c1arit)', and thc: resulting dC"o'dopmenu in uni-
fOC'I1U can be belter understood.
SOttlC 'dn:sI regulations' of the en described the: ofncia.l.pattem
uniforrm very precisely, but at limes thcy are onl) oflimitfiJ help to
the unifOf'm enthusiast; for example, the description of a shako as 'of
regulatIOn pallcm, to be seen a.t lhe Adjutant-Genenl's offJCC' is of
lillie \'I.J~. Some regimenu displared gTUt initiatl\"C in n'oI\'ing their
0\0\ n indi\'idual patterns of uniform, a fealUre lypified by the ItaIeKie-
scopic ,"ukt), of musicians' dress to be seen throughout Europe, while
Other offw:ial regulations .... ere ofte:n so vague: - or non-existcnt in any
.....o rkable fOrm - thai there .....ere great varieties of int~tation. [\'en
III an army as comparati\"CI)' red-tape bound as the Ikiwh, only the
impending visit of a staffofficer or another ,t:p!esentative of offlC~ldom
wooid prO\'Okc an eamest attcmpt to present a completely 'regulation'
appearance; for example, in the mid-1830'S an unfortunale tailor
received the follo.....ing Curt mis.f,i\·e:
'~lajor Gillman (6gth begs to acquaint Mr Webb that as there is
no.... a Gcnenl in this town he is afraid to ",ear thoe Epaulettes .. ,
~lajor G. ",ill therefore: thank Mr W, to lake thcm back and scnd him
another pair something Regulation - my Epaulcttes al.....a)'s have :z 1
14rll bullions and a little longer than thOle I send back .. "
Th~ illustrations are ~scd, many dirtctly, upon contemporar),
portraiu, piclUres and prinu of established accuracy; though a number
may seem to contain unusual features or to dC\'ialc from ruogniscd
pallerns, the)' ha\'e all been checked wilh the originallOun::cs. Others
are based upon more modcrn sources, but only those of accepted
"
accurac)' and knowingly bated upon original mata-ial; exlant ilcnu or
. -
cquipmclll and conlcmporary wriucn descriptioru havc alJo bttn
coruullcd.

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 •

41.) s-Y. HMWlI.n-'loft. "'1.

b) TN ........... $t~. H_ (111 .....lIlocll H_J. \128.
 l,iUln
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liO.) Offar.,
b) O!'W. ..,.
~.1""
~, '~.~.lIU. '-.s.
II .1 Ol'Iao.)od Uv!" DlIlgOOI'OI,. $ilII W.
b) """-.1..9'n Coo P 'r. 19d1 F-. s.u. W., 1141·'"
 2

Pru• •

52.1 1...-- CoIonM,'. c.w-..,1J5,

bl ""-_Olfaf.QulfdH....... '.n. 1"'- a..n-oIl..... l. 13.' T_.:Iird 0........ 1"'"
b) 0fI;0er.2ftd SdliItNtl (II....' ......... Su_ 0.- 1141
501.) T _ , ''''II_~ Gwn, la-I. L..-..
55 I) T _ , lit c.lolt.... 1 5-
bl G........, InlMlIr\I, la-5. b) r",_, IllllnQ'l 0Ilt 1S45.
 4

Brlt.ln M'.h:o/U.S.A.

M.} ()ffIo:.r,:lncl Orevoon Gw 11M!. &1.) M.llioo _ eI. . . . . $eII'I.. (Actiw CoeaGw_l. 1.0.
bl T_.'lIlJMG....... , . bl U.s.A. _ , In/en..,.. s.w:. 0.-. ''''1.
u.s.....

" . ) 0ucIIy of ModitM-I'ri¥ftI. ""'" C_l '1 I sc.Ia oW frio_ (1l.oY-' It. . . of
M _) T _ . 0......... SInoicll 0 . - 1I.n.
bJ PoMollO. 111 M' ",,.pplltiflo VaIu_ 114'. b) 1".
~1.f"o.-l14"
S _ - ........... S _ Gu.wd, UftdNM, lilt.
eo _I Serdlnie _ 2nd Ueutenanl wilh ColoIn. ,8th Inf... "Y Reollnent. (AeclUI
., _, "*""'- _ 0/tIcef. ,lhh In...."Y. CWnrNoign 0.-. , ....
b)
ene-l. '''7,
, ..IN _ CepUifI. G\IIIrd Grenedlert. full D-. '''9-60. b) M~ ... _ Dfficef. Milen CIwioc Gutrd, , ....
n.) "io. ., L..tlDM I~,ot
b) ~. t..o_ ,~. ,"'.,
Un~ ....... 1"'9. e3 .) 'S-III ••• (I..... In!.,,,,,). ,,,,a.
b) "",.... 2nd l-n.ol;on, G.tdo.o:. IordIr 11\1-,. ROO""",,,- (NO.1).' .....
cl """Me, t..o_ ,...1-. 2nd Unilor.... ,au.
 •

EUROPEAN UNIFOR~IS, 1815

Apart from minimal changes ofbadgcs and insignia in the French army
following the first abdication of Napoicoll in 1814, the combatant
nations embarked upon the 1815 campaign in the ~me uniforms which
they had WOni during the laucr years of the Napoleonic Wars, and
even by the time of the Uatt1c of Waterloo many rcgimenl$ were
wearing uniforms officially ~upcncded years befoTC. The 'time-lag'
lxtwecn the authorisation ot a uniform and ilS acwal adoption is one of
the mOlt difficult poinlS to determine; an example is provided by some
of the Nassau troops at Waterloo, who fought in the uniforms of their
time as part of the Confederation of the Rhine, while some Prussian
rcgimellis as late as 1816 were wearing the halltily-produced unifonns
issued in 1813.
mentioned in the Introduction, it was the occupation of Paris,
with troops of five nations in the closest proximity, which began the
period of uniform-changes which afflicted - and graced - every army.
Whe~ the Prussimts, Russians and Austrians invariably paraded in
new, smart uniforms, most contemporary observers remarked on the
metlllllC55 and ulliidint5J of the IJritish troops, who were still wearing
Ihe uniforms in which they had fought and bled - in the previow
months. One of the most famous observers during the early months of
the Occupation was C.1ptain Mercer of the British Royal Horse
,\rtillery, whose writings (though influenced by the traditiollal English
disdain of all things forrign) nevcrtheless rdltttthe embarrassment felt
by man)' English ofliccrs whcn they compared their own travel-stained
and shabby dress with the gorgeous creatiolu worn by the other Allied
natiOIlS, Perhaps J\lercer .... as a little over-prejudiced against the
Austrians and Russians ill particular, since one of the former tried to
follow him home, a Russian even ogling J\lrs Mercer so that she be-
came 'S<lucamish, and (wasl obliged to lie down".' Nevcrthc1CSl, his
remarks are worthy of note.
All the foreign troops, Mercer wrote, 'are uncommonly well dreucd.
in new clothes, smartly made, 5Clling the men off to the greatest
advantage add to which Iheir coiffure of high broad.toppcd shakos,
or enormous caps oflxar·skin, Our, .. anny appeared ... in the same
clothes in \\hich Ihey had marched, slept and fought for montlu. The
colour had faded to a dusk) briek-dwt huc; their coalS, originally not
77
64 _) c•• biniooo' TN_Mr, 22nd Light 11II.,.1ry. SonOce 0.- 1649,
b) V~, 22nd Ught 1111-.,., SonOce 0.- 1$49.
 p

very smartly made, had acquired by constant wearing that loose easy and I in the Foot Guarru. flank com- briefl)·-worn cap-lines. Caps of the
set so characteristic of old clothes, comfortable to the wearer, but nOt pany 'wmllS', and b~ the colouring, olher ranlu had shorler plumes. no
calculated to add grace to his appearance ... their cap is the meanest, spacing and 5hape of the lace loops on lace, and J>ra.M; platel bearing the
ugliest thing ever invented, .. our infantry appeared to the utmost th'" cuffs. breast and pockelJ of the regimental number, sometimes wllh
disadvantage - dirty, shabby, mean and very small'. This opinion was Jacket. Offi«rs ore metallic lace the addition of a grenade or bUll Ie-
and epaule:tto lnKl for flank con,- horn badge for Rank companies.
voiced by the other Allied nalions present; when one eminent person-
pan)- offieen' and the uni"e~ OlflCCn of lillhl companies and light
age said as much to the Duke of Wellington, the Duke could only reply crml50n sash. It ... as more usual 10 mfaml)' - whose: 'sl()\'q>ipe' caps ...·ere
that his troop! might look wretched, 'but your Majesties will find none ,,-("ar the gailen ullder thl' overalls, replac:ro by the new palleTn had
who fight so well.' but one source: sho....~ them as illus- large bullle·horn badges on the front.
That latter remark was probably true, but nevertheless they did Irau~d. ,\uthorited on August .8.~. the new
compare badly in appearance to lhe others; of the Russian Guards, The lit Guards ....ere granled the shako was not ll<.'Tlerai ;t.1ue untol the
Mercer noted, 'a liner body of men can scarcely be imagined; but to title 'Grenadier' on 181:1. 10 rom- following )nr.
me their padded breasts and waspish waists appeared preposterous ... memorate lheir defeat of Ihe Grena- Even before lhe irttroduction of the
smart as they are on parade, arc: the dirtiest sloveru in the world off it: dien of the French IrnPM'ial Guard al 'Rtgenq" wako, howC\-"CT, one branch
\\alerloo e"ellthough Ihl':)' did nOI of the BritISh army altrlleled much
the usual costume . . . is a dirty forage-eap, as dirty a grey greatcoat,
defeal the Imperial Guard column attention, l'arisi.n ladies. much 1II-
generally gathered back by the waiSt-straps. , . dirty linen trousers,
sinl(le-handed and m any case it is trillued b~ the kIllS of the Hillh-
shoved up at tile bottom by tile projection of the unlaced half·boot ...'; doublful ... helher Iheir adversaries landen, penisled In cnquinnll ... hal
the Awtrians, 'heavilr-built and boorish', with their Garde du Corp! "ere Grenadiers! Ne'·enhelC$li. thl;' lif anylh,nll' was ....om underneath.
'not a little ridiculous' in their old-fashioned uniforms with cocked whole: regiment ....as granted the righl On occasion the Hlghlanden sho....ed
hats; whilc he found the Prussians, off parade, in 'most slovely (even to "ear the bc:ankon cap fonnerl) them! E"en the Czar was Caselllated
beggarly) dbhabille', rae.... ed for regimental Grenadier by Ihe Highland regiments. and three
companies in full dral. Hillhlanden ...ere praented to him
1 he officer of the 30th (Cambndge- for a close irupeclion. Sergeant Camp-
Ihir",) Rtglmenl his 'field' rank indi- bell of the 79th recorded thai Ihe
Europn.n Uniform. 1815 (Plate' 1-5) caled by t"oepauletta - IS shown in a Cur 'aamllled. m~' hose:. gallen, IC!I
uniform of Ihe same pallern as thaI and pinched my Ikin, Ihinking I wore
I. Britain: of lighl infantry; the '-arious com- ....orn al Waterloo, plu5 I~ fint "mo- aoTnelhing under my kilt. and had the
.) Private, Lilhl Compll.y, pania ...·ere diningu15hed by the "ation introduced to mlpro\'(' lhe curiosit)" to lifl my kilt to Ill)" na'·el. 10
"1 FOOl Guard., colouring of the shako-plume (\...hile appnrancc: of the 8rilish arm) durmll: that he mill:ht nOI be deeeh'ed'!
Service Ore.., .8IS. for grenadien, white O"er red for the Occupation Ihe hell.lopped
b) Field omen, 'battalion' companio and green for 'RegellCy' shako, slyled on I'russian Franee:
iii,
Baltalion Company, light infantry), b) the 'wings' of the lino. 11H:~ plUlllC, in the sam", coloun a) Grenadier, Royal Guard
30th FOOl, .8.6. flank companies. and by the shako- as before, ....as Ie:ntllhened 10 ernte an (ex.lmperial Guard), .8IS.
The Guardman'l uniform lllustl'illed cords. some light companies having impraslon ofhcilj:ht. and offi«rs' calM b) Offi«r, G_darmu du Roi,
In thll plale conforms to the t8.'2 green Inslead of the Ulua.l white. After "ere hn' il)- laced 1II Ihe rell;imerttal F..l1 Drea., .8'5 .6.
regulalionl, ... ith lhe much·maligned 1814 many light companies were colour, Shako-plates "ere of 'aried The Gendarmo du Roi, a Ulllt of the
but ne,enhel<:ll qUIte hamhome funher distinguished by the addition pallem. thomlh crowned discs WeTe 'MailOn du Roi' recrealed b)- Louis
'Bdgic' shako and the short-tailed of a small bugle-hom badge 10 Ihe thl;' mon usual, the plate beinll tet on a XVIII after an inlerval of almosl
jaekel. British infamr} ballaliom ... ere 5hako. Re'Olimemal identification - fOIClIe of lau, and chinscales ....ere thirty )'ean.....ore a uniform of ex-
dl\ided into cIKllI 'banahon' and t....o olher than badges and ilUill:nia - ....as al'l(nhl'r onno\,atioll. Other re'Olimental lreme opulence, equallccl onl)' by
'flank' compallio. the laller conS15ling mdicaled by Ihe facing colour borne varialion1 flOt conlrnon to all callS those: of the cornpaniCi of '~Ious­
of one rompanl of grenadiers and one on the collar, cuffs, Ihoulder"ftraps "ere: turned-up back_peak> and quetlers'. ... hose: archaic dress 1Il_

7· 79

t

dud«! elllr h.pnl cloth l.bardo
emblnonf'd L1h the fl.mmg el"Oll
ck\,lCe renundcil'1lI of the da)"I of
R,d.e.,eu. The l'.1_ilIOIt du Roi, •
"'rJl('I~ Uu.IOC...IIC bod) .("(ruuf'd b)
nqIOlWlI .nd ,ycopha.n~, ..... In·
It~l) dll.hkni b) die' 're.!' french
urn, ... hidl had lOu~bl under /1;_1»
Icon. Wh.-n I~ ntttI UOk' for an
tille, RO\aI bod)"~u.rd upon :\al»
kon" rC'lurn ff"Om FJI», Ih(' p '
~~-d~ \1 __ du Roi rdl
_'lC'IOhal dlon of lC'qulrmlnlb. ..
!lad brtn npccu'd "" all Ihnoc-
c:xptr"lC"OC'ni mGUlI:h 10 millt' webf-
fercnc:1l' bIl'l...«n O\C'rdr~ paradIl'-
round 1OI.dtC'" ll.Ild hardnwd 'TIC'Bm.
1'b1l' RO\aI ('Ull.J1bman dhatralll'd
"'nn lhor uniform of "'apoMoon"
Impnial GUll.fd, ","h onh 11w~.
ack on IIw hr-ad-d.nt chan~ from
lricoklr 10 Bourbon, ll.Ild the Impm.al
l)"lJIboh on lhor CMI. . . . box ob-
1CUm! In _ ... lLItII' f.bnc: al'\ er ... tlh
blac.k-s-intcd I)'mldl, and a 1wF
~ ,.nth lOu. PNllkl" Olla In 1hc
~ TIw c:x.lmptn.al Gu.anhmm
chantrnl Ibtlr cockadel aflt'r the
abdieatoon of 18,,,, IT\nt,.. to W
lrit::okw al thIl' liqmnllll of lht:
'tiunclTni Oarl'; ll.Ill.ln bndI, f('·
fo,med .. 1M Ro,aI Guard aftM"
\\ alenoo, 1M C'nllrC' bod) (lI'" at
J.ca.t 1tM- ... ho had IIUn'''~ lhe cam-
~n ll.Ild had "'" dIl'wrlni aflll'r-
.....m ...... finall) dISbanded tn lht:
aUlumn of 1813 In a In"ICI ofemotIOnal
pandeI. 8q.nnullf ""th lht: lit
GrIl'nadlers 00 II ~tembcr, the dll--
bandl1ll!'nllCOlltlnu.nl; thi!' ~lfld G~­
dinl 00 thi!' 16th, the 3rd ll.Ild 41h
GrC'lladtnl 1001)' HO men bct"'«n
tMm' 00 thl' 'l"tb; thC' 3rd Ch-...rors
'01'11) 114 on I Ot;tobcr ll.Ild 10 on
80
•
until 'l3 NO\'C'mbcr, when Ihe Grena-
diCl'l • Olt"a! m.ade theIr final
plU-adc. It marked the end of Ihc
F'lTf\Ch Urnr'l grcatC!lI C'f"ll..
11tc bOcom hat ... ith carrol-Utal)('(j
plume rloOf'maJl)' f(5(f'\ro fot'" un-
d~ uniform ..... of1m wot'"n on
c:ampaill:n. bcinll: prcfMTed 10 thi!'
btarskin lOr iu greater comlOn. The
c1ll.1&ic ImperW Guard hcad-drc.. the
bcarslun cap. ...'ll.I r'C'lll'r..nI I"cr dl"ll'll
. )I. ll.Ild ofti'll donnIl'd lmlTlt'-
OC"
d,atd, pO« 10 Iloin~ mlo acuon,
ThI' JPTll.ICOIII "''ll.I 0f,en worn O\'er
thIl' 'habot-,nte' COIIt, ll.Ild the-
cpauleuC'$ "'om 011 the coal. Sen IOC
chc'\TOftI of 'a~' ..."001 "'ere worn
on thIl' left Uppel" ann, thIl' ~I
''flcnnl of the Impcrial GtJll.fd .. car·
~ thrff. U1dM:.ating bct.. ttn t...·ent'
.nd t ... cnl,-fh~ ~'cars' 1Il'f\1OC. 1lt.c
~ a"-'n m ~tion drc.. but
the ~ .. htch aftlictni the
.'rmdl ann, m 1813 meant that rnan~
mcmbcn of lht: Imptrial Cuard "C'f(
drain!, of rtCCClNt', m "l\thm~
a...II I. . . .
11M: <q)U\ll.lion olthc RO\-aJ Arm)
10 different from that .. hidl ~hl
Ii:w ="'apoleon .... at a mllt'nlbl) 1oooo
ebb dunN; the Oc:c!.Ipa.-; the ewer-
dabon~ umli:w.... the-. ...-ore: ma~
ha"e btcn a ....11., of rompcmatinS lOr
thrtr poOl'" lTplI\ll.tion. An eumplc of
1>0-0- Imle thc\ " n ' ( C'$tC'Cmcd b-. tbt-
occup) 1Otj: PO"'\"fS II Iho¥>-n tn the
ca,-aJ1Cr rmonrta" 10 .. hi.ch Royal..t
officers .. C'rC' trcatni b). thc\r counter-
peru 10 the Allied armlCS; on one
OC'CIlS.on a F~h .tj:encral madC' all
official compla.int about Ihe ....y III
... hiclt all English lubaltem had
Imockni h,m bodily off thC' pa'-nnent.
11110 the I'OMI.!
•
" Pru..l.l
_) Fu.lUer Officer,
5th W ... ery Ret'
(4ch E..I P......l...).,
FuJI Dr".. 1815-
Ora._...
to) Officer, 5eh CB...nde.. bursl
(Ret' Prin.a WUheLm).,
Full Ora... 'ISo
Thll plate &bows thi!' full dRs \IfliJOnn
ollht: Pn.ian ann" on!. 'C'I!'rl afl"
the end of the 1813 campaign_ The
onh d.ffcrcncc bct.. ttn eha \Ifl11Orm
and lhat ...om on acei,~ ler...-n ...... m
hrad-dral., .. htch ..-..ally CO\~ni
..,th a black oibkm · lI.tCTptoof· The
mfantl") wko ..... ba'olly w IIlI\1OI"
Ii:w aU rompanlll'S of a ball&bon, ex·
ttpc b Ihr ftWIt p1atC', Grcnad>cn
ha\llllll a I~ talk ~. ~IUI­
WttrI thr RO\-a1 ~1Jbn both thai!'
m bf.- , ll.Ild .-.... 11I!'fS a lace 1t.
In parade draa, • tMack plume ......
...om In all exttpc Mlakctttn; othcT
ranb' shakOl Iackni Iil<- chains ll.Ild
we of the officcn' pallnn. 0fficcrI
W(we II. Ion~-wkd ,-enaon of lht:
'Kolln' COlli than did the rank and
file, Ihm-n here ""th the cIoIcd coIlu
and C'paulC'ltC'$ Introduced III 1813 but
not III Ulll'-au.I we by the time of
\\.terloo. FUlilier officers carried
IIlbrC'5, but thole of GrC'tlll.d>CT'l ll.Ild
l'.IUl.k~tccn flOm1IIlI) ClUTied stought-
b1tukd , ...ordi. RC'gimenw idcn\lll-
catiort .. as IOdialled by the colouring
of the coll.r, tuff, and Ihoolder-
Itra.., C'ach PTuaian provin<:C' beIng
•
8.
allocalni a colour, Vll~; .......1 PfUllia,
brick m!; \\cat P!'UllIIl, erinuon;
"omerania., ... Iute; 8nlndcnburg,
ICll.rlet ; Silcaia. lemon yellow; l'.lalfdc-
bofll, light bll>l'; \\calphallll, I"OIC-
IJInk; Rhellllsh, cntb-m!. l1uK
cokours \O'n'C bomIl' 00 tht' collal and
ClIff....hlk lhe shou!der...trapl Indi-
cated 1M IIl'morll,. of Ihc Unll m the
P"O"lItcW Iu.t, ,'iz: lit R~"rtC'\lt,
...·hitll'; 'lnd 1Cll.flt't, 3rd )cllow. 4th
lighl tMl>l'. It could tilC'rclOrC' be ICC'<I
al II. glance thai til<- rqllnerlt III.....
traled. ha"ma bock-red (aclnp ll.Ild
l'8ht b1l>l' shoulder-~rapll."'llI thi!' 41h
Rqlmcnt of East Pn.aL
I>r-agoonI wot'"e IhakOl of ..aular
paltem. thoIIl' of 1hc rank and fik:
bnn~ .... 'talk' p1at~ InAcad 0( the
cocbdll' of the officcn, thi!' wi plume
of wool b the rank and file bctnt
f'C:In"\~ b paradl' d~ On ac:tl\'C'
IIl'f\n, lht: ornamcnu "'ne l'CmO\·ed
and the lhako cncDnl III _ black
•....tCflJ'ooI". OfFoe:C'fI ...-ore: • (lOll.1C'I!'
known • a 'LclbnJck', .. hilf' the
Other ranb bad • "'" daimilar
'KoIlct' Popu.lar ...car, hooooner, ¥lU
• thigh- 01'" ~lenath g'eatcoat-l)PC'
garmenl Itnooon u a 'LuC"ka'. Both
Koikt IlIld utC"b ... ere of tbt-
traditional Pna.ian li~ht blue ....th
rqil"OC'llw fac:lnp IlOI'"mall) ".,..n
onl,. on the collar and UJot..r.ldcr...trapi
of the Litcwka I .. lOIJow.: lit
Rcgnnenl tnffil<)fl, 'lnd and 7th
..tIile, 3rd .nd -.th ICll.I"let, 3th b1acll,
6th r<K-IJInk, 81h )ellow. BuUOIlI
..~e b.... lOr the ,rd, 3th and 7th
and whltC' n'lC'W fOf thC' l'C'mainder.
Both o~ are ,hown ...caring thC'
trll.thuooal lil,~ and b1atk I.ce
....a.
 $

4. Ruaal.:
.) Private.
G...,_dier Resbnent
P .... lo....kl.
Sununer Full Dr"•• 18.S-
b) Trooper.
Don eo..aek., .8'5'
'Ille uniform of the I>av~ki Regi-
ment _ of regulalion p;ollern.....i,h
dlJlinClions worn III full dref;J not
COlllmon 10 ordmary line infantry
uniforms, m particular the 'Guard'
pat\(~m lace on the collar and cum.,
and the eolou~ lapels; Ihe ordinary
Rumian jackel, thoullh double-
breasted. was buuoned-o"er 10 show a
plain green fronl, the l11Iulations
mlroducin~ smgle-bf'Casted uniforms
not )"'t hnin,! COm'" into dlecl. ·l1te
one-piece 'gail",r-trouscn' wer.: re·
plao::d by o"eralb in winler, ORken
wer.: distinguished by gold Ia« and
epauleuo, silver sashes with inl",r-
woven orange and black linea, whhe
brcccltes with black knet:,boou, gar'
gell and Itraight-bladed swords, and
gilt butlOlU (the olher rankl had
copper buUOllll). KC.O.s had laced
collan and cuffs, and sword,knOIl
of OMlnge and black. Equipmenl ..'as
Ihe Imperial RUMian anm on Ihe
front plale, wilh a rrd cloth rear,
piped white, and a .. hllc panel a, the
back bonng braD grenade badga.
N.C.O......,ore pompoml of quartered
oran~e and black.
'llIe ca.sack iIlUitrated wea", a
uniform which is aboul the near""t
thm~ 10 a 'regUlalion' drcu ....hich
e\'er existed among Ihoc mOlt fcared
memben of lhe Allied lIrmies, "'hose
reputlltion 'Or c~lty preceded them
into Frantt. All mllnner of uniforml
often pnnciplllly ci\'ilian dreu with
issued, looted or caplured items of
head-drClf and eqUIpment w",re
worn, though the 'ball:ll)' IroUlen lind
fur cap were a common fealure. The
eoaack illUSlraled (taken from an "Ye-
witness Ikelch carried a regulation
sabre, lhough 'nati"e' I.... ,oo,m and
lanca "'ae frequently used, many
~b accullllliatin~ ....eapom as a
campai,!:n progreucd until they re_
aemblcd walking anenall. To judge
from conlernpor&l)' accounu, by laIC
r81!l there "'U a gn'ater uniformit}
among the coaa.ck lroopI than before.
some bein,! dressed m a semi-htmar
COItume; but ne...erthclcu the procntt
a numbcT of limilar type by Ihe
BrulU,,'ick forca), the 'k''''er' was an
lIldividual hearl-drell. reputedly de_
s'Rned by the Czar him!oClf and
adopted in 181(1, but Willi abandoned
in IBI!l for a bell-topped I'ruaian-
slyle cap with a plale copied dil'C'Ctly
from thaI worn on Ihe Britllh 'lkl~ic'
cap, with Ihe British crown and cypher
exchanged for the Imperial crown
and the 51 Andrew Star. This plate
(not worn by Guard regiml'nu who
retamed. the 'eagle' pattern) "'lIS
changed in 18(18 for an eallle'lopped
shield copied directly from the Ihen
French patll'm. Thil plale was worn
until the Ihako (which included
coloured-cloth \'eniorl$ for HIlIIII'I)
.. as replaced by the Ilrenadc-sp,ke
topPed 'pickclhaube' ill la+\.
5' Aualrial
a) Tru.... peur, lOth Huann
(Stipaln Rest). 1815,
b) Officer. 5'u Infanlry
(Rell C.briel Splcny)•• 815'
111C lraditional "hue uniform of the
Austrian army was not "'orn by the
armY'1 most colourful branch, Ihe
HUSilIn. It ..... as parlicularly apl Ihal
the Atulrian army Ihould include
twelve t1:J;l,menu of hl1Stlan, as Ihe
term was orill,"all)' applied to the
Hun'larian li'lht.honemCf\ whose
descendenu !oCrvro the Austro-
Hungarian empire. 'Ille colourful
nalure of ,his arrn eall be demon-
Itrated by the delalls of AUllrian
H\lII&r uniform III lal!l gh'en III the
chan.
111", exact shade of the colours
arc as lisled by Kn/)tcl. 'Ille trum,
peler illWltrated is taken from a eon-
temporal)' prim of the enlry of
AWllrian troops into Napla in ,8t!l.
'llIe red-faced sabf'Ctache had a
border of black and )ello.. lace and
bore a crown o...er the cypher P.L. in
yellow.
The ..... hite infamry uniform Will
worn by bolh 'German' and 'Hun_
garian' uniu, though Ihe AUitrian
reg' menu had rounded cuffl and
white brcccha, as different from lhe
traditional l-Iungarian poinled culTs
and sky-blue breceha as iliUllrated;

,,
of Ihe Itandard RllISian pall",rn with of couacks, bashkin, kalmucb and R'QU1Ilnf Sll.~o J.ckft/P,"sIf 8,ue"', BUfIO'"
Ihc carlrid'!t:-box bearing a bMW Star Ihe like - lome armed with medieval EmlM"O< f •• ne;s ....'k da,k blu. dafk blu. ,y.llow
weapons and boWI-and-arrows - was Arehduk. JOMph Anion mtddf•• ad l;ghtlll... I;ghlblu. . yallow
of the Order ofSt Andn'w, and four 3 Nchcll.,k. F,ad
Imall gn'nadaln the cornen. an incongruow fealun' of a 'modern' Kad d'Est. ..h g.ay dafkblua dafk blu. v-Ilow
'l1lc mOlt n'markable fcalur.: of the
uniform, llO\'oC\'er, was the large.
army like Ihal of the Czar.
The RUlllian infantry, artillery and
,,• H.......·Hombu>g
R.oatrky
8Iank.nll..n
palablua
mtddf, .I'd
black
panot g'Mn
dafkg,..n
cOflltlow..
lighl ,ad
cnmton
cOfllflo_
wltil.
whit.
brus-fronted, mltre-shaped Grenadier
cap which daled from the eightet:nth
hUlll&r unifonn the laller certainI\'
one oflhe plainer and mon hand.o.oml' , Uaelllanlt..n gf.Ug.....
o~
light bl....
o~
I.ght blua
y.llow
wltita
c",ntury i although a remarkably
archaic head.oreu, il Will ..'OO'n by Ihe
of thl' pocriod was completed. by Ihe
uniqucly-shaped 'klwer' shako, ilh
,
B EIaeIO< of H _
Fnmonl
'C. $t1paH:z
bI"t
bl.ck
g"u g,"n
pIIffOl lI...n
da,kg...n
l;ghl bl...
w_,
IIghl.1'd
I,ghl Ill...
yallow
yallow
vallo w
Prumian Guards in full drClf until iUltran'!e, conca...e top. 'Illat sh n $zaklao darkblua darkblua whlta
World War I, and can ""'en be found
in the Bundawehr loday,111e venion
being examined. by Ihe COIIack is of
regulation Huuar paltern. Worn
"" p,l'Mal
""'k
OKk eorn'low..
O~
co<n'low..
O~ whita
worn by Ihe ra"kWlki Regiment bore exclusively by' the RUllian army (and
8, 8,

7
Hu~ ...ian rqprmnu ~ further
dl5l1f1r1\l~ b) Ihr '~UIUfI'
la« QrOarnomt on the c:ul&. In 181 ..
the: thlrtttll HW1l(&Io&n rqpmmu
...~ .. latn! bc:loo-.. tovtbft" "Ith
Ibnr fllang c:oIoun and thc:tr numbc:r
In the: A\IItro-Hu~anan IUlC:
lIIndAIaandc:r 1\' ~dlo-. '9th H~
Homburg light blllt ,3:1nd 1\,kola'·
Eatahaz}' lijht blllt., 33td H.
CoIlortdornanifc:ld ItUrk b1I1tJ, 34th
Paul Dai~'it2 'madder rfli ,37th
AndraJ Marri_) rbri~ht rc:d . ..ath
Je.c:f 5imblchc:n (Itttl Klttn , 5111
(;abrid 5p1c:ny (dark bluej, 5:1nd
Enheno( Fran!. Qui ,dark rc:dl,
~3rdjoh. jelt.cluch ,tUrk rc:<:!,. Goth
Ilt"u Crulai ,lIttl grc:m , 611t 5t
jullc:n graa grttn), 6:1nd 1'b<'oror
Wocq\>AIll '~l{rttrI
Cr=aclll:I1 of the\UllrWt arm'
WOI"f' the: famotll blac:k fur ap .. hd
bas ('Il)l1I(' 10 I)mbol. th(' .\uwun
bca of LbiI period... COIllnnponn
aJlllq uucknu.ncbbl) ilhllitratc:<:! II
mor.. oft('rt than the: I... Impre..'c:
dutko. In.. AUilnan oak·kaf Ipnl)
bad~ an hi" Ittn ""om 011 th.. ~
1I1U$Uatnt. .. hd .."" f~lItfltJ)
c:nc:1oI<'d In a ""'Ief pi ouf l:O'>'n on
ac:t"e ...-n"ioc:. (}apttc: bnrtlJ III dOll:
ODIllan wlIh the: Other _\1J1l:d nahOrll
dunllfll: the: Oa:upauon or frantt,
AloIttrWt umrorm. c:han~ I... than
I~ of the: ochc:r gmt poYoc:n. the:
hc:ad-dral fOl" c:xamplc: rc:ma.mulg un-
c:hanlln:l be:tWttn 1816 and 1836.
I'robabl)' the Austrians realiJc:d thaI
though the,r unIforms were plam m
oompari$on to thole of olher natIOns,
tht') "ere among the: mot:t handJorn..
of alt.
lt .hould be: tl()(cd thai the r'"lu,
tatlOIlt of 1811 had .pc:c:lfll:d that
Au-lnan In(anul offi«n ahould h.a'f'
.. hlle tumbac:..... but lhe- ptl:turf' 011
.. hll:h th.. pUle: Ii bMcd illUllralfl.!
thO" unUMJal coIourc:d lumbAch..
OPERATION IN EUROPE, ,8'5-,830
,,"h the glwMt olthe Frmch rnoIution finally laid b)' =-:apolcon's
f'Jlile to St Helena, reprcscntati.-a of the Allied pow~ rc-con"e:ncd
tM ~ of Vienna, Ihe main busincu olthc scs:sion bcintl: 10 pr-e.
v~nt, If possible, a repetitIOn of the threal 10 the natllJ quo. The
impracticable and idcahulc plan of Cur Alex.ander I to form a 'Holl
\lhance' of JOVe~igns ruling logether and auiuing e:ach other In a
spirit of brotherhood WM tralUformcd by Austrian Chancellor Metler·
nich into an enormous policing plan, whe:re:by thf' allied nations would
co-ope:rale 10 crush any liberal moveme:nt which threatened 10 rock Ihe
eslablishment. Parlly due to this, the 'long peace:' which followed
Walerloo was anything but pc:aec:ful.
With the exce:ption of Ihe: Serbian I nsurrectton (1815 17), supprcacd
by Turkel, Europe was lranquil unlil January 1820, when part of the
Spanl5h army mutinied at Cadiz. This ~ into a full--scale revolt, led
b) Colonel Rafael Riego)' !'\unez, in which King Ferdinand VII was
taken prisoner. Sparked by this molt, the 'Oporto Rt:\-'olulion' In
Ponugal expelled lhe existing rc:ge:nq otabhshcd during King John's
abecnce in Bra:otilj OIl hIS return the following )'ear, ho\..~ocr, he
accepted the insurgents' Imitation to become a more conslituhOIu,1
monarch. More scrtous was Genual Pe:pc's anny rn-olt against King
Fe:rdinand IV tTl Xaplcs; thiS rebellion was only quelled by the Inter·
venllon of an Awtrian army at Ihe Batlle of Rie:ti \ 7 March 1821). An
anli.Roralist re~'olt in Sardinia followed, which again rcquir«!
\ustrian assislance to hc:lp the Sardinian ROlalist army gain the
decisive viclory at Novara (8 April t821).
The Q,Jadruple Alliance Britain, RUSlia, Prussia and AUJlria had
their firsl real lluk with the revolution in Spain. AI Ihe CongTCSI of
Verolla ill 1822 French inlervention ....as aUlhorised, and in April 182:]
Duke LoUIS d'Angoullmc marched o.'cr the Pyrenees 10 rcllore the
monarch)'. Ricgo made a stand at Cadi~, but was routed by the French
at the Bauk of the Troadcro (:]1 August 18:]1); F'erdinand VII .... as
frttd, and began to Lake draslic r(:prisab.
In 1821 began a Long, biller suuggk In Greece, which arowed Ihe
IYlOIt astonishing public reae:tion Ihroughout Europc. Borne on a tide of
romantlCism w'hich saw lhe Gre:d: revolt as a cntsade agaiNt Ihe
infidel, Ihe great pow'en "'ere pressur«! Into ae:tton by tumultuous
.,
public opmlon. The revoh began by a rlsmg against the Turkish
garrison ill ~.lorea, when in lhe 'Massacre of Tripoliw' '0,000 Turh
were slaughtered. As savage Turkish reprisals followed, all of Grttee
weOl up in flama and in January 1823 independence was declared al
Epidauros. Three moOlhs later a Turkish squadron captured the island
of Chios, massacring or enslaving lhe entire population, but lost their
flagship on 18-19 June when Greek hero Constaminc Kanaris sailed
iOlo lhe Turkish fleet wilh two fireships,
In July 182'2 a Turkish invasion force was stopped by the fort of
1-.1issolonghi, barring the path north from the Gulf of Corinth. Invest·
ing the fort, the Turks called for reinforcements, who walked into an
ambush during lhe night Of21 AuguS! .8'22, when one Maroo Bouaris
with only 3OO Greeks routed the Turkish force at the Rattle of Kar-
penizi, though at the COSI of his own life. Unable to proceed, the Turks
abandoned the siege of Missolonghi in January .8'23, which gave the
Greeks a clear chance of pressing their advantage, but this was pre-
vented by interual disst'nsion j it was a mislake they were to regret.
In t8'25 a joint Turkish and Egyptian invasion over-ran the ~Iorea
and again laid siege to Missolonghi; for cleven months the garrison
hung on until, slarving, they were wiped out in a desperate final sortie.
The Turks mo\'ed on to Athens, and besieged the Acropolis. By this
time, however, European sympathy was fully behind the Greeks, and
all manner of idealists, romantics and advcnturcn joined the Grttk
forea. The epitome of the romantic age, Lord Byron, arri\'ed in .8'22
(but died in 1824), and he was followed by militarily+cxperienced
voluntecn including General Sir George Chureh (given command of
lhe Greek army) and Admiral Lord Cochrane (placed in command of
lhe navy). Hindered by Greek inefficiency and internal slrife, neither
could prevent the capitulation of the Acropolis (5 June t8'25), where-
upon it seemed that the revolt was over. Public opinion, however, was
so Slrong that it (among other reasons) forced the governments of
Britain, Rus.sia and France to demand the wilhdrawal of the I~gyptian
contingent and an armistice, When both were refused, the Allies ~nl
naval forea 10 rende-lvouS off the harbour of Navarino where lay a
large Turkish fleel. Learning that the Turkish anny was reputedly
perpetraling atrocities ashore, the Allied commander, British Admiral
Sir Edward Codrington, sailed his fleet into the midst of the Turkish
ships. When a Turkish vessel fired on a British boat, the Allied fleet
blasted the Turks out of existence. It virtually ended the war; the
Rus.sians took the opportunity to attack the Turks on land and gain
86
7
more terrilory, winning important victories at Akhab.ic (27 Aug\Ut
1828) and Kuleveha (I' June .8'29); with Constantinople threatened,
Turkey sued for ~ace and was forced to surrender the mouth of lhe
Danube and the raSlern Black Sea coast. In Crttee, the Egyptian
evacuation was supervised by a French expedition (early (829), and
the illde~ndent Kingdom of Greece established by the Treaty of
London (t832).
Russia - ever wishing to extend her boundaries in t8'25 conducted
a frontier war againS! Persia. After initial setbacks, General Paskievich
conducted a brilliant little campaign against great odds, resulting in
Prorsia's final destruction as a major power by the Trealy of Turk-
omanchi (February. 828,.
More troubles Oared in the Iberian peninsula; torn apart during the
1\"apolconic wars, bloodshed continued with a full·scale war in Portugal.
King John VI's son, Migucl, attempted to re-establish an absolute
monarchy, but failed in the t8'23-'24 Civil War. Peace was short-lived;
when King John died, his heir Emperor Pedro of Brazil refused to leave
South America and appointed his infant daughter to the Portuguese
throne, with hi, youngest brother Miguel as rt:gent. In 1826 civil war
again erupted between Miguel's faction and the constitutional govern-
ment, when ~liguel seized Lisbon. A British expedilionary force under
Sir William Clinton landrod in support of General Saldhana's consli-
tulional army, which threat compelled Miguel to relent. Clinton
withdrew in April 18'28, and within lhree months the persistetlt ~liguel
seized the throne for himself.
Supporters of the infant Queen Maria organi~d an army in the
Azores, rt:inforced by British, French and Brazilian volunleen, and
successfully repelled an attack by ~ligud's fleet. Emperor Pedro
abdicated hil Brazilian throne to lead his daughter's forces, and in
July 183t France replied 10 Miguel's persecution of French subjects in
Portugal by seizing the Migudite fleet in the Tagus. A year later Pedro
led a 'liberation' army from England which occupied Oporto, and in
July 1834 Brilish Admiral Sir Charles Napier defeated a Miguelile
force on Cape St Vincent and captured Li5bon. The final act of the
war occurred on 16 May 183.h when Pedro's Allied liberation army
crushed Miguel's forer'S at Sanlarem; Miguel's surrronder tron days later
and subsequent banishment finally brought peace to Portugal.
.,
 6. F... nc:e:
EUROPEAN UNIFORt\IS 1815-183° .) f'..allier.
DepartR1enlal Lesion,
(PLATES 6-.8) .8.6.
Plates 6 to 18 illustrate the development of uniforms (principally in b) Trooper,
Britain and France where the changing of uniform-styles was most .ItA Ch••ae.. u Ii. Cheval
marked) durin\( the 1815--30 period. Generally, uniforms became (Rest de l'IHre), .8.8,
increasitlgly less functional as actual fidd operations (exeepl for that
part of the Russian army on their eastern frontier) were limited. 1Xclail. of French infamry uniform
The MiRuelite \VlIrs in Portugal were an exception, with a variety of chlWlj:rd a number of t1llll':l after the
unifonns in use, basically of the traditional Portuguese style (heavily- Bourbon Re.toration. wiUt often con-
influenced by British prototypes) with a mixture of costume brought in siderabk dela).. in the adoption of
by the large number of foreign adventurers. The Briti,h 'Legion' - new pallerns. A &urbon shako-plate,
islIuc:d to some units in the middk of
though fr~uently unpaid and generally maltreated by their employers 1814, was replaud upon ","apoleon'l
fought in an exemplary manner, being given the most desperate tasks r\"lum by the old Impoo:rial pall\"rn
by the Portuguese starr. Pedro's army, in fact, assumed a 'foreign ,when: JX8lble,. which _ ,tsdf
legion' atmosphere: even the 'English' Queen's Lancers of General ITplattd afler Waterloo, After the
Bacon contained no less than seven nationalities! The rigours of II:"COlld Ratoralion came more drasl ie
campaigning often produced unusual 'uniforms': some of the Queen's changa Ihe new Ro)'aJ Guard con-
Lancers were confined to barracks on one occasion because their linued 10 weM blue. but the line
COStume was 50 ragged as to be literally indecent, while another rqimenlJ w\"r\" oompletel)' rrorgan-
voluntccr battalion presented a most incredible sight, all the members IKd inlo numbo:red 'Departm<,ntal
L.ogions' elU:h of lhree baltahons,
having sworn an oath nOt to shave until the infant Queen was restored
wearing a uniform of the 18t2 patlem
to her throne; the effect of three )'urs without a haircut can be but in white wilh coloured facings,
imagined! ta<:h of lhe eighl) -s,x Legions having
The emergence of the Greek state in 1832 provides an example of a a different arrangement oflhe colour-
new army with no exiSting traditional uniform having to devise a Ing on collar, lapels and cuffl. TIle
regulation drcss. As the new king of Greece was Prince Otto of Bavaria, facing colours wen:, for lhe 1St 10 10lh,
it is not surprising that his army was uniformed in Bavarian st)le and royal blue; Ilth---2oUt )-e1low, 2U1
with Bavarian assistance; infantry wore the tradilional light blue 30lh red, 31SI-40th deep pink,
50Ut carmme, 3nt-OOlh orange, 6Ul-
"nt-
jacket and trousers with red facings, with the usual 'compauy' dis-
tinctions white cap-cords and .....ings for fusiliers, red for grenadiers, 70th Jight blue, 71,,--80lh dark green,
and BUt-861h violel. 'J1,e jackel.
and green for riAes; bell-topped shakos were worn until tht adoption
lumbaclu and .hako-plunlcs dis-
ofa tapering paltern in 185t. Artillery were dressed in dark blue with tinguished Ihe various compalUCI,
crimson trimming, and cavalry (as lancers) in green and crimson, fUJilicrt ha,'ing turnback-badga of the
lleur-dc-lp, ,"Oltig\"urt of hunung-
horn, chassellrt of hllming-hom and
ll~r-dc_h·.. and grenaditn or the
88 8g
•
Iraditional bursting grenade. In;tial1)·,
the 181illhako was worn with th\" 181"
&urban plale, but in Mar\"h 1816
a narrower-IOpp«! shako was int1O-
duc<'d, and in 1818 melal insl\"ad of
while clolh oockada were adOI'Ic:d.
A padded cloth disc w-as worll on
fUJilier shakol, of blue for the III
ballalion. rc:d for the illld, and green
for thc 3rd (until 1819 when extra
ballalions wen: added; Ih\"n the 3rd
ll)Ok )'ellow disa and the <fib green),
with a bnuJ company numeral on the
disc. Grcnadicrt and VOlliSCUn had
pompoms of red and yellow
respeclively.
Ch.asw:ur 1 ChevaJ uniform changed
comidcrilbly o\'er the yeart, Utae
Iighl ClIval!) troops in 1816 wearing
lapc'lled Jackets, having HUS6lIr-slyle
braid by 18u and bceomin,g ";ngl\".
breasled in 1831. The Iall, C)'lindrical
shakOi had black pluma lipped with
Ute facing colour. later ehanged 10
faltiug black plumes, though pom.
1)01111 were also worn alone; in 1145
Ihe bu$by was adopted 201 the lame
time as the red epaulella (worn
lince 18)1) wen: changed to white.
Under the Bourbons, regiments
again aaumed lilIes as well as
numbers. Ch<llSCur i OIC\'&l rcgi-
IIlmlJ wcn: organised in group' of
three. the lint in the group ha"'"8
both collar and collar-piping in the
facing oolour, the second wilh grC<:1l
collar and coloured pipmg, and lhe
third wilh coloured collu and green
piping. In t8t8 rcgill'>Clllal nama and
facing coloun were:
 more elaborate form than Ihose of WOVffl cnnllOn ovals. The facing-
hi (de I'Alli..). 2nd (del Alpu) ,nd 3rd (de, Alden ....) -lCtlfMt the remainder, in this cue being a eolour WAI abo boroe on the ,hab-
41h (M I'AI,.I. 61h (du C,nt,l) ,nd 61h (M ~ Ct...,n..) - yellow representation orthe Royal Arm, with raque.
71h (M I' COf•••,). 8th (M I. COt. d'Oo) .nd 911' (M I. OOfdog... ) - I,ght Of.ngl
101h (du a ..d). l11h (M 1·1..... ).nd 12,h (de" M .....)_ pink. a uophy of flags around. The 'uefoil' Though Napoleon'l Imperial
131h (de I. M'UM). , ',h (du Monbl1ln, ,nd 161h (d. rOiM) - c:.. m,... epaulella were a common mUliciaos' Guard had included no cu,rassien,
161h (de "0,",). 171h (des ............) .nd 18th (dil.5,"...)-skV blUf distinction, dating from the Napo- the Bourbon Ro)al Guard did; IWO
191h (dil. SomlTlf). 20Ih (du V..) .nd 211t (du V.uc:IUM) - red·Y'oItt. leonic period. regiments, wearing almolt idenlical
22nd (dll. VtndM). 23.d (de I. Vi'M') ,0(1 24th (del VOIgoM) - bIlC:L
uniforms, Itrongly reminiscent of the
8. F.....«: cuiraaien of the Empire. The helmets
In 1822 this tcheme chang«l., with Sww Regiments. Unlike the other ,ill a) Trooper. Cul....lItera were of the old pattern, but wilh Ihe
I'qliments being grouped in foun, the
lint two in each group havlllil coloured
collan wilh Kr~n piping. and the bUit
regiment, '",hich wore blue uniforms
theSwl.5S units continued to wear their
lraditional searlet uniform, a colour-
.8_
of lbe Garde Royale.

b) Tnunpeler. 3rd D",soon.,

IWO in each group ha~'inll grttn
collan with coloured pipinl;. Facing
coloors at thiS tlmc werc: tsI-olth red.
~th-8th yellow, 9th 12th earmllle,
, 3th t6th blue. t,th-2oth dttp pink,
21't 2olthorallgt>.
An interestmg feature of the uni_
form illustrated taken from a eon-
temporary prmt b) Canu is the
elaborate method of wearinll the
,hako.oonis.
7, F... IICC!:
a) Gn....dier. 7lb ReCI.
Garde Ro,..le (Ut Swill).
FuJI Ore••• t817.
b) Mu.ld..., 8th ReJl,
Garde Ro,..le (and Swi._).
Full Drea_, .8'7'
It was traditional forthe French Royal
Guard to include Swill UI1lIS, thoe
troops being ranked among Ihe King',
c10t0eSt bodyguard prior 10 the Revo-
lution. Lpon Ihe linll Restoration, a
company of 'Cent-SuiSKS' W!U alab-
lishl"d, bUI nOI re\'l\"ed after the
Waterloo campaign. "mead. of the
eighl Guard infantry regiments ''lItsed
upon the I«ond Raloralion, the ,th
and 8th were comJXll5otd of S", lIS and
alternam-ely litled lhe til and 2nd
ing which had bttfl used durinlj: Ihe
Ancien R~glme and by Napoleon',
SwUs cOrpl; whereas the grenadicn
of the other Ro)al Guard regiment5
wore red epa.ulella (VQhigeun
orange, cenlre compania while and
ehllJ$Cun gr~n), to prevent a clash of
ooIour between jacket and epaulettes,
the grenad,en of the Swisl regimeillS
continued to wear the ",·hile epau-
letta of Napoleon', day. All Royal
Guard infantry wore Ihe lace loops Of!
Ihe brealt; Ihe fur cap was reseryed
for grenadien, Ihe remamder wearing
shakos.
Musicians (in e\'ery army) were
lraditionally di1tin'lui1hed by un-
usual costume, Ihe molt frequenl
variation belli,! that Ihe body or Ihe
uniform was of a different colour to
Ihat of the remainder of the regiment.
The uniform illuslrated i, no Olcep-
lion, being in the classic 're\~
colours' slyle (i.e. the bod) orthe coal
III Ihe regimental facing colour and
the (:Qllar and cuffs in Ihe usual coal-
colour\. t\n llHerating feature of this
uniform is the shako, being remi-
niscent ofthc RUliian 'kiwer' pattern,
bUI of a greater height. Shako-platcs
for musicians ""ere frequently of a
horsehair mane replaced by a caler-
pillar plume, and the cuirasa em·
b1uoncd with the Royal arms. Other.
(RiSt La Garon.ae)•• 8.8. wile, the cc.lume might ha"e be·
In tSt~ a new helmel ""ith calerpillu longed to a regimenl of Napoleon'l.
erat was adopted by Ihe French Both regiments had white helmet-
Dragoons, but was replaced by a plumes, but the 2nd had a red ball.
pattern with honehair mane author· tuft al the base. These helmets were
ised in July 18:11; but it Kems likel)' replaced m 18'26 by a paltern lacking
that in lOme easel it "'. .. as late as the Ikin turban, Ihough Ihe 2nd
t&t:) before the flew pattent was Regimenl did not rr:eei"e thein until
wued. The gr~n unifonn-colour IS'27·
UIOCialed with the Napoleonic period Olher Guard cavalry regiments
was relained, regiments being allotted abo wore uniforms baled upon those
nama and facing-COloun in a similar of their Imperial predecessors - the
Ilyle 10 thaI ofthe Chasseun:\ 01e\-a1, Oragooos had brass helmets ",·ilh
dacribed in Plate 6. Nama, numbers lcopard-skin lurbans, catupillarcrau
and facing-eolours ",·ere as shown in and while pluma, green coatees with
the chart. /'Ole-pink facingl; the Hone Grena·
1 II (A6g1 du c.",~) .nd 2nd (du Doubt) _ 1Ctl.IeL
3rd (di ~ al.on... ) ,00 4lh (di .. a"onde) - rallow
6th (di I'H... ult) and 61h (lit II loo ..) - lI"ht Ofl• .
7th (da Ia M.rw:"') '00 8th (du Rh6nI) - dMp pink.
9th (diia 5.0".) aOO 10th (diia Sf,...) - crimlOn
The uniform illustrated, ho",'C~er, dien had fur caps wilh white pluma
shows an inleresting variation; an for the "t Regiment and red·and-
ornate trumpeter', uniform wilh white for Ihe 2nd, dark blue coats
yellow helmet-crest (instead of the with white lace ban on the breast.
usual black), and a blue umform with red facings for the 2nd Regiment;
bearing regimental facings but with and the Garde du Corpl a helmet
the musicians' lace of white wilh inter. similar to Ihat of the old Grndarma

go 9'
 I>lat~ 11', w"h a rt'Ci-facnl bl~
umform. ~a~h COlllpafl) be,nK dis-
unlluosht'Ci in a 11IIgular mannn, b)-
coIourt'Ci Iqu.a.re. on tilt" pouch-bdt,
~ fint four conll)anlel to be ra.iIW
had .. hil~, IIr~n, bh.~ and )~llow
belli rC:lpce",~ly.•nd IlIf" ~th when
f«mt'Ci II:&J'I~t.
,.. Auatrial
.) Of6~er, 1I111d Dnl_ _
...
(Rq:t KInJI
~
b) Offictr,
VOIII a.,.....,,).
Mfl'Ve.kh Uiala.... Ila.
AUIU',an un.t lOnnI ehangtd 1e- than
lhaac of ~ other fOUT lreal powe.n,
to the exlern that the t..'o illUitraltd
are almott fIO.poImrue. 1M AUitrian
llmI) contaancd b.r.r r\"ll,mentJ of
L: hianl Lanccn, all of .. born """On •
sumlar paucm of WltlOnn, of grttn ill
the tradttional 'lancer' Ayle "'Ith
Karin f~ and fl'Old ~; the ,rd
and ..th R\"llimenll "'OIl: • darltcr
shade of Ifr~ thMl did the fint two.
Cupbl had eloch tops In ~ 1011000-
tnll: coIoun: lOt ~lavddt Rl"lllmcrtt
)-dkJ,.. 2nd SCh....n.rnbaJll I .....
grttn, 3rd Enbnz.os Karl) IC&I'Ict.
..th .. hlle, Tbe L'hlaft IUUllrattd II
tUm from . . .atcn:olour 11)- [)mill
D"lhlOnj lhough IKM tdcntifird b) the
artil.t, the ~lmnlt dq»acd .....
prnumabl) the lit Mnnldt from
the colour of the cupb. 1lW' enm-
I0Il v.cralh are .n unusual f~.lure,
thoutth Dltthton'. Pletul'C doC:I inducko
• n oR"l('f'r .. ~.nnll t he IrIOn' usual
down th~ out", _m
l{rttn ... th • double ~ 1aIx Itrlpe
,,"h. ~ pipinl(
oowrcn tllf" Itnpes. t\ back \1('\0' In
th~ .a1TlC pieture 1h0l't'l • 'Il(l&t
I
~Iaborat~ lilvn-flappcd pouch be.r-
mil the Impcnal ~agle in gilt,
The DragOOrll retain«! the: Ira-
ditional ..hite unilOnn with crellt'Ci
helmet, the h~ad-dral remaininll:
balically UIIC~ngcd. ~ plain,
.. hite Wliform wu "'* e\~ mor~
nrikinJt b) the facings, "'hick pr~­
toenttd • Iharpl)-<Xlntrani"llpladl of
colour, Fadng..coloun and regimental
litlcl in l~ ...~e: lit Enbcn:.,.
Jotuann b1ad. 2nd Kom!l ,-on
&)'f'm dark blue, 3rd . Mlnuullo
cbrk red, ..th \\'indil.eh-C.-.u Itlht
red, 3th Eugcn Pnm v. 5&,"O)'en
dark I"ttO. 6th {Ficqudmorttl lighl
blue:. BuUonl"~ white nxuJ (<< all.
AUltN.n Wlll'ormt remamcd bujc..
all, unchan8cd III st,ic until 1849-
.. hen the hllUC was adopted, though
'"lll'lOI.D changcs had ~ belOn
,;rq IrtJUKn for 'German' rqllncnu
in 18]0. altered pattern of infan......
Ibako aDd light blue: tl'OUKn kw
'German' offa:u in 1&,6, lOr ex.amplc.
\\ll1te ~ lhe bauc Wlifonn-
colour, ~ Uhlans and mmr'
Oan-aulqcn had dark ,;rttD- and
H.-n m.mlain«! tbril' lradttiollal
mulli..colourcd garb.
lD, Ge.rmal!l natnl
a) a.1ka 08icer,
GIlrde du Co".., 112.4-
b) Ha_bu.... - Prh..te,
Bu.,..-ehr, .II5-
This p1.te .00..'1 how the amaller
German u.atCS copttd the unifomu of
larg~r Itatts, both figures ..·earllll(
I'l'UI6lall~t)'ic unib-m. 1nr Burg"'ehr
'To...n Guant of H.mburg ...ore •
pallfTll not diMlmil.r from th.t of th..
rr.,.ian Land... ~hr {"l,htia. ,,';Ih
the IO>00(7o...ned doth Ihako '"e.... hk..
the Prwtian 'mUta' cap, Utoed by
rqul.r. rtIC....·c .nd landwchr in-
f.ntry (.nd lOme cavall')' I in the
pruai.n .rmy. The bcad-d..- badge
/. bugle_horn WIll worn under the
recl and while cockade of the Han_
leati(: free-lOWn forcu.. Officen wore
siher..ftl.ltd cap ba.ncb, a cock-
feather p1UITlt:, and a dark blue «
Irttrl 'hte-.b' coal ....th Irttn collar
and porntecl ell!&, both ed«ed with
sihtt latt, ... hteh could be Utoed .. an
altcrnalive to the 'kolkt' of the other
ranb. They wen: armed DOl with
orbinel .. \O'eR the rank and file, but
wllh cunU. silt-mounltd ",bra in
b/ad; luther ICllbbardl, ..... th lilvu
knots. N.C.O.s aho bad siI\tt lace 011
the collar and eutr., and white tip; 10
the tbako-piUITlt:'. The hamillu
lbusla1, bad officers' pattern kollcu
""lth W\laad collar, and othcr ranb'
.tu.kot WIth. taller rcather; they wen:
armed ""lth lword·ba)~ carried
from the waistbdl and UICd Pn.o.ian-
paltern •....-aIt;DxxnI. with black and
.. hlle 00f'tk.
The offioer of the Badm Gank du
Cor'pt ,from a pnnt by J. Vodlinaer
publllhc:d in Karkruhc In 182-+,
~ • 1)-ptc:aI coslume of the Roral
and l>ueaI bod)'I'W'd ca\..hy gom.
moo throughoul Germany. White
unilOrml f« bcavy c:II\-aUy - prob-
ably on,tnatlOS from the buff'-o:-u
worn dunOS the: ICVeIIlttnth cenlury
..~ the IWidard costume lOr
aI~t all German .tate. until the
nineleenth «ntury, III)ml:: Ottman
r.nd RIIISian) until ret.ming them
into the prC:lCnt ttnlury, The .. hile
ultlform .... equally UIOCt.ated with
Carde du Corpl unill (Iiterall)',
'bodY"lu.rd' c:II\'alry), thai shown (of
93
t)'f)ical Pruaian Ityle) kin, adoPltd
by lhe Baden Garde du Corpl
(....iKd .. a palace ,;uard m the
eighteenth «ntury) in 1819, and
worn until the unit WllI mcorporattd
ill the Guard Dragoon Rcsul'lent in
1833. The high0(7cstcd leather helmet
_ equally to be round In vanQUI
ronTll thl'OUlhout Ottmany. AUitria
and R~i.; in its ~l exagcratcd
lOnna, .1 reached toweri", - and for
the won:r very pn:gnoua - hvlhu.
u. BriUllal
a) SerJ--t,
Battall_ ColDpaII)',
aacI Foot: Cuarda, .hl.
b) OtIictr,
C..-dJer Compall",
2QCI Foot: G_nU, lhl.
ThiI p1ale - baled 011. Den>I DIghton
.....tucolout of the III Battal\lOn, 2nd
Coldllfum FOot Guards. 1&'21,
Ibows the Imllal chancca 10 the:
'Waterloo' UlUIOrm ilIU1tnted m
Plau: I. The: 'Rcgel\oC)" ahako rc-
mamed unc.hanFd. ..\~ for the
remG'\oaJ of the back-peak wbidt had
ICIUIlcd on lOme early modds, • &light
lIIO'l:UC m heigh.. and more or 1aI
genu aI adoption of • .tar-ebapcd
p1.te, 11tc lhort-taikd jacket ....".
.boIl1hed kw all extqM hghl lroopi in
1820, and In 1831. new pattern .....
Introduced, the officc:n' vtt1olOn ha\'.
1113 • doecd 'Pn,.-t.an.' collar and for
parade draI pluuon-tt)'k lapdl or
the facios coIo\Ir ... hu;:h buuoncd
over 10 Ihow red in tmdn:lli •
Brccdtes.nd Ionl pitU1 wert: finally
discontinued in 1833, bei"l replaced
by blue-Irq' trousen for ortIinary
wear and ... hite f« pa....de. Fur cap;
f« arcnadie:r compania became

obhll..ton' f()l' all occasions. th~
lh..kOl prr"lOUIly "OI"n in w...... il:t
dr~ Ixtnlll fOl"b>dckn; but this
r("lful..tion on" ~tN for thm: ~t.." .
1lHo un,forms ill...lralf'd show ~
only the Inf..m ....· pal1..-m. but abo Ii><'
t"ooc <O.....«b dallJ1C1lOR1; lhe' dark
b1U1" Il"O\*'R .. om b\ 1M ofIiar .. n-t
~'C'd lOrund.... and Iht~nu'
f:OId lau ....... dIStinction pKUhat" 10
(;.\Pnb ~menq,.1n full dtftl" ("uardI
oftic:tn "OR .. hilt brttdlocs .. lIh
hlt~h~·Nh..n-kn« 1l"1ICT1 ... did tht
rank .. nd lik...nd lhor- full dr~
COltotet" had .. «'II collar .. nd .....
ht:a\.h-lattd upon the lapdt.
&IUtlion comp-m' offi«n "OffO
epaUlfOlt('t ilUlad of tht "'1\lP Ill.....
train:!, t~l"th~ .. ith pd-I..et<!
shako ",th 1I00d eOl"dt, lil'ih plaIt .. nd
ehimcaln, and .. hlt~o(J'er-rt<!
fUlher plumr. Turnba.ck-bad'ln for
thr "renaditr QIf'C.. r illUltraled eon·
sutt<! of Ilold-embroidcrt<! noral
Ipray'S and bunlln]l: Il:Rnad.. OTt a blu..
doth patch. Go~lS ...~ /(ih,
Ix..nnlllhc RO'l ..1 armtI in lilH'r, ,,"h
blue roIeun and nbbom; 1hrM' ....rr
ralOcltd 10 offittn In full dint.
Shoulder-Ixl! plalCi "'err alto 'TI)'
om"lt, bnnll: In tht form of .. S11\l~1'"
G,uln ~I..r 0I'l a §ih plaIr....ith b1Uf'
tna""'" (;...nn and rnt cro.. For 1M
lint 1Imt' 0I'l BnIOWt umforms. !two
culf-plCh mack IU appc:annet" on th<"
COltotrn of the rank and lilt In this
ptiiod.
la_ Britata:
.) Offi~r, lida L... c:e.....
full Ores... 1'Jt.
b) Officer, gt.b Lana:n,
Re\'lew Order, Ilbo.
Al the dotr of the Xa~ Wan,
•
onh Srit..in of the fi..-e map po..cn
did not ....e1udC' rel!urM':I1U of I.. nttn
In kr .. rm" "Jllow of thr othtr
nat....... thoullh ha"nll e..rlaln
n"llOI'Ull eh..noctcnsu.... In 1I;M>n'al
bawd tho'ir l.anoer uruform on thr
lradlllonal PolISh pIlllo:rn of napb
• nd 'Ianttr' jacUt. In Bntain
partICUlar!, .fta W.u·...oo publIC
Im311unaiIOfI ..... lirnt '" both cu,.....
1Il'ft .nd Ianttn. probabh _ ~
from populu Siones as much _ from
an, ckhlxntt .ttempt 10 inlmdUCt
an ann .. hleb ..--u an intl"'ll'"al pari of
OIMr armltS. Thoua;h tht cu,..--otr
1m&« had limned Suca:ll bn~
rftlllCt('(i 10 w adopion of cu.~
11\.. th~ HOlI$C'hoId C.,aI.... and OIlt
Yeomanf\' corplI. Ih~ FurnC'll CUII"
_,tn. Ih..t of lh.. laue..n "1.1
Imnlrdlill~h ,mllaled,
Lanc(S III 1M Briti,h army had
prr\·,oosly bet"n limited 10 an t!'mill:rt'
C01'ps durinll Iht R~\'olulional) Wan
Ih~ Hulam Briu.nniqu(Sland to lhat
earned unofficially b, Cap'
\ltrC('f'1 ocderh' III tltt Roy..1 HOlY
Artilln">', thotnj:h a schemr for rai.llIl1:
a corplI of 'Bri11Sh Lan~' had hem
'U~led m ,81lt. In 18.6, tKr.-r"~,
" "1.1 dtcidC'd to com~t Iho:- 91h.
''lth and 'l3rd Lcht I ~ mu)
Lanan. th~ 'gUl L~hl ~
takm~ the p1aaoflM a3rd upon thtU
ct.bancimtnt afltl" only a \T1IJ".
1'ht li"1 umform ...... baso,od upon
W 1812 Uitht Dn~ pall..-m. but
,,"h the addlllOfl of a canr-franwd
napb ('O\"t'fN ",lh ~Ioth of Ih..
l"aans: coktur and .. ,th • ~ 1(111
plaIt, 'C. .ack' trOlMl'S and .. n
..bundanet" of Wx .nd olh..,. adorn.
m<"TlU. Thn-t ..n-t otho:-r OI"drn 01
drnt. ho¥t..... tI" 1M Ikrll~ Dilj:hton
•
waltrrolourOll .. hich 1000fOlh..,. ...lIh a
\\ illiam Hnlh l'nnt tho: gth 1..ao«T
hkUtfO fi.u", II~. ho¥t an un-
dint )ACk~1 .. ,th I.... \nllC-al h~ of
lacr d ......... lhe br~"". wum ",Ih rtr....
.... "'"Ils .. lIh doubk nUIUUII SIOpl" on
W ""1fT ......... altd aM. 'fTI«Wl .. ,th
the laprit bullonrd aac. to dtOlO a
b"~ JACkn-front. 1hr rarlv na!*_
..n-r URalh ......lImt'nla! aff.... n..
b«omme omaIkr and I... unn.onh as
11I1'It 1*"ll..-d. bul lloot of ut(' Qth
1C"Ml'i a1 ...... ~, 10 ha,~ btnI bl"tUT-
ptopoouontd than lhor- buckn1haprd
('ODItrucllONI of Olhtr I"1lUnmlS.
1M gth rC't.... tlfti thrJr ennt:MM1
fllCUlltS aftrr eum .. naon 10 Lane.. n ....
did Ihf. a3rd .. lIh til\tr laco: ; th..
faclll\ll of th.. '11th ehan~t<! from
, ..II.... 10 ICarlrl. and Iht ,61h
ro:tainf'd Ihtlr OI"Ill;mal searltt. \n
,8'9 prllll b)' llo:nl)' ,\lk..n ~ho ..." ,h..
uni form of Ih.. 191h; Ihdr fa.cUlII;I ...ert
light \0:110" alld laet 1C00d, Ih~ skulls
of.ht oIfk,;on' aapbs bc'in'lillcrall,
CO\rRd .. Ilh tact. Onte..n' 1C1I'dl(S
....rt RUkI and CrollUOlI, dlOW of 1M
othtr rant.:. brinjJ blu~ and \ ..Il.....
Tr'OUIrn "m lillhl bill(', .. lIh a
doublC' trnkt '1OfW' for offi«n and •
sinll:k ,~IkJ,. 0tM" fur ltar rank and ok.
'iliabraqUft ..crt dark b1w, t'lffittn.
bnlll( laced. and 1M OIhtr ranks'
b.\mll" ~fOlll ... ·'....nlh kt<!'~.
Tho:- lqth Lanc~ .. rr~ d.bAndn:I
an ,8'l', but I1M' 1;lh Lichtl~
CDn,·nlf'd .n 1M kt!)" .. ,nt!: 'cu. Thr
lh'l I)rcw R('IfUl:allnns dncnbrd In
dl:uil 1M mdJ\idual. r"fUl'"ltai
patlCTftS of lac.lflll on 1M napka; ,he
lith rn&lnm IMr .. h,le faarlll:L
Orimtal"I)k. '\lamt'lukC" ...ords
"not bo. Ih. Ill1M' (tbhllalon for
I..ancff offic:.."
9;
n,,. 1811 On.. R~ul:aliom
eharl1lrd tMJ&Ckc'1~r from blur 10
rf'd," ,th 1 _ blue f&emitS and czapka-
topllOr all fOlI~CV1 Ihr I ;Ih... ho kC'pt
tho'i. on.,na! .. huC'; Il-.rrlks .. o:n of
I(Oid .. ,th'""1""'" Itt tilt f~ ec:o"tUr.
PlUIIIn ..C'rr no.. of black eock•
l'n.lhcn. .'''',t\lIn! lOr black .........
ha,r ror Iln1Ct . . Ind af.n' ,8]-1.
Trouorn"r« dar\ IX "Ith doubW
KokI slnll'" b officrn. a.nd m 183]
traundns rtVb«'d IIw J.on 1Il1o\-n.
()Ihrr ranh' a.abrrtaeb.os "'err
abololh.-d m 181-1.
\\ IIh I"'" brolt-mmna of Qt.wfll
\ IelO"..·S ",'I{n. all fO'lctpt thr ,lith
rftUmt'd lhe- bill(' IlloCkrt. ,,"h 'ICllrkt
fa.clllttS for lh.. 'Ilh and luh. tht
olh", rnl.1nmlC tbMr pr....·'o... eoIou~.
11,.. cuth of the nt.. uniform "ne
P'lmlf'd, loud e..pln.... .....IC' made
,mall..r .nd nnl..r from about ,8tu.
C1.apk;u ....maUled oflh~",mr paltel'ri,
lhoUllh tht 'llh had a C'ap of rtlllll1fOu-
1..1 dnit(n. n...mh black .. ilh ~Ill
hllUlitS. Olhcrn' ll'OWol'Tl had doublfO
cold Stri~ fClr full dtOl and seulrl
'Or undnw .. hit.. for lilt' '/th',
.."h plam .. hll.. lr(Kbt"rs for d ....
mounted dUIit$ in Ollm",,",.
n ... oIfio:ror ilh,.'ralf'd 01 II... tbth
takm from. HJl\ .... portrait of Utoul,
1-, Ikb..al Gral. ft1lfll .. Hm....
\l .....I<!'.. P"'"U&l1 of u-Col. R,
"'m'lb.. and on a \lUlNOl'l &: "I
E.chauu.... pont :sbooo thr famous
rnt rt'1C,mrn'al urubm. It .... lho
d.-- .. ,th C'..... . )hS m:adto to
11'"Of'IC.&1 dl,....al... a.nd lIC1""(' .............
IU£h a ,1M' probablr '*' of .. hlle: cap-
('0\", lhat.. ..'......n W ~­
mt'nl" .m......tal eharl(l' 1.1 .\h..-al In
tilt 101 ."kh \h.r... hm the: t61h
O\'rrr;an a botUfT"\ of arlillfT"\. brokr ..
'tquare' or inranll) and dis~ 1M
Sikh ea\'&I1) \inuall} unatdnl 11.1
the mal or Il'MX"e lhan a Ihlrd or III
ll1'mllh,
.,. _ritaUo:
.) N.CO.,
..... We e-rcb, I,»
b) Offi_,
iIad ur. e-rcu.. 1127·
CutI'lllM:l had been ..-om b'l the
HowdIold ~nJn an the :\etbn".
land! durifttl the R('\'OluIMlRaI)' Wan.
and bridI, b, a IUbdt>'1Iioo of the
,nd .... reGuanb trI ,Sq.. bul .."ne ncx
.,am UIftt unullM Pnnce Rqent K1
about elaborating the ltrIil"orma or hiI
bod>guard aftn Walnloo. Fint eame
a,ih.mounledmd helmet with lat,e
bnnkmeretl mtroduc:ed 1817) lObe
worn «eept m r('\-it;>o order, .. hen
larlle, black fur grenadier cap' With
lIih plale, gold cordi and while
plume, 'Ihree-fourdu or a )".rd long'
were to be worn.
CuirllMCll, .. hen I.iJthorised, were
IlmiJat in pallem 10 thOM: worn b)'
the: HOUKboId ~>'&II) lada). except
fot a I lilt Itar.p1ale on 1M frorll.
.. h,eh retnO\"ed in aboul IS2~.
The eoatee - tlill or ICatiet w.th blue
faanp and sold lace - ..". Iong.tailed
b full drea, and a Iboner-wled
>'ef'l1OI'I oittcd b undrtw; .. hitC'
breecha and hllb boou,,"(1'"( l.-d lOr
full drea. tbousb a William Heath
....Iueolow- or c. ISw IbowI the rur
cap wum ",th ..'hal ofticiall\' were
undretl O\'n1IJls, thcIe bang: or a
tlf'o",'mlh hue krtooo."l1" 'claret" .. Ith
..>de red liripel £or ordinary we and
sold lace tlnpel b offian lOr
'iunda) pllrades and Ipttial 0(.
cu'ol'l. Thne IttmI 10 ha,·c been no
96
rule nllidh adhf,red .0 about Ihe
""Cannll orthe brccehcI or onnlb a
pottra.u or ~pt ~lclnncl Ihows the
full.cfrftl buedl<:S ..-om ,,"h 1M
hf,11Tl(L Sabreucbe and tubet "ere
offioaIJ) latd II.IIde m aboul IS'9,
lhough apparenlh the ~ .. ne not
.. grn on OCORon for IlOI'I'IC >-can
~'towl>'." 'fIuk<O!'d' etong ..-om
b>- lhe: ROIo'&l Horx GUll.fdl - .....
adckd 101M Life GUll.fG· pouch_
bdll In 18~ being red for the III
Rqpmml and bhx rot the 2nd. "'Thoe
RO\aJ Hone Guanb retamed lbur
dark. blue ltrIifomu ..ith IlCat'lcI
raanp and gold lace, but folloto~ Ihe
Life Guank In tI)le; the entire
H~hoId ~\~l"" w. . . .ued ,,',Ih
the CUi..... for the IS21 Coronalion
celebratioN .nd h.ve ,,'orn Ihem ('\'er
Imte. L'ndrClil O\'Cralll for the RO)aJ
Horw Guardi wne lillhl blue, wilh •
Iwo-Inch sc.rletltripe.
The 'Roman' helmet (which had a
red cr<:ll for lrumpetel'l} '"'... 'Iill
authoriled In Ihe t83t RqulaliOl'll,
bul a ne-. Grenadin cap ..... intro-
duced In tS33. Itill Wtth the IOItfl
.. hlle plume but Olhcrtoll( lillhtef,
IcIiI ornate and minUilhe rrorll plate;
b) th. date. the Life Guanb' undrtw
IlOUItn ..~ dark blue ",th ICII.I'kI
Itnpes.. ~p' of the Ro'(al HOl"M'
Guank had red plUnld.
"'Thoe 6fl\lJ'C .. lth the bc:ankm cap
ilIU1lratcd in mit plale ........en (rom a
contemporan' portraIl or prawn'
abl," • ICIlicw x.c.o"... htdt Ihoto'
the pre-1833 cap prot.bI)' ..-om In
the earl> pan ofrhat )·nr" nlll cap
.. hlCh had a red doth patch at lhe
rnr bnrinll an embroidered ~
If!'enade - ..... a much Ie. ornale
\tnlOn or thai .."om b) the officcn.
•
Rank_matkinp or the Howehold
ea>..Jry are a lillie obIeun:, bill the
\,lIIUluaI m"nud ehevronIwomon the
rill'ht arm or the fi~", In the ponrait
can only IIlIIir) ICmOI'" N,C.O. rank..
The painlinp or A. J. Ot.tboil
Drahann arc of parliculat value m
Iboto.ng the vniforml of>-.notII ranb
of the HOI.II<:boId ~,'&Iry and indeed
\be retl of the atm)', LII aboul IS3'.
If. _ritaUo.
a) Ml"Jetat.
.,th Ua;hl W . .try
(S~r). .,»
b) FIdei Officer,
.....
68th UJlu Wa.lry,
l:nilOrml of light infantry rqimenll
followed Ihe ..me lIeneral pallem u
thole or the line infantry, Ihough
rctainlng the green "'ako-plum<:l and
other dillincliOTll, including the weat-
ing by field officen or epaulelles on
top or the lighl inrantry winp, u
iJll,lllraled in the uniform or the 68lh
LiShtlnfantry ,Iaken rrom a portrait
of[vc-ibly) MajocJoItnRecd'. When
Ibort-tailed Jll.Ckm ..'ere abolilbcd ror
battalion and ~ oompani<:l in
tS2O, lisht infat'J1IY officen retained
them until tS~, .. ben the 10Jl8CI"'
tai.I~ eoatft alread)' uted b) the
other ranks or Iighl Infantry corp.l
..... adop«d. From JuI,. IS]O green
ba1l_tufu replaced the Ihako-pillIDCIt
and all offiern -.d lnleanll ..~
~ Wtth ""hillles. worn on the
Ibouldcr·bdl, u Ihown in the ~
of"the I,th Light Infantry (taker! from
a portrall or Sn-seant Sman by
Duboil I>rahoneI,. 1ne .. hlle trouIeI'I
Ihown ,,'en: for IUmlTlCT UK.
80th fiswa wear the new plltlnn
97
orlhalr.o II.uthorilcd In ,S28 10 replace
the 'Reaencr' cap, &Jld inlroduced for
wear in 1829. With the gold and lih'n
lace bancb lyelJo,. or while for the
rank and file and Ih.. black. eoekad,e
~tmlKd; the new cap wu a
wtdu-.topped >~ncI)'. and wu "'01'11
with sold cap-111lCl b)' oIfie:fts In
parade ot Icwc dretI. and of white
b) otha- ranb IrttD fOl' Iilhl utIOpt •
From 1829 the IfII.ditional red·and-
white plumes were changed UI ..·hlle
ror all (ll«pI lilhl infantry. The
plalft • or vef)' ornate des>gn lOr
office'l and plalnrl" 11)"\eI for the men
- ..ne or a 1trI1\"ertal, CI'OIO-ncd I.....
,hape, UIUa1ly boeanna the rqunmtal
number and on occasion rqllne:ntal
devittl. Thil cap luled \,lIItil •
chang~ d<:llin wu introduced in
,S39-
IS, F ... nCIl
a) PrlVllte, Marla..a,
UDdre. ., IS2g-
b) Trooper,
8th Dl'llioona, .lb7.
Thll plate ilIU1trat<:l the Drapn
helmel ra1Io ISIU~ In lied 10 the
cuil'UIItcn .. hlCb W'U authoriled in
,S21 bill in _ CII.I(I probably not
adopted unul IS2~, lucacdins that
Ibown an Plale S. Of a - . t unUlUa!
plllIem, of the tnod.Jliona1 Dra&oon
br-., il hIId a honcharr mane and
aJsmte, and a hau 'bruIh' aIoat the
lOp or the ereIl. In ,8~ .-qu.adron-
idcnti6eation III the form or. ooIoured
ball plattd at lhe: bo!:lom of the plume
wu aOdcd, in blue £or the: III .-quad-
ron ofevery rqlmenl. cnnuon lOr the
2nd, rent for the ,rd, ....)'·bll,I( £or the
4th, _pmk rot the ~m and )"ellow
£or the 61h. 11IiI helmet lalled until

1840. wheo II WU replac«l by a lllore
co"'·~ntlonal J>"lue-m wllh ordinaf1
nlane- and If'O\)l.rtbkm lur!>.,n. ·n,e
jackets re-mamC'd Ihe lradilional dra-
ll:ooo ltr('('o m (Olour. bUI b~ 18'3 new
facinll;<Olou ... had bttn imnxlu«d,
ofdecp I'(lIC for lhe III 41h RCfl:iments.
Slh 81h 'ello..... and erllmon for Ihe
9lh and loth. Trousen we-re gre) .....i,h
pipIJlII; of Ihe facinl!' colour, lattT
chau~«I lO plain ...~d for dislllountC'd
wur loud r«l wilh leather reinfor<:inll;
for mount«l dUI)'. bUI It appean that
lhere were 'analions III Ihit rule: Ihe
pnnt from .... hieh th" plate is ,aken
,howl red u'ouscn ....·ilh p1pin~ of lhe
facmll; colour!
The- French ~lannCl otg;&Iliscd in
fhe- di,uloRi m ~Iay 1829 - wore a
fl\OIlsinl{uJar uniform 10 both full loud
undrcu. l'he fuJI drcQ helmel w"!u an
odd-shaped item. .....ilh a ,pherical
black leather skull and brm, like a
·bowler'. ,,"h a narro....· brlUll eresl
supportin~ a black woollen ereu. a
b.... front plate and brlltl bosIcs on
lhe side, emboc8cd wllh flcur-de-l)'I
motif, and brU! chmscales. The full
dress Jackel" sho.-I, of dark blue
wilh bra.u huUOl1ll and shoulder-
scales, "oro wilh plain blue trowet'l,
bla<:k Rait~ and the same girdle as
worn in undress. The undreu Uni-
form (chidl)" remarkable for the
Ilriped cap-band and ehilueaJesl was
"orn wllh lhe same eqUipment III full
drC$l. ha"lUlI; a black lealher carl ridge-
box Wilh brIUII anchor badge worn at
the rear of the girdle, in the middle of
the back. Ba~'OIlet and br.w-hlltC'd
' ...."Ord were ,,"Orn in both orden of
drC$l. The J}inliOlll of Bmt, Toulon
and (uonl 1832 Rochefort each
mamlain«l a band, the fi ...t 1"0 of
g8
•
ltre-al repule; Ih", drllm-,naJo...• uni_
fOf'm included plum«l busb)', u.sh.
mace, and alpecial pallern of»hr...
·n,e- full drea helmel "as abolithffi
for ....·ear at sea ,n 183:1. bul re-mamro
UI UK for shore dUh unul 1840.
16, Franc,,:
a) Offio;:er, 8111 Rest,
Garde Royale (aad Swi•• ),
18::19-
b) Drum_Major, 7th Rest,
Garde Royale (.at Swi..),
18]0,
e) Busler, LiS)u Company,
Infantry, .8,8.
The Departmental LegiorlS Plale 6
"'ere replaced in ,811 by nurnbued
infamry regiments m the pre\'iom
maoner, "urillS: sillllle·breasu:d dark
blue Jackets, ",h,te tl"Oll5en for
summer &Ild blue for .....inler, and red
cpaulellell for s:renadiers, fellow for
,,ohigeu.... and Ihouider-lllrlops for
fusihen. In May t8,1: facing colou...
.....ere allocated 10 all 60 l'Clliments, a
different combination ofoollar. cuffs,
piping and turnbacks idenlifyin~ the
mdi"idual corps. fhcsc ooIou........ere
.....hlle for regiments I ... S-8 crimson,
9-11 )'ellow. 13-16 l'OIC_pmk. IJ-20
orange, 21 14 light blue, 2518 buff,
and 29-31 gr~, the ooIour-sequcnce
repeating from lhe 33rd 10 601h;
regiments 61 to 64 were railed m
Februal)' 1823. Another III:W Ihako--
plate was Inlnxlucal In 1821, and a
lICW shako in t82S, which had
grenadlCTS and "olti~eun dillin-
guishcd b} double pomponu of rC'd
7
and ~'dlow respecli\dy. In 1828
facllllt-oolours were abolish«l, aU
hlle r~im ....,ts lakmll: ~ facin~. and
lilfhl mfanll) }c1low.
~Iusieians as usual diorl"tJard«l Ihe
offieial ~ulalions as shown by Ihe
bUlllcr In Ihi! plale; m ,827 lhe lace
cheH'01U on Ihe arms "'e-re abohshcd.
bUl arc sull worn. lhough the
authorised collar- and cuff-lacl: is not;
mu.icians of fusilier compaliles oflen
"ore- lh(' epaul('llell and plumes
offieiall}' rCSCT\'ed for Rank companies,
"hile io mall)' cases drum·majors slill
"01"(' Ihe fur busb)'.
The two S" i. rcgllnents of Iht
Garde Ro)'al(' ilIuslrat«l show Ihe:
prOll;res;sion m COIlume from thOllC
shown in Plait 7. Th", musieiarts wore
'rc:,c:ned coIoun' of blue "'Llh ~
facin~. Ihe bandlrnen 'Ihoulfh not
drummers and fif..... atlached 10
comJ>"lnies "ho w~ Ihe appropr,ale
shako or Rrenadier cap ha\"inll:
busbies; the jackets, no" linll;le_
bre-MtM, relail\ed the baTi of lace on
the- breasl. The drum maJOr', uniform
illustraled .... as I) pical of Ihe opulenl,
lace-<:o'ered dress Iradi,ionall} ;IgQ-
<:ialed" ilh Fl"('nch musicians.
Olher RO}'al Guard infanll)' Ull1ts
adop'ed Ihe infantl),.pauernjackel in
,822, relaimnll: Iheir dlllllnCl"~ lac(',
and grelladi...n their bea...kin caps.
'Il'e llil, 2l\d al\d ]rd Reg:imenu had
cuffs and lurnbacks of cnmson. I'OIC-
pink and yellow respecli\"cl)', lhe 4th.
Slh and 6lh havmg Ihe sallie facio!.
colour sequence bul .... uh blue CUffl,
the facing colour showlOlll on the cuff.
lbps and lurnbacks only. t:J>"lulelles
w~ "hile for all r<"1\iments. as ....·ere
the shaJw. and gl"('nadicr cap-rords.
99
17. Nlttherland.,
a) Capl-am, 'Flanq\>er.',
151.11 Infantry, 18::1)0
b) Trooper,
61.11 lIu.aar.. 18113.
Both fill;ures m thi! plale are lake-o
from "'{nJ'ltA tl'I IIDJltIInut'"1 Nil tit
j':tIflmAl!ikr .\tdt,/futti$(N 'rt«jJtn. pub-
lished m Amslerdaln io 1823, aod
show how the uniform of lhe i"('th...r-
lands arm,' ....,hil(' mamtaminll; the
basic AIIs:lo-t'ren('h '" Ie worn durin~
thc Walerloo camJ>"lif(n lIlcluded
IImll uniqu... 10 that (OUllll)·.
11'e bell-lopped onfalllf1' shako
caTTic:d a u"'que desilfJl of pial'"
... hich extelld«l around lh... sides 10
the rnr oflhl: cap, wllh lhr r~imen.
lal number ...mboArd m larg", and
\~I) omatt fi~urn on the froot. As on
lhr carlte-r '&Ilj:ic' shuo. lh(' plumn
of't"lanq........• 'Oank companies, had
colourcd upper porlions. with the ulli-
\"enal oranlle nalional cockade below.
Th(' H USlar Ulll rorm r('tamC'd a \"el)'
';"I;apolconic'sl)'le; trompele... or this
r~imem wore red dolmans with gold
lace. and black fur busbies wilh red
ba~. gold cords. Kilt ehinscales and a
white plume ritinll from a goId-
embroidered ball'pompom, Trumpet-
cords were mixed )'ello" and j{rttI,.
III common ....Ith the armies ofmaoy
Imaller Europeao lIates, lhal of the
Netherlands ....as eJlpandcd to ",clude
CUlra.ule... (pre\"i<lU-5l)' carabin''''TlI
and lancers III addiuon 10 the ex;"tln~
dragoons and hlASa". Their unifornu
beam... prosressl\'d~' more French in
sl)le. "Ilh .... ide 'COIIack' tr'OUl<'n,
mel.l hdmelll wilh horschair manes,
narrower-topped aapkas and Ifrom
(849), coloured cloth t-rench sh.koa
for IOnIC: rcgimmu.

A Kjuadron, l.ter rqiment, of
'Jagen Ie Paard' (OlaMeun l Cheval)
wore • motl auracti~ umform In Ihe
18.0-49 period; for officen, a .lightly
I.pc'ring bl.ek lhako WIth .il~'er
ehinKaln. dark lrem eoc:k_falher
plume, and aih-n- c:on:b and ·ra.
quene-'; dark II"fffI Ihon j&dr;el with
red collar and ptpmg and aih'er l"pal.ll·
Cltn. dark blue U'OI.1Ioel'* wilh red
.tripc', aih~-laccd pouchbelt wnh
.ih'tt and gih fiuinp, and a lil\'er-
laced ""litbelt '"'llh red central
.tripe and gih-4:mtJo-ed lih~ p1.te.
1be unibm ..... unchant«l until the
Iboncr, clcMh shako IWGm b)' Olber
rqimenl:l from 1149) ..... intrQduced
in t8,52,
II. Papal Stat",
a) Tnuap"_.
Ellie Com.-_)'.
UI Reatm-t.
Papal Ca..blae~
Fall Om.. lhi.
b) O&icer. Ellie Compall)',
UI Reslm",,,
Papal Carabiaie~
Fall Oren. lhi.
An oample of Italian wuform in the
early part of Ih. peoriod • ~'D b)
ahat of the P.~I Carabuuaa, hemg
modelled upon X.poIeontc frmch
u}k 'IDe end of frmch control in
Italy meant lhat thcrulenofthe'm&n}
un.lI ltatea had 10 re-c:rate arI arm}'
OUt of the ClrJanu.ation which ~
m&lfled, Wblle .Uempur1l 10 eradi-
cate many tTaCCI of Xapoleonic
~mment. a number of ".ta
atablithcd corp baled upon the
FlftK:h Gendarmerie 10 a(:l u both
army and police. In Ihe Papal 51.tCl
lhere WCTt formed two rqimmu of
'00
•
'Carabinieri Pontifici' in July 181,5, plate of the r&Ilk and file bore an mounted trumpelen 1ft full drCII w«e
eac:h regimenl (aoc:ordilll to the 1816 emboMed Papal li.ra and C10ur0 the mqmfic:enl eoItumc here de·
Regul.lioN) c:omprilins three Kjuac!. k(')"I. In Kr\'icc: cUe. a ailllie-brcuted pieled, with the lrumpel·banner
I'OfU., each of tWO c:omptl./lia arid .n ~n C(MI,tn: ..'ilh mt coIlar·patchCl bearing the regimental IIIle, "KlMI)
fIne company, • lOW of IOITIe 76 "......orn, ...ith ...hile troIIIerI for IUOGUU..' O"O ~SI.r.KI POlfn"Cl.
officcn arid 1,746 cAAcr ranb. of lummer ....d 1fC)'·bro...n trot.llen ..idl The hone-fl,lJ'Dit\,ll'e of the ordinary
.. born half...CTtmounled. grren Itripe for winter; the grateoat carabinicn COI'lIiltcd of. while Iheep-
Detaehmcnll of the Carabinieri ..... abo grq,.bro\\'n ..im red collar· akin with green •...olf t«lh' doth
,,'ere tcaucrcd throughoul the Papal palchCl. N,C.O.. had a.iguillell('ll of edging.
5tatCi In an .!templ 10 combat the mixed arttn and .ih'tt, and lih'tt In 18]1 the Carabirncri partiei.
briiandry - often aPf'"*Chilll a full- ""'~ paled in politica.l riou &pintt the
_Ie guerrill. ....r - "'hich plagued Drummcn of dilmounted com· Pope, and WCTt immediatdy diI-
the rura1 and mountain dislric;u and paniCi .-ore • wu Ii;arm not diatmilar banded.. A limilar ~ ..... later
rew ..ilicb campaign the' Pope ....arded from ahat of the pri~.. tcs, bul the railed, ...hich etUlled amtill970-
• mcdaJ I U ...orn by the officer in dlit
pUle. Other compania Ia"'ed U
('I(:Or1 10 the Pope. ranking in prctt-
•
denoe u .ccond only to the Noble
G!ani, the flite ltatla of the c:orpI
being .oo..'D b)' die fact that Cara-
bmJeri oI5c:t:l i outnnked offia::l i of
Iimilar ~tion in the Lmc. Being 011
CDlNtanl acti~'e JO'Vicc, the Cara-
bUucri "'U'C the IDOIt expericrJced
tl'OOpI m the army.
Tbcic unib1n .. Ibown in the IW'O
fipra illUltBttd, Wen from con-
tcnlporary walCllXIkIun dcpktiDf die
Elite Company of the 'It Regimenl
the fhte oompaniel alone .-ore the
beankin cap, ..'1UCh had • red doth
patch wldl ..tutelfCl'l3de ~ al!he
rur . Officers U$\.LIlI,. .-ore • lih~
atguillClle 011 the rifl:ht 1houIdcr;
other rarab' lace ..... whne, dil-
mounled companies haVlIll white
br~ and Iorog black gaiten for
winla, .rod ..-bite for .urnmcr. The
beankin ..... TftCI'Ved for full dfCli, •
b1.ek bicom hal ..i!h white edging,
red pompom and p1wne, and a Papal
eoc:bde Iwhite with yellow edge
Iea1red by • white 100p beirl8 worn
on other oecaIioru, The brut belt-
'0'

RE\'OLL:T10:\'S I:\' EUROPE, ,83l>-3'
TIle liberal political and §()Cia) ideas" hleh ,,~ by this linK' inoeutnl{
in strength and Kflj>(' ... ('~ destined to ca~ oontinum. conflict until
thl: middle of I~ ttmur)". 1n RUBia, olhcen and intellttt~'" havinl{
adopt~ 1m- li~ral throria circulaung in WCSltTfl Eu~. forl'l1al a
number of KCfft lO(:i("tlo with the Intention of O\'erthrowlnl{ 1M ,till
alm061 f('udal po\oO;('r of the Cl':ar. ,\luanda', assassination ""35 planned
for 18'26, but he fomlalkd the pioHen by d)'ing in Novembcr 181').
n\(, so-called 'I)(oc("mbri,t' 1"('\'011 broke' out on the day Nicholas I was
proclaimed Czar, but news had been leaked of the coup and it nev!:'r
~ally gol undcr W3)'_ Some troop! 'including the !l.I05COw Guard
Regiment, occupied nate Squa~ in 51 Petl:rsburg, but wcrt' Iwept
a",,,)' with gn~hot; fh,C' of the senior plone" "ere executed, and Ih('
h1l1f·hcartcd rt'\"()1t .... as over. It had coruidtnble effcci on Ihe RlUIian
army, ho.... ever; Xichnlas, fearful of a rcpt'lit.ion, lumed tM alread\'
hanh drill inlO an automatic ('XCf"ClK to In IiI blmd obcdil,"!\Ce into tht
ordmary soktin, and Itnnilled any init~tive on Ihe pan of the offi<:~
whtnt...tr it bcame apparent, So ridiculous did the uwstence on
immaculate pande-IVOtmd drill bttome lhal tM infanlry scaredy
C'o'er fired their muskets, .... hich in any CalC wert fcarfull)' damal{«i b\
polishing with brick-dwi to make them sparkle, and by' IooK:ning all
the screv.-s to make an 'attnctive' ntlle on parade, so that mOlt \\C're
usdos e...en if ammunition for largc:l-praeucc had been available.
Only- In the Caucasus was the army' kept in a state of readinr:s:s, bUI wa~
regarded as unfashionable and ulUt)lish by the remainder of lhe army,
In t830 came the fint serious blows to the existing order of European
government, when in Jul) tile Restoralion monarchy in France was
loppled by a revolution in Paris. KinK Charles X .....as deposo:! and a
new constitutional monarchy, with Charles'. cousin, Louis Philippe, .1.1
iu head, was euabltshed. The new rtgirnc used troops to uppms
furtherinsurrcctiOlUat L)"On in 1831,and in Paris and again lyon in 183~'
TIlt Congress. ofYtenna had created a ne.... Kingdom ofthe ",ether-
lands in 1815, combinlnl!: Holland. Belgium and Luxembourg undtr
\\ill~m of Oran~. TIK assoc~tion was not a happy' one; 8c1~~ns
I'CSI."nted a Protatanl, and in Iheir eyes despotic, King; and Ihis, .....Ith
1M faded har...at and hard .... lnter In 1818--:)0 caused the Bellfian
RC'o"Olution, Dutch troops .....e re dri...en from IkusK:Is in AUlust 1830
""
afu:-r four days ofl1ll;lulnll; all;amS! civilian and hastil)-formed \"OluntCTr
Units, and many IkI~lJ.n'lC"mll: In Ihl' :\'tlherlands army dnentd nr
were dwnWed as Ixinl{ of uncnlain loyalty', ,\fter a ml"nth tM
:'\tthcrlands arm,' .....as 10 .... nk and diJorp,nistd thai the Dutch
:'\alional Guard had 10 Ix moblliJed, and .... a jointd In' \oluntCTr unus.
ik.. tho.r of the IklglaIU f"rJn('(l from patriOhc ClliUIlS and inclooinl{
a number of ri!1f' COrpl raUed from unl\·tnity tOO!:'nb. 1n ()clnbtr
Bdll:~n indl:'pendeocl:' .... as d«lared, and In 1IIf' saml' month General
(haat. occuPYing Ihe \nt.... erp citadd for thl' Kin~, strt'n~lhl'nl:'d
anu-Dulch fn:linll; b)' hll bombardment oftht CIt),
'Il11:' danger of a Europun .....ar of la"Kt proporlions loomc:'d, Thl'
new French govl'mmtnt prl:'partd an army to help m the 'liberation'
oflklRium, and mllny Iklgialu ravoured a union with Fr.tnct, I'ru$5ia,
. \u~lria and Russia were prtpartd to hdp Holland. t\ conrertnce of the
M"'tal jlO\-Itn called in London aRft'cd upon a ttmporar)" armistiet III
.'O\'(':mOO, and d«idrd in Ihe follo.... inll: month, thanks to the tfforu
oj ~Itllcmich and Ihe Duke of \\dlinRlOn dater Palmel"\'IolI afttr
\\dhnlttoo's RO''tmmt"nt ftll" Ihal the Kml(dom of thl:' :\!:'lhtTlands
should be dissohed, .... Ith 8th.~ium becominll an independt-nt, ne-utral
~ale .... II.-- Indeptnden« .... U I{U2ranltfti by lhe may>!' !lo.....en. In
.funt 1831, after a w-art'h fOf" a King t~t .1.1 times approached sheer
1.;trt'i(', Leopold ofSaxe-Cobu~ was '1:'1("(:1«1' King Leopold I ofBell{lum
l...t'npokt requated and /{Ol luxl'mboufJ!: as pan of his nt..... kill/{-
dom. This prompted Kinll; Wtll~m of Holland. who had "atc/lC'd thl:'
political manocu\"nn~ .....lth incrcasinJj: an~, 10 ael on his ()¥In,
Commanded by Crown Prince \\'ill~m the somewhat incompettnt
H'ler.m of\\attrloo), II Dutch fidd amly' of IOmc 50,000 mi('11 marcllcd
over Iht border in thrt!:' columns, inttndll1l1: to di\'idc Ihe 1.... 0 hastily'-
aht'mbltd, \"oluIIIl:cr IklKian armies facill!! thtm, Both Sides included
\,olulll«r and National Guard uniu, which lX'rform«l with credit al
tht Banlc of liaadt ,7 Augusl 1831 TI~ outcome .....as that the
Belll:ian ,\rm)' of Ihe ~lcult' ftll back 011 Li~t in disorder, Tht Dutch
Ilttn tumed to face llit 8tll{lan Army of Itte Scheidt, fallin't back upon
8ntsaels, \\ ilh man\' of thl' \nny of tltt Me\Dt's \"O!untttr Untts:
d"monIUed and du.intewalllll{, 8c1'lian fortunes .... crc daperale; 1!Jcy
.... f'rt' Q\'nI, I'IO"'C'orr, by a I-rench army of 60.000 under \Ianhal
Gf'rard .... ho marehed into 8t1l{1um on 8 \Ull;u't" ured by tbe I rt'nch
goo,cmmenl thai tilt) would .... lIhdra ~ soon as hoslihtiC'1 ceaxd, the-
>thl'r major JlO"'en alll'ttd that thoc1' ere actinll: in tbe interests: oflhl:'
london Confcrenci('.
'''3
 Marching on Louvain, the Dutch met ltiff resistance, particularly fight. On 26 May Diebiueh was again engaged, this time by Polish
from the Bnwell 'Cardes Civique', but by 12 August the Army of the general Skrzneki, in the long and fearfully bloody Baule of Ostrolenka,
Scheidt was almost sUfT(lunded in Louvain. On receiving news that an indecisive fight which neverlheless caused Sltrzneki'l withdrawal.
both Britain and France demanded an arminice, with a British Reet The Poles, now commanded by General Dembinski, retired to Warsaw,
sailing to blockade Dutch ports and Gerard'i army coming up quickly, which Paskievich normed on 6-8 September t83t. After a gallant
the Crown Prince decided it prudent to withdraw. Though the war was defence, the Russian capture of the city was accompanied by the most
virtually over, ChiWC Wall still besieged in Antwerp (this time by the horrific slaughter, and the insurrection ell:tinguished in an extremely
French) which he held unli11832. A formal armiltice wu concluded in ,'iolent manner.
~lay 1833, but only in April 1839 was the independence of Belgium The revolutions of ,830-31 (which also included revolts in ~Iodena,
recognised by the Dutch. Parma and the Papal States, largely inspired by Cuiseppe Mauini and
The Belgian Rf:"olution is the belt-known of the 1830 revolts, but an only luppressed with Austrian auinance) had little effect on the
even more seriow insurrection occurred in Poland, and this time there military costume of the large states, but produced in both Belgium and
was no intervention from the major powen as there had been to save Poland a style of dress which was to become politically-identifiable
Belgium. The Congress of Vienna had once more divided Poland (as with republicans, democrau and adherenu of other predominantly
the Duchy of Wamw) between Pruuia, Aunria and Russia. The proletarian movements, a uniform based upon working-clothes and
Ruuian piece became the 'Congress Kingdom', with the Cur ruling smocks, though of a necessarily ornate form to conform 10 established
as King of Poland. military tenets. This Style of uniform .....as due to appear again through-
The Poles' characteristie hatred of foreign domination erupted into out Europe, later including politically-styled fell hau and 'democratic'
insurrection in Wanaw in November 1830, following recurrent friction haircuts!
with the Ruuians in previoul yean. The Polish revolt began when it
did partly as a result of the Belgian rebellion; while giving the Belgians
morallupport the Poles feared that the Czar might use the Polish army
to auist the Dutch, but when Belgian success became apparent the
Poles decided upon an atlempt to throw off the repressive Czarist .,. Honaadl 'ftanquen' wore wings, !he remainder
regime which had deprived them of numerow democratic rights. .) Drummer, having white-cdsed blue shoulder-
The Polish anny - Rwsianised almost completely - was only some Gu.rd Gre_dleu, Itrap'. The grey trousen were officially
Full Dro_, .83-. worn in winter ""i!h grey gaiten, both
3°,000 strong, but expanded at an incredible rate as volunteers Rocked b) Private, iu:nu being white for summer, the
to join hastily-raised corps, until over 80,000 men were in the field. n.aquer., 8th WaDlry, fashion illustrated being a com-
Beginning in Wanaw - where the patriots became O'Ver-enthwiastic Full Dre.a, .83., bination of !he two. Greatcoats ""ere
and massacred Ruuian-supporten - the revolt spread and an element The ltandard Dulch infantry uniform double-brClUted, of medium grey,
of anarchy ensued. Not only did the Poles claim to be merely auerting COlUuted of bell-toppc<! Ihako with with brass buttons and white collar-
their rights, but they also called for the deposition of the Czar. This, the usual orange cockade, gilt plate of patchCl.
coupled with the great bloodshed and the fact that both Awtria and 'Iunbunl' Ihape ""i!h ""hite metal Grenadien ,,'ore a simila.r uniform,
Pruuia had Polish subjects who might rise if the Polish revolt went number, and red pompom 'green for but with large fur cap, whieh had a
against Russia, inevitably resulted in Polish appeals for help going 'Ranquer' companiCl), On active patch on Ihe back bearing a ""hite
unheeded. terVice (Iuch AI the in\'uion of grenade. Grenadier 'ftanquen' wore
Belgium) the shako wu covered with the infantrylhakowith green pompom
Ruuian generalt Diebitteh and Paskievich with t 14,000 men brought a black 'waterproof' bearing the and red tuft, and a grenade on the
fire and sword to the area, whilst Polish factions fought each other for regimental number in ""hite paint. plate, with while grenade painted on
supremacy. At the Battle of Grochkow (20 February 183 t), however, The uniform """ u illustrated for all the sha~'er. Grcnadien also ,,'ore
a Polish army under Prince Radziwdl halted Diebitseh in a sanguinary regiments, except that only the red wings and facings, yellow lace
'04 '°5
 loopl. \\ 11l1~ sho,dd.".••trapl plpM rl'd
\\uh brasa Mrenad~ badltes, whit~
gn:nades on th~ lurnbacks and rl'd-
laced.ll:reau:oat-eollars.
Light Infant!) \\or~ rl'1o(ulation
shakO$ wllh brass r~il1l~mal numlxr
and humin!i!-hom badlt~ and .ll:rttn
pompom. with \\hit~ humintt-horns
on th~ CO\~.. ; doublo:-br~astn:l .ll:r«1l
jack~tl wllh ,~lIow pipintt. dark Kr<:eIl
win~. and )~llow hUnLlI1lt·horn turn·
back badltel; gr~atcoat as Ixfor~ btU
with )~lIow-lacnl collar,
Th~ unh'ersa,1 infant!) "Iulpl1l~m
rot1>lIted of pack. lin<,n ha\~rlack,
iron mess-lin and canl~~n. and black
lnth~r cartridtt....oolt bc'armlt a gr~n­
adC' or hUllling-hom \'oh~n: appro-
priat~; iII.C.O." lind mu~icialU carril'd
short S\\-onH m lIddidon to the usual
bayonet. \\hich \\as oft~n fastC'ned to
the sid~ of th~ cartrid!i!~-bolt. 5\\ord-
knots \\en: ofwhit~ and oranlle ign"<'n
fot light mfanl!)). omun wore gold
lace: ~pauleuel, \'oilh Ihin fringel for
company office:n and bullion frinlj:n
for IllOft of field rank, th~ cpaukuel
of '.Illd Lieutenant and ~llljor ha"intt
1\\0 ~il\~r SIr1pe1 ort thl:' Ilrap. and
thos~ of lSt L,eulenant and Li~Ul~n·
anl-Colon~1 one $.iker Itripe. AdJu-
lants wore fringelOI cpaukllO. cor_
porab 1"0 )'cllow lace chC\rortI.
ICrgeants on~ gold chco.ron. and
Krgeant-IItllJO" IWO gold che;-,'rOlil.
20. Selsl\lm:
.) Officer.
TI...iIIe\ln Li~!ol.s
(L\lik.se Tinille\lu).
183°'
b) Officer.
Civil Guard. 183"
.06
e) Private,
BataUlon de I'E.UIII
(S.... ljoD van de Schelde),
.837'
I1lis plale sho\'o' Ihe ~"olution of
Betl\'ian ri/1" unifornl ,most of Ih"
haJolll)·raiiro \'oluntce:n Ixin'l liltht
infant!)" or riA"I1l"nl, and th~ Ci.il
"uard dr....
'11,,, Tiraillwn Lifilois wor~ a
Iypicalh_hench sl)l" unifonn.
thoutth ofth" unusual bro\'on colour.
rccaJhnlt th~ famoUl Porlu!l;u<'$C ~a.
dor~ ooloun of the: Pl:'nmsular \\'ar.
Other lktails pall~rn ofshako, cut of
the unIform, ("\lCn thc KOT'Il~t an: all
oIJ,;iousl) rr"nch in dnill:n. 'lne Ci.,l
Guard uniform is tht: c1:t.Sl1ic 'smock-
frock' Ilarm~nt mspirn:l b., ci",lian
...orkinll: cloth". al onc~ both politi-
<,all)' siltnificant and mUlCh mor<:"
unporlant in limes of em"rx~nc,
easih produced. It ... ;u alw one of the
lllOIII comforlabl<'. $('1'\'ieubk Rar-
menu )'~I desittned. 111" contem-
porar) print upon \'0 hich lhis tigurr ~
ba>cd aOO wow'S Cl:'1'tain CORCCllion.
10 curr~nt mihlal'Y fashion aigull-
kllell for mu:;icialU and fur busbio for
pion~n, for aampk. Th<' shako, or
French $lyl~, btan th~ nt:W lkl!l;ian
cockade of red, \ dlow and black.
Ja.ckwor 1011lt, Il\~\'oka-lit)k gar-
menl$ "en: aOO n1uch-fa\'Ouud by th~
Bel!;ian \'oluntcen, fr<'que-ntl) ...oro
with 'round hats' of f~1t or lealhCI.
!l~n~rali) rncmblmg a tall 'Iopper'
\'0 Ilh one sid~ of th~ brim turned up,
Oo~ t83l COlVS. for example, th,'
Parti$an~ of CapLaUmOnl, wore ~r~n
knce-knll:lh coal'S .. ,th red "ll)in~.
gr~ trOl!M:n. and black hats \'ollh rnl
cap-lines, national cockade and pom-
ponu of th~ natiOllal colou.., from
"hich ro:.c a 'falhnll:' plume of
black h~ha,r. Cartridge-bolla w~n:
ol"tcn ..01 n at the front of the wal~l_
belt, and oftcn bore a hUlltmg-horn
dC'·icc. A prog1"Cllion from Ihe carl)'
,vluntcer uniform can bt K'Cn in the
dr... of the Batallion de l'Escam io
t8]7, \'ohith \'o'hi1c retammg th~ OKn-
!.ial character of "oIunt~r uruform
hal become more of an iJ>u" drf»
and leu of an emergency m"asure likt:
that of the Civil Guard.
III, PolaDdl
.) Voldseur.
"lib Inf.ntry Rest, ISa6,
b) Officer,
Itt Lancers, 1830'
111i1 plate wows th~ uniform of th"
Polish arm) prior to the t8]O-] 1
ll':\'Olution. Whilt: maintaining tra-
ditional Polish ~Iemenll for Cllample
lh<' lanc~r umform, the style was
copied directly from thaI of Ruuia.
With the Cllception that all Polish
infantry \'oore ooloured lapeb (only-
the Russian Guards did, thc gl'tll:'ral
pallcm was almO$I Kkntical; ~"cnth"
"nonnous, thin plume charaClerillie
of Ruuian infant!)· IhakOl \'oas used
by lOme Polish oorpl. Som~ indq>en-
dence was mamtam«l, ho""\'"r, in
the Polilh helm<:t·plate \'o'OTll on both
th~ shako and czapka. Ilof'lC Artill~Tl
"ort a dllrk green uni form" nh black
facl1lp and r«l piping, rcminis«nt
of Ihat of the Ouch) of \\arlaw, Ihc
~olouring of the unifornl lxilll1; th~
onl)' rdic of Pohsh paruclpauon III
Napoleon'_ arm).
'07
211. Pol.nd,
.) S.Ddomir Voluntten,
.830 3 1 ,
b) Podl•• ie Vol....teen.
.8)0 31.
Ilt;, platc ,lIullrates 1\'0'0 of the ellolic
umfomu "'OI'n by "olunt<'l"r un,u
during the t83Q-31 rC"olUlion, taken
from a oorttempora!)' prlnl. The knee-
length froc:k-coal was Clltcnsl,'dy
uK'd. ooupling traditional Polish
f~alura ...ith the more 'romalllic'
11)'1" fa\'OUred throughout Eurap<'.
Grollhus' Sandomir Volunteers ...ere
drCllCd in a 'gn:nadier' It)'le wuh
ugle·plal«l beankin cap, whilc
Colond Kuszell's Podla.>ie "olunteen
WOl'~ the old 'Konfc<!"ratka' head·
drt51, a Polish cap ...hich ..... the fore-
runner of the czapka. Both thac
figures ar" laken direclly from a oon-
l~mporal")' "i~tun:, and the oolounng
reproduced ex.KtlYi it il int~resting
to note, howe"er, that KnOtel'l HaN/-
buell dtt ('tlif_1rrwIt gives both the
coat of the Sandomir c:orp and the
facing'S oflh" Podhuie u green. On the
cap of the J'odluie VolulllCCl'* Wali
born" the traditional Poli5h ~Ialt~
Crou device, over a skull and cl"(lIICd
bones, signif)'mg the genuine deter-
mination of Ihe Polish patriot ann)'.
TIIC Konfl'deratka w:u alw worn
11). t\'oO of th~ f'C'llUlar infantl)' UllllS
rais<'d 11l 1830--3t; that of the loth
Reglln~nt, for ex.ample, had a K&l"kt
cloth lOP Wilh !ov.'.". band of white
fur. \'ollh lit-er_laced cockade and
\'ohite upright plum" (for offic~n),
worn \'olth a full-sltirtl'd blue coat
\'oilh scarlct collar, cuffs, hrung and
piping, dark blu~ 1I0uSoCrs with red
strrpe, lit.."r "pauklles lind laced
Ixlil.

One of \he mOlt unUlu.1 unifonnt
wu th.t of the 'KrakUl', • corpl
bearing the POle n.me u th.t of
N.polcoo'l .rmy (named from the
to....'11 of Cracow), They wore crimlOn-
topped Konfeder.tku with bl.ck fur
b&nd .nd green plume, cn:.m-
coloured knee-length c:o&t with crim-
IOn coll.r, pointed cuffl and cartridge-
tube-pockell on the breut (u in
PI.te 32), grey noulel'l with double
crimson uripes, with long green
greatcOall with attached cape, hned
crimson .nd with collar .nd cuffi of
the POle, and much .ilver lace .round
,oS
•
tbe bonum ed«e of both coat and
cape; the corp was .rmed with ...bre
(Iupported by • black w.iltbelt) and
lan~ with crimson-ova-white pen-
non, Other volunteer cavalry adopted
bl.ck uniforml; the KaUsch Volun-
teer La.ncel'l, for ex.mple, had black
CO&II with Iky-blue f.cil\ii, crinllOn
girdla, black tl'OUlCfI with Iky-blue
Itripes, Iky-blue a.pka-topl .nd
crinllOn o~r Iky-blue lance-pennolU,
National Guard units generally wore
dark blue coall, tfOUlCfI and Kon-
federatku with red facingl and black
e<jI,lIpment.
•
OPERATIONS IN EUROPE, 1830-40
Trouble in hal)" continued, still stirred up by ~Iazzini. and slill foreign
assistance .... as required to hold the rebellions in check; Austrian troops
occupied Romagna (January 1832) and French troops look Ancona in
?brch. A l\Ia~zini uprising in !)iedrllorll and Savoy failed in 1834
causing one of his supporters, a )"oung Sardinian sailor named Gari-
baldi, to flee for his life. Sporadic insurrections continued to flare up for
yean. I ntervcntion in the affairs of minor stales by established powers
was not limited to Italy, however; in 183'2 a Bavarian expeditionary
force .....ent to assist King Otto of Greece in retaining his power, and
remained there untilt837.
Russia's expansionist policy kept her frontier armies constantly
active, thus preventing the whole of the Rmsian army from becoming
bogged down in a mire of parade-ground precision at the expense of
efJiciency. After the t8'28-'29 war against Turkey (ostensibly to support
Greece but aClUally to further their own aims) they became involved in
the First Turko---Egyptian War of 183'1-33. by assisting Turkey to
resist an Egyptian attack! When a Russian squadron arrived at
Constantinople, both England and France were sufficiently afraid of
the extension of Russian influence that they arranged a peace by lhe
Convention of KUlahia. It was not the fint time since 18t5 that these
t.....o nations had concerned thenueh'cs with oriental affairs; in 18t6 an
Anglo---Dutch f1e('t under British Admiral Lord E.xmouth (Edward
Pellew, dcstro)'ed the Algerian fleet in Algiers harbour to discourage
piracy, and British demon5lr3tiOlu were again necessary in 18t9, a
further bombardment of Algiers in 1824. and a French blockade of the
port in 18'17 '19.
Pushing onwards, Russian forces moved into Turkestan. Advancing
into the Khanate of Kiva, General I'erovsky's expedition ended in
disaster (t839); thereafter, the Russians moved nlore slowly until
completing the task in 18..,.
The main theatre of war during this period. ho.....cver, wa.s in Spain.
Ferdinand VI J, before his death in 1833. nominated his infant daughter
Isabella to rl'ign under the regency of his wife, Maria Christina, instead
or passing the throne under Salic law to his brOther, Don Carlos. As
soon as Ferdinand died, Carlos organised a revolt to take the throne for
himself; Britain, France and Portugal all cntered into an alliance .....ith
'09
 •

the S~niJh government to hdp in the rebellion's supprcuion. From lhe lha.lu~p1alt'... lion and era"'n and
Brilain .....enl Ihe 10.000 nrong 'Uml'lh Ugion', a mcrccnary body .. bunung If'nladt' '1M laller 10 mdi-
recruited under Ihe autllOrlty of PlIlrhllllllenl lIlnd commlllnded b)' SIr calt' tM anillcry r61el on lho: belt.
~ e de LaC)' Evam, Of the 10,000 troops, Enru hinudf lIldmllted plait'. In 18~7 Kinll Gt'or1;t' 1\
thlllllllboul 2,200 werC' 50 Infirm or old u 10 be unfit for tcrVicc. Man)' dirt'cltd lhal, In ,It'"' of 1M tcnit'es
Pennuular War vetCRIUI wcrc included in IU I"1Ilnb, including tM well.
or the Royal :>Ianna m ('\'11:'I)' QClI'TICf
of the world. they should be IfI'VIttd
known fOldlcr-lIlulhor Edward CoIlello, a ~nt of riRes in the as a badge 'Iho: Greal GIobt' .udf'.
PenilUular WlIlr but a light infamry aptain in tM Legion. Frana: .. hd cmblt'm tS proudl) UIt'd b. the
'rented' her entire Foreign Legion to Spain, thiJ Bite corps forming the ~lOthllda)'.
nucleus or the badly·led 1o)"llliJt arlll). In fh"C )'urs of ferocious Othft- nnb' unibTns of the
gucrrilb, "'",r ofalmon unparallded sa\~, the Foreign Legion .....as artillcrY .... tTC I1milu 10 lhoK of the
11111 but dl'Stro)·ed. though winnin~ lhcnut'h·es a gTC1Ill reput.<l.lion al officcn but mm.. tht' la«, and ....Ib
Tel"1llpcgui 126 '\pril 1836 and Hue:sca 24 ~Iarch 1837). When the bnilshould««ab and .. h.lt' ball.
biltCT "'u wu concluded by the ConfederatiOn of Vergara (31 .\ugwt lufll on the sbak... A palnunlj: of Ihe
1837), the dcfealed Don C1Ilrk. took refuge III France:. Baulc of Hanam Ihcaoooll thil uniform
in uK, with offlCCfI .... cann~ und~
Ap1Iln from the uniforms {or in lOme cascs lack of them ..... orn by the
capl and frock-eoau "tSl('ad of the
annies Involved III the C1Ilrlin War, there was insufficient 'lIlclivc service' uniform illl.llirattd. The ,"f,","II)'
in Europe III the t83()--of0 period to lInpolC anr check upon thc develop· ~It.alions "'Of"'(' rtd umfonns with
ment of military conume. Only in the uniforllU shown in Plato 38 and blue fa.cinlp, bul l,ke IMir counler·
39 was any real concession made to efficiency rather than 'shoW'i pull in Ihe Line:, tht' musicians wt'rC'
towards the end of the 183°'1, ho.....e\·er. ligns of a gradual simplification uniformtd in .. mO&I t'!tOlle manner.
W(:rC' beginning to appear in lOme cases, though this had little erreet on The drum·major wore a ,~ or lCSl
the ornate characler of uniforms in general. regulalion drCII rtd faced bluc
With the rt'qullitt' yards of ROId laa. a
drooping wh.te horIchair plum<: on
the shako. and lillhl blue: 11"OUSt'n;
EUROPEAN UlIo'lFORMS 18~o (PlaiN 23-3t) Other ~n, hown'er, "'Of"'(' the
uniform as Ihov.-n on the i1IUlilralion
.,. Britain: was hmltt'd to small apt'dul(llU an Iht' of the ~ndm&!oler In IhtS pbte. lakm
.) Blutdna.ntr, ~Ieductr-ant'an and oricntall~~ of from a pielUlt' 1>,' E.. I-tull. The .. hitt'
Royall'ttariDK, 1123- opcratiom. untrorm 'much fa\'OUrtd b)' InfAntl)'
b) OfIicer, Manne unibms ~ the bandsmen), the addIlion ofrtd p1utrot'
infantry Uniform ehangt' '"'11:'I)' linle,
tht' mml not.ablc f..atulT being thc
adoption I>, Iht' ill1d and 3rd FOlIC
Guardt of a umform 10 matCh lhal of
the Ifl, bo, lho: ,"Iroduction of the
bcanhn cap pI"('\-.!\' the unlqUC
diMincrion or the Grntadicr Guards.
S, 1831 il "M Inlrodt'd 10 .... namr
the Other IWO r~1I 10 Incrt'iUI'
!heir prnt1l;tt', and aher thnr dra. to
fUJiiin' p-unn; 111 thc ('\"'t'III. aJt1MxJgb
bOth tooil the fur cap. the 2nd Cold·
itrt'alll Guards namr "M rn&1nt'd
and onl) the 3rd Rl'Ifimcm became
1M Scots t'..dlt't" Cuards. 'Inc flU"
t'apl had fronl plata In the design of
a e1O\'>TICd Tudor roIC', fl"'t'qUt'ml)
half·hldden 1» fur, c... of offiecn of
IhI' Scots had a stllall !l,lt .!)Iar of the
Orderoflhe Thlltle on Ihe I»ck of the
call. Tllt' ull,ronn illustralm (from a
porlralt of Lirult'nant & Captai" Ihe
I-Ion. II. ~Ionlasu by A. J. Dubois
Drahonel mcludtd Ih.. ",hite plume
i"ilially lakt'n b) all Ihrt'C rt'8imcnll,
though t'\"('nluall)' the Scots di..
carded Ihrin and Iht' Coldllreams
Ic.;)k a rtd p1umr on tht' righl.land
s>dr oflhl' cap inslt'&d. An mlcratlng
featurt' of lhe: uniform dlllllraltd .....
the II:'OIlar. onlv the fronl half of ...hKh
..... In the blue: facin~-aMour, the
rear portIOn bcl"8 nod. 1n.. offittrl'
coIlar.~ "'... the St.ar of the

...
Royall'thrlae Artillery,
~
The Roo.-.I Marines ....-re orpnited an
battalions of infAntry' and t.llCrio of
Royal \Ia.rine ArtiIkr)·. ~ bal-
talion and ont' baUIl:'l)' accom~
the Bntish ~ In the: Carlisi War,
sreatl)' ddtingulS!llng tht"'Mehet at
the Balllt' of Hanani In 1837. Other·
wile. Itw:ir tcn·~ during thill period
,"0
1tspt'iL1I\"'t' mfAnuy and RO)"&I Anlllt'f)
Itlles. ..ith regimental badges and
dllllnctionl. 1bc anillt'f), offiar
,lIl.l1lraltd wean "'bal .. u buoealh
the Mat ""Om In S.-;n, occpt for
dighl altcralionl m the shako aIIIt'd
by the 18]9 Regulations. Whilt' ((11\.
forming to RO)"&I ArtilJcr) 11)'Ie, tlK'
lradilional Roy"&l Marine cmblt'ms
were worn as badga an anchor on
and lr'OIDt'n, ~ with much fOld
Ia.ot', ma<Ic thc unlrorm one of the
_ 1 allrKIl\"'t' of lhe: arm)'.
Orda- of thc 1billlc.
B) 18:12 theno remained (111) fi\"'t'
light dratoon ret\rncnll. the ]rd.
..th, 11th. 'Sth.nd loflh. ""CamIfI: a
:Lf. Britala, blue: unifOrm Ilffular 10 that of the
.) M"Ieaat., 18t2 pallern, ,,"h hea,·ily·1aad
14th 1Ja:bt Dral_as, 1Sp. shako and ,from 1822 ~ nod
b) OfIiccr, and .. hile plume lof fcathom fOr
)rd Foot Guards, I':P. offiecn . 'In.. ]rd had scarlt'l faongs..
The' rci«n of \\.II1&nl IV saw the th.. 4th Iillhl rt'llow, the: I Ith and 13th
'"'

I
 buff and Ihe 14th orallge; troulCn
were uy-blue in Ihe t8~~ Rcgub.lioru
and blue-g~ in thole of 18~8. "Iu_
sidaru (frequently negroa) ofltTI wore
while uniforms; thOM: of the 4Lh in
18~~, for uamplc, according to a
painlinK by J, Pardon, "'01'e white
jackel.S with red facings. red Irot1ICn
wilh white stripe, and red cloth muos
with white lace: and red-and·white
plume,
William IV l1.1lempted to clothe the
enure arm)' in red, and enjo)'ed lOme
succeu; Ihe hght dralloonl lOOk red
jackets in about L83'1, following
instructions to do 10 in L831. The ,rd
and 14th took blue facings, the ,ph
)'ellow (changed to gr«n in 18]6),
and the IlIh and 13th COfltinued to
wear buff, that of the I,th being 10
pale as to be almost white. Only the
officen of the 3rd and 13th had
prc-.'iowl)" worn gold lace hellow for
the other ranks). bUL all regular offi·
c;en "-ere ordered to wear gold lace in
1830. sih'er being reser....e d for the
militia. Jackets remained double-
bre1l5ted but lost the coloured lape15;
girdles were (for officers) of gold lace
with twO coloured stripes, crimson
being Ihecolour according to the t834
Regulations. 111e bell.topped shako
was heavily·laced and had a Maltese
Cross platej offieen' plumes wen:
suppolCdly of white feathen bUL in
wme cases the red-and-while style
continued. HOrKhair plumes v.ere
..-orn by wme officen as well as by Ihe
otllt:r ranks. The figure illustrated
shows the regulation uniform of the
14th, based upon a Dubois Drahonet
portraIt of Sc1leant John Brookfield.
MOIl notable is the blue-striped
gIrdle, not changed (officially) until
'"
1834. The black leather sabretache
bore a brass badKe in the shapc of a
crowned Maltese Cross, Its on the
shako.
• llInks ....ere gl\'en epllulelles (white for
2). Britain:
a) Offieer, Royal Artillery,
Undres.. 18a8.
b) Officer,
Battalion Company,
1)0. Foot, 18p.
c) Serleant, Llsbt Company.
460. Foot, UDdu••, 1837.
111e 18'18--.tg shako has already bttn
described (Plate 14)' 11u: offiCCl' of the
t5th (East Yorkshin:) Regiment
(taken from a contemporary print)
shows the change in infantry dress
from the post_Waterloo style; prior to
1829 officen' undreB jackeu had
buuoned-o-.:er lapcls, hiding the panel
of the facing colour, but in that rear
the coloured lapcols "'l':re abolished
completely. From 18~, other ranks'
jackeu ,,'ere alLercd by the addition of
a laee loop on the oollar, and the loops
on the breast changed to decrl':aIC III
length nearer the waist. from 1835
the tall plume: was replaced br a while
ball_tuft. As already menlioned, all
regular officers wore gold lace from
L830' and the gorget was finally
abandoned. RegimentallY'plItlemcd
lace for other ranks was discontinued
in favour of plain white in t836, in
which year 5trgeants adopled un-
laced, officer-st)'!e coatees. In 1833
willler tl'O\l$Cl'S wen: ordered to be
grey, ",ith a red stripc on the outer
scam; white trousers were still used
for summa.
In the 18..0·s infantry uniforms al
last began to change for the better,
tho"ih even at the beginning of the
•
Crimean War "'ere still no mor.:
functional than Iheyhad been in t8t~.
A sin. pier pattem offur cap was adop-
ted by the Guards in 1835, and all
the rank and file). A new shlLko wal
authorised in 1839; slill bell-toppc'<i,
it had a leather chinstrap (laler a
chain) inslead of scales, other ranks'
plates being in the fonn of a crowned
di.sc bearing the regimental number;
from 1143 ball-tufts were red and
white for battalion companies, In
18+4 the 'Alben' shako, of 'sto-.·epipc'
fonn (ICC Plate '18) replaced the bell·
topped cap, copied probably from
Austro-J.·rench designs. From 1145
sergcanu' sashes no longer carried
stripes of the facing colour, and in
1148 the fabe pock.ets wen: removed
fromlhe coat.tails. The white summer
trousen, though still wom in the
roIonies, ",er.: deemed to cause rheu-
matism at home, and were replaced in
t8.t6 by a la\'ender-eoloured cloth
which faded rapidly and was ilXlf
replaced by dark blue in 18~.
Grenadier caps "'ere discontinued in
114'1 for the: shlLko with white ball-
tuft, allO wom by Fusilier regimenu;
on the 'Albert' cap thae were also
worn, Fusiliers having grenade-
shaped plato instead of the usual
star, though the 5th fusiliers ",ore a
half-red. half_white bail.tuft. Light
infant!)' corps had green ball·tuftt.,
and by thIS time the Itrange habit of
wearing both epauletlo and ",ings
had lapsed, field officen of all infantry
wearing epauleues alone.
The Royal Anillery officer (taken
from a. print by E. Hull) shows the
plain, undn:a uniform with unlaced
"3
froek-eoa.t adopted by the Royal
I\rtillery in about 18~8j from 1834 it
was worn with blue cloth frintJeleu
cp;luleuo. and from 18J8 with red
piping and gilt Utoulder-teales. The
undress eap was an oilskin-oovercd
cane construction like the ordinary
shuo in shape, without any decor-
at;OfllI at all; from 1833 a blue cloth
cap, gold.laced and with a lcather
peak, was the regulation 'forage cap'.
Infantry undress is sho.... n by the
sergeant of the 46th (South Devon-
Ihire) Regiment, taken from a water-
colour by M. A. Hayes. Battalion
companies wore white shoulder-straps
in plac;e of ",ings on the unlaced un-
dress jacket, and the peaked ClIp (here
covered by a 'waterproof') was
raervcd for sergcanu. other ranks
having a blue woollen 'pillbox'-type
cap without peak, with a white pom_
pom in the centre of the crown (red
for the light company, a regimental
distinction of the 46th), with br:w
numerals '46' on the front (with a
brass bugle-hom for the light con.-
panr). This regiment had a 1Il00t
spectacular band uniform at this date
- drummers wore shakOi with red
ball-tuft but DO cords, and tail-leu
white Jackeu with red oollar and
pointed cuffs, red win9 and red
hussar-style braiding; musicians had
shakOi with drooping white horsehair
plumes, wh,te shak.o--(:ords on the
front, with black. falling cords and
'l1l.Quettes', 10nK-tailed white coats
with white lapels, rellow collar, round
cuffs and turnbacks; both wore dark.
blue t~n: ",ith a wide red Stripe,
and carried brass, 'mameluke' ~
hilted swords.

ll4i. Britain:
a) Trumpete.., IILb HUll......
Ma..chins O ..de.., '145.
b) Offi«.., loth Hu......,
Fuji D ......, 18]].
HUSIoilr uniform. Iradilionall~- the most
elaborate of an, went through a llCTies
of daulinq chanql'S whieh ,t is
impouible to lilt compreheosivcl)
here. Briefly. 11\ 1819 only Ihe IBth
Hussars Ilill wore the bUlby, thc
others ha'ing shakos - lighl blue for
the 71h, black for the loth and rl'd for
the Isth. The 181h, ho.."C\-'CT, were
disban<kd and their place taken by
the 81h Lilj:ht Oragoon•. con\'erll'd to
HUMars in 1822. 'rbe shako, oow
uni'"ersal. .. Ill bell-toppl'd, all excepl
the 7th adopting a lower patlern in
1828. In 182'.1 the closed. 'rrwsian'
collar ..·at taken ,nto use on the
dolman. which had a profusion oflacc,
sil"er for the 8th and 151h and gold
for the othen. Pelitle-fur was while
for the 100h. black for the 15th and
grcy for tht: Olhen. The 8th, when
convcrtl'd, took lall black shakos wilh
green feather plumes (for officers).
Trousers .....ere blue for Ihe 7th, dark
grcy with rl'd t1ripes for the 81h and
scarlet for the othen. with gold or
sikc-r lace slripo for officen. Facing-
coIoun "·cre (Ill in t8(5) whilC for Ihe
71h, red for the Isth and dark blue
for the othen, though for a limt' the
8th rctainal Iheir rtd·facl'd sabre·
taches (Ihis being Iheir facing - colour
as Light Dra~l. In 1823 blue-grcy
o\'eralll were orderl'd for all Ihe
ca,·alr), bllt the 151h retained their
regimental dark grcy patlc-rn. As
hllJJar dn:Jll became more elaborate,
the prices of uniforl1l$ melu\t that
only Ihe richest ofliaors could afford 10
".
•
belong to a husur regiment; whereas
in 1829 an infantr)" officer's uniform
COlt [40, that of the loth Hussan cost
no ICSl than [399-7S.-6d.!
William IV's desire to rc-clothe
the army in red was rcsil1l'd 1». the
hussan, who only adOpled red
pelissa (all with black fur). The Blh
and 15th, previously wearing lilver,
adopled the gold lace ordered in 1830
about a year later. The 7th Itill
retained their tall cap, and the 15th
their distincli\'e red Ihako; from 1831
all wore dark blue overalls wilh gold
lace "ripe (yellow for other ranla).
Shabraques were pc:-rhaps the most
elaborate part of an ornate ensemble
at this timt', as ca.n be secn from the
unifonn illustrated, taken from a
Masuion & 5t Uchauzier print.
In the 18'10'1 the general trend to-
wards: simplification affected C\"Cl\
Husur regiments, without fwldamen_
tally altering their magnificent ap-
pearance. In 18'10 the IIIlt Light
Dragoom wtTe corwened to Hussars,
taking fur caps, the usual dolman and
pclislc, and Ihe mOlt dislincli\'e
crimson trouJC.... AfttT the 11th had
rl'llurrected the busby, the other
regiments followed suit, thac bein~
officially ordered for all I-IU11lln in
18'1', all of the Illme pattern - brown
fur "'ith rtd bags (erimson for the
I t th), whiteo(l\'er·rcd plumes, gold
cap-tines (yellow for the rank and file)
encirchnq the cap and joining the ball:.
and fallinr.; as long cords and ·ra·
quettes'. There was tome reticence to
abandon the more decorati\'e shako-
the t5th. in fact, retained their
Jt'alously-guardcd sculet caps until
1856 - and the loth wore the Ihako in
undn:Jll, unofficially unlil reech·ing
•
official permi!l!lion in 18'16. The 100h
and 11th "ere permitled double lace
,tripo on Iheir trouser-scaml. Shab..
raques remainl'd orllate. dark blue
for lilt' 7th and 61h, crimson f()<" Ihe
II th lind searlC't for the othen.
An mteraling ,~...ion oflhe huuar
umfoml ilshown In Ihe 11th Husun
trumpeter in Ihis plat~. tak~n from"
~I. A. Hayes print illustrating
marching ordt'r. Tht' pelissc is worn as
a jacket, and the distmctiH cnnllOfl
O\eralls are rclained. but the unif()<"m
has an olbcrwise plain aspect be-
fillinll field serviee. ·Ilte fur cap (wllh
plume remo\'edl is nonelhelCSl mOlt
striking, beinr.; of the white fur pattern
resenT<! for regimental trumpelen.
Unusuall), Ih~ original prinl Ihows
Ihe trumpet without any cords:.
"7' Britain'
.) Offieer,
Woree.te....hlre Yeomanry,
r8]1,
b) Offi«r,
W"t SornerHt Yeomanry,
18.t6.
Like other European nations, Brilain
cxpenenel'd ci"il disturbanec 1I\ the
),ean following Watc-rloo, which kept
army delachmt'nts full~" occupied on
'internal SC'CUril)" operations. In this,
rqf\Jlars wert' MSisted by the mililia
and (more Ulually) the ~eomanry, "
mounted '·oluntccr cavalr)' force.
Orir.;inall)' ra~ in the t 790'" the
),eomanr), fulfilled the dUlio of bolh
an internal defence force to resist
foreign in\asion and as a type of mo-
bil~ police force, ready to be called
upon 10 suppress riot or Insurrection
whene,~r it occurrl'd.
Yeollllllll)' unifom.. ,..ried greatly
"5
durinll this period, with numerou.
U1l1(llIe patterns in UK; many, how'-
e,·er. JI)'led Ihe,r dress upon current
light dragoon COItume. For example.
that of Ihe Worcenenhire Yeomanry
Illullratcd' from a Richard Dillhton
watercolour) ineluded Ihe bell-lOpped
"hako and doublt'-brelllied jaeket,
but ..hen compared 10 Ihe regu·
lation lillht dragoon costume (Plate
~'1) the differenco are ob,·ious. The
chinscales were purely decorati't' as a
leather chinstrap was always ~; "
rcgllnenlal distinction was Ih~ black
rosette worn under the plume-lOCket.
fllltenl'd b) a metal erown. AnOlher
Dighton piclure of 1832 Iho.... Ihi,
unifom\ again, but with olhc-r ranla
depicted; a :rumpeter. for example,
"'ean lubslanually Ihe same uniform
but with a red plumt' and large red
woollen .....ings in place of epaulelles.
hrrien wore black plumes and dark
bluc jackets faced buff, with a while
im·tTtl'd horseshoe badr.;e on tht: right
upper ann; they were armed with
large axes. The WorCCltenhiro in-
cluded a hone artillel)' troop, also
wearinq blaek plumes, but with red
facings to their blue JIlckelJ. Shah-
raquo were of grellt simplicit), - dark
blue, pointed-ended, with a while lace
border and no decoration. Regimental
facin~ changed to blue in 1850 when
the. regimenl was granted the title
'Royal'.
The \\'cst SonlCnCt wore a more
regulalion light dragoon st~·le. The
bluejacket was introduced for "'gular
liqht dragoons in 1'40, whell the
remaining four regiments a'!alll
ehanged their facing-coloun: scarlet
for tlu: 3rd. ,ph and 141h and buff for
the I]th. borne on the collar, cuffs and
 lumbacks. Tro..-n .....crc dark bluc
wilh a double gold lace Ilnpe for
officen on dretl oceasior\l. red for
Olher ranks and officen' undrCII
(buffmipa for the 131h). The .hako,
lU dacnbed b) Ihe 18'16 R'1'ulaliollll,
rac:mbled Ihe mfanlry call in IhalM:,
gold-laced for offlcen and n:laining
lhe ~lalto:se CrOll Ihaped plale;
olflCen' plumeJ were of while I.....an-
fC'alhen, bul ~hair plumes like
lhole oflhe rank and file wC're used for
.ervice in Ind,a. On lervice, other
nlnks' Ihakat wen: covered III black
oilskin, but office:n had oillkin-
cov'ered, hghl cane capi of the lame
Ihape .. Iheir 'foul .....ealher' head-
gur. The WOI Somenc:t unifo.-m
(taken from a HC'nry ~larlel15 water-
colour) is ba.IC'd upon this pallern,
tbough rrgllnental devico could be
teen in Ihe inlerlaced vv·,,· C)'pheron
the IabrC'tache and mabraque, lhe
former hav'ing a blue cloth ground and
gold lace edge.
The yeomanry lupplied many use-
fullervico during this period of civil
unrell, IOIlle corps becoming
thoroughly hated by cC'rtain demenu
of lOCiC'ty as a rault. frcoqumtly the
)~manry wen: let upon by rebel-
liOl,Jl mobl .. ho .....ould not hav'e dared
10 trUl regular cavalry in lueh a
manner, III the parI_time IOldien wC're
in many eases more reticent about
using force 00 their fellow-.country.
men (the Q\'er-propagandiKd 'Peter-
100' incident notwilMtandmg), and
the )'eomen, in defending themlelvel,
often cawed comidCT'able bloodshed.
A lypieal 'intCT'nal securily' incident
(..... hich could have occurred III almost
an) country in t:urope) was recorded
by Lu:utenanl Olarles Loftul of the
".
Raynham Troop of Norfolk Yeo-
manry, called oul in June 1835 to
lupprest a lerious dislurbance and
house-burning al Docking. The
leVerity of Ihe oUlbreak can be
Judged from a note in Ihe J\/pJoU
CJuOfllr/, of \/9 June, dercribmg 'ei,!:hl
or nme hundred ill dispc::aed penonl,
all armed Wilh deadly clubs'. Loflus
received the alarm al I I p.m., lent OUI
rlden from his howe, and b)' lix
o'clock Ihe following nlomin'!: nO!
only was his o.....n troop assembled III
marching order, bUl Ihe Dc:n:hanl
troop 1'110,
Arriving in ,he troubled arC'a, lhC'
Yeol1lC'Il (commanded by MajOr the
Hoo. J, G, ~liI1eJ) found the local
tOaIl-guan:" barely able 10 kcep lhe
Itrtt'U quiel. Deciding on a lhow of
force. ~lilles marched hil men IIlIO
Docking, 'drawing up in rront or Ihe
inn, when: we halted 110'0 houn, 10
many men dismounling at a lime 10
gel refreshment. Our appearancC' had
a good eFfecl, for men who .....ere
,tanding aboul in grou!>" talking or
. . . riot and planning mischief, diJ-
pef'lCd alll1051 al ona: . . . We gOI
lOme cold bed and p,ndwiches, a
proviJlOlI .. ilh .. hich we .....ere IaliJ-
fied, l\lajor ~hllcs Slepl lhat nighl b)
the side of h15 hone, as he did al
Quatre Bnu. Everythmg p;wcd olf
qUIetly. The laboun:rs who had
crealed lhis disturbance were "'onder-
fully lurprised when they 'aw Ihe
IOldiers corlllng. and 10 promptl). 100.
from far and wide. and ...ould nOl
beliC\le lhat they were Ycomant'
Cavalry, but lhe DrallOOr\l rrom
Norwich, ourdrest being that orheav)"
Dralloonl, and completely decei\cd
the )'oke". At noon on the follo"lnll;
day. troopof 171h Lancen came rrom
Norwich, and our corpI marched
home, .. '.
ThaI ..... ooe incidenl when good
Knit: prev'ailed, aided to no lillie
extent b) the UlMorm or the Norfolk
Yeomanry, makmg the pot.ential
rioten lhink Ihat they would be
oppoacd by the tougher regular
caull) ...ilh las KruplCl about
CUlling down a few dlSJidentl .. an
example to the remainder. Tragically,
other incidenu culminaled in violenee
and bloodshed, though it is cerlain
that lhe exislence of an activ'e rorce or
yeomanry prevented far grealer 1011
ortire and property than that at times
OCClUioned by their prC5('nce.
Sadly, the yeomanry were not
always appreciated: a regular dragoon
officer, ror example. wrote to ,he
L'~II(1/&n'rusJf/llnr~l/in Janual)' 1834
to complain at lhe praenee or a
yeomanry olfloCer ObservCT at the
A.....trian army manoeuvres in Lom-
bardy in 1833. Ia)ing that he could
tee no reason ror the )'eoman'l pre-
Knce, as he would probably not learn
anything oruse and considered it only
an aCUK 10 diJplay hiJ 'provincial
uniform'. Alld a norlhern newspaper
m ,8\/7, in lypical milerly and un-
grateful rash ion, wrOte thaI 'We find
the Yeomanry cost U5 ror 48 da)..
Krvice [\/9,9'19, lhat iJ, we pay lhiJ
10m foc ]60 gentlemen amU5ing
themselvel . , , '.
118, Britain:
a) Officer, 60th KIn!'.
Royal Rifle Corp., 1833.
b) Private.
Rifle Brilade, .8.t9-
Rifle corps retained theIr umque
"7
'rifle-grecn' c:olouring made famoU5
by the I'eninsular and Walerloo
campaigr\l, lhough rollowing Ihe
general mrantl)' style. Unlil 1816 lhey
ulcd Ihe old 'Ilovepipe' shako, then
adopted lhe 'Regency' cap and (ror a
time) light blue ov'Cralls ror officers
cut in oc.saek Ityle and copied rrom
RU5Sia. Until 18'20, the \/nd Ballalion
or the 60th (Royal American) Regi-
ment ..... dn:ued .. light infantry,
but became 'rilles' in lhat year; the
9~lh Rilles ..'Cre taken QUt of the
numbered Joequence or regimenu at an
added diJtinclion, hencerorth known
as The RiAe Brigade.
The 1811\/ Regulatior\l confirmed
lhe hws.ar-style uniform of bolh
corps, including pelilJe with black rur
(ror officers) and black ball-tuft on
lhe cap, with red facingt for Ihe 60th
(named lhe Duke or York'i Own in
18114) and black for the Rille Brigade;
green cock-tail plumes ...ere au-
lhorised for officen in 18114, and
grutcoau (hilherto blue) ..ere
ehanged 10 lhe dislinctive green.
Other ranks had three: rowl of
bunor\l on lhe breut, and black_
laced collar and cuffs, In t833 the
60th became the King's Ro)al Rifle
Corpi; Ihe ball·tuft WaJ raumed on
themako (which had bronzed fillingt)
and in 1833 black bultOOll replaced the
previous while metal v'ariet)", In 183'1
the cap-lina and large shako plate
were discontinued, and lhe Rifle
Brigadeclolhed entirely m grC'en, w,th
only the crimson gIrdle and moun-
ted officers' black peIiJse 10 add a
touch oreolour. The 'Alben' cap wu
adopted by rille uniu at the same
lime as the remainder of the army,
.. ,th a bugle-horn badge.
 Th~ l1~urn dh»trated .how th~
claMie 'rifle' unifonn and the 'Albert'
shako. II is nuere-tint( to nOll' Ihat
comrmporary Mlurces for rxample
th~ Ackermann print from which th~
offic~r is laken, olher prin~ and
Dubois Dranonet's work Ihow dif.
f~rent methods ofw~"rmt( th~ Rirdl~,
Mlmetimes wilh Ih~ hanginl{ cords
looped ,~ry low in ht(ht ;nfant~ -,yl<:,
TIllS plate is an aPllropriale plae~
to comment bricfl~ upon th~ stal{-
nation "hich buill up 10 th~ Brili!ih
army afla Walrrloo, "hich resultc:d
in a complele lack of or.ll;o.nisaliollal
and lactical de,'elollll\cltl. 10 thai
"hen facc:d with a European war (in
thc Crimea) the unl'rcpal'C'dness oflhe
naif and army as a "hole lc:d to lhe
disastrous silualion ofancient Renerals
lryint( to fighl a nineu:enth-ecntury
war with an ann~' and laclics un-
changc:d sinc~ 1815. No"here was Ihi.
sta~nation mor.. e"ldO::n1 than in the
army'l fircarn~; hampered by imo::r_
minable ~xaminint( boards. Ih~ flinl-
lock muskel "as 'largely) relainc:d
unlll tho:: gmeral mue of Ih~ 18]8
I'attern pet'c..mion musket. thoul{h
Mlm~ llmtlocks "ere still bein~ US«!
III! ....In... wnct as late as 18.f6.
'111: uni-'cnaJ i55uc of rinc:d l1rcarms
was not made until the French Mini(,
desit(n of 1851. thoul(h m 18]6 the
Board of Ordnance sanClionc:d Ihe
wue 10 rine l'Clliments of the 'Bruns-
wick' rifle (namc:d froln the nalional il)'
of ils In,·entor). an appallin~ "capon
completely unfit for U$('; 'AI all
dislances abo,'~ four hundrc:d ~'ards
the shootml{ was 10 wild u to be un-
recorded. '1l1e Bruns"iek rifle has
shown itself to be much inf~rior in
point of rang" to an)' olher arm
,,'
hilhcrto noticcd, Thc loadm" of Ihil
rine is 10 difficult thaI ,t is a wonder
how thl' Rifle r~iml'nu ha.,l' con-
unul'd 10 usc it Ml lonl{ Ihc farC('"
r~ulrl'd 10 ram down Ih~ ball boo:inl{
10 l{reat as to r~ndcr an,- man's hand
ulllleadr for accuratc shoolin,,' (Re·
pori of Selecl Commlll« on Small
Arms, 185~'I',
Onl~ afler Ihe dc.asle.... of Ihr
Crimean War did Brilish mihtar)'
thinkinl{ get apace of olher majOr
Europe-an po"'en, thou~h I:\'en then
It was to IOrn~ ~xtent due 10 Ihe
elforl!l and propal{anda of thOM: OUI·
lide the hidebound world of military
thl'Of)-.like r101'ence :\'ll{hlinl{alc.
~ Britain:
aj Officer. Lisht Contpan)',
,.:tnd Hishlander$. 1840'
b) Officer,
Bactalion Contpllll)'.
781h R _ _ hire Buffs.
18)4.
\\'Iule confornllng to many infam ....-
regulalions, lhe romanlic idea of
'tradltional' Hi~hland dress (in faCI
largely a ninell:enth-centur)' inven-
tion) rcsultc:d in HI~hland r~imenls
adoplinl{ th~ dislineti-'c umform
which is now 10 familiar. The bonnrt.
m imitation of the 1l0l1-e>:IStenl
'uadilional' head·dress, became pro-
grt5lli"e1}- more laden "'lIh Ollrich
feathers. Thout(h th~ kilt and decor-
atiH plaid continued in use. ",hell
HIl{hland drC!iS "as re:>tored 10 the
7ut and 7:md RCl(irnrnl!l in tRaJ
lhey "ere Jl:iven In."bhs (Ire",!-! or
r~;m~ntaltartan. lhe 71S1 Hillhland
Lit(hl Infanlry) krcpinl( the du....·
banded shako and couplin~ Ihrlr hl(hl
infantry umform with the n~.... HI~h-
land c<»lume, producing a mOlt
attracti"e eru.cmble.
Thoulj;h infant')' regulalions
SOvcmc:d thc Ity Ie of jacket. the k,11!l.
plaich and bom'eu maintainc:d the
I Iighlanden' indi,-iduality. c,'en when
onken were orderc:d 10 "'ear ",hite
trousen in certam orden of dr('SS.
The undress hud"ear for offi«n ",as
a .011..11 cocked ellP ",ith feath~r umil
t8a9, whrn a standard bonnet wilh
band of regimemal larlan .... as
authorisn:l, Bonnet-plumcs were white
fot all rClliments Ilj:rttn for lighl
companies in lOme cases) thouJl:h the
,pnd's lradilional red plumes were
officially confirmc:d. 'nlistle bad~cs
w~re worn on epaulette-straps and
lUrnbacks by IOm~ r~im~nlJ. Small.
purely decorative plaids were worn on
oc:euion. allaehed to Ihe rear of the
shoulder, Ihough th~ larg~r \'~nion is
sho....n on the 7and Hill:hlander
iIluslrated: being a li~ht com~ny
officer. he 1.110 wean ....ings. bugle-
horn bad~es 011 thc lUmbacks, and
olha details indicative of li~ht
troops, Cockade·badges werc differenl
for all r~imenlJ; thaI of Ihe 781h
illustralrd was in the shape of an
clcphanl wilh a Kroll below, "hile
thai of the 7and was a erownc:d
Garter wilh '77' U1 lhe centr~. 'nle
lporran (0I11y worn wilh the kilt, was
now simply an ornament. dlll~ml
pall~rns bein~ used by various rC'll:I-
menu, In common with all rCJl;ular
officen. gold lace was univenall~'
adOpled by th~ IlIghland corps,
thoullh the 97nd retained Ihe tra-
ditional black line int~rwO\en III the
lace, In 18]4 officen' foral{e caps were
ahered again, to ha.-e a lartan band
with an embroidered thisll~ badg~
"9
wilh r~im~ntal number below. or
fClj:imenlal badl{CS for those r~im ..nts
which possessed Ihem.
30. Pnoula:
a) N.C.O.•
nl Guard Landwehr Rel'l.
Service Dress. '&'7.
b) N.C.O.•
lind FOOl e rd••
F ult Ore 830.
While lhc RUS6ian army mplc:d the
Prussian Ihako art~r the ~nd or the
Napoleonic Wan, the I'russian army
was copying Russian pallerns! The
and Foot Guards uniform illuslratc:d
(from a Lic:der drawin!!:) included
l~'pieal Russian items such as the
enonnous plume. lighll~-cul coalee
and one-pie« gailer-trousen, Some
fealurcs (Iueh as the 'Garde-litzen'
lace worn by Guard units) were
COmlllOn 10 both RlIS5ian and Prussian
amlics. In 18a4 metal-fronted grena_
dier caps "ere i<.Sued 10 Ihe III FOOl
Gu;uds 10 be wom in full dress ("ith
white o,eralll), reputc:dly' boo:ing thc
gifl of Czar Alexallder I. who had
prac:lned black cUIrasses to Ih~
Prussian Gard~ du Corps. Ihese being
wotll fOf parade from 1814,
·111e I'russlan infanlry .hako
(Ihough ,·arying shghll)" O\'~r th~
)ean} was bell-topped and worn wilh
the familiar oilskin CO\~r en service
drcs& as beforc. In 1816 fusili..rs of thc
firsl thirteen regimmu were allo,,·c:d
to wear wako-plales of the Royal
C'ipher instud of Iheir pre"ious lace
rOM:ue. 'l'be coalee remained dark
blu~ for infantr~- (laced for Guard
ll'UI!l) and gr«n ror Jagen. Ihough
after 1815 individual facing coloun
were abolishc:d, collan and cuffs bein~
 uni\'enally red, with cuff-flaps and
Ihoulder-slr.ps (the 1.ller bearin"l
the regimenlal number) ahernativdy
red and white by CO<'ps. By 18]6 gre)
tro~n wilh red pipin~ were III
general use. oflen worn wllh brown
marching ga..en. In IS17 the Land-
wehr (mililia) was assunilaled into
the line, bul distinguished from Ihe
regulat'l by blue: collar-piping and the
traditional .... hite metal crou on the
shako.
The 2nd Foot Guards we~ formed
in ISI3 flom a training battalion, and
d,d not .dopt the Guard '!itzen' OIl
the cuffs until IS34. The Olher figure
(taken from a piclure b) L. E!sholt:r)
show") the umfonn of Ihe Guard
Land.... chr Regiment, and alto Ihe
Ilandard senice dtell of Ihe Pr...ian
infant...y, meluding the Ihako>oD\CT
.nd shoulder-roll al"..ys associated
"I,h ,he PrtlSIian army, lhis I.tter
being not onl) a con\'enirnl way of
can") lllg the grUleoat. but acting as a
prOlecl1Ofl 1Ig1IIlSt ..bre-cuts as
well.
3 •. Be1lhun:
a) Trumpeter,
III CJu,liHU..... Cheval,
1833.
h) Orneer,
Guid" de Iii MeuH
(Gidll van de Maa.),
.83 1 •
Belgian ca\'all) u",forms. even Ihose
of the haslil~-raisW. \oluntttn of
18]0-31 . •I... a)., rcscmbled IhOK of
the French arm~·. • future InOOt
marked III the twO light ca\.11) uni-
fornlS illustraled.
The Guides de la !\.Ieusc .... o~ lance...
COSlume "'lIh a plume III Ihe nalional
".
eoloun of black, )'ellow and ...ed. Their
Ihabrallues ....e...e dark blue, pointed.
ended, ....Ith a red lace bocder .nd a
black ,heepskin saddleoCO\'er edgl'd
with red ·....oIf teelh', Othe... lanttr
units wore similar patlenu - the III
Lancen in t832. for cxample, ....ore
dark blue uniforms ",'ith crimson
coll.r,lapels and pipinij:. and Crtlnson
lrOllsen ",',lh double silver Strlpe (for
officen~·. the crimton faclllll-co!our
being repeated 0 .. the czapka-Iopa.
The QUlSKun 11. Che\'al wore a
French-$tyle green uniform with
regunelltal distilll::tions; Ihe 2nd Regi-
ment in IS33 for example wore lall.
red c101h shakos with ... hite lace and
drooping plumes, red collar, tum-
backs and piping, and red trouser-
stripes, theIr trumpeten h.vinll a
colourful uniform of Ihe palle...
tho.....n in the ligul (' of the lit RClj:i-
ment illustraled, but .....ilh red jackel
l.ced while .lId ordinary green
trouse". Sh.b....lques ....ere of the
l)altern described above. of dark
gr('('Tl .....lIh an edging of Ihe f.cin~
oolour. ,\lthoullh the III Regiment
wo~ ydlow f.dn'!s, their trumpetcn
had the light blue costume illuslr.ted.
'Ille usual head-dreM ... as a tall
shako.... hich in t838 was made of
green cloth .nd h.d • drooping
gr«n plume, and bore Ihe n.tional
cockade on Ihe front. 'llIe regimenlal
number ... as carried in met.1 on the
flap tlfthe bl.ck leather pouch.
Lancer trumpelers al;.o ...ore elab-
orale untforms; lhose of Ihe 151
Rt'1(imelll 111 1835, for example. had
... hlle Jackell .....i,h cnnuon lapel~.
collar .nd pip1l\1l, dark blue: lrou~n
..."h double crinuon Slrlpe, red
epaulelles .nd czapkas with crmUOll
lOps. red oords .nd droopinll .... hllr
plumes.
The Guides or the ne....I)-formed
Belgian arm)· wore a"other t) pll::ally_
French uniform: for officers, a large
black fur busby ....Ilh sll\'er cord"
....hite plume and red ball, short green
j.cket ....ith red lapels, turnba.cks and
piping, Wilh siker epaulelles, si!>·..r-
laced poueh-belt, "oluminous red
trOUlCn ....ilh double sil,,('r slripcs.
&lid dark gr«n shabnques edged red.
beating. sil-er cypher in the rur
COiners, lth black Ih«pskin ..ddJe-
OO"en "h red clOlh edging. The
uniforms of Olher branches of Ihe
....m)- ....ere abo closely-based uport
cur~nt French Sl)lo, ...·hile lhal of
Ihe Gcond.rmerie was • ncar copy of
Ihe dreM ...·orn by the Elite Gcondarmo
ofNapolron·slmperi.1 Guard.
32. Runh,:
alOrncer,
Tartil" (Of Ihe Gu.rd,
183,$'
b) Trooper,
Guard Hu••ar Squadron,
Service Ore••, 1835,
A fler the lI\ apolronie Wars the Russian
.rm) ,exttpt the troops in the
Cauc::asut) became. mechanical m.-
chine which could drill 10 Ihe uunOSI
pe...feclion but ....hieh. had it been
lC"'ercl~' Iried, would h....e luffered
from lack of field training. The d ...ilI
illl':lf tuned to perfection by endless
practice produced ill folk-heroes,
ho....e.'er. like Sergeant KO:themiaklll
of the ~menoViki Guard Rcgllnent,
... ho ... hen performinll the foot-drill,
'his ICl{I ...·ere raised completely paral-
lel 10 the ground and Ihe tOC of his
OOot formed one Ilr.ight line ....ith his
'"
... hole IC!(': not onl) was this sergeant a
virtual contorlionisl, bul he could do
the ....hole Ihing ....ilh a full glass of
....t..r balanced on his head _ .nd not
spill a drop!
Plates 32 34 (taken frOIl1 con-
tempor.r)- prints), while ,1l\1Stt:llW'1l
the uniform of \'.riolU Guard regi-
ments, also ,how the general paltern
of Russian uniforml, excepting th.t
the coloured l.pell .nd 'Iilzrn' ....ere
rden'ed for Gu.rd uniu alone.
The mlllli\e ,'e\'iC\'o'$ ...hich pro-
vided /';icholas I with an interest in
life ... ere golden opportunities to
display the el.borate. often exotle,
OOItume worn by the R...ian .rmy.
TIle revie....'$, incidentally, we~ often
costly - durillg one at Vosncsclllk, for
eJlample, no las than 700 horses died
of exhalUlion.
111e T.rtan of the Guard wore one
of Ihe tllOIt exolic uniforllll of all,
beinll .n .ttempted 'rom&llticisa,tiou'
of what ....as originally a 'national
costume'. The bulbolU cap, very lonll-
Ilee>.ed jacket with imitalion c.r·
lridge-Iubes on Ihe breast and the
'baggy' trouseR ....ere all taken from
Ihis carliCT Slyle. 111e other figure in
this pl.te illustrates the uniform oflhe
Guard Hussar Squadron. made II
linle ICSl orn.le than nOfm.1 by Ihe
oilskin sh.ko>oD\-er ...om on IICl"\iice
and by the pelissc being worn as a
J.cket, 10 conce.l the dolman. Of
especial no"~ was the eXlremcl) short-
barrelled carbine ....om on Ihe
shouldcr·belt, Russi.n hussar regi.
ments ....ere tradl1ionally lhe m051
colourful of the Russian arm~'. ",'hich
fact can be seen from the follO\'o lUI(
ch.rt of brief uniform-detail, of linc
hussar rC!(imenlS in 1840,
 '''' """"'" _ ......
N ..,. .....
..... ,- SlWrofl
head-drell ill lak<en. for ClIampk,
shows Iht drum-ma]Ol' with a "hll~
,... R ....ql
a) Troo~r,
,,
S,_
, '""'" ."" .... ..... G..,.....
.......
G..,
0-" blue
S"'
I.JQtlI bl...
G..,
Dirt. tlh..
lipped rm plume-, and an N.C.O.
..-ith a IOhilt.Upped black ont, An
c ... rd t..~r Rcs1rnnu,
Service D"",, 113S-

-- ,-
unUlual fnlurt peculiar 10 lilt b) N.C.O.,

•
•
~
W,_ .
£ItM~hgrMl

."" .... .""

G..,
....
"" .... ."" ....
.....
....... ,-
G..,

.""
_ .... G.., G.., R ...... n afm\ 10&1 the l.lIoe of a melal
~I tl\lKrtbrd roa l>lITI GI.'JII1EO
CrftUldler Rq:bnel"
Pavlo... k1,

•, '-"' ... --
.....
"""' .... """' .... ....... """'
PT>I\CII 01 0ranMn
_ .... .... O_bl.,.
~Ul\·K2. worn aoo..t the dlako-p1att
b\ doer,;nlt rfl:ip.cu...
Servlce Drtu, clJ.s-
lltit plair $ho\O'I hooo 1M br-.

•• ..-
Alchduu Fetdo/I8ftCl -- ,-
....- ."".... .......
G_
..... ... ."".... G_
iD
1M Pa~ (,rtnadlCS IO..-rt n,>IC'd
compoKd of :I~ hand-
frontm ~rnud,," op 11ft Plait"
10'&1 100m 101Ih a WlIIClp'oofCO'o'a' in
1tO'lCC dr.... 101m lho- eoat«olapds

-- ...
18:1i.

"" .....- ."" .... .....

.......
S-
Otdlblue."".... S- pid.«l \eICnll" to acl as a penonaI
boch'"!ua.rd 10 tht Czar l'oI""'lnlt the
bunoned O\'er 10 Wbttal lhe faang
colour. ~Ieholas 1 mlroduced lrOUICB
I
"
"-
,_.... "'''' ....
G_
--
_.
......
s"'
G_
Logm Ill.... Or....-
Ughl bl...
G_
Uflh. bl.,.
DectmbrDt plot. Thtlr unilOnn 10'&1 a
ckhbft'ale ,mllallon of lhal \\om b)
Napoleon'l (,uard (;renachtn, and
iJr the ann\ .. hilt for Iwnmtr and
green lOr \\mlft' , and made lhe
p.ckru of all bl.1I Ihe (;uard uniu

I " Moc:l'IMI P~h

OS KIng 01 W"ntemburll
l>ghlbh..
G_
ligmblue
G_
". R ....la,
a) Offieer,
Chevall"... G....rd ••
Full On.., 18)5-
b) Drum.Major,
P.I• .:.. Guard, 1835-
'I'M- Chnalln"S Guards. n.uro b)
P~ll'r tM Great. "'VR a unifcwnl Ityke!
hke thai of IlK RUllian cuiraatc'rl..
"lIh 1M n'IOrrnotJll.. antal hd~l.
l..ik!!' the hca,,,,! bc)(h~ ca\-a.lry of
nuffin"OUl (On"man JUlICli PialI' 101,
...... lighlbl....
Ughl blue
\.>ghl blue
G""
coalee co'era! with gold lilCC. E"cn
the kculcdrummcT'l while ,sunlleu
had KOld lace fringes!
Olher Guard uniu, the Lift Guard
CuiraJlii~n and the Hone: Guardl,
....ore lim ilar unifomu. lh~ fonotr \\ 'Ih
hlthl b/~ facingl and b/.acko<namrl-
kd c:\Urallft bearing gill agl~plalo
on the frOIll, and the lallft' w;lh rtd
faclnlp and ~ill cuinao. Offin-n
of all ~ black I\\'O«I-knou 10 ,Ih
1I1,'a' uadI; nott abo lhe hea.... •
W&l amonlf lht IllOIt mall;nifianl In an
ann) rtmarkab/t for th~ mallmfic~nct
of ,u; drat ,lhoUllh lOIot or<kTs of
dras compnoed a much plainer
lXIIlUme than the full drCSl illus-
lrated). It il lllterelllnlj: to nOIC thai
the Prussian 'SchIOll-p;arde.korll_
paniC' or Royal bodyguard lOascopied
dirtttl) from the Czar'l I'alaee
GrenadieR, 'Ille drum.map sho....n
illusttlltel IKI\\ Ruuaan ,nUlilelOllll'
unil"orml lONe oftm 11l~DlI) CO\'rrtd
1011h ~ lau or bnld. \ common
prachce throulthoul t:.uropt IOU 10
appoint lhe IllOII d~lInltuWl<"'d·Iook,
109 man III the rtglltotnl 10 acl as
Ilnltlt.br~lnl_
Tht' Guard Lanttr Squadron 1I0r-
mall) lOocr napk:u lOilh red lOp",
gilt ""lilt plalo and lOooIlen ba.11·
tufu, had thr laprll fUIC'Tltd back
to Ihow lh~ rnt facing-c:olour, and
"OI'"e blue trouscn wilh doublt rtd
Slripr, btU in ICI'\Ict dr... 1:&1 illus-
ltal«! hn'~' Ihr napka-c:o,-et, O\-er-
aUI and bullon«!,oW'r Japdl ...ttt
lacd. ORk..... had I(OId lact and
tpaulrnel; habraqU('l ....ert rounded-
mdn:I. dvk b1UC', ,,"h rtd and )dlow
Ia« cdltinlt and beannll; lilr lroperi.al
e>phrr In rm trold lOr offices In the
~~.

1ht1 "'(In" 1M trad.tional ",hit.:
..nibm. 11loe officn- iIIUJU'lllf'd .. In
full drna. ",thou, 1M ~ilt culrall"lIh
~ ·cuff.' "om on ...., ()«( Dill.
B1~ lrou:tns "'jlb Kd plPllllll;
.. ~ .bo wom. ~lr.airialll had •
~flin>b.fl) ma~ifiecnt \-nsion of
thIS drnl. Including scarl!'1 hcolmtl.
erell ••11.,", cdllttOU; 101M- collar, lj:oId
~uk1.ICll .. oro 0\"(1' goId-13a'd .. inltS.
and •. .. th ~ brl':t.>1 and dtt-'et of the
tuooeJlm IlI\'a' IaIh IOUlI b)- 1M
officer .1Iustrattd..
1M shako beins-
enmil'lni b- Ihr
~';I,hoer Guard is thai of a musician
of lhe Life Guard Grtrtadien, lOilh
lhe lalll:t 'taltk' piau, "'hich (;lQrd
unll'l COlIlinucd to l.IW: C"'cn thou-:h
1M Lmt !»oHern "OIl c~ ptri<Jd-
1(1\1" l),ffertnt ra.nb "ort d,lrertnl'
coIournl ,-ns'OOI of lhe enormous
phlme-: lhe pt'inl from \\h>eh Ih~
drum-major, and Ihr RlaIaJl anm
" .. no attpC.1On. II 10&1 rqlOl'1ed thai
(lOt han ')u~'Pal'l()\ Kh Luahkln 1811
+4. drum-map 01 lhe Prr:obn.>:.
hmok, L.uardo., lIlt'Uured 1'10 fat ItlOln
3 anhln 9J ,rnhok 81ret]j 'nehc:s .
HII Itfl ftrour and 1Jbaa. are prrwo-m
In the "'utrUm of thr _\cadc-m' 0(
,,~~. In Lnllnllrad. but mdica.tt
a htilthl of a mrrr 7 fttl 101
inches!
Other IXlI'pI of Ihe RlISlan ann..
Dnsroons and ,\nill", r ~
that cbrk JTC'nI uml'orms and the
Iall«'n lhnr dark b1~; the c .......lu.,
lhousth SI,II dr~ m lhear indi"idual
manner ",th fur op, Mel umlOmu of
a morr If'lEUI~tlOl\ cui ItlOln btlOre;
hkt lhe BnlWt Iluthlanden and thr
R...-an (;uard larlan Platn:l9 and
3:1, their umlnrm 10&1 a manu·
factured lra"ell' of or'8inal national

'" ..,
 dna. ~ and Arullerv WOK
the .nfanll') P-ltl'TI'I &hako. bul the
.\Iarinft had a lapnln~ \<~. In
18+t a ,aT later than the Pru.Ians
ahhouch the daign ..'" oriII:inall}'
RlDSian, the sptke-topped leather
hdmet ..... introduced for all ~i·
ments pre-. tOUII) weanfll lhakOl, lhe
'spike' belnilin the form ofa bunting
IIrenade; cuinmien adopted lhis
head-dreu in 18U u a temporal)
meuure blofore recei, In~ a CUltom·
made metal "enOon In t8..6.
fonunatd) f« that COUntl')', IlIO'
aU RlIIOtAfl umu ..~ dnll-.uto-
matons; tbe \mI' of the CaucaIUI.
eGlUlaJItl, 001 ac:U'"C ten-iot. maw·
lamed the arm"s contae:t With
rnht, From aboul 1879 the;, belj:an
to evohe lhelr ooo"llll\le of dre.. ....th
appearance dlJtefl:lrded and only
efficiency Ind comfort comidered.
'l1te lhte Ni~rgorocbkl l)ragoolUl
(railed 18:H), for example, wore I
tall fur Jhlko, lOOK blouto and
'ballll'" trotaen in orlllinal C'W'ck
,hie. and carried Ihuhql'U C'W'ck
sabra "'Om from a JhouIOn·belt.
Like the dee. e-.'Oi,-ed bo.' the Bntllh
In Ind... and the french In Algeria,
thcV umlOrm ,,&I not attrw;ti'e bul
...., JUperb f« c:e.rnp&lgfling.
An Inlerallng SIOl)' is attae:hed to
the adoptlOll of Ihe 'Piked helmet. In
Is...O a pocaunt girl dilco\'ered an
ancient helmet near Lipehl., which
Wl.l id~nllfied AI lhal blo'longing to
Jaf06lay \sc\'01000\'itch. l'rincc of
~luM:oY,., .. 1to fou~hl atlhe Battle of
Lipdl% in tat6. llae Czar"&1 rl'l(l$t
impl .... d b\ Ihn diJco\'Cf), and
decided that a helrod should repbcc
1M thako I I the arm, 's pnnci~
ha.d~, 11le finl pattern of helmet
..,
_ .-ued to the CorpI of PagCJ. an
arilloenli(- offio:er.oool, .. hi(-h that
unit reuuned unlil19l',
» ~r"',
e) Oyeoi"ler (N.C.O.).
F~.ke W ••lerie,
1837.
b) Officer,
Uys...de Iii Hen
(Ufesua..dl, 1837.
Both uniforms ilh»treted III IhlS
p1atC~ arc taken fcom Hruun', o.1Uh
L'"Ij...- '1837). and show the old·
scyk l>aniJh unilOrm. The Li''Iarde
til HC5I. like man) European bod)'.
lfUIId ca,-alry uruu. WOft the aestl:(i
he:lmt't, CUI~ and lillhl-cob.u'ed
uniform. T1wo tMmonal mfanlry rft!.
un, form was abo ~tained and ~
&I ornate I I thoK or olhCt' European
ltates. An mlensung feature of this
unifOf'Il1 is the powder.f1uk hung
from Ihe belt, an item used by the
'rifle' uniu of se\~ natioru; the
X.C.O. illustrated abo "'ean th..
grem distinclKlm and badga tra·
dilionall,' UIOCYted .. llh light
mfanl'" and rifk corpe..
1M DanAh arm}' was n:'Of'pni:Icd
and mocLern1$«l in l8.p. A brIl-
topped mfanll') &hako .... reu.ined
but of much plainer form, and the rn!
roala: WlllII also slmpl,fied. Li!\:hl blu"
uOUSoers were Ihe !,nual ,,·ear. th.. wh,t..
Dna (and .. hit.. Ihlk~rWI bein\(
resoo:rved for full drcsa. Inflml')' titks
....cr.. replaced b}' ballalion numben.
·11t'llh·lcnglh tunia WC're inlro-
duced fot Jagas and engineers in
18ta, lhoult;h 1M ordma....' mfantl'
~ tho' COIttt. T1wo JallCt' units had
rft!. and black faanll' and P'png W
!hell dark IfteCIl. IUIU(I., and mCantl'.
SI}'!.- Jhakot WIth green ball·tufu. but
the undral cap wlIh I flal doth lop
and l..-lhcr peak, of grecn With red
Ppu18' _ frequmd}' worn insceoed.
"haiciane of all IIlTd wore Iaecd
Wlnp of the same colour I I the coliai'
Uagen bed rft!. wings). Tuma or IhlS
pattern, or dark blue with rft!. pi!>,ng
and coIlar.patcha, rcplac:ed 1M red
infantry unifotm in 18.f8, dragoons
(previously wcuing red .... lIh )dlow
lrimmmg) edopling the lime 11}le
..ith crimlOn distinctx... EngincerJ
had WOf1I all_blue luo>a from t&ta,
and thcsol' 'with crlmlOn trimmtng)
..-eu adopted by art.ilkry uniu in
t¥ It had been tntmoded to iIfue a
bbclt kather, splked bdmd of
Pnlllian pattern with the lunlC, bul
1M oulbreak of the lSI Sch~wiS War
III IB.t8 pre-.'fllied iu emClllcncc, the
1&f8 field cap 'a lighl blue ktpi)
bloing conunon wear m place of the
Ihako. 11t.. and Jli~, on feet, con·
\ ..nient!) 'IOIt' their JhUCll so Ihlt
the} could lak.. th.. fidd in the more
Jcn-iotabl.. and comfortable dolh
capl E,C'rl II Ihill limt', the mfantry
wou lbe old I~ht bI..... Ir~ bul
the war rcwhed in lhe more nptd
iIIuc of the tunle than bed bce:a.
intended, thereby' haslcnlnll the
modcmoalion of D:eniah unilOrm.
EquIP"""nt .... gencrall} of the old
st)le (black Iealher "llh ..-hite
haYenaclu. skin poucha wllh
coloured doth Jlrap! red bl"ing
commonl, the: ne..' 1'0000ian'SI)'le
cqulpm..nl ~ conllllil IIlW ~ until
18::.0. Ja\l'"" and lillht mfantl)' ..'ore
dark lire- troutcn from t&"9'
II Jhould be noted th:e.t officCTI of
thr Li\......d~ WOft IolUha of mued rn!
and.-old, of .. tudt anI)- the han8ing
"5
wb ..'ere ,-.-ble at the rear of the
Ieft·band SO(\<, of the bod), mdtng In
lon!\:, hca\1 week. 11le tumbec:b
~ofw_co&ourulhebodyof
the coal, edged ....th rft!. lace and
beanng a Jil"er Q1)\O"ll de-ice. The
black lalher u.bretae:hr bore I .. hite
mt'lal , IV. cypher, .. ,Ih • crown
lbo-'e.
36. PapaI51.1ee;,
Tnunpele..,
ArtUIery of Ibe Fordp
(5wie.l Bripde, 113+
5wlne..laad:
016-..,
Artill..".
c..IOD Zuric&, 1'J7.
Both corp illustrated III IhlS plate
WOK .'rench-tt) Ie unilOm.. both
were aruller)', and both .... ac com·
poacd of Swill- but they belonged to
dlffcrent armia.
Following the 1831 revolt in the
I'apal Siales, when CYC11 the Care-
bini~ri ha.d become: mvohed. it was
df'Cidcd 10 follow the ;\eapohWt
example and recruil I bripde of
S", ill mcrccnarics who would be Ie.
hkch 10 bec:or"M tn''Oivftt in revoIu·
IIOfIaI')' lIIO\'cmcnn than would nall\"C
Ital~ Two rqimenu of S.. iII
IIIfanlry were fonncd 11\10 the '."OI"Cllln
Brigade', and In Octobel' 1833
Captain de l..-nlultD organiled a
ball~ry Oflrli1lcry, also Swisll, with a
Itrt:ngth of 4 officcrs and t4'llllell. hs
only eeti''C SCl'Yice occurred in 1s...8,
"'hm it partiCIpated m 1M ac:lion
egailUt the I\Ullrian arm) II \'in-
c..nu.. Whm 1M Roman Rcpu.b1le
"&I df'Clarft!. the: l).... baltCr)' .....
dilbandcd and, unhkc 1M Infant..",
Rn'Cr re\ i' cd.
 ~ artilkr) ballrry ..~ tall,
~pnint: F~4C) k ihakoI of black
f('11 .. lib gokIla« tnmmmll ,rat I.Ilu
f... tho: rank and fik). "lib • ~
'-dg., o( grtnaek O\'n" a ....d c:an-
ydkloo ttntr., .nd.
nona, w P.pal cocbd.- .. hll., wllb
drtlOp\nlll; rat
hondW.r plu.- on the- front. 'I1>6r
doubk-bo'.,utiM }ACk.,u "('r., <b.rk
b1~ wllh riM 'l'Uffa, eollu-p-teha,
P'pinll .nd turnbac:ks, .nd <b.rk b1~
trouH'n wllh doubl., riM S1ri~ and
black I<'athu r('lnforttnl.,nlJ. RiM
('p"ulclL~ (gold for offtcen) wer.,
..orn on the jack.,t and the dark blue
gTntooat. The trum~l.,r ilIustl1lliM
'ta«:n from 1.. Ou'-' .\I,l,,."
PMlIfin (I8J-.IJI &howJ tho: F~
Jt~k of dothinll mlUiciant .n noc only
dlff~t mIoun but n'lllrd)' d,fl'e:nnt
">1eJ (rom 1M rnn~ndu o( tho:
corp. The 00."", btt loot- on the
br-c-ast and ,'OIumlf'lOl.M, t.r"Ol*rJ ...~
all hpical of FmM:h h~~}k
COItumc.
1t ..'V noc until 18), ttat a uni\u-
Jll.I unilOrm ...... ack>ptcd 10 Switzu-
land; prioI' to Utat (\at." thr forco of
each canton maintained indi\·idual
d"tmetiO!1J. The olfloC.,r of I~ Z1,lri(:h
Artillery Ilh,lSlTatiM \Iak~ from a
print by J. K. !o.perli) IhO\Ooli another
Frcnch-Sl)-le uniklrm, not unlike thaI
o( the Papal ballety. The tapering
Ihako bore t~ common o<*Cd-
canl'lonJ badll'" and thr hllht bl~
and .. hlle Zurich oockack had an
un~ Ilih-seakd ItrllP allaetunll It
10 the lhako. 111c pouch-bad~ bore
the ercwc:d-e:annonl ck-.I« aIJo. with
an aplodinll 1ItT~., bad~ 10
addition; I\.mbad,·badl(a .. ~ Il'OId
pouoda for officcn and riM for other
ranbj .. 00 .. w., riM cpaukucs
i....lcad of tho: oK_OJ' ,pd. o.hn-
ranks ~ anncd with bo'a-hihnl
JOOrt sabr~; loubcr cqui~nt "'Ill
.. hll.,. ~ th calfiJnn pacb. usuaJh
worn th a rolled JTOtcoat carried
in • fftI-and-wtllte Jtri~ CO\"CT on
top of the pad. Other nronks had red
piP"'! on the trouscn. dnvnll ha\'inll
black kather rc,"(o":m~ III ..ell.
37. F~Dce:
...
.) Trooper, ...... LaDcen,
~
h) PrlWlte, Arli.llery Tnln,
Gude Ror-Ie, IB~ .
'11il plate iIllUtratcs IWO branehcs of
tM i'rmch army not ~ioUIl...
mentioned. 1be unifOrm of the
Andlcr-y Train of 1M RO')-.J Guard
illuuratiM is Jlron~I)' rnmniKnll ~ 10
ooIouooll of itJ cqui\-aJmt In 1'\apl)-
1cort'lllTm). The hdmet, bcv1nt; the
RO't-al annl on thr front, "M a
<k\~lopmcnt of tbe Jtylc: adopt«l
tnlmcdilltcly :&floea' WatCl'Ioo. bonlj:
Jlmitar to tho: '792 fur-cr~tfti h('l.-t
OT11l:inally copied from the Bnti$h
'TarletOn'.
WhCl'nJ I\1OIt arm~ after 1815
inciooiM Lancer umtJ, Ih.. famou,
branch o(the .-rench army WaJ all\1Olt
totally dilbanded, only the LanttTJ of
the Royal Guard mallllainlnlj: th('
Iraditjoo: the)' "'Of"C dark g~n
unili.:wtTd "lIh cnmJOn facin'll and
CUpUl. In 18JO this rt1!lmcnt ..-u
ITpIJICCd boo· LouiJ Ptllhppc'J Lancicn
d'Oritant. weannlj: 'l:rcert (attd ydlo..
..,th red trotDCQ and aapb, and fi\e
mort rt1!.rnntU ..~ railed in (8)1,
tho: ~n d'c:>rltans brtoo.. irlSl the
6th In the line. In 18)7 tht- C1lht
l'C'lj:immtJ I two more had brcn lidded
11\ (8)61 adoptiM tho: uniform &hmo'n
III Ilul plate, the fi",1 four ha\'i118
ycl"'" f.angl and the rnnamder red;
lhe red plume ..... Introduud in
1839- An InlCl'otins featu", .... the
'tneOIoo--' lantt-pnmon.
~ oohrr hghl oo\all)' ann. Ihr
II~ thou8h compandy rear·
~otcd after IBI). COflllnuai to wear
tho:lr Jp4cnchd COI-Iumc. The usuaJ
h~ dTai with taUlbako ...... worn
b)- all rcgimmlJ cxttpl the Guard
H..-an, who had blue unilOrtTd ....th
'amaranth' facin'll and wore btnbi~.
In 18,61he line huaar rrgnnenll ..ere
uniformm .. Jhown in thc fint chart.
R.,itMIII OolmMl Ii N'-H
1 du J . Sk., tal....
2 ~ e_
3 M. . . . G...
""'.....
• du Nord D"e-
II dl/"- AIwl
• du H_·RIwl Oart. G...,
1be unilOrm palloern changed
Iflldually III il dlt:! lOr thr remamder
of tM F ~ llTm), the Ihako
Ilradually b«oming amaJler and more
ta~red. 1be balic roIour-.chrma in
11M' in 1834 are Ihown in Ihe ICCOIld
chari.
In 1140 three morc rrgimenll were
raUcd, the 7th ...·carin3 a unilOrm like
Nalaoleon'J GuidcJ, tbe 8th a white
dolman and ~I_ "'Ilh u:)-btue
'...-
, O' p"IiN,-_
..........
"~
• -
3
•• _
$iMr·G...,
0 ...
e. G_
"7
Ihako and trouacn.. and the 9'h a
MMnbre, black COItUme. To pro. lCIe
one drtaikd daoiption ofh_ un;-
lOrm at this pcl iod, the ilIlo.....ml
t:ktalII of thr III Rqimeru arc ~kcn
from a eorllempt:WU}· po,u: Ibako
Ihapcd Ii«: t'-c: m I'tale ,6. 0( rat
doth WIth black lealher filii...;
coc~ W'CUred by • klop or whIte
Iaa:, With rm cordi looped on 10 the
bnut and • droopin!. bl.....k !toIw-
hair plume; Iky-b1ue dolman wilh riM
cufti, Iky-blue collar iMscd riM, with
red braid and white metal button,:
Iky-blue ~hllC with bl.....k fur, riM
braid and .. hite meul buttonl;j red
tTOUlen .... th black leather rnnforcinA;.
White kathcr poueh_ and 00Ibine-
bellS, with ... bre 5uspt:ndcd (rom a
waist·belt; bra. three-bar hilt, Jtcel
JCllbbard and white ,~rd·knotj
bl.....k ...bretache with wield-Ihaped
braw plate.
It iJ interCSling to note that .. late
III 1816 Klme memben of the )Ih
HIUan ...ere ltill wearin! q ~
T.-.Ii
M " .... Rlid
SlIM"
M,'
.......
I'Ieot:I
_..... -
$
M 11 I'Ieot:I
M l:lot> I'Ieot:I
,pigtai") and 1oKk-1I_; ...·hm l}w,w
a.rcbaM: fealul"O ~ ordc:rnd to t.,
rm.o-n! In lhal )....,..... aboul fifly men
dcxt 1«1 10 dilgult!
,.. F...-I
a) G..-adJc,r.
I..iP- d'EtnI"I".
Service DreH (51 10)'
''n.
b) Ofli«:r.
l4ht Ialalltry. II,..
-I he colour-t.,arer (taken from a
Raffel prinl) Iho..... Ilu: ,822 pallern
infa.nlty dreM, wilh Ihe red lro~
adopled in 1829 by the t'rench arm).
a1lrogcd!y 10 gi\T .... ork to the d)e
mdullry! Probably the ~ for
their adoption "'"aI pollllcal; in the
lall monlhl ofl~ Bourbon rq;imc: the
ba50c coklt.orins: of Ibt Wllbm was
~ frun the RO)-&l1I1 blue and
... h,l", to the lTd, ..."hue and bh....
Iracbuonalt, ·,aled ......th libenll-
11m and ~ ; "'-'I ,f the
~ ...~ poIluo.lI).tNpired. u
didn'l ~Tnl the 18]0 rn-olution!
lI'OI.... the red, ... hil... and blue plume
l'dlt1'\'ed for «TWo catrogona of
offittn and :-J.e.o..). and the Callie
cock lurffiOUnung Ih... colour.poIe, a
ulli\·enal mllilary Iymbol adopled m
183°·
The t'or""'ln Lqion pt:rhapl th...
molt falnOUI 'and at lima mfamous)
CO<"Jl'II in ,''''' .. arid .... illUiluled ..
lhe 'Lqion d'EIf'Vl8C'I"' 10 1831, a
1'....;,-&1 of the anc:iml Fmlcll ~ice
of nnpkl)'in{l: fcn.gn merocnaria.
Ra.cd lOr 1l"I'"\'1a' In Algau, the
r«rwu came fnlfl'l ....'UY nauon In
~ Broil) orpniIed mto three
baltalions of CermanI, and on\" of
tadl ofSpanWdl, ltaliaol, Polo and
".
Duldl Btlgianl, I~ Lqion included
llnalln numben of mor:n from man)
othn" natKJna,. Their dilapline
throughoul tuAoo) I..... _ ......
of All) army ...... ne. t) AI the
'"all n.aJOriI) of r«n.1l1i ....~ datnn-J
from Olhoer amUa. radic:ak on the nm.
ach....... ,unn or JUit plam eriminak.
When the fint batch of tttrulli
Iandtd al Algiers, All q~""t ....... com-
pared them, • thq' marched ablg
IIngmg 'La ParirientM:', 10 a clrCUl;
aged bl"1 w«n 16 and 60, Ih...,. wore
...Itat....·..... OI.Itdaled c10lhlng could be:
scraped 108",lher. uniforllll of Ihe
Nalional Guard, the Impt:ti.1 Guard,
Ro)-&I Guard, inf.ntry, callalry ...Ie.
•'ram this unlikely bod) grew pt:t.
h.pI the belt - and ttlUJ.nly lhe
toughn.1 fighting force in history.
TIle kgend of w... lqion - It mipt
a1mG1l be eaIIcd charisma - ......
IOWn AI carty as !-Ia) 18]', what a
Lqoon patrol comprilms only on\"
offittr and 26 ~ ...... cauehl
Ul lht opm by • h . body or Arab
horM:men. The, ltood that ground,
and .. hom their bodin. wae Iala'"
dilco\·.....ed no IaI than ......·mly dtad
Arablla)' around them.
r ...rh.pI the mystique lurrowloChng
Ihe Lqion WI.I cal.lled parlly by ,1$
multl-n.lional compoiilion, ..·h...n:
"""'f) man o...ed his a11tgiaJ1C(' nol 10
• country or king, "'-'t IO'La Ugion',
.1.....)'5 'La Ugion·. hi miJced com-
poutlOD had otha'" .ch-.ntaga I~
lO\O·n of ~l(b-Bt!.Abbn ...... bwlt by
the Lq:ion unukd, as lIS ranb
II1dudcd p1ow. .onal carpntll"l'S.
1COnC:'_ and draUlblSffi\"ll. ooe
company aIoDt mcIudcd IhT quali-
fied a.rchucclS. An inletatlnl e:u.mpk
of thll ....mOFobtan ..peet • l"ound
in the -m of Captaut (lala'"
\lanhaI 'iaml-Amaud .. Ill" kd hll
c:ompan) throush Ihe: breadt .1
ConIt-anILtM: '18371. 'A,"allu! Schno=U!
Good lock I La UBIOD~'
W,th the o:p"~ ofillt A1gtrian
eampaip bdtmd thtm, the I"or....n
Lqion ............ rc:gankd as thl" idral
troopl 10 Il"Od .. the .'rendt eon·
lI/lIenl 10 Iht Culiu \\ a.r and thq
wc:rc o:pcnda.bIc:. In AU8U11 18:u
thftt baualionl ..er... lObI 10 ~pam,
alld Ixgan fi'lhting. brul.l, .troc:it).
ridd...n war ill .. hich Ih...,. ddtin•
guished Ihtm$d\ m the manner
.. hich "'1.1 10 become Ihdr hallmark.
L'Kd 1.1 .n ellptndable _ult-1Ore:t
trauM'd 10 dit, Iht 9,000 Mlgionrtain:•
.. 1'10 1l"I'"\~ in Spain ~ 3,boo killed
m bank and 4.000 '11I"'118'
Ft\wnd) nUtNnlf, dntned 10 I......
cntm) or lkd 0\ the ~.n"I«I.
1'hoat .. ho ........... Idl drcimaled
by dllll"'OUol" and malnulntlOD_ TIle
chmu o...""at the8an .... of&r~uo
18]8 . .. ....... c: the Lqpon camor: face
10 fae..... ,Ih the 'brign kp:ln.' of
Don Carb;. \\n...n Cc»ood Connld
of Ih... Lq:ion "--as k,lIed, hll ITIl"Il
foughl ... ,th maniacal fury, u:ll"'8hler.
in'l the: Carlist 'lqsioll' umil onl)
160 ...·cr... kft alill!:' OUI of87.5' 8uI the
Frl"llCh Legion had IUrr...rtd 10 badly
lhat the, ......n:.11 but ckslffi)·c:d; whtn
in January 1839 the Lqion lhulJkd
OI.It of tilt ......r ac.... the r,·rrocoe,
tht 90000 had been redu«d 10 63
oftittn and onI) 159 othtr raJlb..
Tbt Lqion ...-ore Iht ..-ndard
lI1(ant~ wlibm., With modiflUlioni
k-arnl ,n \Ign"i.a f.-l ...nlRll tilt coal-
~III bKk and Iuc:kUtc the II"OUIeB
11I10 tl .... gaill"ft 01" JOCb. Ii.tr o:arnpk.
One Item not carried from Igeria
"9
.. htre II "'"aI o:ttnIi.'l"l) worn wal
the: 'lChcdt'•• mUllin f~ p lIIcd
10 pIQI«C tht face f ndltor ml-
\-inulll.l) aboandontd In Spain, how·
1:'0....... thar dothin& b«amt pro-
1J'aW'"fly mew... patd>«l. thm .--at:Rc:d,
thm fdllo pocceL Boou"'('R ITpb«d
b). Spanish sandab ... here' a.ilablc:, or
"'-'ndln. of rap, and lhe- figure
,l1l11lraled W\"an a captUlnl Carllll
btn:1 10 place: of lhe rqu].;mon ""'ko.
E.·en Iht olTlttn came: to resemble
band'l$ IIU100 of IOlditn: MajOr
Jcan·Louili Ltbtau, Colonel Conrad'.
pn:dl"Cl"SMll" and a •·... Iel'llll of the
n:1~.1 rrolll ~IOKOW and \\111"'1'100,
...... Ih., ...,t)' opposile of hit name:;
..e&ring all old tramp'l hat, a Olficd
coal .. llhoul ... paulc:lu":I, tl'Olll('n
... hdl hardl) reached his kt-.en.,. pair
of broUn boob "'-lIh lonl ~n. and
carT} . . . . 'rurkilh lcimltar OC'I. ptea'
of 11rinfJ: round hit n«k, ~t.JO"
~u In.td~ a.round ""th qcs
1clo\Oc:rnd as ,f uhamnl to t., Ittn
teIl"mblmg ...lLIkmg rail-bat: ~
» 5. .111:
·lT~r.
N.... r~ ea...lry, II,..
b) Officer,
ArlabaD. H ...... r••
••,s.
e) Trooper,
CI.ll~co.D. c.... lry•• 1)8.
1ltco Carlllt forc:eI ....~ charac:tnUtd
by. uniquel)-.!>panith head-drca, I~
coklun:d. f"'quald) -laMelltd benL
Due maml) 10 chrorue Ihortagn. of
t'qUIpme:tll, wlIl70mD "'ere gma-ally
~mpk. though _ uniu did ,_ •
_ o:otic COM .............1 kall b' •
tunt. Ca.-&lf) "luadIOl" Ul\l;l1I)
numbertng aboul 100 tntn, ...~ not

OftIanitcd in pcrman~nl r~imental
bodie., ~a<:h JqUadT'OfI r~lain'"lI iu
,n.ckpmdml idmlily and uniform.
111~ numlxr of Jquadmm \"lIriro
ODnIldmilbI)'; both Ih~ C.rlill Ami)
of lh~ North and Ann) of l~ ernlre
had onl)' l"O Jquadront CIlCh irl '834'
bul by 18)6 lh~ North had fincen
arid b). 1839 lbe Cnnr~ lOurlem;
lhoKe of ll~ Crnlr~ ,,~ lain" or-
lartiMod on a ~ 'rn:immta!' ....
of Ihrft or lOur Jquadl'<lN each, ON'
rqimcnt the Tortllta, e\~ "'\1"8 a
band. ~ of Ih~ Ihortagc of fi~
ant-., the 1antt .. » w n-e alffimon
.. pm.,
The ~ hone-furnilun: _
a1f1lO1l "rli\-era1, often cda«l lOilb
mklurm doth f.. hlt~ lOr the Anny
ofthf, CrnI",I, EqWpoKnI .... IftW'"-
a1ty 0( "rule kalber lOr the Crn~
and black b the Xorth. The Na\....•
rae C.\-alry illullrlllnt) . . po.-
ICIICd "hile doab I rm b IrUm·
pelen, who on al IeNI one occuion
_ _ I"n~ 'boelu.ed' from a tn:lOp
of ilinerul ac&on! Among Olber
~orthnn tqlUldrons. the Cuttlliarl
and Bi!n)~ wore uniliJrms hke the
Na\"1IrTaC:; the Ala,,., c.\...')" wore
lilght b1~"iaI;kcu wlIh rm eolian and
cuffs. rm Ixrd, and dark rm or grq
t~; tM ,\ngonac had rm bcKu
and dark rm II'OUIft'I and probabl)
tMooon jKk~; lbe Merino Ca\'aJry
had yellow jac:keu. "llh Ixrd and
IfOIIItrt like the Ala,"&., and rm·ami·
black lance-pennonI_ In addilion to
lhe Arlaban HUIIan 'dlullrated" tllt'
Northern Army included t..'O lroup.
of Gw-rd Ca\""ry "ho clMln't earn-
lancu. Ihe 'l.4... tron" 'Guardia Ik
Honor' IOho had blue: urnfomu with
red collar, cuffs and 11l)UIa"...lripc,
'3°
•
and nod lxffu 10 ilh blu~ I~II, and bct"~11
with I(OId or .ihTr talii'l,. They that lhry had pac:k.-ddle and ropo
tl,e 'Stalldard f..con', ~aring a .. ~ armed .. ,Ih a \...net)' of""raponl, iOllead of ~dle. and brKtlel, and
.......
Iinl1lar umform bul ..-nh lil\n" berel-
The Cenlre eII\-"') AI a rul~ ....
including blundeTbullC'S_ nlc La,,-
ccn of EI ad were: 10 lll-<quipped
their 'lanetS' .... er~ pcMn with. nail
alth~lop!
much "-one: equipped lUld uniiOrmed,
but IlilI had indivKtua! dns ""h~.
f"oTr rt-ibk. The tlit~ TurtOIa
Lanttn 'including a Jquadron of
'Tiradura' lll'IneII 10 Ilh eIIrbulel' had
whit~ ~ ""ilb red and)dlow..-d,
u:y-b1ue: Jac!I:ets "'ilb rm "inp and
lumbacb. and grq tr'Olllel'l wilh
r~11ow liripel; the Tindarn had dark
blue bereu. )-dlow dcMmam "nh
rrem milan and cuf& and mixe;l
grttn-and-~ braid. and lighl blue:
1 _ 1"bt' IWO rqimmll of An-
pldC Lanccn of 1M Cenlre had red
~ "lib ,,'bite tMIdI and rrem
jacku, while the Valencia Lanccn
had red berrt. and dark blue jac:kcu
With red lumbacb. 1"bt' OnloOo
II-.s won' a unibm like thai of
the Artaban, ,,;Ib red or rcd-and.
pen bn.Ml and ~ . bbck
Lanoe-pmnoIII with .. hite u:uU and
aOiiKd bono deo.iee_ General Cab-
~'I ,"eta1ln bod>"JUUd. Ih~
<:>n:krt_ of the Grnn-aI, IO_~ gr«n
berrt. ..-ilh n:d w.dt, red dotmanl
lO;th black fur milan and cuf& and
pen braid, and blue: trOUlCn "-lIh
red llripel; tht). w~ RlaJftl. wilh
the T ortoN. L.anc0'l in 18]9.
Othtr erntre ca\"Illry "en: drawd
m e\'n"\ Ibing from n!' 10 civilian
draa, oflm ha\ing hulr umformil\'
Two Jquadronl from La Martcha
one of Lan.crn and one ofTiradores
W1)I'e I.all black hall. dMk b1~
Jackcu and bncdKs, brown ~imp
and ~ lUbes, virtually a civilian
COItUJTle; only the ofIica-I had whil~
'3'

CMII'A1C1\S IN OUTII A~IERICA, ,8'5 50
Military opn1ltions in South AlnC"rtca were dominated by the libttal
inckpmdcntt mo\'enlmt inspirtd by the French Re\'OIUlK>n and the
Frc:nch in\'UK>ns of Spain and Portugal; the roidcnl SpaniJh and
nati\~ population of South America rOle 10 O\"erthrow the Eu~an
domination of the conlinmt and tum the colonies into self-gf>\-aning,
independent .tales. t- rom the hqinning ollhc cauurr nriolU f'C'o'olts
had anempted 10 ihakc orr the Spanish )"oke, but onl)' in A~nlina
(indcpc:ndmt in all but nAlnC" .ince: (810) and Paragua) had any real
JUCCaI been achie\·cd. Indepcndentt was finally usured by the efforts
of two remarkable men - Simon Bolivar andJOIC de San ~Iartin. bOlh
of whom led 'liberation armift' "'hich included fore:ign muccnaria,
principally from Britain, Germany and ~orth America.
lining been defeated in command of the armies of two would·be
indcpt:ndcnI 51ales, Venezuela and Colombia, Bolivar in 1815 was in
exile in the West Indies. In 1816 he rc:turntti to Venezuela allhe head
of a new revolutionary movement, winning a victory near Barcelona
(16 February), but was defeated hcavily at La Puerta in ~larch 1818,
Undismayed, Bolivar marched hi. 2,500 ill-equippcd men across thc
Andes and into Colombia; plaeing his foret: b(:t.....ttn the Spanish army
in garri.lon there and the capital, Ik>gota, Boli\'ar innietc:d a decisive
defeat at the Baltle of Boy-aca (7 Augwt 1819" thanks largely to the
performantt ofhis \'eteran 'Oritish Legion', Appointed President of thc
~.indepclldent Colombia, Bolivar continued his war agaiNt the
Spanish garriJon armies with lillie suecess, with a six months' armistice
in 1820-21. A \'ictoryat Call1bobo '25June 18:011 again largdyduc
to the: detenninatton of the Orillsh Legton - resulted in the capture of
t:aruas, aod in t822 Bolivar mo\'ed on into Quito Pnwinee. Despite
8oI1\-ar's chec:k at Uombino ,7 April 1822), his general Sucre won a
victory at Pichincha (24 Ma)- t822 which captured Quito itJclf.
Meanwhile, SAn Martin had bttn equally acti\"e. A PeniNuw War
\"(:t~n, he returned to 8uttKlII t\ires in 1810 and began to tnin a
'libcTation' .\rmy of the Andes, part Argentinian aod pan Oiilean_
WtK-n Argentina officiall)' declared her independence in 1816, San
~Iartin began to lTlO\'e. ~Iarchins: over the: Andes with 3,700 men and
21 gUN a lnonu~ntal feat - San Martin and his Irish-Chilean
subordinate, Uemardo O'Higgilu, .....on a crushlllg victory for negligible
'3'
lou at Chaeabuco (12 13 I ebruary 18171 and Chilean independence
bcca~ fact. A Spanish force marched from Peru to ~pture the 100u
colony; San Martin v. u defeated at Cancha-Rayada (16 March 1818),
but r~ped and three: .....eda later nung the Spaniards back into
Peru by a \'ictory on the River 1\b.ipu. A libcTation of Peru was 1m-
pou.ible, OOv.('\er, v.hile the Spaniards controUed the lea. At thu
opportune moment, an ex-Royal Xa\'YoffK:tt, Lord 1llomas Cochrane,
.rrhoed to join San Martin and ......as put in command of the Chilean
'navy'. J:Jctcrilxd as insane and ~ioknt by his pre\'tow; HritiJh SUpnlon.,
Cochrane v.a.s an audacious leade.- woo.c COI\tribulioN ......e re viul.
Ha..."ing ~·iowJ)- turned do......n anoffe.- to command thcSpanish na...'Y,
he sailed his flagship the 'O'Higgins' (a captured Spanish frigate) into
\'akliva harbour in June 1820, landed a shor"t: party and captured the
defences. \\ ith the last Spanish foothold in Chile broken, San Martin
invaded Peru.
An amphibiom landing on the Peru\-;an coast, another raid by
Cochrane, and Peru fell. San 1\lartin then began to advance towards
Boli\...r's anny, coming from the north, to link up and complete their
joilll v.ork of li~ration, Mttting at Gua)'3quil in July ,822, Bolivar
assumed comllland of the combined annio. San Martin, a simple
patriot ofhigh military skill, turned o\'er all command to the politically-
ambiliow Bolivar and retin-d from tile ICenl'. SI>anish rule ill South
America was filially ended by the Battle of Junin (6 Augwt 1824) _ a
cavalry action wilh reputedly not a shot firc:d by eithcr side - and the
Battlc of Ayaeucho (9 Dccclll~r 18241, v. hen the Spanish suffered their
most crwhing defeat of all, including fourlttn gcncl1lls captured.
Brazil, the sole Portuguese colony in the tontinent, declared her
independence in September 1822, with Don Pedro crowned as Em-
peror. 1bomas Cochrane, nov. in command of the Brazilian na~'Y,
\irtually dccKic:d the utue lingle-handed; the POrtugucx, in an attempt
La suppress the rebdlton, put their entire force aboard transporu and
headed for Maranhao; Cochrane, in faster-moving frigates., gOl there
ahead of them and captured the port, lea...i ng the Portuguese onl)' one
alternative - La sail home to Portugal! Bruilian iodepc:odencc w;u
rccogni3cd in 1825.
~Icxico suffered from a series of bitter rebclhons and resulting
atrocity", until the Spanish commander, Gc:n~1 Iturbide, l'C\'Oitcd
agailbt his nwtcn and crowned himself Empc:ror Agustin I (21 July
1822 . In IC$lthan a year he too had been toppled from his throne by a
rC\'olution, and a republic was C,ftabl~. In Central America,
'33
SpaniJh control gradually crumbled, and lhe area passed into t\lexican
hanm afl('r 18~u, Afkr Iturbide's fall, ho..... ~·cr, a ilatc calling ilJdf
the t.:nlled I'I"O\'inCC' ofCA-nlra1 America assatcd its ind('~ndcnc('.
OnCC' South America had Ixc.n liberated, the ncw nation-lIatcs
bcgan to figlll each other- as ~Iution, revolt and massacre follO\O'OO
thc appoinuncnt of evtty new diclator. In 1825 28 a combined
Argentinian t.:nJltl1a)·an for« .....rotcd the arca nO\O kno.....n as Uru~..)'
from Bnuilian control. Peru, in a bunt of expansioniJl fevu, captured
8olivi.. (18"l7) and invadcd Ecuador. Bolivar's old licutcnant, SUCf'e,
now Pra.ident of Bolivia, defeated the Peruvians at Tarqui {I 829) and
ended the invaJion, In 18'019 Spain launched an aborti,'e expedition to
reconquer Mexico. but .....as dri\"en off, In 1835 a confcdcratton of Pcru
and Bolivia was fomJtti; Chile oppoecd the ~, declared war, and
unashcd the albance at Yungay (1839). In t8J8-39 a French cxpedi-
ttonary force innded Mexico to protect the righlJ of French citizen.
thu.:. 1841 saw PO'U in\'adc the", cnlwhile ally, Bolivia, only to be
repelled al the: Banle of Ingavi. Santo Domingo 'the easlcnt portion of
Haiti, ~"Olted against the Haitian 8O''emment in 18+1 and won their
i~roct', 8ct"'ttn 1843 and 1852 a confused and confusing ""ar
was waged, beginning with an .\rge:ntinian attempt to take advanlal;e
of a revolt in t:roguay and annex thai counuy. Mler a revolt in
Argentina, inttt\'CJltion by Brazil, France and Brilain, the maun'" was
ended ".hen the Argentinian diclator Juan de ROIU was beaten at
Cascros (1852 by a combined fonx of t.:ruguap.ru, Bn.zilians and
other Argrntini'lII\s!
11 is inlucsting to notc, in paaing, that thc 'mc:rocnary' dcmcnt in
the South I\mencan wan of libcration was principally British. While
Cochranc and a few othen are ",ell.known, the conlribulions of many
II\OfC should not be forgotten. San Manin Tai5Cd a whole rqimc:rll, the
Caudoru Inglescs, from the British population ofBucnos .\ircs, whilt'
thc built of vinually all South Ammcan navies were commanded by
British off'lCttS. In the Arge:nunc-Bnuilian warof 1825--28, for cx.ample,
thc naval campaign was largdy waged b)' Englishmen on both sid",
pcrhaps accounting for its f«oeity i not only were the officers British,
but the Brazilian na\1" alone conlaincd no less than 1,'lOO Urilish sea-
mcn, mOltly descncn from mcn::hantmen at Brazilian poru.
Two othcr British commanden pla)'cd OI.Itslanding roles in South
American warfare; William ~"IIt:r, a Peninsular veteran, who achievcd
gra.t famc as Ieadt:r of a marine corps o~rating from Cochrane's
"ttt, was an indt:fatigab1e IOld,cr and must havc been the mOIL shot·
'34
holed man in the conlinenl. In campaigning in Chile alld Peru he
l'C<:Ci\·cd musltet-balls in both arms, chest and back, a crippled hand,
a cnahcd foot, a thigh broken by grapeshot and a badly-ICilrred face
caused by tht: explOlion of a Congrevt' rocket. II was the chargc of his
hlWal'S at Aracl.lCho which captured the Spanish anillcry and finally
decided the ballic. William Brown was an Irish sailor--of-for-tullC who
commanded the Argcnlinian navy in both the". an of liberation and 11\
the Argentinian Brazilian war. The stories of his dash and entuprise
are legendary; it is said lhat hc once attacked a stranded 8fuilian ship
",ith cavalry and, on running OI.It of rounmhol on another occasion,
ordered the guns to bc loaded with hard Dutch dlCClCS rathcr lhan
break offthe enga~1!
In lhe game of political musical chain which formed Latin .\merican
mililary hutOf')' ofthu period, official uniforms were based on European
- and in particular Kapolconic - modcls, frcquently having a Franco-
Spanish flavour. HO""C\'n'", it should be noted thai ahhough Plates
40-4.2 show unifomu of gn-3t magnirlttl1CC, thc actual combat df'CII of
lhc majorily of Latin AJll(rican armies Ulually coruisted of scmi·
ci\'ilian, scmi-mililary, semi-ragbag doming "';th ""hatC\'Cr weapons
ooukl be ..ucd, captured Of' stolen. E\'ell gcncn.1 offK:a'S oombincd
incongr'Ol.II itt'mI of ci",;lian dl'Cl5 "';Ih their drca unifomu; _ portnll
of Gcncn.1 William Milia, for c:xampk, shows hun wearing a rcgu_
latton low.crowncd bicom hat, single--breasted COIttt with hca\"ily-
laced ooIbr and cuffs, Iaocd lrOUXn and large-rowelled spun, but
with almost the: wbolc or the coatce and half the: trotJlCn ~'ered by a
doth 'poncho', edged all round with braid and with a gold-laced
neck-hoic.
SOVI'H AMlJUCAN UNIFORMS 1.1,....,. (Plat.......11)
... A=d.- U~do. Arnoy. embellilhed and _I timet downncht
.) Of6eu, impractical COIlumet favoured by Iht;
Mo..nted CIt.u-.-., lho. Spanish. The Hone Grenadier carry-
b) T._per, ing thc Liberation Anny banner
Ho C..-din's, with "."C1!n rqulation draa, though it
LIM er or the AnDy shouJd be noted m.1 10 1811 the
or the ADdu, 1117. shaJlo.oordI wcre yellow and the
These unilOrms are _ typical c::om- plume green. Lanotll were carried by
bination or the It)1cor N_poItorl'c other nnb, with white O\'er )'tllow
t'ranoe IItId the traditiorW over- pennons, later challlCd LO light blue
aDd white 5quarC$. The Ihako-plate
bore the national anm O\·tt a Ihield
emboacd wilh u .......d callnoo-barreb
aDd a buntillg grenade. The Hone
Grenadien had an tlite COlllpany
...·earing tail·lcM blue jac.kcu with red
piping, red pelissel with black fur and
braid, and white mctal hclmeu in
I'rench dragoon Ityle, with black
eaterpillal" cral, leopardskin lurba.ll
and b,... chimealcs, their Iword·
knOll were red.
The Squadron of :'>Iounted Chaa-
IeUn was I'2.Ucd from the Hone
Grcnadien in .'ebruary 1817 as the
Cha.ueunofthe Gnll, later ddignated
the Mounted OlllSeur Squadron.
Troopen wore a limilar unifoml to
that depieled, without the lace,
epaulettd and saah and with white
bl'2.id. The bag of the odd,fur-co"ered
Ihako Willi Wllaoed for trooprn. The
aiguillettcs were lih'Cr for oRiecn and
mil<ed light blue and white for other
ranb. An 'honour badge' wu ...·om
abo-'C the lefl euff, of lih'er em-
broidery for ofliccn a.lld red on dark
blue for other I'2.nb, bearing a laurel
...·reath and the words t..\ ""'TRIA A e.0I
VLo;aOOIlU Oil!: YAIPU - ABIlle. 5 Oil
1818 (The Nation to the victon of
Mail'll - April 5 1818). A limilal"
uniform islhown in Ihe painting 'La
Revisla de Rancagua' by J. M. Dlanes
(National lIistor)" ~IUlCUm, BueJlO&
Aira), in which an officer is Iho\.-'n
with fringclCSl epaulellcs and a Iteel-
aeabbarded Iword. The Squadron
Will disbanded in 1821.
In oontr.ut to the omate uniform of
his lroop", San Martin himself
fa-oured a more limple co-tume, con-
lilting of black biearn with national
cockade, dark blue{black long-tailed
,,6
coat .nd brc«hcs with gold epaul_
eltd, laoed co.Ilal" .nd cuffl, black
riding.boot&, light blue IoIllIhcs O\'er the
left Ihoulder and waist, a.nd • 'marne-
luke'-hilted IiIbre wiUt red knot worn
from a white wailtband with rcct-
angular gilt plate,
Featura of the tWO unifomu ill.....
trated, but ... hich cannol be IeCn in
the plate, include the ydlO'o" eloth
grenade-badge in the rcar earner of
the HOl'Se Grenadien' Ihabraque, the
lilvcr IWOf'd,knOt of the ChBIICUr
officcr (Utal of the Hone Grenadien
Will white). and the ChillleUr'l wailt_
belt plate, a rectangular gilt plalc
with cut comen and bearing an
emboued hunting,hom. The Banner
of the Army of the Andcs bore in the
centl'2.l oval a bmwn mountain-peak
on • white background, ...·ith two
natural-coloured anm holding a
bmwn Itaff lurmoumed by a red
Phl)lli.n cap, Ute half of the Untn.!
oval nearelt to the ltaff being light
blue. TIle cenlnU pand Will lur-
mounted by a gold riling lun, and had
a llrecn laurel-wreath lurround. The
body of the flag Will divided "erticall)'
into light b1l1eand whitesec;:tions.
41. Arlelltla.a:
a) 2ftd kraeanlo
Stb ChaaHlIra,
Sw:n.rner Drtsa, 18116,
b) Coloaelo
.6th Lallcer.. 1h6.
e) Trooper.
3rd CWraBaiera. 18116-
l1tClC uniforms were worn by the
Argentinian army during Ute 1825-118
"''ilr against Brazil; they mainLilin the
charactCrUtic Fl'2.nco-Spanilh It)·le.
An intcrclting feature of Ute cuiras-
lier (baled on aJ. :'>1. Blancs painting,
'Coraeero de Lavalle') Will the regi-
mental number worn in )'c1low lilk on
the left upper arm, TIIC: infanl!)' uni.
form (here Ihown b)' the chilSlCur
.teT8eam) was worn ...·,Ih dark blue
tmUICn and gaiten in winler. Mon
branches of the al"m)" wore linular
uniforms - the 7th Cavalry, for 0 -
.mple, wore dark blue cloth-co\'ered
IhakOi with braa Nalional Arou
plate, dark grttn plume and black
cordi, dark blue coatcc with red
piping on the collar, eum, turnbacb
and lapell, blue troUICn with red
Itripe and me regimental number
"''OJT\ on the left upper arm.
·Ote 16th L.anccn were railed in
1826 under the veteran Colonel J'*
de Olivarria and was regarded ill one
of the best unill in the arm)"; al Ihe
B;utle of Ituuinllo, for Cl<arnple, they
were reported ill fighting in forma_
tion, 'iII though on parade', e"en
capturing a.n enemy batte!)'. TIle
unifonn illlJitrBted is based on a
portrait of Cokrncl Oli\'arria b) A. P.
Goulu, and IIIUSt ha\'e been one of Ute
rnost ornate e\er worn in • continent
known for ornate unifonm! A paint-
ing of lmzaingo, howe,·cr, shoWIL a
plainer, more ler\'iccable uniform
worn b) an oRicer: black Ihako with
)ellow upper band and bl'llSll plate,
dark green lingle-breasted jaCket with
red collar, cum and pocket_piping,
green turnbackl and gold epaulellcs,
dark green tmlDCn wilh red Itripe,
and a pl.in IiIbre in a black leather.
braSl-l11ounted ICiIbbard. Other ranb
wore dark gre<:n c1oth-co\'cred IhakOi
wiUt white upper band lLnd cordi,
brass plates and ... lllIe metal chin,
lealel, all dark green with white b!'aid
."
on Ute collar, Weillt aud cuffl, white
('piIuleltcs, and white-edged turn-
bacb; dark green trowcrt wim
double white uripe. white lealher
equipment and high blaelr. riding•
boou; red over white lance-pennOIll.
Other ranb' Ihabl'2.qucs were dark
green, Iquare-cut, with white borders;
oRicen apparently UI«l long.tailed
Ihabraqucs with red edges, and dark
green valises bearing the regimental
number in white.
The unit waa disbanded in 1829.
<iii' Araentla.a;
a) Pri....te.
18t W.ntry Sn,
'P.trid"'.
Full Orela. 'If".
BrauUan Emplrel
b) Tnunpcter.
N.tJo.....1 e..ard H ......".
Full Ore. . (Winter
Uniform)., lifo.
The uniform of the Argcntinian lit
Infant!)' - the famoul 'Patricio::.'corpl
raised in 1806 and poIICSIing. record
ofOUlltanding distinction -l1lOws how
Ihe original 'Napoleonic' Ityles of
South Ameriean unironn gave way to
fashions follo...·ing the current Euro-
pean COItume; by tbe 1860'1, for
cx.ample, tile French tunic, baggy
trollJCn and Ir.c!pi had all been
adOpled by Ute Argentinian army.
The unifonn ill\1ltrated Ihows the
tapering Ihako, bearing the light
blue and white National cockade and
the regimC1ltal number 011 sh.ko-
plate and pompom, and repeated on
the belt-plate. l1te red ribbon affixed
to the left brealt commemoratCll the
red dtield worn on the licc\'cs of the
original unit in the 1806-07 Britillh
 invasion, w~ they be8an their
remarkable career; the red shield ill
worn to thd day. Baidc:s the blue fuJI
drcsa unifornl dlown, the regiment
had two more - one all.red and the
other all-white, worn alternatively by
lCuorlS or for differenllCr"ices.
The Brazilian ulliforlll (taken from
U"iI_S fh III GlUI,dill J{MUPwU by J.
M. de CoIta Araujo, '140) shows a
magnificent musician's draa. 1llc
coat of arm, of the Brazilian Empire
ill visible on the cap-plate and belt-
plate. The uniform of the ordmary
National Guard HlIWln was very
different from that worn by nllDi-
dalU; officcn had Frencho$tyle
cupkas with red eloth top edged gold,
black skull and peak with gilt edging,
gilt 'mnbunt' plate beuing the
Imperial arml in sil\'er, gill chin-
le,tles, red and whitc drooping feather
plume and gold cap-lines; red dolman
with blue collar and pointed cuff. and
a large amount of husaar-slyle braid
i"l, blue pelissc: with black fur and
much gold braid, dark blue trouscrl
with red-cdged double gold Itripes;
CrilTllOll corded SAlIh with gold tassels,
while waist- and pouch-beltl, the
!"onner with a gilt plate bearillg the
Imperial arnlS; blue dlabraque with
triple gold lace border and bearing an
,,8
Imperial crown on the pdtol-hOOten.
1llc a.tume of other South
American armies followed .imihtr
paltenu; both Venezuelan and
Chilean troops were primarily drCHCd
in light blue in the 18~o'., though one
nolable accption was Boliva,'.
Venezuelan Bodyguard corpI, whose
uniform was lIyled from that of
Napoleon's Imperial Guard Chlll_
seurs :l Cheval. Thd colourful umt
wore (in 18'20) a white fur busby with
red bag and upright white plume
riling from gilt ball-tOCkct, Karlet
dolman with much yellow--gold braid.
ing in traditional hllWlr pattern,
Karlet breeches with the same braid,
ineluding elaborate Austri&n knOIll 011
the thighs, black Hcsai&n boolll with
rellow--gold braid and tassels, while
pouch-belt and gauntlet$, llraight_
bladed, brass thrce-bar-hiltcd sword
with red knot and Iteelscabbard, and
barrelled SAlIh of yellow, scarlet and
light blue.
for lummcr·wear on active ICrviee,
white linen or cotton uniforl1ll ....~re
vcry popular throughout South
America, often cut in regulation style,
with coloured facings and regulation
head-drca, but frequently basically
dvilian clothing with military ac-
coutrements.
OPERATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA, ,815-46
Between the end of the War of t8tlt and thc beginning of the U.S.'
Mexican \Var, the United States was not involved in any campaigns
against foreign opposition. The only serious military operations were
conducted by pan-regular and part-volunteer forces against hostiles in
the frontier regions. In 18t8 General Jacbon invaded Spanish Florida
or
to avenge the dcpredations tile marauding minole I ndian!, return-
ing thc territory to Spain at the end of the expedition, but the United
States later acquired it (t8Ig). The oontinued westward ClCpansion
brought the Americans into continuous contact wilh the Indian tribes,
naturally resentful of the appropriation of their lands, and constant
skinnishing cnsucd. Most serious was the Black Hawk War of t832,
named after the Sac and Fox chief who led a rising, suppressed by
Colonel Zachary Taylor's 400 regulars and 900 militia at the Baule of
the B.1d Ax (It August),
The second Seminole War dragged 011 from t835 to 1843, a bitter
and sanguinary struggle waged among the Florida swamps. In the
running guerrilla war led by the chief Osceola, there were two notable
actions: in December 1835 a force of 150 regulars was ambushed in
Wahoo Swamp, only thrcc lIlen surviving the mauacre; and the Baltic
of Lake Okuchobcc exactly two )'ears later when Taylor stormed a
minole position and broke the back of the rcbellion, which never-
theless lasted for four more years. Apart from a minor insurrection in
Rhode Island (Ihe Dorr Rebellion) in t84~, the United Slates was
involved in no other serious campaigning until 18-16.
There was one other notable (though numerically small) campaign,
begun in t835 when the American seltlen in the Mexican-controlled
province ofTelCas revolted against the brutal megalomaniac diclator of
~Iexico, Gencral Santa Anna. The MClCicans wcre expelled from Texas
in t835, then returned in force in t836 and laid siege to a com'erted
mission-fortress in San Antonio de Bexar, the Alamo. After a most
heroic resistance, the 18o-odd defenden were overwhelmed by a
Maican auauh, and became martyn to the cause of Texan Inde-
pendence. Slain in the Alamo were twO famous and belo\'ed frontiers-
men, I),IVy Crockell and James Bowie, whose deaths were secn in the
United Slatel as an almost sacrilegious act on the part of Santa .\nna.
Thousands of voluntccrs and dollars poured into Texas to join Ihe 'war
"9
of liberalion' bUI il ....'as lefl 10 Gc::n«al Sam l-lou5Ion and aboul 740
vohmlttrS 10' mttt Sama Anna at the:: Battle:: of San Jacinto (III April
44. U.s.A.:
.) T roope:r,
$e.rvice'
Dnl,_...
Om_, 1',)6.
collar and cuI&, wilh IfokI la.ce
dccontoon for offittn. N.C.O.. won
)'C'11ow ""'OfIlm qlauktlCl and offittn
1836, 11Ic:: Tc:xans. burning 10 nenge lhe I1laSSlICfC5 of the Alamo and
Goli;ld .... hc::n lOme:: 300 Tc::xalll had bcc:n shot out of hand after
sUrTCmkringl. rouled lhe:: Mc::xican anny to completely thai il literally
ttaJCd to exist and Sanla Anna .....as caplUred. Texas, d«bred an
.....
b) Ordoanee $e....__ .,

TIw: 'slO\qMpC'·wko ..... adoplo:d by

indepc::ndent rc::'pubhc, "''as rttognisc::d by, the:: U.S.A, a lOO\'e ....hich
atOUkd intellK fttling in ~tc:xico and ....hlch, added 10 the:: Ame::ncan
desire for conlinued c::xpalUion JOuth and west.....ards, resulted in Ihe
U.S.-Mexican War of 1(46-48.
NORTH AMERJCAN UNIFORMS 18'$-40 (Plate. 43-46)
43- U.S.A.: 'l'bc 18111 pauern coatec had ootlar.
la.ce- of the brandt disunClwe colour,
.) Se...ftUU, and Ihoulder-",'ings lik~lX; offittn
G~cUe.. COm....y. wore K:alcd .....ings .. uh bull~ fringes
tara-try, Ih7. of the brandt colour uh~ or sold},
...hich meanl lhal the P"t\.>ous
.,...Itm of nuik-<ksifPl&liorl b)' qMul.
etllMit"iign could not be usro. I nslr&d,
commill')t\Cd grades "'eft dUlin.
guidtcd b) meuJlK Ia« chc-<.'TOnI OIl
TIw: bell-topped wko was adoptm 1M upper arms. N.C-O. rank .....
1).,' the L.S. Army an 1821, this hcad- dUlinguistKd 11)' lace chc-\TllIU of
dral ha\in~ a \'e::ry markl"d OUlward 1M branch colour OIl the fore-arm.
c:ur-iC: near 10 lhe CI"O\'>·n. It was wom AJ In Europe-an armies, musiciaN'
by oolllpan)' offiorrl and nl.llk and uniforffil Weft lhe IIlOII colourful of
me of all braocm, being dislin. Ihe arIDY, t1lO1C of lhe arlillery, for
gui,hed by the colour of Ihe plume: cxampk, ore KariN coattcl with
while for infilrllry 'ce::mre' companies, lac:t' and IDS- of Iht' arnlleE)"s
red for grnladie::n, )ello'" for anilleE)' dlJlincll\'e:: colour (ydlow', ... lIh )d-
and li'lhl infilrlu')", ... hile ... ith rl"d lop kM l;Ofds and plumes OIl lhe shako.
for hght arlillCl)', and green for An inle-restin, fealure:: "''&I the- la.ck of
rilkrnen. 1lic' badlle:: of ilrl cagle
lruptn'l an oIi\'c: branch and a sheaf
of 1IIl'O"''S, and c:hlmcalcs. "'onc: of
lace- on the b«a5u of alllU"m) coaltcl,
",hick had lu'ICS ofetnbo'oidcn m lhe
pm(' aMour III the- coal« IJ\llead.
infanlry and anilkfy In 18]2, hen
1bo>O'11 in the anilkr) \nWon, Ithe-
Qrd.nanc.o Dcpartmt'nl had mcrwl"d
wllh tM artillery an 1821!. TIw:
infantE)' JMIlt'm had ... hite IDOI'Iai
badces and fittimp, ""Ith a bu~le·hom
m p1llCf: of lhe cannon-barrds, and a
whw: plume. The height oftht' plume
varil"d, but is Ihoughl to have been 12
Ulches high fot" IC'niot" N.C.O.s, 8
lIlChel for lICl'llc-anll and below, a.nd of
drooping eocIr..feathert for offittn.
The rank of Ot-dnantt Scrgt'aDt was
lhal of a sc-nior N.C.O., ~ being
~ned lI) t\~ poa.t or unll,
~bIt' for 1M mamtc-nance
01' a.nnI and ammunllion_ 1M rank 1$
uxhcalm 11) the: Iac:c ban; OIl the- cuff,
the- 1Uh. swvnl, and ,.dk»w wonlm
c-paulelles ...i.th bra. c:recmll.
ilctlulu ca\1OI1) "''&I l"C\'i\'ed In lbe
U.S. Arm)' in 18]], ",'bm 1M Regi.
ment of Dragoons ...... ra.iso:d_ In full
dl"('ll, 1M '1I0'icplpc' shako .........·oro.
wllh a large bruI Ilar-shapc::d plale
bca.rin~ a white lIlelal CallIe in the
«litre, and )'ellow cordi (gold for
olTi«n) passing around Ihe cap and
looping OIl 10 the breul in IWO
'raquette'. Plumes "'~ ofdrooptnlll
white bonehair. with ro:d mlermiJ<l"d
for officcn of 6dd rank. Thai pallt'm
of cap .... later adopIl"d 11) the
lJXXulIl"d artiIkr)-, "'lth rt'd conk and
gold Thc dragoon distincti\y coblr
hdlo.- was rt:pea.led In tM double
llripe OIl 1M off"lOE..• IrGUIC'!'I. 1M
fisun IUUlUratc-d .bowl 1M dragoon
fidd urn form. conUslIDII: of a da.rtt
blll(' wll."acket ...i.th )e-ilow Iac:c and
the- odd-shapcd. leather ~ cap
worn b\' bolh fool and mounll"d
brancho of the:: army bct"'ttII 1833
and 1839, a plain hcad.drOli ... ilhout
badges and .so oon,tructed thaI il
oould be foldl"d nal for CJlIC of carE)'-
inlJ. In addition 10 the:: usual njuip-
IDOI'nt U5nI on a.cli\C' K:nicC' nole:: Ihal
Ihe waisl·belt .. hick .supporled the
''''ord hac:l ilrl allacht'd shoulder·bell
as ilrl atra 'upporl. IImlbr 10 lhe
latn Bril..n 'Sam aro..'nc-' beltl,
dRflOO'W oflal aff«tc-d a number or
unaulhorited addllions. Coioured
bandanas ",'om around tbe- Ilot'Ck or AI
a .surHhldd 10 lhe: back of lbe- head
..-nc popular. and the: Il'OOpt'r dlus-
lralm ... C'an lbe- I~ tuckl"d 1010
Ir.ntt-boou ,nslcad or (be- ~ lllUal
method of "'C'IU"ing the- (routen ll\'er
the boots. TIw: compan) guidon
carried by the lrooper bean the
word ORAOOOS1l, an addition ordered
by Secrelary of War lA:wis CallI in
18]3·
<U- Med~:
a) Se:rJ;eut,
.....
B.ta1lo.. de MalalDoros,

Tp&s:
bra. or ... hue me:uJ aceonllng to the Note a!Io thai the: oftiocn' JWOrd, plume. b) PrivalC',
branch, and the cunh ",'ere- similarly
)e-ilow or ... hue pId or pl\~ for
offi«nJ.
illUlU"ated .... ~ from the
bldll1)' thin chains Uatead of the: mort'
UIU&i lathc-rllinp.
TIw: full d~ coatec WIll or the
ame JMIlt'm as thaI W<JnI b\' the
Ordnance Ser'gnnl. bul had )~11ow or the
.....
New Orl_ Greys,

KOra C\YIl hundr«b of

..., '4 ,
 tony (and not II) liny) volunteer unill
r.-d in the a.phori<: (ervour of
patriolilm .. bllCh I~I O'lo'ff the
L'nitm SU.leI duri"l the War of
Tcx.an l~, the two COl'}»
of ""~ 0rIeanI Grq, "'cr~ the moat
fa~ l1pbo&dlllg the pnnapkl of
lhe 1776 R~'Olution by "'tin~
fdlow.AmcricanI, hundrNi o( idnl.
all and a la~ num~ofad'i~ntu~
and frttbooten fIocktd to Teo:&I to
<kf~nd th~ righll of their brethren.
The New Orleans Grr)' draKd in
h.. til)'·produ~ uni(orf1ll (rom which
they look ,heir name were one ofthe
fint unill mlO Tcxu. One compl.ny
WIIJ inch~ in Colonel Fannin'l
fone which _ au.ackcd on !he
OoI.. to Ri~'ff and f<w~ 10 retire bKk
to the Goliad million from .."'brncr
lhq had advanced; the inept Fannin
IUfTftldcrai and vinlalty hil enure
command _ ~tm on the onkn
of the brutal Santa Anna. The 0thcI"
('l)fflpan)' of 'GI'q" _ Included in
the Alamo garrilon .."hen the million
fdl; they abo ~ lUInihiiattd to a
man. At the tillX of the final a.auh,
It wall the GI'q'S' proud !igbl blue
banner with ~mblazonm black ~qle
which Rew over th~ Alamo, and now
r~pows in MOtico City where it was
taken after th~ a.ault.
-Ilte Grq.. wer.: in a raggtd, ill-
eqUipped Itate al lhe lirn.e of the Peg~
of the Alamo. !heir quickl).prodoccd
unilOrml ha~';ng mc»tly fallen to
piccxs. Other -1untc:'cr" corps WOK
home·mad~, civilian dothes with
wide·brimmed hall 01" (ur caps;
although CoIonrI W. 8. Travil lfinal
pniton ('l)fflmandc:r at the Alamol
had ordered a grq' (nxIr.-e:oat and
~ from his tailor beJorc !he
'4'
campai~. it wasn't complct«l in
lirn.e and he dioed wnons home-mad..
'reus JClUlI and ClUT}1n~ a shot3un.
It ..... -.KI thaI emly one officn in !he
tntire Tcx.an arm), CoIofw,I Srdnq
ShermAn, pew -.:d a umbm at the
lirn.e or San Jacinto, and that of his
own dcvisir!8. AI SanJacinto, ~ I
Houston WlU drcllal In 'an old black
COAl, a black ~"tlvct ~·(St. a paIr o(
Illuff-coloored. pama1oom, and d,lapi·
dattd booll' with his lrousers luckm
in, 'his only badge o( aUlhority .. , a
IWOrd with a platm scabbard which
he ti«!. to his he'll Wilh buckskin
thongs: So amateur "IIJ lh~ Tuan
army, In (act, lhat the only tune
known to t1M: two-man fif~-and-drum
band to play the Tcx.an army inlo
action ..... a popular IoHlOIllIl, 'Will
You Coon1Il' to th~ Bower I havc
Shaded for You?' Arn'II of the T cx.an
army CGnlilted o( a few
mlllUu, sbotgww. Kmtudy '1on8
.s.".ut
rifles' and the univcrsal ·8owle'·t~
Alamo ..~ dying 10 Pi""
knl~'a. While the tkfcrxlen of tM
the li(~
of lhe embaulcd Tcx.IIJ tq)Ublic, lhe
ntWly-el«ttd gO\'emmmt, lIutead of
arl"llll(ing lOr !he anninlj: and equip-
ping of the Tcx.an volunl('Crs, con·
cerned th~mselvCl wilh luch vilal
maHen u oblaining officiall)".hudm
nolepaper and 'liquor fil for genteel
men to drink.'
11l~ Mexic:a.n army ..'or~ unibml
ClOnIciousIy baMrl upon thole of
Imperial ."ranoe, IIJ bdiutd lhe
troops of the Idf-«lkd '~apokon o(
the W~n' llf Sanu. Anna <klipted in
callu'lll himsd[ Althoullh basicall)
cons.iIti"8 of bcD·1Oppcd Wko, dark
blue coal with coiourftI facings and
Ontn whilc 1t0Ultl'l fOl" IUmmer ..'car,
lhe unilOnns or lhe f':llp«l.it.ion inlo
Tcx.IIJ WCIT an anlollllt&ffi of ;\Icxiean
mlhtar, drcll o( the p«'\'iouI IWCOI\
)-can. frt'ql.lCnlh- combm«l 'from
t.hor~ of tq\'lallon eqUipment
Wllh c",ilian 1Iem. Nmplc peasant
aa.ndal. urstcad of boou.. for aamplc.
II is bd,"'Cd lhal _ companil'S
WO« .. hl\~ COlton fatigue-'1.Il1I with
pcuanl:l' Ilraw halL The only rc:gi.
mental dcvi« on lhe unil"onn iIIus-
lraled ,,'eTc: the br-. letters aM on Ihe
collar, lignif)'ing 'Halallon de Mata_
motol', The M~ltican m(antry was
largely equipped Wilh allci~nl Brilish
'8rown 8cII' Oinllocb ,,'hich many
troops did flO( know how 10 fire. or at
best fir~ (Il)In th~ h,p, rendering
alrcad)' lnaccurale .. capons qUite
lade. al more thlUl t~n urm; thoulj:h
_ picktd unill "C1"~ armed ",th
Brili!lh '8aIr.er' rifted m ......~lL Sui in
ac..cral, IIJ the ¥ribok cxpaI.ition WIIJ
depentknl upon !he ...-1 o:nonnouI
bank O\"Ctdra(I, complicaled by
.. boksaI~ and u ~ thefl of
110«:I b) we get~ral Ilaff, the
;\lexican arm) ""IIJ lll-cquippcd. ill.
trained, ~-irtlall)" u'Huppli«!. and on
the O:Ir~nle ~"t~~ of Itarulion. For
all th~ir ..'rctchm condilion, how.
~"I"I", Sallla Anna liIIUtd Ih~ mOSI
m~ticuloUi onkn III fllCl h~ did all
hll o ..'n Itarr .."ork himself, hll '~Iarr'
bcllllj: largd) a 1)"mphanlIC RrouP of
bandill. An Otampk of his careful
allmt.ion to dcu.il WlU his order 10 the
rcgimmll auaultin~ t~'\Jamo: tlK)
"""tTt to h,ne barorM'b rtad)'-fiud.
and the 'II-raps of the capa undC1"" the
chin'.
For one whole hallmark "llf the
magni6c:ena of his umlOnns, the
'Napokon of thc \\(St' cndnI the
'43
War of Teo:an Indt:pcndmcc III lUI
illl\Ofllimoul fll$hion .. hen caplured.
-"Ier 'loan Jacinto. Santa \una WIIJ
ditco\"C1""n:1 up a trcc. drc.rd III a
duu\ blow (alicue-jad:~t, b-1lM"cd
k:II.I'IM" ClIp, fra)«Ilinm tr'OU:kl'l and
red ~loI.h 1I1ppen! l:ntil r~lc:unt b)
hil Tuan caplan, Sanu. Anna spml
.xnr ti~ in Tcxaa, .. hme III·
habitanll pC1"uned III arnnRIlI~
Impromptu lynching parties III his
hooour, thOlllj:h 'fj PTelidmte' at..~)..
mana8m to avoid being the main
atlraction.
",6. Republle or Tu. . :
a) Officer,
Ordnutce Ocpt,
Senice D..-.
(WlDtcr), I~
b) I.,t Se"1cant,
W_try.
.
Marcilia.Ordu,
.".
e) Se"1_nt,
M.riDe Corpt,
Fati,ue Ore. ., lIlt-
11M: Rtpublic of Tc:us PI'O\I<ks an·
othC1"" Otample of a new lIat~ "Ilhool
an)' ex\ltllll[ uniform u;lldlliOl1l,
ha~'inll: to fonnulal~ a tCf{Ulalion
d1't"lS, '111~ basic unifonn WIU capim
from a combination o( U.S. and
~1CJ(ican II) la, gcn~rally ~'CI)" ornate,
and mc:luding a can.lry helnlet not
unlik~ 11M: Mexican pallet'P, of black
lealher and bra. with a hondlair
crut. ~ ,n!"antl)' (aliguc dre. .....
bum upon L"nitm Staid paUC1"ll,
but indUlkd lbe Wl-e:oat; the: on-
(anll) (uJl drCII ..-m lik~ that .. om by
1M Ortfnanoc offittr ilhllltllled, but
..ith IiIH'I" Iacc and white Iba~
p1u~, ",W a .. hlt~ Il'IdaI sha..ko-
Illat~ in III", form ofa fi",.,.poinu:d liar
bc:aring Ihe company kiter, on a
'rared' nar.plale. 'Il'e Texan 'Lone
Star' emblcm was much In use, OIl
bc:ll-phues, cap-plales, cartridlle-
bOlla and as a Ilalllp on rl:'gulaBon-
wue weapons. Anolhcr unusual
fealure was Ihe profusion of bunolu
on many full-dress uniforms - four
around the lop of each cuff and Ihree
down the rear seam of lhe: cuff of
infantry olflc",n' coatl:es, for (:)tample
(U"tjflf'" <if tJw Arm.!, I'ublilhed in
Houston, 23 May 1839, the fint Dress
R'1lulations oflhe new rcpublic),
Th", Marine Corps faligu'" uniform
iIlUStraled ..'a.s JlS(:lf a VCTy Imgular
and anracti"e design, Uul lhe fuJI
drl::SS eVl:Il more 50, ooosi$ting of
infant!) shako wilh oval brass plate
, ,
_ _ =0*
'#
l>I':aring lh", 'Lon", Slar' and brasa
anchor badge, wllh brass chinscalCl;
a M':a-grC(:n jackel Wilh y",lIow lace on
the collar and cuff-naps, )'",110'" lurn_
backs, and yellow lace 1001_ on thc
collar and cuff_naps, ..·ilh rellow
fringed Ihould(:T-rol1s; sea-grttn
trowc:n and grey gailen, wilh .. hile
l",alh",r equipmenl and rtttangular
bl':Ull waist-l>I':ll plate burinll Ih",
'Lone Slar'. Arms for Ihe forces of the::
R",public we::re sporadically.issued,
and Illcluded a r""'oll'ing-q'lindered
rille used by the Marines, a most un_
popular weapon due: to iu peculiarily
offrequ"'nlly igniting all chaml>l':n at
Ollce and aploding in lhe user'l faee!
The l1lUilie sergeanl ilIwlraled is
holdulIj: a pc'i,·ale!y_acquired. multi-
barrelled 'Volley gun'.
• be thrown back; twO weeks later a British counter-attack broke the
COLONIAL CA~IPAIGNS, 1815-50
The campaigns in Ihe colonies for Britain at least - provided Ihe only
chance of experiencing real action :u diffcrent from the distasteful
'internal security' tasks which befell many armies, As with the French
in Algeria and the Russians in the Caucasus, campaigning in India k('pt
at le:ut part ofthe British army in touch with Ihe realitiesofactive service.
From 1814-16 British troops in India were engaged in one of their
most difficult campaigns, against the Nepalese hill-tribes. the Gurkhas,
Despite a ferocious defence, strategic mountain-fort.!l were captured
one by one until General Ochterlony penetrated the Katmandu Valley
and the Gurkhas sued for peace. Greatly impressed by the bravery of
the British which matched their own courage, the Gurkhas fumished
several battalions for British service and have served in a most out·
standing manner ever since.
In IBI 7-18 a $('rious campaign was waged against the vast horde of
Pindaris (outlaws and bandils) who caused utter mayhem in central
and SOUl hen} I ndia, and against the l\.bratha chieftaitu who supported
them, Sir Thomas Hyslop's 5,500-strong Anny of the Oe<:can crushed
one ~Iaratha force of 35,000 at Mahidput (III December 1817), and
Lord Hasting's Grand Army hunted down the remainder.
In 1823 Burma lauuched an attack on India, prompting a decla-
ration of war by Britain in March 18114, Major·General Campbell
organised a 5,ooo-strong Anglo-Indian expedition force from the
Andalilan Jslands, which lauded and captured Rangoon in May. The
disease-ravaged British, ho....ever, were surrounded by Maha Bandula's
Burmese army, which on I December t824 assaulted the city, only to
siege-lines and the Burmese retired. In February 18115 Campbell
advanced up the Irrawaddy, supported by sixty hoat.!l manned by
British sailon. Bandula attacked on 2 April, but his force was broken
by fire from a British rockel-battery, and the Burmese were routed as
Campbell advanced, Bandula being killed. Campbell, retiring into
quarten at Prome for the monsoon season, was again surrounded,
which siege was a duplicate of Rangoon; a Burmese attack in November
was follo....ed by a counter-attack which, in three days of illlense fight-
ing, destroyed the Burmese army and forced Burma to surrender, the
victorious Campbell withdrawing in February 18116.
'45
 In 18'l5llritain int('rv('ned ill the nhurtpo~ succession diJput('; Lord
ComlM'rm('~'s army in\'csu:d Ihe cily and eapwred it after a dcspc'ralc
assault in January 1826. Following thac:: repealed (and by now
cU5lomary\ Urilish SUCCCISCI tame disaster in lhe 1St Afghan War. In
an attempt to block Russian advanco in Afghani5lan, a 21,000 5ltonK
British amlY invaded that country to support a puppet-ruler's claim to
the throne in 1839, which was IUCCClSfully accomplished. In 114 I.
howC'\ler, the Afghans rrvolted, murdering both Uritish political ell\'O)'S
in Kabul and sUlTOundinlo;" General Elphinstone's ganUon (Novembf:r
1841 . T",'O months lat('r ElphilUtOTlC capitulated on the guarantcc of
safe passa~ to India for his 4.500 men and 12,000 civilians. The
Mghara, led by the trcaChCTOIU Akbar Khan, disf'Cgarded the terms of
the aglocment and ambushro the convoy in the Khyber Pas.
The sequence of evenu from til(' ('\-70cuation of Kabul was to ~
the most shaltering defeat of the British in India. As the incompc'telll
Elphinstone approached the jugdulluk Pass with his one British Tn{i.
ment (the <Hlh Foot and various East India Company uniu, th('
Mghans haraslCd and sniped along the flanks. the column diminishintt
visibly B)' the time that the jugdulluk ddik: was reached, only 1'lO of
the 14th and 25 artillerymen could be reckoned as an dfceti\oc fortt,
and thousands of cam~foUowen only made the situation WOTY.
jugdulluk was barricaded With thorn.bushes, and had to be stormed.
Incredibly, the Iittk pany forud their way through, though from
EJphinstOTlC's onginal 4,sao fighting men all that now l"Cmaincd we~
20 officers and 45 so&dlCTS. A dolen officers rode ahead 1O"'70nh
jallalabad and iu British garrison. but the l"Cmainder were unable 10
plOc:ced funher and made their Lut sund on 13 janw;ry tl4'l at
Gandamak. Only half a dozen wen:. Uptured, and none cscapc'd. The
redoubtable Subedar Sita Ram was taken prnonc:r by the Afghans
shortly befor-e Ihe final &$I8ult, and described the ~mnanl of the .wlh:
they 'foulo;"ht like gods, not men. but numben pt"e\'ailed agailUt
them .. .'
Of the twehoc who had ridden ahead from Gandamak, only on('
reached thc safety of jallalabad, the: now-famous Dr William BT)·don.
who Ixcame thc subjrct of Lady Butler's emotive paillling, 'Remnants
of an Anny'. Sadly for legend, Dr BT)'don, so long billed as the 'sol~
survivor' of Elphinstone's force, was one of a considerable number who
C\'entllally escaped or survived captivity, but his ride to jallalabad is no
less of an epic for that. Even today the inhabitants ofCandamak point
out the 'black rocks' around which the British died, but in Britain itself
'<6
the rctreat from Kabul is generally forgotten. Later in 1842 Sir George
Pollock stormed into Afghanistan, relieving the belcagured garrison of
jallalabad and wreaking vengeance for the Gandamak mauacre. Hut,
anxious not to 105(' mo~ troops in the inhospitable mountains, th~
Uritish evacuated the area and Akbar Khan', father, Dost Mohamll1('(j,
was allowed to TCSUme the throne from which he had been originally
depri\'ed .
Following the lit Afghan War and the friction it had caused bf:twocn
the &Iuch rulen of Sind and the British, the British RCl.idency at
U)'derabad was Jlormcd by 8,000 &luehiJ in February 1143. Marching
in ~Iief of the tiny besieged garrison, General Sir Charlcs Napier with
2,800 men defeated )0,000 Baluchis al 1o.hani . 17 February), madc a
formidabk forced march through halTCn country and in March
reliC\led Hydcrabad. In his whirlwind campaign ~apler marched 600
miles, foulo;"ht two major banks and numerous minor acttons and with
no rI'"lOI"C than 5,000 men defcated O\"CT 60,000 nati\·cs. The conqucst of
Sind stabiliJed India's western frontter, secured the Indus, and
prompted ~apieT's famous one-word dispatch announcing his \;etory:
'Pccca\'i' ,I havc:sinncd,!
Continued friction between the British and the Sikhs of the Punjab
TCSUlttd in a Sikh mva.Wn of British Indu.m Dcttmbcr 184~ but their
fint ad\'anc:c "'as halted by Sir Hugh Gough at Mudki (18 Dttembcr .
Three: days later Gough - with the British Go\-crnor-Gencral Si.. Henry
Hardingc serving in a subordinate capacity - anacked a weU-en-
tn:ne.hed Sikh army of 50,000 at Feroushah. The action "'70S compli-
cated by the fact that it was not dear who was giving ordcrs to the
British force, Commander-in-Olief or Governor-Cc:neral, and ~"Cr.ll
uu.ulu "'"Crt beaten off before the British captured the poIition and
repelled a counter-attilek. on the following day. One of the billcmt
Jlruggles III Indian history, Ferozeshah COlt Gough 2,400 ITle:n and the
Sikhs at least to,OOO, causing the Sikhs 10 withdraw back over the
River Sutlej '" hence they had come.
Another Sikh anny, raiding in British territory, skinnished with a
BriliJh force under Sir Harry Smith at Ludhiana (21 january (846);
Smith allaeked a week later and smashed the Sikhs at Aliwal in another
brutal, no-quarter action. I n February Gough himself aoued the
Sutlej and stonned a Sikh position at Sobraon, which ended the war-
Punjab becoming a British protectorate.
Ofshon duration, the war had been one of the bloodiest C\'er fought
in I ndia, due to Ihe valiant character of the Sikh nation and thei.. well·
"7
lrainm and organised anny. So well was it equipped and uniformm,
in fact, that it was said the only way of distinguishing a Sikh unit from
a British sepoy co.,. in the confwion of banI<: w;u iliat the Sikhs wore
black or brown ~belts, and the British white.
A fact IlOt generally kllO""n is that the Sikh army was trained to a
coluiderable degr« by Europeans, either foreign mcn:enaries or
deserters from the British or CompanY'1 forces. At Sobraon, for ex_
ample, tWO mercenary OrriCO'S ""ere prc:sent in the Sikh army, one
Hurbon 'a Spaniard) and hil French colleague Moulton; and
Subelbr Slla Ram telb of an incident which occurTCd during the heat
of the battle when a 'Sikh' cri«!. out to a British private for mercy, 'a
thing no Sikh had C'o-cr bttn known to do'. and then lpoke in English.
The British prwate pulled off the man'lturban and jacket, 00 reveal a
European dOC11er "" ho had turned against his comradC:ll by takinlf
5ttVK:e in the Sikh army. .\ pany of British infantry kicked and
ba)'OO(:ued him to death "";th the greatest contempt ,md violence.
KnowlOg how near they had come to VM:tory, the Sikhs tried ~in in
1848--49 when the Punjab role In rC'o'oIt, with the Sikh government at
fint allemptlOg 10 IUppna it aOO then turning on the British them-
selves. (;(:ntt21 Whuh laid siege to Multan while Gough again invaded
the: Punjab. Gough, checked at Ramna~r (22 :O;ovembcr I8.}8J at
fint decided to wait for Whi.Ut to take Mullan, but then advanttd
independently. Meeting the Sikhs at Chilianwalah (13 January 1149)
- "" hen both armies attacked at once - Gough lost fewer men than the
Sikhs but the sangulOary bailie was in reality dnlwn. His replacement
by :O;apiCf" orde:ruI, Goulfh lTIO\'ed before the orden arrived, his army
reinforced by WhiMl (and the Sikhs by .Dost Mohammed of Afghan.
IStan). The Batll<: of Gujnat on 21 February finally broke the Sikh
resinanc<: for uifling British lou. and the Punjab was annexed in the
following month.
British open.ttons wc« not confined to India; in 1839 diAgTecment
between British l'IlttChants and the Chinese government (particularlr
regarding the: importation of opium) led. to Chinese action agairut the
European commumt)'. An expedition of 4,000 British and East India
Company troops under Sir Hugh Gough arrived in Chinese waters,
capturinlt the Bogue FOf"ts and Camon (24 ,\olay 184t). Despite unsea-
wOC"thy transports and lack of lupplies, the disease-ravaged British
continued coastal operations which culminated in the fall of Ching-
kiang (lit July 1142) and China IUed for peace.
In Africa, conflict with native tribes continued throughout the
,.8
period, both between the Boer Killers and the natiYel, between British
and nativCl, and ultimau::ly British and Boers. Notable actions occurred
at Ulood River (16 December 1838) when a Boer force decisively
defeated a Zulu army under Dingaan, at Magango Uanuary Il4o),
when a Boer- Zulu alliance overthrew Dingaan, and at Boomplaats (29
August 1848) when Sir Harry Smith's British victory culminated silt
)'ean of Anglo-Boer conftict. Harry Smith was involY«!. in an amazing
incident in the luppreuion of the 3rd Kaffir War (1834-]6), when that
iron veteran of the Peniruula and Waterloo 1m a small detachment
from Cape Town to Graham's TOl\'n, a distance of 600 miles, in ICSI
tban lix dayl, a 1Carcc:ly ttedible feat of endurance over the molt
difficult terrain.
Between 1824 27 the lit Adta.nti War was fought in West Africa,
with initial British rev<:nC:ll being turned into victory; aOO in 1846-47
a sharp cam~ign agailUt the Kaffin in South Africa silenced naLi,,'e
protests about ina<:a5ing European colonisation. Other British colonies
~'n'e peacd'ul, except fOf" two minor m-olts (the Papineau aOO Mack-
Ollie rebellions I in Canada, and the III. Maori War in :O;cw Zealand
(18.43- -48), which meluded some hard sir.irmis.hing and a guerrilla war
before the natives were lubdued.
"The other major sphae of colonial activity was the: French invasion
of Algeria in 1830, folloo.oing repeated bloclr.ading and bombardment
in an effon to check the depredations of Algerian pirates. Algicn was
captured in July t830 by Marshal de Bourmont'137,OOO men, but the
campaign dragged on agailllt a skilled native kader. Abd eI Kader, the
sclf-appoimm defender of Islam and a man of remarkably chi~lrous
dispolition_ The Treaty ofTafna Uunc 1837) brought an uneasy peace,
but the French Itormed Constantine in October, the: city having
resisted French atw:ir.s for a )'Ur; the French commander, )'Ianhal
Dam~mont, was killed in the asuult. Oaiming thil u a treaty-
violation Abd cI Kader took the field ~in.
With the French army now commandm by the dynamic Marshal
BUlfeaud, new tactics ",,'ere adopted; 'flying columns', as mobile as the
Berben they humed, were xnt out from fixed bases and had a decisi"'e
effect; In May 1843 the Due d'Aumalc with leu than 2,000 men lur·
prised Abd eI Kader'l 40,000 at Small. and utterly routed them. Driven
into ~Iorocco, Abd eI Kader with 45,000 men were attacked by
Bugeaud hirruclf at Isly (14 August 18.14); B~aud'i 1011.11 force.
using a 'squa~' formation devised by the Manhal and known as the
'boar'l head', attacked and overran the Arab camp. It proved decisive;
"9
although Abd d Kadc:r did not surrender unlil December 1847, French perc:ussion muskets, the French .....ere l:Xperimenting with weapons
control ofAlgc:ria was a.s:sun:d, technically )-~an ahead. Captain Ddvigne, for example, dcsiltm:d a
M a rauh of colonial eampail!:ning, military unifonm took on a more rifle which achievro a great reputation in Al~ria_ The Duke of Orleans
functional and climatically more suitable aspect, with virtual 'r.,tigue eqUiPped a battalion ofeha_un d'Afrique with Delvigne's gun, and
dress' becoming the otablishro uniform for active service: plates 49, on one rttOnnaissance .....as much provokro by an Arab sheikh makinlf
')I and 64 illustrate how these 'colonial' fashions wa'C carriro o\'er into thrc:atc:ning gestures lOme 630 yards a.....ay. The Duke callro to his
European service, The British in India also produced full dress costume escort that he would give five francs to any man .... OO could shoot the
of great magnificenoe, ftU{uently incorponting native items of dress m Arab, ....,hereupon a Chasseur lIep(X'd forward, alll1ed lu, DelvignC'
the unifonm of European offlttn (undeniably adding to the (n'er:all rifle and laid the sheik dead upon the spot!
romanticism of the period), while n:uive soldien of the wt India
Company's forces (officially the only 'British' regiments in India Wtt'e
those actually belonginlf to the Crown wa'C dressed in an often_ COLONIAL UNIFORMS "'5-500 (Pla," 47-5')
incongruous mixture of current British uniform, psc~lndian items
47. D...,I.... Wnt ladin: brim, white ~ badge, .. bue
(such as peaklos shakOl mtendro to lUCiilble turbans) and genuine:
a) Pri"IHe, pompom and mixed red-and-)~11ow
'nativc' features such as sandals and beads around the: neclr.!
R~rW_try. c:onb; thC'tr unibm .... !Ike thaI of
The French campaigns in Algeria were belfun by troops wcarin!il Serviee Drfts Sanu:ner)' the officcn but Wlth blue Ihoukkr-
standard infantry uniform (Itt Platc,38i ",;th ....hite linen shakG-COlo"tt1, ""'PI and unlaced uouacn. .nd bladr.
"37·
but toOI1 evolved into a more suitable 'tenuc d'Afriquc', which in- b)Ue\a,~t, lealhc:r eqUipment; .. hlle trouaen
cluded • doth-bodied shako-type hcad-dress ktlOl\'n as a 'casqueue R~r lalaatry. wen: also ....' Om in .....m ter rull draa as
d'Afrique' It he forttumw:r of the famous and ultimately world-",ide
'kepi'), and the habit of wearing the greatcoat with 5kins turned back
to allow free rn(n~mcnt of the Itp, without the tunic underneath, a Rd~--ni
.....
F..U Oresa (Wb",").

or the of adaptml
IlC'C.aAt)'
st)-k: to be seen even in World War I. The strangulating oorutructions unirom. b the nsoun or campaign-
IRg. the Dan-h p riIooI or the
of the 1830's ",~re replaced by more functional equipment, indudinlt
J-cdul . . . . . of 5t Thomas, 5t
the wearing of the cartridge-box. at the front of the waist. And in the:
CrolJt and 5t Jobn wore colourful
exotically..a.tumcd 'African' rqimcnts Zoua"'cs, O1useurs ururom. .. hich con.....ed in MMne
d'Afrique, Spahis the French set a style which was to be copiro mpccu to regular Danish unibm
extensi\~ly in North Am«ica and C\'CO by the British West India bIll alto rdlettcd the romantIC spirit
Regiments. A description oflhc semi-nativc OOItumc origmally worn of the: bautirul itIands In .. hd! they
by the Zouaves ,the name coming from the Algerian Zouaoua tribe
who suppliro troops to aid the French) ...." as given as: 'tricolour turban
~ .....
1l\e 1826
winter urulOnn illustrated
with an aigrette, blue Turltish jacket, embroidered in gold, red ..... ~ to surnoner by a ...hile
mameluke trowen, with gold trimmro pockets, sillt sash full of pistols, c:oat« and ..... hile trotlletl; officeB
and a curved sabre'; this costume wa, .....orn initially by the French Iunlike home--bNcd Danish rqi.
mental officers1 ....-e rnJl8Cd epaul-
officers also, but soon replaced by con\~ntional European dress when
CliO, th('tr rank ",dicated by the
'they found lhac disguises 10 grotesque (that) they hurriedly aban-
nllmber or lace' ~1I0 ..-om abo\-'e
donro them, ,.' the rolf; OM rOl' ~nd lieutmants, IWO
The French campaigns in North Africa specdro the development of rOl' lit Iirotcnants and three: for
tactics (the 'flying column', for example) and weapons; at a time when captains, Other ranks at this period
the British .....~re hesitantly coltsidering the introduction ofsmOOlhbore won: black relt 'Itovepipe' hats With
wdl at ....ith the white jacU1 in sum-
mct'", The 18]7 uruform - lncludmg
the tall and unuaualt)..hapnl eu.pb
- also "'Om by officcn., but ....th
'WlII
the Iaa: ..vm on the: uppcrqe orthc
collar, .... th s.il\~-Iaced poucb-bdt
and rringdcsl cpaukttC'l, and JIOki-
and-erimlon ASh with heavy .-cis.
Offio:eR' cupbs ..·ere or the: ame
paltcm as thole of the: rank and file,
bul with tall .... b,te plume rislflI rrom
the red cockade bcannlj:. sih-er erma.
larze KIlt 'lW1bunt' p1ale bari"l
silVa" c:oat-or.anns, sil_-er chll1lcaks
and R;old oords. As berore, blue
trousers roukI be ....· om ,,"h this
uniform.
Tn addition to the: "lI:u1ar inrantl)
11Iuslnlled. lhc:re alto existed mihtia
uniu, wnrinll; \..ried cmIU~; In
1816, rOl' example, the: 'Prir\a"s LIre
Squadron' .....ore a unirorm \'lftu.aJly
identic:aJ to that ..... orn in the Penll1-

'5'
 lul.r W.r by d,C' BriliJI 9~lh Rilkl,
officC'n ...·... rin~ '1IO\;C'plpc' Ihalo ","h
fIl'ffn cordi, IJrttn dolOl.n ...·lIh black
facinJ!:l and h.....r braid, lil\'..r
Ihouldn-cha'I\I, cn"U(lrI••nd·gold
buRlkd ...u.N .nd IIr!:' 0\~1lI
"'lIh bl.ck lealh..r mnforcinJl .nd
braidin~, Ih.. onl,. rnJ d,lT~
btin~ in lbe- l.f'JI:C' "I,~ Ihako-p1.IC',
Ih.... hllf'-O\Tf-1T'Ci upn~ht plume and
tM lirailhl-blidni I"on! "',Ih mllilm
gold and crirmon knot.
Al t.... _ dalC', lhr 51 lllornu
Land ~hhua :l8a.m for offi«n} ..'on:
• b1aclt 'round hal' "lIh ,IlOld loop
.nd .. h,I"oO'on".rft! plume' hit.. lhe'
Brililb R~a.1 ~I.riows , • dark blue
jad.~ ..,Ih 1"0'00" of bullON on I....
brf'ut, rm fllClnlfl .. uh pd l.cr loop
and l"pIIuk1l~ ..h,l.. br~hcs and
black HSan boolI.. M,htla un.bmI
IOllooom 1M _ 'nalural pnllra-
lion' as dld.ll Europnn C'05lurt'1C'; in
,~ for aamplC', lhe: 51 Crout
~hliua ",on: brll-Ioppm ahako "'Ilb
.. hll.. l.cr .nd c:onk. dark areal
jackC't ..,th ... h,l.. lac.. and PlPIn~ and
... hil.. 11'OUIC'I'Io. 'Tbrir canrid ~bo:&o
bore' lhe' umr en:- dC'itt 'on •
CIO¥>'Df'd, .. h,lc mf'laI dixl as did lhe:
C:UpU-cocbdo ofthe' regular Infan·
It') ,1I\11tralm.
..I. lDdla" Ann),.
.j Sepo,.
N.....rl Ban.no".
III"
b) Tnllnpeter,
Ski""e"'. Ho.....
B,
....
('1' h"S_1 Local Ho.....).,
,
Rivin~ t Brilish IUCh a I~mrn-
dOllS li~hl In I r"rpalt:M' \\:n.1I ......
ob... iol,a Ihal Ih.. Gurkhu ...·C'rC' .upub
'5'
IOldicn, clut.raclcriJcd b) lheir 010110
'Kaphar hunnu bhanda marllU
ramro' (il is bell.... to di.. than be •
coward'). Th.. finl Gurkha unLlI III
B... iIh ~""'icr ......r.. formrd in 181~,
bolh :-;....ri and Sinnoor batt.lions
wurin~ a ~OIi·'riR ..', K:m.-nall\'C
uniJOnn, originally with nod facinlfl
bul from 1816 at I....t in th.. CUt' of
1M Sirmoor) black. The' ...... rin~ of
lhr kukri. the fcanomcU>d I"""uonal
nalj,"C' ",,'Ord knik .. hd h.. an
a1lflOJt m)"Ric attachment to lilt'
Curkhas. ..... prnonall) sanctioned
1»' Sir J)a,-.d Odtln"Ion): 'F..ach man
10 rdaln and "'car Iu5 koo~ In a
leather .....aI-belt or thr pattern ..hlCh
has brrn aPJlf'O\'ed'. ~ aaet eon-
slruction of thr fint hcad-d..... is
unceruin, bul appean from eon·
I ..mporaty poc:tuRS to ha, .. brrn a
ftal.toppm C21p .. ,lb. turban "'"'(lUnd
around_ Imliall)- I~ Gurkhas "'u..
anned ..ilb mUlkru. until a SUffiricnl
numbrr of ~ ,and thcKl'«c
man: manageable- I» thr liul..
N~ hillmC'll!) fuzih WC'I'f' mad..
a,-..ilabk.
If Gurkh.to repulalion was formid-
ablr III 181S> II incrf'uC'd. thousand·
fokt under Bntish comTOi. An nrh
aamplC' oft,pic:aI Gurkh.to courqC' IS
bond III t.... dcspalCh ..'ntten b,
Colond Sf'bri!Vtt Ma... br). rom-
mandrr of the kwceJ 1n't$lIn~
Kalonaa II.flef thr death of 5,r Rollo
Cillopi.. III thr finl _ult_ Wben th..
!(wire. was C\-.c:uatm I» the Gurkh~
tl"OOpl of Bulbudd..r Sing. th.. 8n"oh
found a ...·ounded nall"C offic.. r
BulbuddCT's aid.. \ in th.. rull\l of Ihc
forI. This man. 'findin/l; th,u th..
wound would not put him to duth.
he abused both OftkC'n and M ..n III
Ih.. Ill'Ollat I..rms m hopct thai, Ihc)
would I» Ihat 'JIf'a,1S shoot hnn bUI
findmlC th.l. thll ...·ould hal"C' no ..freel
011 th..ir f.... h1181 hc bUI hil hcad
• ~a"lJt tilof' ~IOll0 In tM hope of put-
tin~ all .. nd to his ullt..ncr hich
all faihl1l1l, M requatm firc to ·arm
hll11..lf, &. ... Itrn left b) Ih.. Scpo)"I,
.... took an opporlulllt) of Ihro ·;118
m.. ... !lokof,t on hll buMt hich
_ no IOOllf't" dilcO\~m lhan it ..-as
rcn'lO\ed hr has, hQ.."f'\'n", Ilnot
dKd
It IS fittl1Ul lhat Platc.e Ibould be
sharm I» a Gurkha ,arguably the
bell, IOIdICT in the """Grid, and a
nlf'fllhco- of lhr rnoJI famow Brili$h
Ind..n ~,mmt, ulumatd) SkmRCl"'s
HOQC' I lit Bmtr.I I.anttn. the
~r.. bt'tng ta.ken from a painung of
• durba.r b) • c:ontnnponr)" Pt'nUuI
arult.
Slunlln"'s IIODC' had 'II OIlIllUl in a
00I'JI5 of 'uugular hone' raucd I» •
ha!f-ca.>l.. English oft'lCf'I", Jama
Sklnrlf'l". In 18o:J, .. hich becamC' the
III a..n..J Local Hone Ul .813.
Thou~h pKIurn or 181; show thtm
...·caring flal I'm lurbam and )dJo.,.
robes, b) 181~ their d,e. had become
mon: 'umform', Mill r..lalllmg thc:
dmlUCti, .. ) ..IJo.,. .....r .. hich thc)'
"""On' Ihrou~hout thrir exislmet'. The'
'umform' of Ih.. Jlfriod shown eon·
a1Jtm or. mcul, Pcni.an1t)lf' helmet
... "h nual_bar and a 'brUJh.t)pr'
plumr for nal"" officen, ... "h a long
)"C'11ooo IPrmall kllO"'n u an 'a1kalak'
'C'lTlbrOldcrm ""th 1\ll1'\C' ~n in
nlof'tallic thrud fOO" olflCf'nl. "'L1h
C'l1llof'r Jlr....n or rm IroUK:B, and a
shOll red jack.. t ","h bbc:k fur trim.
mm~ III a snmlar p;;tll..m for all ranks.
I\mll C()IULJlm of nall\'" s... ords
'53
(Iul....an). ancirnt m.tc:hlock Illuskc:u,
and lanc:n with ..lIh..r narrow rrd
pcmlOllJ or occ.lionall)· bundlf'JI of
~nod ribboll Ixlow thc hod Th..
fiaurc ,11U1tralm II particularl) lII'
lC'ralUlII: all It shOWII thai d ...pll" Ih..
Indo--Pf'ni&n nalurc of thot' umfOO"'n,
th.. F..uropran 'rC\ ..rIf'd coloun'
fashion lOr mUllClalu ...... UIf'd Ii,c.
red alkalalu and ) ..11ow jAC:k.. u>. "'llh
dark I probably fil:rttll' tifilhl lrowrn.
European otrlttl$ "'(lI'C' the: old lighl
dragoon uniform r~ In I....
Briti$h ann) In 1812 - Tarkton
helmrt ..,th kopardMm turban and
bcankm UQI. rft! dolman ....Ib lil,~
h.-r~t\k bral(bng and ... hlle
br..«hcs, though apparUIII) I» ,8)0
thr dolman ..-as dark b1lKC "lth nod
factngl (.nd AI\~ braid . On occa·
sion, hoIo'C\CT, Europnn offic:cn "OI'C
Ofnale ,'a'IOont of Ihf' lUlU'''' drca,
C"o-nl Indllehn~ t~ Pf'nWl he'1mc:t
...ith gildrd fithnga.
.,. Indiao Ann)':
.) SUSn U,hc CO_....)'.
2IUa a..a NnJve
In.faftlry "
b) Corpo...l.
.Ift M.d.... (£u.ropen.)
F....wen,
Se.....b D.--., ...."
e) a..Dd-Se... nal,
...
l'otadraa Native WaDtry,
~
Th. p1atc Jbo.,... ,-anall(lftJ of t....
Ineilan mf.lIlt') umform_In.. lIa,iJ-
dar SC'rgrant of II... 28th 8m~.1
t.ken from an Illtb Ac:kn"mann
pnnl) sholo, the comb,natlon of
EuropC'an and nat,\ .. 11)10. In 111011
rClpcclJ apart from Ih.. odd Klttn
",';ng-frins~ ...-om b) a f..... Bntllh
~im~nts, and the m"ertro chev-
rons), th~ unif()f"m might be worn by
a 8ritish unit, uc~pt for the peaklcM
Ihako ~haract~istic of Indian troops
ofthi, period. As in Ihc British am,y,
bluc-black I~n w~r~ worn in
wint(1'". Th~ shako could be W()f"n with
a plain black or \\hitc cover with
omarrK:llts removed, or ~placcd by a
whit~"~Kd 'pillbox' undress cap
for aCli,'~ R'rvlcc.
Nati,'~ commiDioncd offllXn WOK
thdr own 'ersion of the pcakles
shako ,the dcsign of \\hich "aried
considerably ~tween units) and uni-
fornu similar in st)'k and decoration
to thOl5C of 8rilish inf:llllry officen,
with the same 'company' distillCtlollS
(wings and grttn plumcs for light
compania, elc.). Europcau officcn
in native uuits wore uniform, which
duplicated current Brilish styla n-
aclly. given th~ various regimenlal
distinctiolll, of counoe. Native troops
....ore this 'Europcaniscd' COilume
from thc t8~o's, until which time
thdr dras had included more oncntal
it~nu such III dome-topped lurban
shakOi and short trousers; C'o'ell 'war·
paint' ....'as not offidall)' forbidd~n
until 18,,0! 111c marker flail illus-
trated is a!lOther unusual item sho....·n
in thc original print, ~aring Ihe
~im~n1al number in gold kllers.
Drummen and lllusicians .....ere
gencrally of mixed blood. and as .uch
the offtcial regulations prohibitinll
the wear ohome 'European' items by
nat",CI did not apply; many musi-
cians, for example. w~re allowed to
.....ur peaked head-drcss, a dislinction
n:scrved for Ihose with lOme Euro-
peau ancestry. As in the British army,
regimental bands adopted exolic
'54
and colourful COItume, as shown b~'
the R'nior N,C,O. of Madras Infantry,
laken from another Ackermann prinl.
As laIc lIS t8,,6 drummers Wen' \\'ear_
inll 'rcversoed colours' a Mart~nl
prinl of thaI dat~ sho.....s a drummer
of th~ 65th Bengal ....earing a yellow
Jacllel with lCarl~t facint;'! and white
laee, brass shoulder~alcs, and lCarl~t
bell-topped Ihako ....·ilh gold cords
and while hanginll plume. '11I~ 35th
Bengal in 1f48 wore white coat wilh
crimson collar. cuffs and plastroru,
light red UOI.Uen and 'Kilmarnock'·
t)pe cap, ....,hile the ~8th Bengal \\-or~
an C'o'~n more spkndid drl:!l - in_
cludin,'! czapka .....ith blllSll plate, red
cloth top and droopinlf white plume,
double-breasted white ooatee with
green collar and cuffs, gold lace and
epaukuCl for all ranu, crinllOn
sashes for all and red IrouseB.
The European regimenlS of th..
Easl India Company formed the tHte
of the Company', forto; taken into
the 8rilish army after the Mutiny, the
rcgimem illustrated ultimately be·
came the 1St 8n RO)'al Dublin
Fu,iliers. The regiment .....ore a uni-
form like that of ClllTcrtt British
regulations, with faciugs .uccessi"eh
French gre), white, and on bcoomin~
Fusilicrs in 1'43. dark blue. Anolh..r
distinguishing featun: peculiar to the
reg,ment .....as the red ball-Iuft on the
shako. The figure illustrated, ho.....C\,~r
(based on a .ketch by Captalrt
Ryves) shows the modified uniform
worn on call1pai~n, the shako bein~
ellelO&Cd in a while linen cover, th..
tail-ll:!l undl'Cll jackN worn .....ith
collar IUnted do.....n (not~ Ihe unusual
blue .....ings: bearing white g~nade
badge), and the issue boolJ replaccd
by ,note comfortable, light native
sandals:. Capt. Ry"es sho.....ed the
troops carrying thdr kather SlOCU
on the end of Ihdr muskelJ! The
same artist portrayed the drum-major
wearing a fur fusilier cap with white
plume, gold laa: and epau1ettCll on
the jaek~t, and the mOT'<: usual white
trousers, 111e fact that the subjcct of
Capl. RY"cs' picture was shown ford-
ing a stream explains the rolled-up
trouscn and ba~ fccl!
,SO. lndlan Army:
.) Oflker,
1.1 Mad,... USbl ea...lry.
1848.
b) Officer, 6th Bellsal
Irrqular ea...lry, 1849-
While nathe IOwars (ca"alry
lroopers) won: uniforms of traditional
Indian Slyles (alkalaks and turbans)
European offlCCn ....'OI'"e either British-
11)'le light cavalry drCII or a 'Euro-
peanised' nati,'e cOltume. The offICer
of the 6th IJc:ngal Cavalry illustrated
is an examplc of Ihe lauer, .... earing a
nati".. alkalak and using red, yellow
and blue saddle-doth and tuflS of Ihe
same colour on the harncss, but with
Ihe European sabrelache (bearing "I
o,'~r a cresccnt o"er the letters Dte in
SCripl) and the distinCli\'e blaek
leather plumed helmet, ~putedly an
honour conferred by the King of
PrlUSia to commemorate Ihe visit of
"rilICe Waldemar to Sind and styled
on thOl5C oftlle Prussian arm)'. Nati\'~
ranks .....on: large, flat blue turbans,
'llIe Olher figure .ho.....s the typical
British dragoon dras as .....orn b) Ihe
tit Madras Light Cavalry, tak~n (like
the olh~ figure) from an Ackermann
print. or 'cavalry grey' (a shade
'55
which varied from a tru.. light grey
10 a brighl blue) this uniform was one
of the mOlt magnifieent C'o'C:r worn by
an Indian army unil, and included
the Malt_ CrOlllhapc:d shako-plate
all ..... om in Ihe British army. British
officers of Indian li~ht a ....alt)· ....-or.. a
drCll.~ which was without question Ihe
mOlt mallrt1liCCIII worn by any army
al any period. In th~ ~ears up 10 Ihe
Indian !-olutiny, virlually C'o'ery
imagmable sl)'le of uniform - hussar
dress with shako or busby, light
dragoon with shako, dragoon-st)'le
with crated helmets (huge red
wooll~n crats on black hclmelJfor Ihe
Madras corps in 1839), metal hclmclS
with f1owin~ manes (again frequently'
red), czapkas .....ith enormous feather
panaches, and with dolmalu of sky
blue, gre)', 'bright' blue, scarlel, dark
green. nati,,~-st)-le alblau, shell_
jackelJ and furred pelisscs. Nali,'e
n1nks, while having a limpler dras
and ..ither lurbans 01'" dome-toppc:d
shaklrturbans, neverthcll:!l, ro:-
fkcted the lacc-covered glory of their
officers. 'llIe nati,'C: regim~nts in_
cluded lOme redoublabl~ characlen
- for ex.ample, Subcdar-MaJOr !-olir
Sh~ Ali of the 8th Bengal Light
Cavalry, who was killed charging
with his regiment at Ramnallar
(tI48), at which time he had sixly
ycars' lCT'\ice and was M:\'enl~'-{'ight
years old!
S" 8rhain,
a) Officer,
3rd USht D"'loo.&,
Sikh War, 1845.
b) Pri...te,
LiCbt Comp-"y, !19th Foot,
Sikh War, l8.t5-46.
A Iharp conlrllJl 10 Ibe ma~nifi«nl
bUI unpraclical uOlforml dncribl:d m
Plale ~ II provided b) Ih~ dretS ....om
by d~ Brilish ami)' aclually cug~
in caning OUI an Emplu' and k~pin~
Ih~ pra« m Ihal pan a1rnd)
abeorbl:d 10 lilt' .::"'1 India Com-
pan)'1 hoIdto~. 11M: 31'd Ughl
Dra~ offi«t II Jhooo; n wnriog
..,hal .."Ill \'Inuall, ~ rqulali<wl un-
dretS uniform Ih~ full drna pall"O
is shown m P1al~ 1171, wllh 1M lhako
CO'o~ by a lropical Im~n co\cr
..ith ~taehed n«k-protttl()l". AI-
dlOU~h Iioopch oflen WOIr'C ~
doubk-brcaotnl fuJl-d~ JKk~ .. ,th
00\ ~rnt dlako. mOil offi«n pr~
~ lbe Itngle-bruilrd sbdl-jAd;et
"'Ih. row of'dummy' buUON on Uw:
(ronl the pnnent (..tcmII~ wilh
hoob-and-e'jeJ , worn "Ith Uw: pbm,
undns sabnuodK. 1"hc' shako ..~ on
e-' ion replaad b\ • ~
.. ilh .. hile OO\'CT and neckcloth as
worn by tM CHha' fi~rc III thJJ pLale.
11k sbdl.JKket had bftn worn b
• number of yean pOor to the "Ikh
Wan II« PIale lI,S', dunl1fl .. hKh me
~~ .."~ descriptioN .... en: tilUn
.. htch lOnn the basis for lhe: figure or
Ihe ~m Foot. 1'hc garmenl .. »
characterised by iu plalOnca, ~'OId
of lac:~ and ,,"h pWn (adntp. Only
Uw: brast bugle.born on lhe fronl or
the ap-ooo,'ef rwith altached noeck-
dOlh' worn abo\c the ~,"lf'ntal
num~r Ind,(&tnl Ihe .. carer as a
member of th~ h~ht com~)'. In
addilion 10 Ihe l'8hl blue COlton
t~n illuslraled, plam .. hll~ and
b1ue_bladl 1r0UlCn .. ere abo ....om
dunnl{ Ih~ camp.ai~,u, t'OB,lle-op
dailln vanni ~I"n'n corptl; JOm~
....on- caps wllh a padded upper
'56
Ittlion, Iikc IhOK' of Ihe U.S. Arm) Kabul. .. h.-n Ih(' lUI remnant of characler (h.. was a workhouJc boy
1'lal('S ,S7 and 58)· Elphinlton"'1 for« was O\~",,'ho::lmcd .. 1.0 roM' from Lh.. ranlu and was
On~ conlem~ p.llIming of Ih(' at Candamak, Captain \oul.. r of Ihe: I... ice courl-manaalled) mel .. Curkha
3ut tOOl Oil .-crozahah JhowI Ih~ Hlh had lied lhe RC1I;imcnlal Colours chie:f (on~ 'Khiana Rhannah
lallef I)'pe Wllh Ihe 1~lerw XXXI arO\Jnd h.. bod), under his poahl~n, Bahader' , ,n Jingle combal. Th.. chief
pamled In black on the fronl o( 1M in an ..Wort to pr~\'~nl Ihdr caplur.. ... ho dr.-.cd 'n a 1790'1 8rilish
cap---an'Cf, apparentl" ....om "'lIhoul by Ih.. t\fJlllaM. In defmdinll: hllmd( gmc:ral'l coat!) ..~ ~'<:'IIlually slain
ncck-~u.J,rd; lho:: 1oI-fTlf' painun" Jho,... in 1M Iall M1ault, Souler'. coat came b) Shipp, .. 110 Ihen 'took his Iword,
Ihe 3111 10 plain red shdl-JKk~u and open I'('\~lin" Ih~ ~mbroickn:d flag gold elUCWI, lurban, cham and lal'll:e
blue-black trotJlCn. n ilem peculiar and the A(lIhal1l, pr.-sumlrig thai shield; this WI liported on m)' arm
to me 29lh ""Ill a su,r-daped. br-... Souler mUSI hoe a man of greal ,m_ for 1M rat o( the action, and il ......
badge on thc nap o( lhe: C1rtridge- portallQ' 10 "'I:a! to magn.ficntl a luck)' I did 10, for it wall bull~t proof
boJ:. Officerw frcquend) worc shell- ..--.u.tcoal, 'pared h.. h(e III the hopei and ...'Cd me a iIC''n't wound'.
JlICkelli (aliened b) hoob--and-e'jfS, of a laTJI:~ D-nMWIl. H~ wall thc ani)' 11k 31'd l.uj:hl Dragoons 'illus-
lotally dc-\'OMi O(bullonJ, and oflCl\ a offittt- tollln i, .. ~ IaJt altack. traled had a In'\-Kc-rccord III India
plaut red, doubk-breasled J&Ckt- ..ith It is abo .ntCfUtinlit to note a molt litCf;lJ.ly IeCOnd 10 nGrlf'i this mall:'
tumnt-eiooo-n bpds \'ft)' Itmil... III unusual Item tned m the l"tpakK mficrnl ~ma-It 10M no f~ than
Sl\le 10 a modern Ioun~ .11I. "om War b\ Lteut.-nanl John Shipp or '28g mcrt and 36.- bonn in the I U
O'\'CT the shell-}Kktt. It should ~ 1M 87th FOOl. ShIpp, a remarbble Sikh Waralonc.
nocrd thai alone; .. ,th ~'ft)·thlng~.
lhe II'OUIa'I (:ll(kd UI ~ bri~ht
Ind&an sun to an IIIdul1nCI !!:fC'! lib
hue. Leather ~u>pmmt, (r~umd)
left un" hilo:ncd. took 011 a buW CO
heht bro","" mIour. !)orne fCltUUCllIJ,
hooo~'CT_ a~th did not adopt
the pa.kaI f<nge cap; the 161h
UrIC'C"n cha~ 1.1 Ali..-..l apparcz1d)
..'cannlj: their czapkaJ .. nh .. lute
CO\~ and probabl) .. h.te trouJn5.
Repuledl)' thq ~"CII carotd their
lana-pennom. .. hich afler Ih.. chlllll"
accord.ng 10 rq:lmcnu,l tradJlion
"ere to _!ted. .. ,th bklod Ihat lhe-)
had to be cleaned and ..'en: ~ er
a(ta-".--..rdJ 'crimped.' 10 COln-
mcmoral~ lhe: ~"CPI.
0ffi0:rJ fr~uenlh .-qUIpped lhem-
seh'('S .. nh OOlI-rq:ulalion and ~'~n
·nali.'e' gamlCfllll; III the coId..r
~1005 o( India Ih.. fur 'JlO'ht~n'
O\'..rcoal ..~ popular. and al 1....1
one (alI'IOUI incidml af'(R from Illi
lJIC. At Ihe: end of Ihe: r"I«21 from
'57
 It)"le reprac:llIcd tl~ hanhly-disciphoc:d, prtti Mln-dnlled annie'S
OPERATIOXS I~ EUROPE, 1840-4-8 of con~T"atism, and the kM:l5cr, ~ comlOrtable: French dothm'l: lhe
more card'rtt st)"le of ind~dent 1llO\~lm'nt and ~ iv~ tactics.
Ob\'~I)", the: d~tinetions W('ff not clear-cut and W~rT at timo dmo:n-
J-:urope becam~ in\'oh'~ in the 2nd Turlr.()--E!O'JKia.n War 183941 right miskading, but it is ARflifiunt thai'" Iten Bntain rai!oed her Rill~
\<0 hen it appeared that the Ottoman Empi~ long the '$ick man of Volunteers in IS.j9-60, a bod) \<oho \<otT<' to act independentl)" as
Europe' was about to collapse: completel)'. With fcan of Ruman Ilr.innlshcrs \<0 ithout the: tatrietive taelia of the linc, the 1()(lIr h~nch
expansion if Turlr.~ dismtegnued. the great pcn.~1'$ \cxttpt "'fllnce, umfonn and doth Ir.':pi was the ob"'Mlus choice for the vast majority of
decided to int~r....cne. An Angl()--,\ustrian fleet CUt (he 5lea com- volunteer CO!'PJ.
munications of the Egyptian army In Syria and their homeland, and
the war was ~nded when Syria was abandon~ by the Egyptians, after
British bombardment, invasion and occupation of Beirut and Acre. EUROPEAN UNIFORMS 18.t-..1 (Piau. 511-5')
Trouble flar~ again in Spain, when General I-::Spartero led a revolt
which drove Queen Isabella from her throne in IS40. Espartero 511, Bavaria: lien and the Gard~ du Corp. werr
a) CoIOD,"-I, amaJllamalrd in 18~3 10 form the new
supproscd monarchist risings in 184 I and 184::1, but the Civil War
1.1 Cuira.. l,"-u III Cui,...irn. The origInal while
ended when Gc:n('ral Narvaa led a successful counter-rebellion which
(Prince Charle. of Ixttchel \<or«: rcplaad b)' blue O\.~­
rutorro IsabtJla to her throne. Espartero escaped and was to playa
"varia), II»- all. \<oith rt'd pipinll brt\<o«n IS29 and
lignificant role in th~ 18S4 I'e\ooolution. A ~fl'e\o'olt in Grcccc (1143 Pru.sia: IS]2, the ...iM red uript rrplac:mg
fon:cd King Qtto I to grant COlUtitulKmal gO\"Cmment, and m 1145 b) Officer, lhe plpnllln IS3+- Bnida a~1)
e\'en SwilZCrland felt the wind of civil conflict, when the Swiss F~I Guard Hllnan., pl.a.iner umform. othn- ranks of the
AlKmbl)' decided to use: forc::e against ~n rebdlious Catholic can·
tons. The brid' 'Sonderbund' war which followed tWO )un lateT -
' .....
This pblC ilhDtB%O IWO oId-$I\1c
r~mrnl had a diffnval hcad-d~;
of the same lhape. II had an all-bra.
because: of which Swiucrland remained undivided - was fought for unibms mad!o ...ithout an, CDloCO- corell and no lurban. thill.all~ '\<o'lth
allTlO5t IOldy religious moti,u (and wllh tnfling loss of lif~} and was lions to dfic:ienq.\ notAbk feature lUi IrKl roha~-spn)'S! ~11l( ~
of the p~ Guard Ha-ar cotlumr iCT\'N for offittiS. The print 011
thcrd'orc a ufllngc anomaly in a world torn by international power·
,while conlomllnll to ordm:u) h.-ar \<ohich Ihlll filfUre is burd aBo lhowl
politics and int('rnal republican disse.nt.
pallffll; IIlhe 'Guard !-olAr' 'In rralny 1M rC'llIlllC'ntal band; "'carinI! ordm.
I n 1146 the independent city-state of Cracow all that remained of the !-olar of th~ Ordtr of the 8laclt ary other ranU· unifornlll, Ihey an:
an independent Poland began a local insurrection against Austria, F.allk, wom on the 1»,,1» and IXlUCh. WO'All moumw but \<olthQ\.t Ihe
intended to be another general Polish rising. It was rapidly crushed by eo,uutlllg of a black ~namdkd ragle cUlr... thtlr I,"",l~.breasttd COlIters
Austrian troops and Cracow absorbed into lhe Auslro--Ilungarian 011 a li"'~r Itar, "',Ih a gilt laurel· ha\'in,ll .il\·er bUllons and r('(! pillillg
empire. \\'ith one insurrtttionalisl movemC'nt aflC'r another, e\'ents \<o'rnlh and mollO, IlIUI ct"lql'r.. down th~ fmlll op~n'"ll. The band-
were leading to the dimu of If48, when the forces of dissent The officer of th~ lit Ba'.....i.an muter hal i-J.C.O...',ihtr Ia.a: atQUnd
dC'moc:rat, rTpuhlican or \<ohale\'er made a concerted effort to topplC' Cuirumn is bucd upon a hthOlll1llph the lOp or the cuff, and top and frunt
the existing ordes- of Europe. by KI1II.... of ~lunich, Iho\\inll lbe' or tM rollar. I-t~fumlture Wal of
~imtnlal colonel. l'rintt Clarks of ~am .th«pI.kin \<o"th rntdium bl~
In the earl)' 1140'1 the trTnd t~ardJ a simplification of uniforms was
Ba\an.a... The fur-cr~tt'd hd~ and doth n1llinll, o~ ha'IOIJ a tqUllK-
accelerating, duC' to the colonial wan and lhe considerable number of
CUI........ en: "'~ W'Ith ~ IradJlional cut mnI1um b1~ lhabraql.ll:, edgro
'$Kurit)"' openuioos imide Europe, but t~ change ",-as still \"tt). sl~ Ba\an.an m«bum.b1~ umlCwm; ~ ,,'uh IIh"" l:ac~ and beann'la Cf'O¥>nrd
T\<oo national st)'10 Wi're to dominate w«ld-wide unifonn-design from cu.f'aI,I w;u adooptt'd In 1813 and !he to\lI.l q pher In the rear CD ""'ft, Ih.
the late 1140'$, those of France and Prussi"" and each was 10 epitomiK be'lmrl mo..."'Il rtpbud an rarllCT JIIlllUO ~'"1If adoptrd In IS]O. In
a different school of poIilicalthought and military theory. The German rnodd \<ohcn the III and lind CuitaI- the orllitai. Pnna: ~Ie II Iboo.o"ll

'58 '59
..taring tbt,o nbband of 1M Ord~ of
....
St Hubert, eri~ with light grem
~.
" ' Pnu_:
a) To_per,
:vel D..., - - . .Su-
b) OfIica-,
-tt Schii~e. (Rille) a",
Summer Drn.., • Su-
In 18.t3 th~ Pnaaian army u ~ t
a complete chan~ of umform. The
spiked lather helnxt, It this period
very tall and with !l(luare-cut peak,
was copied from the original R\.II:Iian
deJi~n. Wilh the 'pieke:lhaube' (spiked
helmet) Cllme the nared..klrted tunic
and I(lOIl afteno.. r<ts new mfantry
rquiprncnt. probably copoed from
J.·rench patlcml and consilllll1! oft..'O
ACk, bn.cts SUpportllll{ I ...ailt-bell.
from ...b.idt hUlllJ an ammunition
pouch on athocr sick of the fronl. The
__ bdmd .... worn with I plume in
parade drat by _ 00I'pI i~ead of
lhe spike, the plate bnlll mMIc In the
ahape of an eagl~ for all eor:ocpI G rd
troops. who ~taincd their ·G rd
Star'; the nallona.! eoc~ ..... wom
lxhiDd the dtinlalle bc.cs. The tunic
-Jhown here in thec:olouringofthellDd
SchUtten (Rille) Ballalion - retained
the old dark blue roIour for infantry,
with red facings IDd coloured
lhoul<kr...traJ- lxaring the regi.
mental number. DruI1U1loCft as
bem) won red winga of the
'.....110\0,·. nelt' o'ariety: il sboukI be
notal that In all cua onJ) tnc fronl
half of the collar ...... of the facing
colour. Tht:lush rif\.c units \lO'lJK
round cuffs, inflltlt!) had cuff·
patcha. TrllUIeft ... ~ white for
summer and charcoallfCY ..ith red
,60
pipinfl: for winter. An Interatln~
fealUre of o/fi«n' unil"onnl WIll !he
method of wearing thor: .word; the
turua had IIICh widd)-ftarm sluru
that lhe IwunI had to,.. throush the
tUnK:, onl) the hilI prouudilll from
wlCkr thor: sJU"JUlI in fronl of1M kno!
and hanrilll ~ of thor: sash.
Off'i(els .."t'f'C' funhn" distin~ by
laced IbouIdcr-straJ- with lilt
~~
The tunIC and 'pl-ked hor:lmet "'ere
adopted b)- all Pn.ian ea~ll1ry
extq)t for hussan and lana'f'l, lOme
eao'alr}' helmell being made of metal
iNtead of leather. The dragoon
ilIU1trated has the traditional light
blue uniform with co&oured facingl;
cuiraMlCR ~ the tunic: laced
arouDd the collar and cuf& and down
thc front as bem, and Wlth a
CUnDUI ..-.:It ar-ound thc armboles of
the tunic. 'IDnr helmeu wen: mcuJ.
Artilk'l wo«: uUantry.pattern hd·
meu with dart blue twUa faced
bbd, with euHi cut like: thole of rifle
umts, Eooen the Garde du Corp. took
the spiked helmet, of bB. with the
,pike ITplaocd 1»' a iM'ta1 agle for
parade and gaJa oce:atliOl1l, when a
scarlet 'IUp«'\OClIte' (a ....ist.length
tabard) with whitt lace and the
Guard Slar embroidered on the front
WII worn over the white lume.
HlUlln retained the dolman and
pdiIK umil t8Ss. "'001 wllh a buIb)'
or a shoncnro \oenKln of the oK!
'mlrlilon' cap. Uh!anI (lancn'I) con·
tinued 10 "Tar the c:upb and
pWtroncd jackcu unul 1853 when
the tunic .... MIoptcd. Landwehr
unlll look the pickelhaube and lun~
at the ame ume .. thc regular arm)',
the lunie being unpoped cbon the
front and the helmet bearing the
d.l1ncli\~ Iand..eh, a...-~_
111. unibm ..... eor:temo'09)
copied from thc OUlXt; the S"'cdash
army, lOr oampk. introduced a
'bsk' like the Pm.wt hor:lmet but
WIUl rounded peak and thor: S..·cdUh
tripk aO'OOTI:I ~ on the front;
lhei, "'hoIc unilOrm of lhe infanl!) ,
for examplei ..... dark blue, with
plpl-llI around the cuffs, down the
tunic--front &nd on the trtlUla"-Jcams;
coIlar·fronts a.nd lapeb were faced in
the colour of the milllary district.
E\'en the Imall army raiJocd by
S<:hlet....ig.HoIItein was "'earing !he
l'........iall uniform b)' l¥ (with
cagk--thaped helmet-plate, cok>uud
facings and lighter blue trllUleft). and
another CQrnpie of the widcly-cClpied
Pn.an Silk isshown III Plate 60.
S+ F....c:e:
.) Tioope.,
.....
Paris Republic- Cuard,
b) CnoadHr,
IaIao.lry, -Su-
In the mld-Ia.o·, t-rench umform
changed radically, partly as a rC'$Uh of
the expericnca III North Africa. In
18..3 a shako based on the 'eaJquelle
d'Afrique' was ordered, and was
aclually introduced III FebrUU)'
law. ll1e original \'ersion had no
plate, bearing the rqlmentaillumbcr
on the bottom band, but m Marcil
I8.tS a plate bearing a ltamped
number ..... authoriwd. Grmadirn
and o-olhgeun continued 10 "'ear
doubk--pompoma of red and )"C11oIO
rapecti\-dYi fOf "'ct weathocr .... !Ci".
proof co·,,~ "'IUI 1M tqImcntal
nwnber painted on the front ,,'ere
.6,
proo.'idcd, thcte IDiiW:limcs bemg
worn wiUl the pompom ,lOr aampl~,
a Raffel print of the ,3rd Rqunenl
in haly in l8.tgshows thil,.
The '84) rcgubtionl intrDducxd a
thi'tt-oClUSllcr k~ lun~ Wi!h ftarm
lIr.irb; the Wlibm iIIU1lrltcd Iakc:o
from a contemporary polll, • un-
I.IMISI .. II shows a 'tra.nlitional'
unIform, .ncluding the 18+1 shako
I poor to the iswc: of the plate I with a
oen>Di\. of the new tunIC, Long-JcrVicc
distilletionl In the fonn of ehcvl"Oi1ll
were worn on th~ sleeve AI before.
ll1e new tunie WAI accompanied by
a new deaiS" of equipment, in which
the braM-hilted 'Roman' .word.
bayooct aDd CllItridgc-box were cu·
ric:d on the wa.dtbeh, supported by
Itrapa attached to the pack-strlJ- and
fastmal b). bna dipa; the ..-ailtbelt
had a new dip-type f_mer. 11Ie
grnwc.t ...... officia.Ily grey, but
lxcamc bluer in tone, and worn
WlUl the epauktlel; II UIUa1I)
carried roUed Oft lOp of thc knapaack
in a ....tu ploof CIIIC, the tunic bona:
carned here .. hen the grnlCOllt .....
wom. Contempon.ry prinll show
both .. hlte and bl.ack leather equip-
ment, onen modified on campaign to
the wearer'. preference; though
officially poIitioned at the rear, the
cutridse.box continued to be WQnJ
at the front on acli..csc...·iot.
The other figure <from a ViclDr
Adam lithOSnlpb) illustrates 'politi·
cal' umform; bua:l. on a romanlicjwd
idea of workinlj: dtts. the klpi, se&n0Cll
and IooIe trouICn all l)--.nbDId the
'demoCIalic' political thought ..
different from the tigh!Ci", 'eslablilh-
mnll' It} I.e of draa. More Important,
thouab, ...... the fact that it ...... both
dis"ncli,'~ and quicklr-I)roou«d,.
The Paril :\Iunieipal Guard \'1111 di..
milloed in 18.4a foll()\'l'inl\: lh~ R~,'O­
IUlion. alld ~laccd by lhe: G.rd~
fUpublicaiM Ik ntOte:1 de: \'ille:, a
6ocJ..6tronl\: voluntc:n c:orp.; Ih., \'I'as
ilM'lfdisbandc:d on 21 Ma)- '8.48 and
rq>laced b)' III(' I'am R.:-publlCan
Guard. The tarl)' unilOnn iIllDlralc:d
\'I'" laler rc:pIaced by a II1()fl' con-
'-=liOl\al mi!itarv slrk.
»- S. . I.a:
a) Trooper,
.....
,at C.lal ...V1I Laacus,
b) Tnunpeter,
.....
la' Kbaa'. CoaJ.....le.....
In Spam_ thr Bnnsh-ttrle l.U'IifOntu
worn al lhe: end of the: NaJl'Cl'c:omc:
Wan \'I'c:rc: rq>lacc:d by C:Wh.me of
markc:d FrnlCh mRuomcc:. Infanlry
\'I'on: bell_loppc:cI shako- and later the:
tall, "i~htl)· tape:rinlj modd, with
blue unilOrnu. Dc:optte: ~1IT1c::ntal
and naltonal fnoturo .nsagru..
bad~o and mc:bdc:1 5tpanUh Unt-
Sorrns btcame J() FrnlCh on det.ign
I includmlJ rai trowc:n wotn by lOme:
unilS lhat on lOme c:aIO al fint
Illanet' lhone: miltht ha,'t bc:tn ron-
fusion as 10 lhe: nationahly of the:
Spantsh IOIdier! Lilj:hl infanl')' \'I'Ot't
grttn uni!Omu, but other d,sIlIllJulSh-
inlj: fe:aturo 'diak~trimmIll8, ttc.)
foll()\'l"c:d the t-~nch st)-It red for
Il~oaditn, ttc.
.6,
The: 1\'10 cavaJry uniformt (from
lilhognphs b)' Victor Adam) are
limilarly hued on Frc:nch pattenu,
bUI wilh Spanish ftatum. The
ordinary uniform of the lSI CUi....-
Ii~ ronsistc:d of bra. helmet of the
palltrn worn by the lancer ill...
tratc:d, \'lith black cresl, rc:d jacke:1
with lighl blue: facings and II'OUIc:B,
yellow lace, wide: red lrOtIIoer-iltripe,
"eel cuirall and )"dlow c:pauktta;
(rokI for offictn). It is inleresting t.o
note: lhat lhe: cop)' of the prinl from
which this illlDtt:&tioo ..... taken
.now.. lhc: facings and tt'OtIIotn of the
lnunpeter', I.U'libm 10 be a duktt
shade than thole of the other ranks.
1be 1st Calatra'.. WK.en wote
helmets \'lith black catttpillar crutI;
lhe: ~ illustn.ted ., takc::n from a
print shOI'Img JI'"Obably the unibm
of the l!'hte mrnpan)", distinguished
11)- the: rai CreIl- 1be l"acinp wuc of a
crirmon rai hue: fOr the c.latra,..
Unttn. and of a lighter shade: ror the
Almansa RegimenL The 1an«-llafJ
i1lustraled \'I'" a guidon-t)1Je bannn,
the: ordmary lance-pc:nnons btina of
tnodillonal Spanish ~ rai O\'c:r
)""IIow. TrwnlXltrl of the: Calatn.'..
L.anctn worf' black lalher helmeu
of the: _ shape as doe of the other
ranks, with bra. cresl, fTOnI-pialt,
chinsola and foliage decoration 01\
the ,ido., with ...hite calerpillar crat.
Thq wote crilN(lll-rc:d jackets ... i,h
dark snen facings (the traditional
'revtnf'd coIoun' fashion" green
lIlirdk, and dark grttn 1«lUIerI wilb
)'e:llow lace: stripe. Trumpel-coc'ds
wen: ml"ed ytllow and dark snen.
Note Ihat Iht lanCC':1" uniform tnduded
red 'phulron'-tt)lc lapels, whICh do
not show on Ibefisure illustratc:d.
s'- 8"UlIIII
_j Offi«II',
...
uwI Dnll_ CuardJl,
~
b) Tr-vope-r,
....
... Ufe CWlrcb,
Having a11O)'I bc:tn red, Britw.
hea,'Y ca....Iry unilOnns were un-
affa:tc:d by William IV', attempt to
clothe the: arm) eornpleldy in thai
roIour. 11M: ,83' Rqulataon., how-·
tvc:r, did change other df'taill - the
coIlan \'I'Ul: now made t:JItirdy of the
faci"l--eolour With the: rc:d reat
portion diKontmuc:d., and the single-
buutc:d CGattt. \'I'" 10 ha,'e bu Iaa:
klop on cuff and skin for Dragoon
Guards and Ibrre lOr Dragoons, and
all officus' lace: ..... t.o be goHI. 11M:
dOled collar adopted In ,821 .....
retained, bul It'OUIf'n changed fTOm
JTq' 10 duk blue:. 11M: 'Roman'
helron worn fTOm 1822--23 I black
leather ... ilb Jilt fillings and black
C11ln-p11ar aul ..... chan8td in ,8,.
10 an all-brut mockl (Jill for officell),
ac:q>l for the 2nd l>rag00ftl (Ro)'al
Scou Grq'l) \'Iho rrtaintd thcir
famous beankln cap, bul with the
fTOnt-pIate: rtmO'\'cd from aboul Is,._
In about 'lit3 anothon new helmet
..... tnlreduced, lIi1l of all-bra. but
wilh a """'"ins honr:bair mane. This
WIll replaced 'lIdf in 'lit1 by a new
pattern, the: 'Albert' he:lron, copied
from lhe Pn.San Ru-ian lpikc:d
helmel but ...ilh a honeha.ir plume
(Ill worn by the lit Life Guards
lrooper illustrated, Qtheno"iJe,
chango in uniform we:re: minor; in
llit3 \'Ihlte trOUJc:n wc:rc: abolished,
and for a shorl time the: 2nd Dragoons
diJcontinuc:d the f"ather plume on the:
,6,
fur cap: and in 1l411he COIl,~kiru
were sharttnc:d and lQuared, wilh
offiCU'l orderc:d 10 drell tn pn:cisel)
the same 'lyle as the me:n, the c:oalre
'10 be enlirely divaled of padding
and stuffins'. '8oJt' e:paukua ~ •
mained in UIt for off"1Cft' in full drc:.,
wilb brut shoukkr-tealo wotn b)
Other ranb al all limo and by offittn
in undrell.
The: untfOrm of lhc: 2nd (Q.o«n',)
Dragoon Guards illustrated show!
the Ilit3-41 helron, with the: rq:'.
mental !ilk borne: on the: label at Ihe:
top c:d@:e: ohhe pnk. 1be 'mant', II)
regulation 11'1'0 fttt ltII incha kiua,
\'I'" in some c:aIO of a difftrelll co&ow-
ror trumpc:ltrl (one: contc:mporuy
pKture shOI'I.. \'I"rult" The 'Alberl'
helmet, .n tome c:aIO not adoplc:d
I.U'IliI ,8~, ...... autl>Old to ha,-e
bbck plwno for all r~tnlt:JllI, lhc:
,-.n--eolourc:d rqimtntal p-llems
beUil tinl mentioned In the: 183~
Rtpbtionf- Thoe lword carried .....
the IO-C&.IIc:d '1CrOI1-hihc:d' pallern,
\'I"lth bot (IIIIII.lI\1l1( of a \'I'hllt Icatbc:r
S\nlP attacbtd 10 a gold lace: and
c:rirnIoo thrad 'acorn'.
Thoe Life: Guards ll00pc:r wean
lSI
the: 'Albert' helmet, ... hich tn the: calC'
of the: HO\I5f'hold ea,-.lry had a plait
in the shape of the Star of the: Ordc::r
of the Ganer. This figu~ (takm frofll
a pont by A. de: Drew:) a.Iso shows
the: braM: shouldtr-scalo sl1l1 in ute,
the: red Rask-coc'd WOOl on the
aIloulder-belt, and lhe Imall cap-pouch
WOOl on the: right.hand .ide of lhe
1()\'I"cr cui~t ...p, Shabraqututthu
limt wc:rc: much the: ..me as I,I5('C\ today
- white shec:pakin ...ith dark blue clolh
«!ging.

THE U.. ~IEXJCAN WAR, 1846-47
The expansionist policy of the United SUles, crystallised by the slogan
'Manifest Destiny' of the American 'right _ _to spread over Ihis wOOk
continent' raultcd in the incorporatton of the Republic of Tau into
the United Srata, aner much negotiation and at Texas' request;
Mexico, controlhng much of what is !lOW JOuth·...."eltern U.S.A.,
threatened war 10 enforce her claim to the part of Texas lOuth of the
~ueccs River, the U.S. claiming that her boundary lay farther lOuth,
along the Rio Grande.
In March 1846 General Zachary Taylor with tw~thirds of the
regular U.S. Army (3,500 men) marched to the Rio Grande and
clltablishcd 'Camp Texas' opposite Matamoros and iu 5.700-S1fOng
Mexican garToon. On 25 April about 1,600 Mexican cavalry croued
the ri\'CT and overwhelmed a U.S. lCOuling pany of only 63 men.
Announcing that hostilities had commenced, Taylor marched to pro-
teet his supply.baIe at the Rio Grande mouth, and called for volunteen
from Texas and Loui.siana.. The ..... eakly-defended Camp TCUJ was
immcdiatdy upulted by Gcncra.1 Amta's 6,000 Moic:ans, but held on
unul Taylor ~tumed to meet the Manns at Palo Alto 18 May,.
Amta advanced with about 4,500 men into .S. artillery fi~, and
attacked with canby; ~pubcd, the Mcxnns Red as Ta)·lor'. Infantry
advanced. Following his initial sucusl, Taylor stormed a defence-
position at Resaca de la Palma on the following day and hurled
Arista's shattered force back over the Rio Grande, having lost 1,100
men to Taylor's 170.
On 13 h-by the United States officially declared war, and Taylor
invaded Moico on the 18th. He remained at Malamoros until August,
.....aiting for transport and training the large number of volunteers no.....
included in his anny. Leaving 6,000 volunteers behind 10 complete their
training, he advanced south with 3,000 regulars and 3,000 voluntttrs.
In a hard thrte-day fight against 10,000 Mcxicansdcfending Monterray,
Ta)'1or lost 488 men to the Mcxican 367, but Mexican general Ampudia
capitulated and marched out of the eity ('20-24 Scptemba. In
:"'ovemba 18.46 Taylor occupied SaltiUo and .....as reinforced b)' an
cxtra 3,000 men.
1nw folknl;ed a ludicrous period of American strategical dcbate;
General Winfield Scott planned an invuaon of Mexico via Vera Crux,
164
but President Polk (a Democrat) WllI anxioUli Ihat &ou (a Whig)
.hould not become: the war-hero. Polk as1ed Taylor to march 300
miles across the dCSttt to San Luis Potc.i and then move aga.nst
Mexico City; Ta)'1or wisely declined and .upponed Scott'. plan. Polk
reluctantl)· agrcal, and Scott landed his anny at Tampico in February
1847, lOme 10,000 troopl including ~t of Taylor's regulars. The
Moican President (still Santa Anna), kammg of Scott's pl",n by a
captumi message, decided to crush Taylor before Scon could 11lO\"t':,
and marched from San LuIS Potosi to Saltillo, the dcscn·m",rch v.. hich
Taylor had declined - and wisely, as Santa Anna l05t 4,000 men in a
terrible winter march.
Taylor, surprised, decided to defend a narro..... mountain gap at
Buena Vista. On 2::1 February 18.47 Santa Anna drovc in Taylor's out.
poslS and cut his communications by a nanking movement, then
launched his main assault on the following day. Taylor's inuperienccd
\'oluntttr infantry gavc way, but his rqular artillery performed
magnificently, pouring grapeshot into lhe advancing Moicam. (Here
Taylor unercd his historic 'A little more grape, Ca.plain Bragg', a
heroN: but probably apocryphal remark; he actually said something
like 'Doub~hot your guns and gi\'c 'em hell I'). The Muons almolt
reached the guns bcfon the,- broke and Red; and a Mexican upult on
Taylor's left was bcattrl off by Jcffcnon Da\'is' ut Missi.sIIPPI VoJun·
teen. With the Mexicans recoiling in diJorder, Taylor's counter-attack
dl'O\'e them from the lle:1d. Sanla Anna withdrew completely, and lhc
nonhero campaign of the .....ar was over, cnded b)' the brilliance of
Zachary Ta)'IOf'.
The U.S, 'invasion' of c.lifomia (they had considerablc support
inside the l\.!uican..()C(;upied lcrritory) was undcrtakcn by Commodorc
Stockton's naval forec which occupied Montcrray in June 1146; hc was
rcinfOt"CCd by a small army contingent from General Kearny'. force
which had captured New Muico, and which broke through to Stockton
despite a check at thc Battle of P35Cual (6 Decc.mber 1146). Further
~inforced., Kearny'. combined anny-navy command defeated a
Mexican force at San Gabriel (9 January 1147), and c.liforni", "'as
ICCtlred for the U.S.A. Another march {like Keamy's, almoll incredible
by current mililary Ilandards and again O\'ff ::1,000 miles long, \'las
made by Co1ond Doniphan'. !o.liDouri Mounled Riflemen, marchmg
from Sanla Fe (u Decc.mber 18t6,' to Sothillo (21 May t8.471 and
defeating a Iargc: Mexican fon:c at the Sacramento Ri\"Cr on ::18 Feb-
ruary; !o.lcxican loues were: 600, Doniphan'. only 7 .lr.illed and wounded.
16S
 In March 1847 Soon's 10,000 men landed near Vera Cruz and that, the: Mexican War demonstrated that parade--ground uniforms had
invested tM city, which fell on 7.7 March after a fi\'e-day bombard. no platt in uti\'e campaigning, and provided experi<'na: in the
ment, and Soon l1lO\ocd inland. Santa Anna blocked his war in a handling offull·scalt' campaigns im'Olving large numbc:n ofmen. which
lttIlIingly-impregnabk pomion at Cerro Gordo, but Scali diJc:ol,-erro had been lacking sina: the Wan oflnd<'Pt:ndena: and t812.
a mountain trail ",'hich alkno.ocd him to take the Mcxicam in the Ibnk;
for the lou off4 killed and 353 wounded, Santa Anna's much-superior
for« was utterly routed' 18 April,. When 4,000 of hiJ ,'OIUnl('Cn went UNlTORMS OF THE U.s._MEXICAN WAR (Platn $7-s1)
home upon the exptration of their enhstmenu, Scott ",as forttd to halt
until August when, remforced, he pressed on towards Mexico Cit),. II $7. Mexico: laced rank-~ and buttons, capS
was an advance inviting disaster, as he was outnumbc:rro about thrtt to a) Private, hke thl»e of the men but of superior
one and had ddibt:rau:ly abandoned his lint' ofcommunicationJ. With B.taIlod de Sa. BI•• qualu) and "'ithoul the nttk-eun.ain.
only four days' rations remaining, Scott attacked two heavily-defendcd (Ani"", Coa.. Guard.), light blue tl'OUKn, and carried a
Muican outposts (7.0 August); in both battles of Contreras and -847· Itraight·bladed IWOrd on a thoulder-
U.S.A.: belt. A red waist-uW was • further
Churubusco, the Muiean positiON wen: taken, but with severe
b) Private, indication of rank. Offlcen Ulually
casualtics; Scott lost about 1,000 (om:'5C\-enth of his force) and Santa Wa.try, earried only the ha..enaek and
Anna about 10,000 (including 3,000 Muicans 'mwing' a con\'enient Service Ore.., eantttn, all other ~uipmmt heinl!
way of describing dCK':rtion I). On 8 S<'ptembtt Scon moved closer to -'47· earrKd In alhoulder-roll.
Mexico City, captunng the foo and gun foundry at 1\lolioo dd Re)', The nonnal field dm. of Ihe l: .5. M~ unibms of thu pfflod
there now only remained the fortified Olapultepcc hill bc:tWttrl Scott Infantry oonsisted of the doth-topp.-d were b1i4ht«! by as''", 'O'Il of clru.
and Mexico City. ~ cap ",hich l'q)Ia.ccd the l'old. .-qulations "'hidJ due to dIaotic:
On 13 Sept("fTlbu the rocky heights of Chapultepc:c ",-ere scaled; the ina leather.-enOon In 18]]" "'uh the wppi) S)1items and ~ilic:al up-
~fexicans resisted gallandy, induding the cadeu of the ~lilitary ColleG;:e whue·braKkd b1~ fu,gueJ&Ckel hea.u "ere frequmtl)' DC\'eI' .mpk-
On the hill-crest, and the San Bias COaJtguard battalion which died and tl'OlllCn. 'I'M cap freqlKfltl) had mmt('(i. TIle \U1l1Orm ~n ~
a dark blue ncck-fbp which l;OUld he from GaICnlI .\1. A. Saneha
almolt to a man around iu eoJoun, but the position was taken by
lowered as a protection a/ilainst the I..arnqo·s 'E1 Batalkln & San Btu
storm and the Americans J'Io'q>t on to the city-gatcs. The assault on tht'
Jun. or could ha.~ • "'hue 'havelock' 1823-3f Metico 19t4, Hie San
Mexican capital, planned for 14 Scptembu, was unnC'COSM)', for neek·guard atw;:hed, The cap-band 8J.aJ &ollalion of ·Aetl\~ Coaat
Santa Anna withdrew during the night and the garrison surrendered, was offieU,lly ,n the .rm-of_...·iee Guards' originated in 1823 and led •
Apart from an abortive ro.lexican attack on Puebla, the war was as colour (.. hite for Infantry, artillery eh~u<:red eatttr, changing name
good as over; peact' was announced in February 1848, the Unitcd red, dragoons yellow) whICh ""11$ and Identity until, after servtnll' in
States gaining tht' territory now comprising California, Nevada, Utah, frequently not wor,\' 1Il the ume way several rebellioru .nd counter-eou!»,
1ll00t of Arizona and Nt'w Mexico, and part of Colorado and Wyoming, that the brag COlllpall)'-letter was it was .11 but wiped out at Ctrro
Prtsident Polk's shamt'ful political manoeuvring resulted in Scott's often omItted from the front of the Gordo, being at thai time titled the:
diJmissal from command, but he was recc.ived as a national hero and cap. Equiprnmt worn on aeti\e ]rd Infant')' Rqimall. R«lIll.niJed
Ja"ice ronsi$led of ......t·beh ,,"h undt'r the old name, it Iloud its
awarded a gold medal by Congrus which ironically had to be
ba)'OIX1-1C1obbard, eroa-bdt and ground at Oapultepec hill umil
praent<'d by Polk!
eartridge-boIl, black-painted wp- eompkld) ()\t:nUn; of the totH1-rong
The Mexican War ~ as a trainin",-ground for the later Ci\·il laCk... hite muon ha\'ftUCk. antttn baltaJion. onl)' OIIe officrr and a
War .1861-65J; indttd. among offic:cn winning distinctlon in Mexico and often tin eup carried on the handful of men all wounded OWI-
"'"ttC Captains Robl'n E. I..cc, jOieph E, johnston, G. B. McClellan t:aJlt~rap. .~ to aeape. T1lC Cobw-I ......
and Lieutenanu P G. T. Beawqard. U. S. Grant and T.j.jacUon. C>fficcn a.I.-.-t In.ariably wore found 011 the field of battle, wra.pped
all of whom "'t're to become famous dunng the: Ci,;! War. More than dark blue froc:k-<OlllJ ..-,th ..1.'\"1" 'n the rqunmtal ro&oun, Jbot no a
.66 ,6,
 than fourteen t;ma. The uniform
illustrated shoWi the pattern of shako
normally issued to National Guard
uniu, but as there ..., ere more than
twenty aUlhorised patterns of head·
draa in use in the l\lociean arnl)', il is
doubtful .... hether the whole unit
.....ould be drel5ed alike. The shako
bore the~, white and gr«n national
cockade and an oval plate embossed
with the Il'gimental name. The ~­
Piped grey greatcoat was standard
issue for the National Guard, only
the bnus coIlar-bad~ IWl identifying
the unit. The red epaulettes and cuff-
patehes .....ere indicative of the Grena-
dier compan)'. Leather equipment
.....as either black or white, both
eolours bl'ing worn indiscriminately.
The firearm was It ill the old British
'Brown 8c:Is' as Ihown in Plate <15.
Offieers won: dark blue froek-coalJ
.... ith red euffl and collar-patehes,
light blue trousers .....,th gold stripe,
gold epaulellel and red waist-sashj
one illustration shoWi an olflcer
....·taring a dark blue e10th shako,
almOit like a k~pi, with I~ lo.....er
band and gold lace. Other illustra_
tionl Iho..... the red collar-patch worn
on the greattoau of the other ranu
in addition to the Ityle illustrated.
58. U,S.A.:
a) Troo~r, Dnsooo.,
Service Oro., 1&.r.7'
b) Private,
lat Mi..i";ppi
Rifle Vohllueeu, 1&.r.7'
The U.S. Dragoon uniform illus-
trated was that .....om br regular
callall)' from 18]], with the addition
of the 1839 forage cap. In the
MCli:icall War, the hone art iller;' and
.68
mounted riflemen wore the lame
unifoml, with the )·ello..... dragoon
colour .....orn as braId and cap-blind
replaced by red and black.and_gold
rapect;\"e1y. N.C.O.I .....ore trouser_
Itripes of the distinctille colour. Both
in the l\1Cli:ican War and on the
frontier, official dra~oon unifonn .....as
modified according to the faneyof the
indi\'idual, the illustrated leather
'breed' legginp (named after the half_
bre«i Indianl .... ho fa\'ou~ the Ityle)
and coloured bandanas being popular;
dragoor1$ frequ",nd)' culti\"3.ted
Ihoulder-Iength hair and large mOUSI-
aeha,tar-rings.....en: abo Iler;' popular.
11,,~ utMississippi Rifle Volunlccrs
....."'r'" commanded br Jeff",non Da\ LS,
laler 10 become Praident of the
Confederate Stata during the Chil
War. One of the bat \'oluntccr uniu
10 Sf:f\'e in the l\leilican War. thC'\
obc)'ed their wounded colonel's
command to 'Stand Fast' at Bucna
Vista, Ia,'ing the American left flank
fmm collapse; at one Ilage they e"cn
ehal'lj:ed the MC'xiean callalr; on
foot! Composed of aristocratic )'oung
5(lutherners and accompanied by a
retinue of negro Ila\'a and Sf:f\'ants.
the regiment wore a colourful ;lnd
Ilery prael;eal uniform .....ide-
brimmed stl1lW hat, red flannel
Imock-shirt and .....hite duck tmuse"',
with regulation-pattern cartridl\:e-
boxes. D;I"is secured the issue of t8.4 I
pattern pereUil;on mUJkelJ for hi,
nogimem. IhUll bdn~ better_armed
than e"en some of the regular inf;lntr~
It ill Ullin!!: flintlocks. No ba)"OneU .....ere
;"ued. h()\\·e,'er. each man prcwidin(
his O\'l n huge knife of ·&....ie' or
'ArkarlSM toolhpick' form, .....orn from
a wautbeh.
THE YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS, 1848
RC\'olution had been fermenting in Europe for a decade or more, and
in t848 the cauldron boiled over. As one revolt occum:d, it fanned the
flames of olhen until most of the major powen were involved in one or
more insurrection; some were suppressed, the revolt in France was
successful, and others dragged on into full-scale wan.
A revolt in Paris in February t8.j8 finally toppled Louis Philippe
from his precarious throne, and the Second Republic was proclaimed,
ii$Clf soon toltering on the \'erge of collapse in the social and political
unmt of the time. In the last two weeks of 1Ilarch, the popular up-
rising in Berlin known as the 'March Days' aucmpted to reproduee the
evellts in France, but after some bloodshed King Frederick William
agreed to concessions, and the revolt faded oul .
Insurrcction blazed again in Paris in June; a violent uprising of well-
organised workers was put down by General Cavaignac, temporary
diCl3tor of a provisional government; ruthlessly o:ecuting the leaden
of the revolt, he resigned his office, and in December Prince Louis
Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon I) was elected I'raident. In France,
civil unrest was thus quelled until Louis Napoleon's coup d'bat in
1851, and his appointment as Emperor in t8yz.
In April 18.j8 Hungary, led by Lajos Kossuth, declared itself inde-
pendent of Austria, and in june a Czech uprising was quelled by the
bombardment of Prague by 1I1anhal Windischgriitz's Austrian force,
followed by martial control over all Bohemia. In September a Croalian
army under Count jellaehich invaded Hungary to re-establish Austrian
control, but was repulsed by the Hungarians who advanced over the
frontier towards Vienna in October. In the previous t-larch there had
been a rising in Vienna which had forced Mettcrnich's mignation and
compelled the Emperor, Ferdinand I, to promise constitutional
reforms and the relaJIation of military control throughout the Empire;
and now, with a Hungarian force approaching the capital, the populace
of Vienna again rose in rebellion. Windischgritz suppressed the Vienna
revolt, thell turned on the Hungarians and saved the capital. The
Emperor, however, abdicated in favour of his nephew Franz josef in
Dccember.
On 5 january 1849 Windischgr.itz captured Budapest; the HUIl-
garian army, having a bewildering series of changes in command,
060
was pushed into the mountains north of Budapest, and defeate:d by
Windischgrilz at Kapolna on 26-27 February. On 13 April lhe
Republic of Hungary .....as proclaimc:d unde:r Praide:nt KOMuth, and
lhe Austrians we:re once again drive:n OUI. Now with Russianassistane:c
in lhe shape of General Paskievieh's army, lhe Auslrians under General
von Haynau (who replaced. WindischgrilZ) invaded Hungary again
in June. \Vith the AUSlro-Russian armies converging, the Hungarians
(commanded by General Gorgei) were driven to.....ards Transylvania.
The HunKarian army in Transylvania, commanded by a Polish
mercenary, General Bem, tric:d to take on both Austrians and Russians
al once; in Ihe Battle of Scgesvar (3t July 18.l9) Scm's army was
crwhed and he retired with the re:mnanls tojoin Gorgc:i for a last stand.
On 9 Augun Gorgei was overwhelmed by Haynau's Auslrians at
Temesvar, withdre:w in reasonable order, and surrendered to Paskie_
vieh. Haynau e:nded the: revolt by ferocious reprisals.
Russia w'as also involved in the Wallachian revolt in 1848; this
rebellion, related to the unrest elsewhere, was subdued by a Russian
invasion. Even Scandinavia was touched by revolution; enoouraged by
Prussia, Schleswig-Holstein declared iudf independent of Danish
control, and Prussian general \Vrangd marched a Prussian army into
lhe provinces to 'protect' the state. Denmark, aided by Swcdish troops,
lried to re-establish control over the area and Prussia, under threal of
naval action against her by Britain and with Denmark supporled by
both Russia and Austria, thought il prudent 10 retire. Deprived of
Prussian support, the Schleswig-Holstein anny .....as crushed and the
revolt subdued by the Battle of hted in 1850.
It was in Italy, howcver, that lite: bitterest fighting occurre:d. Follow-
ing ycars of unrest and Austrian occupation, ~liIall b1:u:ed into the:
'Five Days' rcvolt in March 1848. Bloodshed in the: city e:ndtd whe:n
lhe 82-years old AUSlrian i\larshal Radetzky withdrew from the citro
conC(:nlrating his army of occupalion in lhe: 'fortress quadrilate:ral' of
l\lantua, Verona, Peschie:ra and Lcgnano. The Austrians went on 10 the
defe:nsive as an Italian coalition gathe:rtd in north Italy. On 2'2 March
Sardinia declartd war on t\ustria, and King Charles Albert of Sardinia
assmne:d command of the combintd Italian forces. Rade:lzky, wilh
70,000 men, fought a brilliant defe:nsivc:-offe:nsi\c campaign against
doublc his strenglh. Encouraged by the r>.lilan revolt, patriots in
Venice under Daniele Manin declared an independent re:public on '28
i\larch 1848.
On 24-'25 July 1f48 Rade:tzky, having OUlmanoeuvred the Italians,
'70
crushed part of the Sardinian army at Custozza, driving the Italian
forces from Lombardy, occupitd Milan and besieged Venice. Gari-
baldi, who had served in revolutionary armies in Soulh America
following his flight when the Piedmom{Savoy uprising failtd in 1834,
and who had fonned a volunteer army fighting in thc Alps, fled to
Switzerland. Afte:r a briefarmistice:, hostilitiCli recommenced.
In the Papal States, Mazzini finally owted the Pope and declared an
inde:pendent Roman Republic (February t849), but Italian forces
sulTe:rcd a seve:re: setback on 23 March when Radelzky, duplicating
Napoleon's tactics at Marengo, routed Charles Albert and his Polish
chief of slaff, Gellcral Chrtanowski at Novara; the Sardinian king
abdicated in favour of his son, Vietor Emmanuel I!. In April, an 8,000-
strong Frenell e:xpeditionary fore:e under General Oudinot landed and
advanced on Rome. Romc, garrisontd by 20,000 me:n and ineluding
5,000 of Garibaldi's 'Legion', repulsed thc firsl 3S5auh but was forced to
capitulate. Garibaldi's contingent escaped and tried to join the besieged
Venice, but pursued by French, Austrian and loyalist halian forces,
broke up and scattcred; Garibaldi fled to Americ:a.
Venice had been isolated since Novara, and the: condition of the
besiege:d was desperate. Aftcr enduring great hardships from bombard-
ment, hunger and diseiUC, Manin surre:ndered ('24 August). The
capitulation of Venice markc:d the: end of the War of Italian Inde-
pendence (Sardinia had withdrawn from the fight on 9 August), and
the conquerers of Italy cxactc:d retribution in a savage manner,
particularly the: Aunrian General Haynau. His crudty - possibly
magnified by Italian propaganda -led to his universal hatre:d through-
Out Europe. Whcn his violent and continually uncontrolltd temper Icd
to his forced resignation from the Austrian army, Haynau travellcd
around Europe, his reputation always preceding him. He was almost
killtd by a mob in BrusselJ and when visiting London was beaten up by
the draymen working in Messrs Barclay & Perkins' Bre.....ery!
As previously described, the revolutionary mo\'e:me:nts of the 1840'S
produced their own 'political' uniforms, typified by the: rc:d-shirted
me:mbers of Garibaldi's Legion (Plale 62). Loose c10lhing in the French
stylc, smock.frocks, oolourcd shirts and large fclt hau were all classed
as 'dcmocratic' or 'republican' uniform. That thcy we:rc recognised as
such is proven by numerous other nations adopling Italianate, 'repub-
lican' Slyles - in the United States during thc Civil War, for example
(including a unit known as the 'Garibaldi Guard' wearing bersaglieri
uniform). and cven in the 1859 volunteer move:ment in Brilaill. This
, 7'
political auributton C"cn pameat.ed offICial jargon; whcn the Unued T)rokan Jacoen ""ho h-.d hdptd 10 k. Sanlla.la.l
Stata adopted the felt hat in thc 1850'1, It was variously Ilyled, one of reslore ordeI" in Modc-na after thc a) _Del UeultlUlftt
the most popular being the tenn 'K055uth', named aner the Hungarian rebellion. Afler Ihe 18.tB re;.'OIullOIl with COlou....
patriot. As Ihc century progressed, Ihc combination of Franco- the l"CIlirncnt was mcorporated 10 the .8th Infantry ReCt
pruJlian styla of uniform with Ihe functionality of 'republican'
COiturJ\C, tOfl:elher with thc lessons learned in the Crimean, Franco-
utc Regimcnl as the 1nd (Rifle)
Banalion. ..........
(Aeqw Bripde), tiU.

iI) Captaia,
:

Pro ian and colonial wan, ",,'OUki produce a completely new theor),
of unifoml-dl"Sign. ThIS combination of radicalism and romanticism
C"en changed civilian COiIUffiC i thc days of the t.op-hat and tail-coal
were numbered.
UNIFORMS (Pla.n st-'4l
Sf. Outdo)' of Modeaa: legend -.ens was ck:t.i«ncd bY athf:T
Raphael ... !oldldangelo, and as
a) PM"••, today) worn WIth body-armour and
morion helmet in full dress. The un·
Reali C.cdatori Seeltl
drcss version as Illustrated (wen from
del FriC.ano (Royal a conlemporary print) included an
Rift" of FriCnano), in~ addition m the hat of
fun Ore. ., .1t7· AuW'ian jasn pattern. The Ikt that
.. 'modem' a head-drm; sbould be
adopted and .. ruin the: tradilional
aspeet of the Swiss Guard uniform is
lufficient te.timony to the strenglh of
fOfcign influence in uniform-design
b) Prinu, Swua Guard,
P"ftC"lt in Italy.
UDeI...... lhI.
Both unirom. in th. plale. though '(be abortl\-e lS]t revolution in
different in date and SI}'1e., Ihow the Modena pr'O"'ed ronc:haively that the
AuStrian inlluentt ....hich 1pK&d aisting anny was In no ~tion to
throu~h Ital)' &I a re.uh of the mamtain ...-der, 10 Dukc .'rancis IV
Austrianoccupation. ThcS"'issGuard decided to put a Io)'alill volunteer
oflhc Papal State. was railed in I¥'5 corpI raiicd in 18]0. the: 'Scnaglicn
as tM: pcrwnal bodyguard of the del Friguano' on 10 a permanenl
Pope, a poIllion .. hich tbe) still hold. fOOling, and in March t8]1 tbc: unil
Like other bodyguard COfllI tM: ..-as mlcd tbc: 'Reali Cat;cialori Sttlti
British Yromen ofthe: Guard and 1M: del Friguano' Elite RO)'Il Rifles of
Austro-Hungarian Noble Guard f... .'rilJnano). The new corp. 600 Ittot18
cKample), Ihe Papal Guard wore an and commanded by the Duke', 101'I,
archaic uniform, Il;arcely chanKed Prince .'erdinand, was organised and
from the R ~ origina.I which equipped In the pattern of the Austrian
The: Benagl>en del .'rignano were
r&i$cd In hate and there was no lune
10 iItue a uniform, only a bra. bad.llC
o( the , IV c'/"phcr allachcd to Ihc
civilian head.dress IdcntifyinlJ Its
rnemben. Tbc 'Reali Cacc:ial...i',
hoo.oC\er. included the t\pial'round
hat' ..-jlh lurned·up brim in their
AUitrian...I)k: dre-.. The cock-feather
plume "". . ""'om 11)- all ranb on
parade and by officers and N.C.O.s
onl) 10 aclion; rank·marking for bolh
commissioned and non-eommissioned
ranb wae bucd on the Austrian
rqulalions. The hat.~. worn on
the left turned-up brim, mnsi:stcd of a
hunh~-bom .....Ith an ~k: III the
·curt· of the hom, the el8k: bearin~ a
ullcld inscribed ..·\th the Royal cypher
rv ("rands V) aftcr Francis 1\"1
dealh In 18.f6. This badge was abo
"""Om on the black ""...Ierproof cover
.....hich enclOled the hal lD bad
"""Olher. In summer a ""itlle doth
uniform "". . worn on .........·ion.... a
COIlon drill \'ersion of thaI illustrated.
Qnxinally Ihc corps was armed WIth
tlic Austrian 'Kammer·BUchK' car·
bme with IonS bayonet, laler replaced
by a '!oImit:' ..... th braa-halted .word·
ba)"Ol1C1 i laler In the relJlmrnt'1
exislCDOCa cap-pouc:h .... added 10 the
mteneaion of lhe ~beIts.. From
the lime of the Duke's exile in 18sg
ulIlIl their dlSbandmcnt in 1863, thc
corpt loCT\'ed as parI of the 1'.f,te
Brilade in AUllrtan 1oCT\;cc.
G_,.( Gftfta~
FuU 0.-., I""-~
This plate Illunntes 1""-0 'foreign'
II)-Ies used 11)- It.ahan Itatea, one
j'l'UIIian and onc French. Charle. III
of Bourbon became Dukc of Parma m
18.tg. and immediately re-ckKhcd hIS
arm), ac:cordt!\S 10 the 18.t1-.13
~ rqulalioq, man) unirom.
andaoooutremmts actually bein~
supplied by PrusAa. Only in minor
delaill did the uniforms dIffer from
thOM: of PruNia, principally in badges
and IIUignia. The 'picltelhaube' •
aIlown here In lbe oIficen' vnVon,
with bondtair plume: and blue-
enamelled p1ale; other ranb wore
plain ton:. badges (their plates aI..
bcannlJ the Ihree Reur-de-I).. of
Bourbon) and a Ipike In place of the
plume, .. hich "'as worn only by
offiena in full dna. The 8eur-de--I)..
bad8e .... repealed on the: chinlCale-
00. and on the oIfoau' epauktle-
strar-. Behind the dumc:ale-tx. was
....0I'l'I a leather or metal paUlled cock.
ade, 'quarlered' in dark blue and
)'ellow with a red border. Other ranks
had ilmilat uniforms, without the
cuff.lace and with red shoukkr-
Slnr-; their lace .... yellow. Equ.p.
ment .. as ol Pru.&an pattern, ol..-hnc
leat~, and thc ..u,ponI bas"C&lIy
Fl"CIICh-lt)'le the muskets used 11)'
this unit Wl!re appar=lly 0(, or
similar 10, Ihe French 18.t_-47
~modd.

, 7' '73
 Th~ SardInian off~r ,11U11r.loIro
..~an a l'rmch"I)I~ uniform, ..ilh
lapenn/l: Iohako and Ihe blue NUb
common 10 aU Sardlnlall unu.., Th~
faclllgr. of 1M ~rdtn~n Infanlry .. ~r~
arnn/l:rd nol by rcgim~nI bul 11-
brigack; Bri/l:aUl s."w lit and 2nd
RtgUllf:nll) black, Bnl[al~ P,~monl~
(3rd and 41h' Ird, 8nlj:ala AOIUl
~Ih and 6th rro, Brill.ta CunfO
7th and 8th crilt1lOll, 8nt:ala 1a
R~lna 9th and lothl .. hll~, Brisata
Casak I nh and 12th) Iilj:hl ~dlow,
Bripta Pllxrolo 131h and 141h
bbd:, Brijplta ~''OIl& ll.sUi and 16th
...hne, Bripta ,\cqUI 17th and 18th
~Iow_ 'I'he ftal(, c:omDtlNt; of a .. hil~
C"* on a ~ rtdd..... mdiclu" ~ ot
lht HOUK of Sa,~, and W.I.I com-
~ro b\ a .. Iratmn" lettered • IJI
""'Il.l."" 18 .......' (Tw;aJ\\cqUI Bn&adc,
I&h Repmall of Infanln • 'I'he
c:06our-pok .... CO\~ In ~ doth
....Ib twa. Iluds,
6., p~,:
.) Officer.
.ido W."'ry.
c.m~il. !)ret;.. '&6
tt.tU.,,:
b) Officer.
Mila. Chic G __ rd.
,,,L
The Picdmonlao: tnfanUl umform
iIlutlralro baaed on. painli"l{ oftM
&nle of:"O\-.ra ......... in In t'rcnch
"' Ie. :"i:OIe uniqu~ addJllOlU m 1M
IQ.lro q>aul~IIMlrapt .nd lotlM'J)_
lird bl~ tub. Oth(r dll:'tail.$ Ih~
kn~·booll and Ihoukl..r·roI1 worn by
the offiur "'~lT .ddilions "''()IT\ on
campaign, ~ rtgimenl.al number
w.. worn on the front of the Ihako.
The Milan Civic Gua.rd umform
.1.110 contained French featuns (Ihe
j:tlck(( and l~ t~I, bul !h(
had-d~ was .n Italian n:nlOll of
!h~ ..piked Mlmel, Ihis hm( of ..ued
wim a black leatlle!r lurban bea.rin!l: a
whil( mel.al CIl*. 1'bi1 ""hite crou
...... a common badge on 1M- bead.
dlUl of ,v1unlea" unib during lhe-
IlitS-..9 .... r: III "mi«, for example.
rtpUblican ,"'Olunl«n ... or'( lhe- bad~e
on f(1t ha... from .. hich IMy look
their nanw:, 'CnaaderI',
A ooubk It.all.l.ll crealion of Ihis
period was lht 'btnaghm' corps
riflemen , onginatins from an td9
of Iht ~tuquil of La ~bnnor-. ofw
PM'dmonl ann), and founded In 18]6,
Marked from the bqlrmillJr by' Ih6r
raptd much-pace, the bena¢1CI'1
weft WliSormcd m the now-falnOUl
Ink: boo'<rooonll:'d, brimmed 'round
bat' ...·Ith md:-feathu plume, dark
blue Iunic: and Irouten with cnlt1lOll
facinlp and pipm!, and armed .... th a
nct'd~ dII:'signcd 1>,. La Marmora
tutlUdf..-\ highl}"Irama!, f...l·movtntt
bod, of marbmrn, the Bcnagticn
W(1'e copt«I 1>,' other states: III ~h1an,
fo.' example, Xation3.! Guatd Jkna..
lIlieri Wliu wore the c:ustomary
plumed bal rqMaccd by a kepi on
acIh·( In'I"1oeJ, dark .green lunia
"'lIh black colbr. pointed OJI& and
1oIlU1IIboulder·rnlb. and grC\ lrouloCt'S
with IWO black Iinpes on the OUI~
_111I rein~ .. ,m bbck lealher
on e:ampailt'l. Armed ...ilb rinG,
th~ carried JlOW(1'·n... b on grttn
cordi 0\'(1' tM shoulder, and had
black leathn equlpmnll, A ~
h,lted l..... ord-bay"Oll~t ....... canied on
lhe watllbclL
62. Rom.n Rt'publlel
.) Pri_te,
J..s1- llall.na,
I.' VlliIoron, 1&49-
b) ~acer.
.....
~rone
e) Pri....te.
1..1ia....
J..sloae IcallaDa,
:Iaci UalJonn, 1&49-
°11w' '~ionII:' It.aliana· ....... 1M back-
~ of 1M )1)(In/l: ft"pi.lbhc'l amn,
Commandrd lr. lhe- ocperin>ced
~oIullonan [.luttpIX' GMibaJdi.
_ _ of ib officcn ... ~r~ hil CQRl.
panlOlll from the- ~11a <la,.... ,n
~th America; tht otherOffiU11 and
tM rank and iiiii:' ..'eft' com~ of
KIaIau. anilanl and ntiddk'-<1aaI of
ardenl Rt"pi.IbllC&I\ "",lImnll. ~
from other.l.l't'al UI.I.Il Ronx. adUl1-
IUITn and a f("W «tnnc" enI..ted bv
[.anbakh .. 00 tnrd. "lIhoul "KXTM
10 lilT them ..,m the RqJ\Iblocan
bc"ef~ of Ihrlr mmnldcs.
\\bII:'n the French m:uched on
ROIIlt. tM TnUnlnral( of the RqJ\Ib.
hc ealkd the- ~ from III pniIoo'
dUI\ on the l\a.pohtan bonkr 10
..at III the- ckf~ of the cil\'. Some
1,300 tlronc, the- t..qpon III an
aunnpt 10 captu", the lpiril of
rtpUblican antiqulI, ...... dinded
11I10 tWO 'cohofu' of mfanU), C.I.l:h
CQRlpnltnll AJI 'emluna', p1w
canln and artillCl)' comparoa;
~ ...as n'nl an attnnpt 10 rn-i,'"
1M U11a 'emlUriQn' and 'k1lal~' for
captatl1l and liculmanU. AftCl' 1ol.tC-
CftIfull) rtpUbing the lint t'rench
. . .uh, Canbald, look a(h-antag( ofa
l~ ,0 !'CTlC\<t. Oprr.l.tlOlll
l\aplG. bill ...... forced 10 relurn 10
Rornc ... h(n 1M Frcroch repudialed
lhe 1ruQ'. TI\( Lq>on (now IIIcludlll!l
.I. Ihird cohorl oompaed of Italianl
and forcittn~nl W.I.I !Ii"~ll lh( 1110I1
,ita! pan of tiM' walls 10 ckfmd, lh~
J:an>culum Hill. Hanlll 1011 1"'0
OUlpOll.lo oubode Ihe ..alii b<, a lur·
prise nl8hl auack by' tllC' frmch, tiM'
~ion rttO\nl'd Ihem III 1M face of
murdCf'Olll fire "flUt".....
eil[ht lima. the ... eiahl of numben
And
pusbnI IMm back. \\ ,th 1M a11s
thlD o,·crlookro. lhe fal~ofR~ ....
_led, bul dM' def. ndr:n hrid on
donedl\ Ihroullhoul Ibrtt .. rcD of
bombardmml. _uh and lkcj-
mation. The linal_uh on dM' IUl(bt
of 2910 J\IM. dnp.1~ a chperalc
eouf'll(1'-anack "'" Ganbaldi'l mm.
endo:d lht ~_ l'ndn CO\'ft of a
I~ .. hidt endo:d dM' Roman
RqJ\Ibbco Ganbaldt .. 'IIhdlT" 1M
lballnro rnnnanu of hil WUI 10 II)
and earn' on the 6(hl, WI 10 DO a'ad.
The original uniJOrm of dM' ~,
rttri,'ai III JanU.l.l) l&,.g, cOidillC'd
of .I. dark blue' blot- .. lib pttn
coI1ar, cui&. fronuJ IInple and
pockII:'t-palCha, worn undn the ~eat·
coal illll'lralro.. AI 1M II.Ipply"yNnn
varied from cbaouc 10 non<UtI(l'lI,
equlptnnlt usuall}' conAtled ot .. hat·
n-er tile! indl\'ldual told," coukl fmd.
...·ilb • black or ulunl leathct car-
tridge-boll "'"0111 on a Inthn ......1-
bdl. AI firearllll "ere tcarCC .1.1 the
tqinning, )"OUfIgcr ,",""ben of lhe
Legjon ""CI'C armed ",m pika.
muslteu and ba~'OndI not Ix>n/l:
uni,~ly iIwed unlillal~ Iman} of
Ganbaldi'l 'toIdlCR' "(1'( ' " I~
)'can of &g(!, '[be 'Calabrian' hal W.I.I
ag.lIlSt lhe epitome: ofRcpl.tblican smUllI('nll
held by Ihr Lq>on. In pod . ~
cr1IlK' f:ubion, .all ClIttpt Staff
'15
 officeq .... or~ .illliJar unifornu., com·
pany offlCffl often oong identified
only by 1M: ....Xlrd "Ith ..,hue Inth~r
kn<M and _limn a red neckerchlcr.
The .talf. aU G&ril»ld,'. old rom·
rades, wore lhe red blouse of hOI
troops In South Amniu. pi", a
~'ancty of hcad-drca, and used !he
Soulh Amcrkan saddlo. kni.u,
pistols and I 'Ole chalVlm.tM: of
that conllntrll
On 27 June a new wlilOrm ....
adopted, ~tmR of a red ~
..-ilh facinp .. befi:we and a pa-.na.
hal, .. hd laner Item _ n'lOlt un-
popubr and IOOll rq>IKftI by lhc
'ck:moaauc' Calabrian .... t_ Offian
adopted ~lc--b«atled red froc.lr.-
a-u With I'ftI' collar, cuffs and
Plplne: down the front, lil.on 00110.-..
'.ht ~ lrouscrt ..-ith doubk- I'ftI'
llript', black Calabrian ....1 "lib Ir«n
band, Ital.an tneoIour rock ..... and
bbck OArich-reather; unlike thow of
lhc rank and file .. hich ben a hUrll-
inc·born t:-d~J, ofGt.x..' wadI-bell
phIta ben the ~·itt or a R~
"",,-
The l.anttrl. a srotJp of younR
pIItr10u from Boq:N- ~ b)'
AnJrdo Muma, wore a wulOrm
designed by thcmM:h-ca, c:omiItiJll of
b1-ea-hraJck:d blur doIrMn, red
tTOUICl'1 and dl&ko. and lhc "'ull and
.... d bona badge ..hich p.e than
Ihcir popular~, '))nth Lanocn·.
An altnna.h~·c bead-drnl conIIIled or
a red fea Wllh red or blue 1UId, and
.'OIumlrlOUl red IlOUICI'l ..lth b1-ea
lcalha false boou ....ac abo worn,
SINOI"Cb ..-ae cllher IIl'lliBht-bladed of
eOIl"clllional p11llem wlIh "'hue knol,
or scimitars; horx-fum,ture con·
luted of a black IlKcplkm .. lIh blue
edging, Thc Lancen wer.: wued wilh
red blouses al 1M: ..me time .. Ihe
mfamry. Many of Ihe Lanccn .. ho
had lurvinrl 1M: eight aaaulu on Ihe
Jan)culum H,1l fell, fillthling ..
infanll). m thc fiN-I .'rcnch attack,
It .. inlClClllng to noIC Ihat the red
.hin _ ori~inally adopted b.
G&ribakll'l 'Italian Lqion' an South
Amcric:a, !he garmenu being a ship-
ment of red IUrUa destined for the
l)\lIchcrsof8~Alia. bul dl'cned
10 clothe Caribald.'I lroGp!
':J. A ...trbt:
.)'~
(Bonin lafaftu-y),
,,,L
b) Printe,
2Bd B... G ...cliM:a
BoreIn Waalry Rqt.
(No. I), II.4L
The AUIITO-Hunprlaa 'Grcm-Infan-
tene:' or Buidcr InCaouy "'UC raUoI'd
in !he ei8blcenth CUltuty, partly from
Snbian and Croalian im,mgranu, 10
dcl"clld the froatirrl qainll Turbh
Cl'ICiOM:hment, Originally d..-d in a
xmi-'nall\~' garb, lhc Bordn tn(anll)
later adopted a 1I}'le of unibm con-
bmtng 10 fC!Ubtion P;lIIcm, 001 of
the d..tincti.,~ t>ro-ll colour .. bich
conlrasled tharpl)' ..-ith lhe tl'll'
dilional Auslrian ..-hile.
The fi~rc ilIldtnled rUm (rom
prmu b) Girolamo Fnncachmi and
othe...) shooo"S !he .tandard Auslri.an
mfanlr)' unIform wilh C)'lindriarol
dlako, and !he light blue brecchel and
'bea,.'1 pIIw' cuff,lacz mdicau\'~ 01
Hungarian, I'llther Ihan 'Caman',
rcglln~nu,
Each Bord~r regiment had a
cornpllny of 'SCi ,oen' allached,
thnco ,n-qrulan being emplO)'ed on
polK:~ dUlies an peace-lime, and as
acouu and Ikinnllhcn in ...ar," IhC)'
..'~re used 10 Ihe 1148 ..9 camtMigm.
Their 'uniform' _ \'IlIually chilian
d«W, "'IIh Ihe addition of Iudl Ilcml
.. tifl:hl brttchn and ,ornclimcl cloth
jaCkets ora 'uniform' CUI, Equipmenl
....., ,....icd. bctn'lj: ...hale""Cl lhe
Indi.idual pt'Cfernd. and "'~ponI
~ ntuall) di\·e.... One: un;\·~na1
,tem shov--n in comemporar)' ill....
trations is the mulivc knif~. 1W1) or
mCln' frcqumtl) btinfl: ..-om luclcd
beh,nd lhe -.II; in addJuon, pulOk
and shonn- kni\es ..-en: much in
e--idcntt, ~ "-Ith either
Auslnaa musktu or much kIngcr,
orimtal..., ~ fircartr&. All thee
"uponI arc 1booo11 ..-ilh a profusion
of bnrIa studded do:cr:ulion, bands
and platel.. I..a«-up ..ncbJI "-en:
uni\'Cf'IaI, AI .... tM red doth cap
and the hooded doak, a prmcnl 10
~ 1....1 ,t p\e riw: 10 1M nick-
name of tlw Scrc.anen, 'red-doab',
:\0( all tlw Buido:r mfanlf} ~ 1M
elct:anl COItumc sh0>011 b) !he figurc
of the Sth RqIll; 0IhcT conlemporary
pnr1u iadicate thaI 1M CX\IIUmc or
many would ha,~ been more fitting 10
Tnt.nI)'h'anian bandm than 10 unlU
ohhe Impnlal Arm}; an illUltl'lllion
oflhe 4th Bn the "..-.din 51 Gcorsc
Buidc,. Regl (No. 6) lOr cx.ample,
s.ho>o"S an alll'loo.l~ coslume
consilling of lbon ,,"",11 jacm "'ilh
a red waistcoat underneath, tighl
,,'hite brcechn ..ilh hro>o.... anklc-
boou, black crtlf$-belu and a \0..-.
cro"'ncd, black 'lOITIbrcro"I)'PC hal,
0If1Cffl of Ihe irregular uniu wore a
COSlume of Ilmilar II) Ie 10 lhat of 1M:
mm. oot of a much "neT quality and
'77
d«Or&led wilh ILl mu~h lace alld
embroidct)· AI P'C*ible m .. hale-·er
design took 1M: ..carn-'I fancy .
The Ilunlprian Huu'lIenl arm) of
'8.JS-"9 ..-as ~ upon fC!Ular
Hungarian ~imcnu. who .. ore their
Allllrian un,l'onnI wilh the: .ub-
I:ilution of lhe new N-tionaJ coIoun
of red. whllO:- and Ir«n for the black
and )c11ow of lhc Alllirian cockadn
and sashes. The HUngarian army
'kno¥o..... the 'Honvcd' wor~ 'in
general I bro..,," "'irted lunlCl Wllh
red f",",~ on the: front and red
pipln~ on !he collar. cuffl and around
!he wrU. WIth AlIlIu,,"n-"It,k- dtakoI
and the traditIOnal hlJhl blur
blltu:hcs; arllUcry wore a li.mtlar
uniform but with wh,lc cdimg and
..bitc grenade bIodge on the collar.
<>t'6cxn Iuid so&d bee aad Ihouktn--
Hl'llpi of red, .. h,te and grttn. Ho<.o_
e-~, a grcar. numbel" of lTlCI\'lar
corp ..-ore a mode) collection of
df'Cll, .. ,Ib lhc alll'loo.l-obIilI:alOr) f~h
ha,.
la the AUItrian arm,. the tunic_
inuoduced in 18.t9> "Ilh rank-bad«a
wom upon !he collu; on lhc fidd,
hoowc.-"n", lhc infanuy gcnnally wo«
plain linn! jacknI With coiIlar-palchn
of the rcgimcI1tal facin~ «lIour. and
....d thor IhakoI cnck»cd in oiW"n,
frequently ",-ith a .. hlle l\Il'Ck-<Unam,
The li.mil&rily in unifOrm bcIWttlt tile
Impnlal army and thalof!he Hoo\'cd
I.cd to a leVi,...1 of Ihc lC\'mlttrllh
cenlury 'fidd li.gn' loyal Imperial
regimenu ligninro lhcir allegial'l« b)
a !trip of ..'hile linen, worn from Ihe
ehil\lll'llp-oo., piIIImg up 10 the pom-
pom and 00..11 10 Ihe opJlOl'te bo-,
to dillillguuh them from lhe insurgenl
army!
&t. F ranee:
a) Ca.,.binler Trumpeter,
<l<lnd LlAbl Wan try.
Service Ore.... 1490
b) VoltJC..... r.
2llDd LIChl Infantry.
Service Dr",. '1490
Thil ptate Wows II~ J.'rcnch lighl
infanll) uniform iii il w'as worn in
hal)'; lhe unijOrm worn by thlt regi.
menl (and mlln~ othen) ..... much-
modified by the aperimea of am_
paitpling in Africa. 1'hc doth kip;
and the VC*IOO&t""()rn as.•nd illlllead
of, a tunic, ..ilh the Ikiru oftm
tunxd back to al~ th<, lqp the
ffia)<;mum freedom of~U1~nt, 11m
the 11)'lc now ~rdcd as traditiona.l
(or Frnw;:h lmop until tlw: ~inninl{
of this centul)'. Other inl1O'-a.liom
(rom ..\ frian scnicc ..~ thc method
'78
of wearing the carllidgc-oox lit Ihc
fronl 'II bf,ing mor., lI<;l;<:!I'liblc Ihcr.,),
and Ihc wcaring of Ihe grCatCQllI
turned back as lapets 10 show Ihe
shirl, Thc yellow and red cpaulcucs
were indicativc of Ihe \lolti~C\Jr and
C&11lbinicr oompania ropc<:li\'cl)';
Ihc bluc kt'pi with )'ellow pipin~
and regimenlal number. and Ih..
ycllm. collar.patella. all mdicaled
light infant')', Thi. sonM:"'hat car.._
free appearance - In partICUlar Ih..
fiUhlOn of turning back the lapdl -
mel with olTK:ial disappro,-"I, 10 IUCh
an e.u:nt that an Order of th", I)av
..... llI"Iucd on !II June 1f49 .. hieh
Itrc:ant that the uniform ..-iiI 10 bee ...
rqulation as paHibk. Liculmant-
Coklnd EpinasK. th", "eterall com·
mandcT o( the !I:lnd. paid Iinle
attmtion; in fact some: of his offian
.. ere wearmg red_toppnl shakos
IlllItcad of the cloth cap like the men.
"•
01
'"
, 79
PLATE8 PLATEC

(21

,80 ,8,
PLATeD PlATEE

,R, ,83
 11I.ACK AND \HIITE 1'Lt\TES
A. U.s.A. Peanlylv."da
Militia, .h3:
.) Private,
Stale Cllardl.
Black ahako with "hite l.ace lov.cr
banda and conk. Whllc nlClal piau:;
black plume ""llh red tip and pom.
pom. Dark b1~ tail·a jIckn ,,"h
rro ptpml\: around Ihe collar,
shouldn"-stnJl' cuff... loIocr edlle and
dooon breast. Wh,te Iaoe loop on
collar, whllc metal buttons. BlKk
lealher bellJ and m~-slirll "jlh
... hile mct.a.I p1at~ Wh,te trouwn,
bbd< .....
:II H.C.O••
W.sldaltOlll Blues.
Shako as bf,lOrc WI with rce~L.r
p1aIC and lighl blur O-~ black plume
monlli from ... hile mcl.al--=ket. JKu-t
as bf,lOrc. WI ... ,th ... h,te piping .and
... hitc, f~ "-o1dcr-roIls. Ydlow
loop on collar, "'Ith K'd cdllje to loop;
... hue thn roIL Red aadt tied on
ritlht hip; ... hilc leatbcr bdtt ,.;th
... hite meW p1al~ Dark blue
trouwn, black bootJ; twa.-hilt«l
s;abrt in black !ralher ICIbbard ""th
llcel fillL~ ~tcd halberd ""th IIlI;hl
wood ahaft.
8<Hh filJurn from ~anllth'J
'Sokhcr'J Manual', Ilb-t.
B. lad.Iaa Army.
Officer', Coalee.
'3th Be...,l Native
WIntry, .130:
Tak<-n from an Cllt.ant urm of um·
form. Scarlet, ""th light bufrfacinp,
Gold l.ace and buttons 1I0te; thc
upper coIlar-buuon it miMIng 011 thr
origilUll). "'hur tumba<:b, ",Ih a
'Il<
3)Yorlo.hlrelh,..ars. Eo Service Dr...... lti:
·lto: '11111 platc i1Il11t~tl:S tWO unm.......l
gold-cmbroidrK'd star (sketch I) ...ith Scarlct clOth body, Jih·cr lacc, cords Ilnlfornu worn 011 aCllve It....·itt in
a blKk cloth crntntl portion. (2 and metal lutings. lront plale oon- North Amrrica, from conlCQlporar)·
atJo,."I daillfl of lace. The roater IUIJ of a 1l1\'C'1".p1aled I"OIr' in hilljh P'Clure..
,,"OUk! be ...om "ilh epauletta. relMof, '" Ilh Jil\'C1" IlICe JUrrounds. I, Sh<wo., an olticer of thc Briluh
8lllCk ron! I"OIr'tte and honrhair King'J R0)1ll Rllk Corpt. drcacd for
plumr. the Canadian "Inter III 'rilk green'
C. F""nch H ...d-d"". . :
with black bnld, black fur cap and
Taken from exlant hcad-dra. and
cpauktlel. ,Il South Hf'rtfordlhlnt trimmmg... .and black 1c.alher eqUIp-
I) OffI«T'I hdmoet. MOUIquetaun YIrO......ary•• 131: ment; a dlOWI a U.S. \-oIuntcer
Blark bod~ ,,"h black lcalher upper _\Ioonted R,lkm.an of th.. lJ ,S."
Notra, 18'4 '!I.
lI) Offittr'J cpaukuc, MOUIq~_ band and prak; black conk mdlXt- Maic.an War period, ",'carin~ bud.-
in~ frotoon O"o'er peak and p111I'1'M'; aU lkm Jhitt, It'OIllcrI .and mottUins,
t.airn Noires, t814-15- Wom
filltnlll br.aa. Mahnc-o.. plale ",ilh a cloth 'poncho', coloured
";Ih a Jih~ Iaoe 'comrr_
bnln a ~rl m weentrc. bandana and 'Quaker' hat.
cpauktte' rfringe'e.l, of Ih..
lime dcIign.
31 ~cr'1 lhako, Inwln,
c.. ,&t!J.- Black bca\cr "",th black KEY TO THl:~IBX\IL .!tKETCllE."l
leather lop, and peak, black
\'eh"fl 1ooo"er banet. Whur mew P-sI' 12 Brn.n 1Wmet.1It (Roy,1 OrlgOOftl)
fiuin9 and "hitc dDr. 84 Oflc.·, shlko. hOen Arm,.
101 Brn.n wko. 2nd Foot (1829 ~tt.nl
........
D. Briilih Yeo-aary
~
(From extant itbDI).
108 Cap-pl.,.. R _ P,a.:, Gu.d
131 Spoan-" guerr"
,« Bert,*, 01 lhe N_ Or..... Grays
.) lit SoofI"oDo: Y--.aary. 157 B.n,*, 01 tM AndMn L.tber,bOIl Army
17B Fr.-.c:h Cu tIoHTtet
.Ial:
Bbck leather peak .and Jkull, "hite
nlClal fitlinp, black \-chcl lurban.
P1atc on front in shape ofGartcr SlaT
","h Ro,.-.J cypher in the «'fItrc,
Labf,1 aoo..-c peak rcad. ,IT U.tiT •
.....,rou: YW.Co\.\- ... t.a\·.
iI) and Royal
Buclda.luun.hlr",
YlrOnuulry. litO:
Black bod)·, Jihcr laee, cords. and
moet;1I fillings. Fronl plate consitl«l of
cro"OI>«I Carter with va q-pher III Ihf'
«'nlro:', ...ith a detached Kroll belO"
in 'fretwork' 1ctlCl"l, reading rnUKt
/lOWI!.
'·5

SOURCES .\:<0 BIBLIOGR.\I'HY
II should be notro Ihat a number of Iht- ill~l7ItiOfl'J Ina\' be at \"ariancr
"lIh the: ack.l1O'\o\kdsccd de~ils oflhc uniforms in question. \Vhae IhlJ
is 1M C~. 1M tnurtc of !.he original malfTial is gh'e:n in the Ie:Xt. In the
catoe of thoc IOUrcn Ixin~ contcmponr')' print, the: poaibilit}, t'XuLJ
that the: onginal arl!Sl culla miolim"'Prt'ltd or made elTOn in the'
dctalb of the subjttl of his dra",ing; but ~uallr he might ha\'c por.
lra)t'd a r~im('nlaJlr or individually modifiw uniform which dId
not collfonn 10 authoriJC'd patterns.
Certainly, some artisu arc recogni'K'd as being mon: reliable than
otlu:rs; those of more dubious reputation haw: not been coruulu:d for
this book. For example. the' many prints of ,\Ilitd unifomu drawn and
publuhcd in "aris durinR lilt' Occupation art' in I;cncral 1Il0ll1 un·
rdiabl(': but ~'cn It)mc of th~ conlam unusual ft31ura which can Ix
confin~ b)- Olha 1OUrtt'.
It mould abo Ix nottd thill, all il h~ bttn ncttSll';uy 10 c~'tt a H'T)"
~idc ran~ of uniforms 10 this book in order th~ ilhutralC the world-
wide development of military costume durinR th~ 1815-50 period, SOlO"
gcnrn.lisiltion has bttn nCCC5lar)' in the text, there bcin't llUulll(:K-nl
space either 10 enun~te the mall} (often conflictin~ JOUfttS, or
cata~ the man)' regimental peculiarities of corps mcntK>ncd 10 the
text but not illustrated.
For this rc.uon, to facilitate further reading on the subj«t, tht"
bibliography h;u bttn spIll mto t.... o StttlolU. J no single volume on
the military eO$tUJlle of this period h;u ever before appeared, the Ii!!
lIIust nccessaril)' includc a wide rangc of works. Part I contains ,I
number (though b) no means a comprehcluive li~t ofworks of reference
which contain a considerable amount of material on the period in
qUCltion Part I I lists IOllle of the '5CCOndaf)" IOUrccs consulted in the
compilation of this book, and othcn .... hich could fonn a bhis for further
l"CICarch. It will Ix- ICCn that a few of th~ to\Irtts arc in the fOt"IIl of
Irt'ies of plata, and that ellcept fOt" notabk titles, all arc in English.
J
Cannan, W. Y., Bmulr .\ldi/llry CIUJtIfa3J"'~61]PlltlUfI, lUI
London, 1957.
,86
DrtsS RIP/SIIMU 1816, Amll and Armour Press, London, 1971,
facsimile rcpnnt.
/NIr.tt A~ l·IUJ~,c..Jry, l-JiII_ London, 1961.
l_iM A"'!1 C"ift>nM, [,ifa.lr7, Motpn-Crampian, London, 1969.
H~~II ~hlkr,.-\ E., and Dawlla)', ~ P., Mi/illlry lhtUrlltl1 . -
PtIUI1l11llllf Ik R~e.tl«l_, \'01. I (plates, and II totl, Phaidon,
London, 1966aOO 1970.
Haythomthwaite, P j., L'"ijOnlll of IV_Uri.., Blandford Pros, Poole,
Donet,1974·
Kanmk, P., MlllUlry U"i}",ru of tJu WorIJ, Blandford Pras, Poole,
Donel, 1968.
Knotel, R. & 1-1., and Si~, II., /-/andb/ldl dtr lhrifqrmJ.:lIIIdt, Hamburg,
1937/ 1964.
Marlin, P., Dtr Ollnlt R(}(k (Military Co<I/lmt), Jenkins London, and
Keller, Stuttgart, 1963 i Spring Books, London, 1967 (Rc-issucentitled
f:'ra~(III j\/iliwry U"ijflTmJ!.
1o.IoI10,J., Military FmlOft, Barrie and Jenkins, London, 1972.
l'\C\'ill, R., Bn/islt ,'1111/61] PrUrll, 10c ConnoiJacur, London, 1909.
l'\ichobon, LI-Col. J, B R., ,\llliUrry t..:"if.,." Orbis, London, t973.
lborbum, W. ,\., Frod AflIV' RlzjlfflfllI MJ t..'ICJJDnflS, Amu and Annour
Pre., London, 196-1.
Windrow, M., and. Embk:ton, C • •\lllllllty lhtsS of -"qrIA AIfWric_, Ian
.\lIan, London, 1973-
II
noger, A,J, TIttSloryoJGrnmd B«OII, Mttheun, London, 1903.
Bo.... ling, A. H., Brltun '"mar Rt:illllrlll, Almark, London, 1972.
C.1Inpbcll, D. 1\., Drill oJ tlu R"yal Arlifltr.J, Arms and Armour Preas.,
London, 1971.
('.annan, W. Y., IItoJ Drlllll of lilt Brilillr Ar"V', CdraJry, Carman,
Sunon, 1g68.
"ud DrtsSU oJIN Britislr A1I/C)', r tomaIUY, Carman, SUIlOO, 1970.
SsOIl/(r/ru oftltt Bntislt A""J, l'\ational Anny Museum, London, 1969.
Deman,J., QuhllfftJ JlddmlU &llU (plata), Bnmcls, . . .. .
Dupu)", R. E., and. T :'\, &tgclopMdjQ of JIIIIllIty IIUItn7, ~lacdonald,
London, 19]0.
1'000ba Wells, P., /h Xtdtr'-ist UtNimt, \'an DUhocck, Bussum, 1963.
HanTY, Lt-Col. JR., R«orJs of tltt X_JoIk r"" "'1 C4rtJry, Jarrold,
London, 1908.
,.,
 Olltn Bf.,.,q.,d Hoks
W.rrion ••d W"'PO••
o( Early TI.nJ." ill Colo..r
Nick M. Saxtorph
Hayt"S, M. A., and Cannan, W. Y., Til, (Aslltme of l/w /6'11 Rtllmnll
t837, National Army t\luscum, London, 1972. Military Ullif'orm.
Hrftrr, j., and Kannik, I'., Odd T'HPS $nUl 5 (DQllisil /ndits It Mexico, o( 0.. World ill Colour
Preben Kannik
'960·
Hefter, j., TN Nfl? -J 1M RtJtllMu Df Tutu, Old Army Prcu, Colorado, Cavalry Ullif'orma, iIIdlld.lac
1971- otlMr MOtUIted Troops, o(
Heflcr,J., TN .1l'1l'i)' of IN RtJtllbiu -J Tutu, Old Army Press, Xebraska, Britahl ..... lbe Co_o._hh
197 1 • Robett and
Koury, M.j., A~ffr Tutu, Old Anny Prcu., Colorado, 1973· Chrittopber Willr.imon-Latham
Lachouq~, H., DIJt Sik{ts rkC.sllt_ .lIIIII.lft, Paris, 1963· laC••try Ullif'orms., lad"" l • •
Lachouquc, 1-1., and IJrovon, ,\, S. K., TM Au/4lMy of Glory, Lund Artillery . - I otloer S.. pportiaJ;
Humphries, London, 1961. Corps., o( BMW. ...... tIoe
Laffin,J., 71v F,trtt!J Fornl" ur*', Dent, London, 1974· Comsftoaw-.ltll., Book 1, 171... ·1ss
La~, Gen. M. A. ., EJ BflltJllllf tk Stut Situ, Mcx..ico City, tg6... Rob<n ....
Linder, K., Wojd. p.w;u, Poland. CuUwpber" \\'i~I"lb·m

Lord, W., II 71_ Ie St4N/, Longmans, London, IgM. IaCaatry Ullif'orals., iIIch-di_.
Macrory. P., SiplllC.IIU'~, Hodder and StOughton, London, 1966. Artill«T ..... other S.. pportiaJ;
~IcRarron, H. C., TIN ....wn€lIlI S.U," plates), Washington, 1964- Corps., o( Britala ...... tIoe
Mercer, Gen. c., }",,.,./ of tItt 11'0"" Cat/Jdil", Blackwood, Edin- Comm_w-.ltll., Book 11, 11ss-1",
burgh, t8]O. Rob<n ....
Chriuopber' \\'illr.i _ _ Latham
Miller, j., .\I....'s ofGntntJ .\Idln- 'II tItt~, of 1M RtpUiK of PM,
London, 1828. Ullif'o~ of the Amerkaa
Mollo, J. &. B., U.ifonu aJ EtpIlprttnll of tltt: L,llt BnltW, f-listorical RevolutJoa
Rescan:h Unil, London, 1968. John Mollo and Malcolm MeCrqor
Murray, R. A., Citlukl M IN Sa.,.
Fi T,flil, Old Anny Prest, ~ebraslta,
Ullif'orm. o( dI. America. Civil
19]0·
W... 116.-'5
Nesmith,J. H., TlwSDIJan'J MtuUUJi,l'hiladclphia, 1821/1963. Philip Ha)"thomthwaile and
'Q. L:, TIN l·IO'"lIIl'Yc.r..l"ofll',mJtnsA~",lkwizes, 1914. Michael Olappell
Ragen, Cot I-I. C. 8., 1V,1I"" of IN B,iti.slt SDldin, S«ley Service, UIlif'OI"lnS o( the N.poleollic W....
London, 1960. 1796-.1·1
ShiPl», j., ed., Stranlts, C. j., T1u PflM of C1fnJ, Chatto and WinduJ, Jack CaM.in...sco1t
London, 1g6g.
Sita Ram, and Lunt, Gen. j. (trans. Norgate, j. T.), F«Jm &/»)' 10 Ullif'orDU o( W.terl_
Philip Haythomthwaiu~,
S"bttlar, 1873, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970.
Jack e-in...scoll and
Smith, P. C., Pn MlI" Pn T nrdm, Balfour, St. Ivo, 1971.
Mic~1 Olappell
Stadden, C. C., TN Lif, CllfI'tis, Almark, London, 1973.
Thorburn, W. A., VIIi/firms of II" Stoltis!J b!ffllltry, H.M.S.G., F.din·
ISBN 0 7137 on' 3
burgh, 1970. Blandford Prell LId
Link Haute
.88 Wett Street
Poole', Dol'ft:t
BH,~ ILL